Article(id=1316714716869799954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260214, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1773331200000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1780329600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-06-02, onlineDate=1791858851877, onlineDateStr=2026-10-13, pubDate=1791043200000, pubDateStr=2026-10-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791858851877, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791858851877, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791858851877, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1316714454184739470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='10', pageStart='4661', pageEnd='5310', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1791043200000', pubDateStr='2026-10-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791858789249, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791885400527, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=5294, endPage=5310, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1316714717058543635, articleId=1316714716869799954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=A portable detection method for Staphylococcus aureus based on RPA-CRISPR/dCas9 and NanoBiT, columnId=1194702985843413943, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Technology and Method, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To address the current issue that pathogen detection methods rely on specialized personnel and precision instruments and are thus unsuitable for on-site rapid testing, this study established a portable and rapid detection method for Staphylococcus aureus (SA) based on the recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)-CRISPR/dCas9 system and NanoLuc binary interaction technology (NanoBiT). [Methods] Firstly, targeting the highly conserved thermostable nuclease-encoding gene (nuc) of SA, RPA primers and single guide RNA (sgRNA) with high sensitivity were selected. Secondly, reaction parameters including the concentration ratio of sgRNA to dCas9 protein and the detection time were optimized, and detection signals were read by a self-developed portable photoelectric biosensor. Finally, with the optimized reaction system and conditions, this method was evaluated in terms of the sensitivity, specificity, adaptability under different environmental temperatures, and practical sample detection performance. [Results] The optimized method can complete the detection within 1 h. With the mean signal of the negative control plus three times the standard deviation (mean+3SD) as the threshold, the limit of detection (LOD) reached 102 copies/µL. The method was specifically sensitive only to the target bacterium SA, demonstrating high specificity, sensitivity, and environmental adaptability. [Conclusion] A highly sensitive, specific, portable, and low-cost detection method for SA was successfully established based on RPA-CRISPR/dCas9 and NanoBiT. This method is particularly suitable for on-site rapid testing in resource-limited settings and holds broad application prospects.

, authors=Shenjunjie LU1, Guijie BAI1, Yanle WANG1, Xin HUANG1, Yanning ZHANG1, Duo LIU2, 3, *, Hanjie WANG1, 2, 3, 4, *, authorsList=Shenjunjie LU, Guijie BAI, Yanle WANG, Xin HUANG, Yanning ZHANG, Duo LIU, Hanjie WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Duo LIU, Hanjie WANG, authorNote=

These authors contributed equally to this work.

, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: WANG Hanjie,
LIU Duo,
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【目的】 针对当前病原菌检测方法依赖专业人员以及精密仪器、难以满足现场快速即时检测(point-of-care testing, POCT)需求的问题,本研究旨在建立一种基于重组酶聚合酶扩增(recombinant polymerase amplification, RPA)-CRISPR/dCas9系统与纳米发光二元相互作用技术(NanoLuc binary interaction technology, NanoBiT)的金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus, SA)便携式快速检测方法。 【方法】 以金黄色葡萄球菌高度保守的耐热核酸酶编码基因(nuc)为靶标,筛选灵敏度较高的RPA引物和小向导RNA (single guide RNA, sgRNA);优化sgRNA与dCas9蛋白的添加浓度比例、检测时间等反应体系参数,并利用自制的便携式光电生物传感器读取检测信号;基于优化的反应体系与条件参数,对该检测方法的灵敏度、特异性、不同环境温度下的适应性和实际样本检测能力进行评估。 【结果】 优化后的检测方法在1 h内即可完成检测,以阴性对照信号均值+3倍标准差(mean+3SD)为判定标准,检测限(limit of detection, LOD)可达102 copies/µL,且只对靶细菌金黄色葡萄球菌敏感,表现出较高的特异性、灵敏度与环境适应性。 【结论】 成功建立了一种基于RPA-CRISPR/dCas9与NanoBiT技术的高灵敏度、高特异性、便携式、低成本的金黄色葡萄球菌检测方法,尤其适用于在资源有限地区的现场快速即时检测,具有广阔应用前景。

, authors=陆沈焌杰1, 白桂杰1, #, 王焱乐1, 黄鑫1, 张燕宁1, 刘夺2, 3, *, 王汉杰1, 2, 3, 4, *, authorsList=陆沈焌杰, 白桂杰, 王焱乐, 黄鑫, 张燕宁, 刘夺, 王汉杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘夺, 王汉杰, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

陆沈焌杰:实验设计与操作,数据收集与处理,论文撰写与修改;白桂杰:实验设计与方案优化,协助部分实验操作;王焱乐:协助部分实验操作,参与论文修改;黄鑫:光电生物传感器的设计与配套应用软件的开发;张燕宁:协助部分实验操作;刘夺:论文审阅和修改,研究项目管理与监督,提供基金支持;王汉杰:论文审阅和修改,研究项目管理与监督,提供基金支持。

#These authors contributed equally to this work.

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the detection method based on the RPA-CRISPR/dCas9 system combined with NanoBiT technology. dCas9-LB/sgRNA-F and dCas9-SB/sgRNA-R complexes specifically recognize target DNA sequences in a PAM-dependent manner and bind to adjacent target detection loci. The spatial proximity of dCas9-LB and dCas9-SB facilitates the reconstitution of catalytically active NanoLuc luciferase. Upon addition of the Nano-Glo substrate, furimazine is oxidized to furimamide, resulting in the generation of a high-intensity bioluminescent signal., figureFileSmall=yCwTSb3U0Ie07NSCo3vdyw==, figureFileBig=IlHGraNo4pMPBNV4vhUlmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829927236813086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=CN, label=图1, caption=RPA-CRISPR/dCas9系统结合NanoBiT技术的检测方法原理示意图, figureFileSmall=yCwTSb3U0Ie07NSCo3vdyw==, figureFileBig=IlHGraNo4pMPBNV4vhUlmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829928918728991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Schematic diagram of a portable photoelectric biosensor. A: Electronic components of the biosensor; B: Self-developed smartphone application software. SiPM: Silicon photomultiplier; OPA: Operational amplifier; ADC: Analogue-to-digital conversion; BTM: Bluetooth module., figureFileSmall=uoyP9ZDV278cIA6d2z2L9g==, figureFileBig=7xiJzQon9ZyqQF013dJUvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829929011003680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=CN, label=图2, caption=便携式光电生物传感器示意图, figureFileSmall=uoyP9ZDV278cIA6d2z2L9g==, figureFileBig=7xiJzQon9ZyqQF013dJUvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829929082306849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=The results of RPA primer screening. A: Results of primer screening for locus A by nucleic acid electrophoresis (Marker: GL DNA Marker 1000; Lane 1: Primer nuc-RPA-A-F1/nuc-RPA-A-R1 amplify the gDNA, 248 bp; Lane 2: Primer nuc-RPA-A-F1/nuc-RPA-A-R1 amplify ddH2O; Lane 3: Primer nuc-RPA-A-F1/nuc-RPA-A-R2 amplify the gDNA, 310 bp; Lane 4: Primer nuc-RPA-A-F1/nuc-RPA-A-R2 amplify ddH2O; Lane 5: Primer nuc-RPA-A-F2/nuc-RPA-A-R1 amplify the gDNA, 187 bp; Lane 6: Primer nuc-RPA-A-F2/nuc-RPA-A-R1 amplify ddH2O; Lane 7: Primer nuc-RPA-A-F2/nuc-RPA-A-R2 amplify the gDNA, 249 bp; Lane 8: Primer nuc-RPA-A-F2/nuc-RPA-A-R2 amplify ddH2O); B: Results of primer screening for locus B by nucleic acid electrophoresis (Marker: GL DNA Marker 1000; Lane 1: Primer nuc-RPA-B-F1/nuc-RPA-B-R1 amplify the gDNA, 228 bp; Lane 2: Primer nuc-RPA-B-F1/nuc-RPA-B-R1 amplify ddH2O; Lane 3: Primer nuc-RPA-B-F1/nuc-RPA-B-R2 amplify the gDNA, 311 bp; Lane 4: Primer nuc-RPA-B-F1/nuc-RPA-B-R2 amplify ddH2O; Lane 5: Primer nuc-RPA-B-F2/nuc-RPA-B-R1 amplify the gDNA, 201 bp; Lane 6: Primer nuc-RPA-B-F2/nuc-RPA-B-R1 amplify ddH2O; Lane 7: Primer nuc-RPA-B-F2/nuc-RPA-B-R2 amplify the gDNA, 209 bp; Lane 8: Primer nuc-RPA-B-F2/nuc-RPA-B-R2 amplify ddH2O)., figureFileSmall=Wk5epIa2Rtc1h36QJ048Yg==, figureFileBig=d1G9yI5n4JLBk3oYh6XXZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829929178775842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=CN, label=图3, caption=RPA引物筛选结果, figureFileSmall=Wk5epIa2Rtc1h36QJ048Yg==, figureFileBig=d1G9yI5n4JLBk3oYh6XXZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829929254273315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Identification of dCas9-LB and dCas9-SB proteins by Western blotting analysis. A: Western blotting identification of dCas9-LB (Marker: StarRuler Color Prestained Protein Marker 10-250 kDa; Lane 1: dCas9-LB, 178.4 kDa); B: Western blotting identification of dCas9-SB (Marker: StarRuler Color Prestained Protein Marker 10-250 kDa; Lane 1: dCas9-SB, 162.3 kDa)., figureFileSmall=GFKHT5mQyrHTrkht2N6r/A==, figureFileBig=D9xLxnD9Peyv1LnTidjGjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829929325576484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=CN, label=图4, caption=dCas9-LB和dCas9-SB蛋白的WB分析鉴定, figureFileSmall=GFKHT5mQyrHTrkht2N6r/A==, figureFileBig=D9xLxnD9Peyv1LnTidjGjA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829929401073957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Comparison of detection results of nuc locus A and B. A: Detection results read by microplate reader; B: Detection results read by portable optoelectronic biosensor. The plus sign (+) represents the experimental group with the target DNA added, and the minus sign (-) represents the negative control group using ddH2O as the detection target. Data are mean±SD. ****: P<0.000 1; ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=ZZZn3MDu4r2nDjLapa/P5g==, figureFileBig=MAWFsWqmMyOmm421x2yJwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829929480765734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=CN, label=图5, caption=基因 nuc 位点A和B的检测结果比较, figureFileSmall=ZZZn3MDu4r2nDjLapa/P5g==, figureFileBig=MAWFsWqmMyOmm421x2yJwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829929577234727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Detection results under the condition of adding different concentrations of sgRNA-F/R and dCas9-LB/SB proteins. A: Detection results read by microplate reader; B: Detection results read by portable optoelectronic biosensor. ****: P<0.000 1; NS: P>0.05., figureFileSmall=a+wPU34bGI+JT2LI6eeseA==, figureFileBig=KlYHQlz7ieujqiMro+EZ9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829929656926504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=CN, label=图6, caption=添加不同浓度的sgRNA-F/R与dCas9-LB/SB蛋白的情况下的检测结果, figureFileSmall=a+wPU34bGI+JT2LI6eeseA==, figureFileBig=KlYHQlz7ieujqiMro+EZ9Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829929732423977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Detection results for various concentrations of DNA fragments at different time points. A: Detection results read by microplate reader; B: Detection results read by portable optoelectronic biosensor., figureFileSmall=UoHFf05DSluj1DNFaQEqsg==, figureFileBig=4WsyRkr47PJqVjSrFxTlsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829929812115754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同时间点下不同浓度DNA片段的检测结果, figureFileSmall=UoHFf05DSluj1DNFaQEqsg==, figureFileBig=4WsyRkr47PJqVjSrFxTlsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829929887613227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Detection results for different copy number concentrations of Staphylococcus aureus. A: Detection results read by microplate reader; B: Detection results read by portable optoelectronic biosensor. ****: P<0.000 1; **: P<0.01; *: P<0.05; NS: P>0.05., figureFileSmall=n3DGr8c0E3C2HGtecwZCuA==, figureFileBig=wvPMa5M1abWKx8zKO0I8pQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829929967305004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=CN, label=图8, caption=对于不同拷贝数浓度的金黄色葡萄球菌的检测结果, figureFileSmall=n3DGr8c0E3C2HGtecwZCuA==, figureFileBig=wvPMa5M1abWKx8zKO0I8pQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829930055385389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Specificity detection of RPA primers. Marker: GL DNA Marker 1000; Lane 1: S. aureus ATCC6538; Lane 2: S. aureus ATCC25923; Lane 3: S. typhimurium ATCC14028; Lane 4: P. aeruginosa ATCC27853; Lane 5: E. coli MG1655; Lane 6: B. subtilis 168., figureFileSmall=cHV00tKNDEm+17nLQOZN7Q==, figureFileBig=fXGLxHq6fOC2sbbBAD6izQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829930172825902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=CN, label=图9, caption=RPA引物的特异性检测, figureFileSmall=cHV00tKNDEm+17nLQOZN7Q==, figureFileBig=fXGLxHq6fOC2sbbBAD6izQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829930248323375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Detection results for different bacteria. A: Detection results read by microplate reader; B: Detection results read by portable optoelectronic biosensor. ****: P<0.000 1; NS: P>0.05., figureFileSmall=k3d6F1Abmsa2lVWQaMtavQ==, figureFileBig=8gL5mGBVmGqjDPJgJ/AShw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829930328015152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=CN, label=图10, caption=对于不同细菌的检测结果, figureFileSmall=k3d6F1Abmsa2lVWQaMtavQ==, figureFileBig=8gL5mGBVmGqjDPJgJ/AShw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829930390929713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=EN, label=Figure 11, caption=Detection results at different ambient temperatures. A: Detection results read by microplate reader; B: Detection results read by portable optoelectronic biosensor. The plus sign (+) represents the experimental group with the target DNA added, and the minus sign (-) represents the negative control group using ddH2O as the detection target. ****: P<0.000 1; ***: P<0.001; **: P<0.01; *: P<0.05., figureFileSmall=bfeYzsF/0LJMF0vlbpv9qQ==, figureFileBig=TBPNo3R0/QjyKuexF/KGng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829930462232882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=CN, label=图11, caption=在不同环境温度下的检测结果, figureFileSmall=bfeYzsF/0LJMF0vlbpv9qQ==, figureFileBig=TBPNo3R0/QjyKuexF/KGng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829930516758835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=EN, label=Figure 12, caption=Detection results for different artificially contaminated samples. A: Detection results read by microplate reader; B: Detection results read by portable optoelectronic biosensor. The plus sign (+) represents the experimental group with the target bacteria added, and the minus sign (-) represents the negative control group using ddH2O as the detection target. ****: P<0.000 1; ***: P<0.001; **: P<0.01; *: P<0.05., figureFileSmall=cZ8ewIB1ybCMDWUCkrMiEQ==, figureFileBig=HJANzH9xFZzYtU9bBbiZkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829930575479092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=CN, label=图12, caption=对于不同人工污染样品的检测结果, figureFileSmall=cZ8ewIB1ybCMDWUCkrMiEQ==, figureFileBig=HJANzH9xFZzYtU9bBbiZkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829930634199349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sequence information of RPA primers and sgRNA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)
nuc-RPA-A-F1CTTATAGGGATGGCTATCAGTAATGTTTCG
nuc-RPA-A-F2TCGCTACTAGTTGCTTAGTGTTAACTTTAG
nuc-RPA-A-R1GTATCACCATCAATCGCTTTAATTAATGTCGCAGG
nuc-RPA-A-R2CAGGTGTATCAACCAATAATAGTCTGAATGTCA
nuc-RPA-B-F1CAGATAATGGCGTAAATAGAAGTGGTTCTG
nuc-RPA-B-F2CTGAAGATCCAACAGTATATAGTGCAACTTC
nuc-RPA-B-R1CACTTGCTTCAGGACCATATTTCTCTACACC
nuc-RPA-B-R2CGTAAATGCACTTGCTTCAGGACCATATTTCTC
nuc-sgRNA-A-FAAUGCAUCACAAACAGAUAAGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCUUUU
nuc-sgRNA-A-RGAAGUUGCACUAUAUACUGUGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCUUUU
nuc-sgRNA-B-FACAUUAAUUAAAGCGAUUGAGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCUUUU
nuc-sgRNA-B-RAAUAAUAGUCUGAAUGUCAUGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCUUUU
), ArticleFig(id=1316829930709696822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RPA引物和sgRNA序列信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)
nuc-RPA-A-F1CTTATAGGGATGGCTATCAGTAATGTTTCG
nuc-RPA-A-F2TCGCTACTAGTTGCTTAGTGTTAACTTTAG
nuc-RPA-A-R1GTATCACCATCAATCGCTTTAATTAATGTCGCAGG
nuc-RPA-A-R2CAGGTGTATCAACCAATAATAGTCTGAATGTCA
nuc-RPA-B-F1CAGATAATGGCGTAAATAGAAGTGGTTCTG
nuc-RPA-B-F2CTGAAGATCCAACAGTATATAGTGCAACTTC
nuc-RPA-B-R1CACTTGCTTCAGGACCATATTTCTCTACACC
nuc-RPA-B-R2CGTAAATGCACTTGCTTCAGGACCATATTTCTC
nuc-sgRNA-A-FAAUGCAUCACAAACAGAUAAGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCUUUU
nuc-sgRNA-A-RGAAGUUGCACUAUAUACUGUGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCUUUU
nuc-sgRNA-B-FACAUUAAUUAAAGCGAUUGAGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCUUUU
nuc-sgRNA-B-RAAUAAUAGUCUGAAUGUCAUGUUUUAGAGCUAGAAAUAGCAAGUUAAAAUAAGGCUAGUCCGUUAUCAACUUGAAAAAGUGGCACCGAGUCGGUGCUUUU
), ArticleFig(id=1316829930776805687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of different detection methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MethodsDetection timeLimit of detectionEquipment requirements
qPCR1.5-2 h101-102 copies/μLReal-time fluorescent PCR instrument
LAMP45-60 min102 copies/μLConstant temperature equipment
CRISPR/Cas12a (fluorescence)40-60 min101 copies/μLFluorescence detection equipment
This research<1 h102 copies/μLPortable photoelectric sensor
), ArticleFig(id=1316829930848108856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同检测方法对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MethodsDetection timeLimit of detectionEquipment requirements
qPCR1.5-2 h101-102 copies/μLReal-time fluorescent PCR instrument
LAMP45-60 min102 copies/μLConstant temperature equipment
CRISPR/Cas12a (fluorescence)40-60 min101 copies/μLFluorescence detection equipment
This research<1 h102 copies/μLPortable photoelectric sensor
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基于RPA-CRISPR/dCas9与NanoBiT技术的金黄色葡萄球菌便携式检测方法
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陆沈焌杰 1 , 白桂杰 1, # , 王焱乐 1 , 黄鑫 1 , 张燕宁 1 , 刘夺 2, 3, * , 王汉杰 1, 2, 3, 4, *
微生物学报 | 技术与方法 2026,66(10): 5294-5310
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微生物学报 |技术与方法 2026 , 66 (10) : 5294 -5310
基于RPA-CRISPR/dCas9与NanoBiT技术的金黄色葡萄球菌便携式检测方法
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4.Engineering Research Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Original Zoonosis of Fujian Province University, College of Life Science, Longyan University, Longyan, Fujian, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1316829925005443344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, authorId=1316829924632150282, language=CN, stringName=王汉杰, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, 4, *, address=1.天津大学医学部 生命科学学院,天津
2.海南大学 药学院,热带生物资源教育部重点实验室和海南大学新药筛选及评价平台,海南 海口
3.天津大学 合成生物技术全国重点实验室,天津
4.龙岩学院 生命科学学院,动物源性人兽共患病防控福建省高校工程研究中心,福建 龙岩, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1316829920995688670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829921008271583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, companyId=1316829920995688670, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829921016660192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, companyId=1316829920995688670, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.天津大学医学部 生命科学学院,天津)]), AuthorCompany(id=1316829921100546273, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829921108934882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, companyId=1316829921100546273, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education and Hainan Engineering Research Center for Drug Screening and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829921117323491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, companyId=1316829921100546273, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.海南大学 药学院,热带生物资源教育部重点实验室和海南大学新药筛选及评价平台,海南 海口)]), AuthorCompany(id=1316829921184432356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829921197015269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, companyId=1316829921184432356, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829921205403878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, companyId=1316829921184432356, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.天津大学 合成生物技术全国重点实验室,天津)]), AuthorCompany(id=1316829921310261479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829921322844392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, companyId=1316829921310261479, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.Engineering Research Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Original Zoonosis of Fujian Province University, College of Life Science, Longyan University, Longyan, Fujian, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829921331233001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714716869799954, companyId=1316829921310261479, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.龙岩学院 生命科学学院,动物源性人兽共患病防控福建省高校工程研究中心,福建 龙岩)])])]
陆沈焌杰1, 白桂杰1, #, 王焱乐1, 黄鑫1, 张燕宁1, 刘夺2, 3, * , 王汉杰1, 2, 3, 4, *
作者信息
  • 1.天津大学医学部 生命科学学院,天津
  • 2.海南大学 药学院,热带生物资源教育部重点实验室和海南大学新药筛选及评价平台,海南 海口
  • 3.天津大学 合成生物技术全国重点实验室,天津
  • 4.龙岩学院 生命科学学院,动物源性人兽共患病防控福建省高校工程研究中心,福建 龙岩
通讯作者:
刘夺, 王汉杰
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

陆沈焌杰:实验设计与操作,数据收集与处理,论文撰写与修改;白桂杰:实验设计与方案优化,协助部分实验操作;王焱乐:协助部分实验操作,参与论文修改;黄鑫:光电生物传感器的设计与配套应用软件的开发;张燕宁:协助部分实验操作;刘夺:论文审阅和修改,研究项目管理与监督,提供基金支持;王汉杰:论文审阅和修改,研究项目管理与监督,提供基金支持。

#These authors contributed equally to this work.

A portable detection method for Staphylococcus aureus based on RPA-CRISPR/dCas9 and NanoBiT
Shenjunjie LU1, Guijie BAI1, Yanle WANG1, Xin HUANG1, Yanning ZHANG1, Duo LIU2, 3, * , Hanjie WANG1, 2, 3, 4, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education and Hainan Engineering Research Center for Drug Screening and Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
  • 4.Engineering Research Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Original Zoonosis of Fujian Province University, College of Life Science, Longyan University, Longyan, Fujian, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    *E-mail: WANG Hanjie,
出版时间: 2026-10-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260214
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【目的】 针对当前病原菌检测方法依赖专业人员以及精密仪器、难以满足现场快速即时检测(point-of-care testing, POCT)需求的问题,本研究旨在建立一种基于重组酶聚合酶扩增(recombinant polymerase amplification, RPA)-CRISPR/dCas9系统与纳米发光二元相互作用技术(NanoLuc binary interaction technology, NanoBiT)的金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus, SA)便携式快速检测方法。 【方法】 以金黄色葡萄球菌高度保守的耐热核酸酶编码基因(nuc)为靶标,筛选灵敏度较高的RPA引物和小向导RNA (single guide RNA, sgRNA);优化sgRNA与dCas9蛋白的添加浓度比例、检测时间等反应体系参数,并利用自制的便携式光电生物传感器读取检测信号;基于优化的反应体系与条件参数,对该检测方法的灵敏度、特异性、不同环境温度下的适应性和实际样本检测能力进行评估。 【结果】 优化后的检测方法在1 h内即可完成检测,以阴性对照信号均值+3倍标准差(mean+3SD)为判定标准,检测限(limit of detection, LOD)可达102 copies/µL,且只对靶细菌金黄色葡萄球菌敏感,表现出较高的特异性、灵敏度与环境适应性。 【结论】 成功建立了一种基于RPA-CRISPR/dCas9与NanoBiT技术的高灵敏度、高特异性、便携式、低成本的金黄色葡萄球菌检测方法,尤其适用于在资源有限地区的现场快速即时检测,具有广阔应用前景。

CRISPR  /  重组酶聚合酶扩增(RPA)  /  核酸检测  /  纳米发光二元相互作用技术(NanoBiT)  /  金黄色葡萄球菌  /  光电生物传感器

[Objective] To address the current issue that pathogen detection methods rely on specialized personnel and precision instruments and are thus unsuitable for on-site rapid testing, this study established a portable and rapid detection method for Staphylococcus aureus (SA) based on the recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)-CRISPR/dCas9 system and NanoLuc binary interaction technology (NanoBiT). [Methods] Firstly, targeting the highly conserved thermostable nuclease-encoding gene (nuc) of SA, RPA primers and single guide RNA (sgRNA) with high sensitivity were selected. Secondly, reaction parameters including the concentration ratio of sgRNA to dCas9 protein and the detection time were optimized, and detection signals were read by a self-developed portable photoelectric biosensor. Finally, with the optimized reaction system and conditions, this method was evaluated in terms of the sensitivity, specificity, adaptability under different environmental temperatures, and practical sample detection performance. [Results] The optimized method can complete the detection within 1 h. With the mean signal of the negative control plus three times the standard deviation (mean+3SD) as the threshold, the limit of detection (LOD) reached 102 copies/µL. The method was specifically sensitive only to the target bacterium SA, demonstrating high specificity, sensitivity, and environmental adaptability. [Conclusion] A highly sensitive, specific, portable, and low-cost detection method for SA was successfully established based on RPA-CRISPR/dCas9 and NanoBiT. This method is particularly suitable for on-site rapid testing in resource-limited settings and holds broad application prospects.

CRISPR  /  RPA  /  nucleic acid detection  /  NanoBiT  /  Staphylococcus aureus  /  photoelectric biosensor
陆沈焌杰, 白桂杰, 王焱乐, 黄鑫, 张燕宁, 刘夺, 王汉杰. 基于RPA-CRISPR/dCas9与NanoBiT技术的金黄色葡萄球菌便携式检测方法. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (10) : 5294 -5310 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260214
Shenjunjie LU, Guijie BAI, Yanle WANG, Xin HUANG, Yanning ZHANG, Duo LIU, Hanjie WANG. A portable detection method for Staphylococcus aureus based on RPA-CRISPR/dCas9 and NanoBiT[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (10) : 5294 -5310 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260214
近年来,由病原微生物引起的食源性疾病的发病率逐年上升,对全球公共卫生安全构成严重的威胁[1]。其中,金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus, SA)是最常见的食源性病原微生物之一,能产生引起急性胃肠炎的耐热肠毒素而造成食物中毒,对人类健康构成重大威胁[2-3]。金黄色葡萄球菌的检测方法有很多种,传统的平板培养法虽为检测金黄色葡萄球菌的金标准方法,但操作复杂、耗时久、易受干扰,难以满足现代快速检测的需求[4]。随着分子诊断技术的发展,基于核酸检测的病原微生物识别已成为目前食品安全和环境监测中的重要手段[5-6]。基于实时荧光定量PCR (real-time quantitative PCR, qPCR)研究人员建立了金黄色葡萄球菌的核酸检测方法,该方法虽然具有较高的灵敏度,但需要昂贵的仪器设备和专业的操作人员,限制了其在资源匮乏地区的应用,难以实现现场快速即时检验[7-9]。因此,开发一种适用于现场即时检测(point-of-care testing, POCT)的高灵敏度金黄色葡萄球菌监测方法,对于预防和控制其引发的食源性疾病,以及保障食品与公共卫生安全具有重大意义。
相较于经典PCR技术,环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)[10]和重组酶聚合酶扩增[11]等恒温核酸扩增技术,在恒温条件下无需热循环即可将靶序列指数级扩增至可检测水平,大幅降低了对检测设备的要求。然而,上述方法仍然存在非特异性扩增的风险,可能导致虚假的检测结果。为此,多种序列特异性检测方法(特别是CRISPR/Cas系统)被开发出来,通过与恒温核酸扩增技术相结合以实现高特异性的靶序列检测。基于CRISPR效应蛋白Cas12或Cas13的附属切割活性可将报告核酸分子中的荧光团和淬灭剂分离从而产生荧光信号[12-14]。然而,依赖荧光信号的传统检测方法需要外部激发光源,同时易受到样本自发荧光和光散射的影响(尤其在复杂样本中),导致灵敏度下降。
相较于依赖激发光的荧光信号,通过荧光素酶催化的化学发光信号无需借助外部激发光,具有更高的信噪比[15]。Engelen等[16]利用荧光素酶偶联的分子信标建立了针对单链DNA及RNA的发光检测方法。Zhang等[17]则构建了基于分裂型荧光素酶2个半体偶联dCas9蛋白的系统,成功用于体外结核分枝杆菌(Mycobacterium tuberculosis) DNA的检测。随着基因工程与蛋白质工程技术的发展,基于定向进化改造获得NanoLuc荧光素酶展现出优异的发光性能:其分子量仅有19.1 kDa,对检测体系干扰小(如通过蛋白偶联方式);NanoLuc荧光素酶能够与新型底物furimazine (商用改良型底物为Nano-Glo底物)作用,生成furimamide并产生高强度的催化发光信号,其小巧且明亮的发光特性可显著提升检测灵敏度[18]。在此基础上进一步发展的纳米发光二元相互作用技术(NanoLuc binary interaction technology, NanoBiT)可将NanoLuc分成156氨基酸大小的LargeBiT (LgBiT)和11氨基酸大小的SmallBiT (SmBiT) 2个亚基,这2个亚基在空间上足够接近时可重新组成具有荧光素酶活性的NanoLuc[19]。Van der Veer等[20]基于该原理构建了dCas9介导的分裂型NanoLuc荧光素酶互补系统,实现了严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2型(severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2)的序列特异性检测。此外,如果能将该发光信号进一步通过光电生物传感器转换成可精确测量的电信号,将有助于便携化现场布置使用,拓展该类方法在即时诊断中的应用潜力[21]。
本研究将RPA-CRISPR/dCas9系统和NanoBiT技术相结合,使用原核表达系统表达并纯化分别偶联LargeBiT和SmallBiT亚基的dCas9融合蛋白,即dCas9-LargeBiT (dCas9-LB)蛋白和dCas9-SmallBiT (dCas9-SB)蛋白;针对金黄色葡萄球菌高度保守的nuc基因设计靶标特异性的小向导RNA (single guide RNA, sgRNA);结合本实验室自制的便携式光电生物传感器和自主开发的配套应用软件对金黄色葡萄球菌RPA产物进行快速检测,旨在建立一种灵敏、快速、便携的金黄色葡萄球菌检测方法(图1)。
肠沙门氏菌肠道亚种鼠伤寒血清型(Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar typhimurium) ATCC14028、金黄色葡萄球菌金黄亚种(Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus) ATCC25923、金黄色葡萄球菌金黄亚种ATCC6538、铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa) ATCC27853,北京北纳创联生物技术研究院(BNCC)提供;大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli) MG1655、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) 168,均由本实验室前期保存;E. coli BL21(DE3)化学感受态细胞,北京庄盟国际生物基因科技有限公司。
RPA/RAA DNA恒温扩增试剂盒(基础型) (冻干),深圳易致生物科技有限公司;无酶无菌水,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;溶菌酶A、细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒(离心柱型),天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;NEBuffer r3.1 (10×),纽英伦生物技术(北京)有限公司;DTT溶液、核糖核酸酶抑制剂,上海源叶生物科技有限公司;His-Tag纯化树脂,罗氏诊断产品(上海)有限公司;咪唑,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;二喹啉甲酸(bicinchoninic acid, BCA)蛋白定量试剂盒,苏州新赛美生物科技有限公司;Nano-Glo底物,普洛麦格(北京)生物技术有限公司。
超微量分光光度计(NanoDrop 2000)、高速落地离心机,赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司;化学发光多色荧光凝胶成像系统,Uvitec公司;金属浴,杭州瑞诚仪器有限公司;VICTOR Nivo多功能酶标仪,瑞孚迪生物医学(上海)有限公司;电泳仪(含电泳槽),北京君意东方电泳设备有限公司;便携式光电生物传感器,本实验室自制。
在NCBI网站中利用BLAST工具对金黄色葡萄球菌耐热核酸酶基因(nuc)序列进行比对分析,发现该基因在不同亚种的金黄色葡萄球菌之间高度保守,且几乎不存在于其他细菌中,因此该基因可用于金黄色葡萄球菌特异性鉴定。根据该保守基因的序列,确定2组候选检测位点(分别为A位点和B位点),分别设计候选的RPA引物与sgRNA,sgRNA由CRISPR RNA (crRNA)与反式激活crRNA (tracrRNA)组成。其中,靶向A位点的一对sgRNA对应的靶序列中间的间隔区(interspace)长度为31 bp,靶向B位点的一对sgRNA对应的靶序列相隔37 bp (图1),RPA引物与sgRNA均由安升达(天津)生物科技有限公司直接合成(表1)。
按照参照文献[20]的相关序列信息构建带有His标签的pET28a-dCas9-LB和pET28a-dCas9-SB后,转入E. coli BL21(DE3)化学感受态细胞。使用IPTG诱导后,将细菌细胞6 000×g离心10 min,在缓冲液(20 mmol/L Tris,300 mmol/L NaCl)中重新悬浮30 mL,然后再次重复离心。将沉淀物在30 mL缓冲液中重新悬浮,对菌体进行超声破碎(150 W,25 kHz,开2 s/关3 s,持续破碎5 min),之后12 000×g离心1 h,收集上清液,并使用0.22 μm滤膜过滤。使用镍柱进行亲和层析纯化,用梯度咪唑缓冲液洗脱目标蛋白,透析至蛋白缓冲液中备用。通过SDS-PAGE使用蛋白质印迹法(Western blotting, WB)鉴定纯化蛋白,并使用BCA蛋白定量试剂盒测定目标蛋白的浓度。
根据RPA/RAA DNA恒温扩增试剂盒的操作说明,在总体积不变的情况下对各组分含量进行微调。在冰上操作,每个反应管中依次加入:Rehydration Buffer (2×) 10 μL,上、下游引物(10 mmol/L)各1 μL,目标DNA 2 μL,无菌无酶水4 μL,Starter (10×) 2 μL。混匀后瞬时离心,在金属浴上恒温40 ℃孵育30 min,完成对候选检测位点A位点或B位点的目标DNA的扩增。
dCas9-LB和dCas9-SB蛋白分别与sgRNA-F和sgRNA-R进行组装,预组装体系中含有NEBuffer r3.1 (10×) 5 μL,0.1 mol/L DTT溶液0.5 μL,40 U/μL核糖核酸酶抑制剂1.25 μL,4 μmol/L dCas9-LB或dCas9-SB用量分别为0.25、0.50、0.75、1.00、1.25 μL,10 μmol/L sgRNA-F或sgRNA-R用量分别为0.25、0.50、0.75、1.00、1.25 μL,最后用无菌无酶水补足为50 μL总体系,在金属浴上恒温37 ℃孵育30 min后完成预组装。
分别取45 μL dCas9-LB/sgRNA-F和dCas9-SB/sgRNA-R预组装体系,加入10 μL RPA扩增产物和0.1 μL Nano-Glo底物,混匀后瞬时离心,在金属浴上恒温37 ℃孵育10-60 min,最后分别通过便携式光电生物传感器和酶标仪对化学发光信号的强度进行检测。以最短时间出现便携式光电生物传感器可检测出的化学发光信号为原则,选择出最佳的检测位点,并对dCas9-LB/SB与sgRNA-F/R的预组装浓度、Nano-Glo底物反应时间(检测时间)进行优化。
便携式光电生物传感器基于化学发光信号检测原理构建。首先,硅光电倍增管(silicon photomultiplier, SiPM)可将检测体系中微弱的光信号转换为可测的电信号;接着,经运算放大器(operational amplifier, OPA)放大后转换为电压信号,并经模拟数字转换器(analogue-to-digital conversion, ADC)转换为数字信号;最后,蓝牙模块(bluetooth module, BTM)将数字信号信息无线发送至智能手机中自研的应用软件,通过该软件可读取输出的数字信号数值,取30 s内的平均数值作为单次检测结果,整个检测过程在不透光的防静电黑盒子中完成(图2)。便携式光电生物传感器上的相关电子元件均采用焊接工艺组装到电路板上,同时由可充电锂离子电池供电。整个电子器件表面涂覆了三防漆,以确保其在各类环境中得到保护。
对于酶标仪,取80 μL反应体系使用384孔酶标板进行检测,读取化学发光检测模式(luminescence, Lum)下的相对光单位(relative light units, RLU)数值作为单次检测结果。二者均通过检测化学发光信号的强度来输出检测结果,为验证便携式光电生物传感器的检测性能(灵敏度、稳定性),本研究中使用便携式光电生物传感器与酶标仪对样品的化学发光信号强度进行同步检测,并将相关检测结果进行平行展示。
使用细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC6538的基因组DNA,并稀释成8个稀释度,基因组拷贝数浓度分别为107、106、105、104、103、102、101、100 copies/µL,并设置ddH2O作为阴性对照,以阴性对照信号均值+3倍标准差(mean+3SD)作为检测限(limit of detection, LOD)的判定标准。
选择沙门氏菌ATCC14028、金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC25923、铜绿假单胞菌ATCC27853、大肠埃希氏菌MG1655、枯草芽孢杆菌168进行特异性实验,使用细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取相关菌株的基因组DNA,并将浓度统一稀释至105 copies/µL,同时设置ddH2O作为阴性对照,采用优化的反应条件进行检测,判断该检测方法的特异性。
使用细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒提取金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC6538的基因组DNA,并稀释成105 copies/µL,并设置ddH2O作为阴性对照。采用优化的反应条件,在30、34、37、40、42 ℃下(检测全流程保持同一温度)分别进行检测,判断该检测方法在不同环境温度下的适应性。
为了评价RPA-CRISPR/dCas9系统结合NanoBiT技术的金黄色葡萄球菌检测方法的实用性,将含有金黄色葡萄球菌的培养液分别加入到市场上购买的牛奶、矿泉水、豆浆、果汁饮料中,使人工污染的样品中金黄色葡萄球菌的浓度约104 CFU/mL,分别取适量样品提取基因组DNA,采用优化的反应条件进行检测。
使用软件GraphPad Prism 10进行数据处理分析,比较单因素多组间差异时采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)进行统计学分析,并选择合适的方法进行事后多重比较来确定组间的显著性值。为了保证检测的可重复性与准确性,所有实验中均至少设置了3个独立的技术重复(n≥3),数据误差棒以±SD (标准差)表示,显著性水平设定为P<0.05。
检测限依据阴性对照信号分布进行统计学判定,以阴性对照信号均值+3倍标准差(mean+3SD)作为显著阳性阈值(3σ准则),该方法被广泛用于对检测限的判定[22]。基于上述阈值,当样本信号高于该阈值时判定为检测结果阳性。
为筛选出适用于金黄色葡萄球菌检测的最佳RPA扩增引物,本研究以金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC6538基因组DNA (10 ng)为模板,针对nuc基因上的A、B两个候选检测位点,将其对应的上下游引物进行两两组合配对扩增,并设ddH2O为阴性对照。如图3所示,通过凝胶电泳条带分析结合ImageJ灰度定量分析,比较不同引物组合的扩增效率。对于A位点,nuc-RPA-A-F2/nuc-RPA-A-R1引物组合的扩增效率最高;对于B位点,nuc-RPA-B-F2/nuc-RPA-B-R2引物组合的扩增效率最高。据此,选定上述2组引物作为后续金黄色葡萄球菌RPA扩增的优选引物。
为获得高纯度的功能性融合蛋白,本研究对纯化后的dCas9-LB和dCas9-SB蛋白进行了WB鉴定及浓度测定(图4)。结果显示,dCas9-LB和dCas9-SB蛋白的各自特异性条带位置分别与它们的理论分子量178.4 kDa、162.3 kDa一致,证实成功纯化出目的蛋白。经测定,2个蛋白浓度均约为40 μmol/L,稀释10倍后备用,为后续检测体系的构建提供了核心试剂。
为确定赋予检测体系最高灵敏度的sgRNA靶向位点,本研究以基因nuc候选检测位点A或B的RPA扩增产物(10 fmol)为检测目标,在固定dCas9蛋白添加量的条件下,比较了对应sgRNA的检测效果。在dCas9-LB或dCas9-SB添加量为0.9 pmol,nuc-sgRNA-F或nuc-sgRNA-R添加量为2.25 pmol的条件下,添加Nano-Glo底物后,将100 μL总反应体系恒温37 ℃孵育30 min后分别使用光电生物传感器和酶标仪进行检测。检测结果如图5所示,靶向B位点的sgRNA (nuc-sgRNA-B-F/R)产生的检测信号显著优于靶向A位点的sgRNA。因此,选用靶向B位点的sgRNA进行后续实验。
为获得最优的信号输出效率,本研究对体系中关键组分dCas9蛋白与sgRNA的添加比例进行了优化。以基因nuc检测位点B的RPA扩增产物(10 fmol)为检测目标,添加不同浓度的dCas9-LB或dCas9-SB与nuc-sgRNA-B-F或nuc-sgRNA-B-R,将100 μL总反应体系恒温37 ℃孵育30 min后分别使用光电生物传感器和酶标仪进行检测。如图6所示,100 μL总反应体系中,当dCas9-LB或dCas9-SB添加量为2.7 pmol,nuc-sgRNA-B-F或nuc-sgRNA-B-R添加量为6.75 pmol的情况下,体系可达到较高的检测效果。尽管更高浓度条件下信号略有增加,但差异无统计学意义。因此,综合考虑试剂消耗与检测成本,最终仍然选定此比例条件为后续实验的反应参数。
为实现快速检测并捕捉信号峰值,本研究考察了不同孵育时间对检测信号强度的影响。基于上述已探索的优化条件,对0.1、1、10、100 fmol的RPA扩增产物进行检测,将总反应体系恒温37 ℃分别孵育10、20、30、40、50、60 min后,分别使用光电生物传感器和酶标仪进行检测。检测结果如图7所示,在10 min即可观察到较好的检测结果,时间延长反而会导致荧光素酶信号发生不同程度的衰减,同步引发电信号读数的降低。因此,确定10 min为信号读取的最佳检测时间点。
基于上述最终优化的实验参数,本研究对107、106、105、104、103、102、101、100 copies/µL金黄色葡萄球菌基因组DNA进行RPA扩增及后续检测,以评估方法的灵敏度。如图8所示,以阴性对照信号均值+3倍标准差作为阳性阈值,最低检测限可达102 copies/µL,同时检测限及以上浓度的样本的检测信号均与阴性对照有显著差异,表明该方法具有良好的检测灵敏度。
为验证方法的特异性,本研究选取了金黄色葡萄球菌及其他非靶标细菌(如肠沙门氏菌、枯草芽孢杆菌等)进行检测。首先对各菌株基因组进行RPA扩增,电泳结果(图9)显示仅金黄色葡萄球菌组出现目的条带。进一步利用本研究开发的新方法对扩增产物进行发光检测,结果表明仅金黄色葡萄球菌组产生了与阴性对照有显著差异的检测信号,而其他非靶标菌株均无阳性信号(图10),充分证明了该检测方法具有优异的特异性。
为初步评估该方法在不同环境温度下的适应性,本研究采用所建立的方法分别在30、34、37、40、42 ℃下(检测全流程保持同一温度)对金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC6538的基因组DNA样品进行检测。检测结果如图11所示,在30-42 ℃范围内均可获得稳定阳性检测信号,表明该方法对环境温度波动具有一定耐受性,具备在非严格控温条件下进行现场检测的潜力。
为初步评估该方法在实际样本检测中的可行性,本研究采用所建立的方法对一系列人工污染金黄色葡萄球菌的样品进行检测。检测结果如图12所示,所有人工污染样品均能产生明确的阳性检测信号,证实了本方法能够有效识别复杂基质中的目标病原体,具备应用于实际样本检测的潜力。
食源性金黄色葡萄球菌,特别是耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA),可导致严重的感染性疾病且病死率高,对全球公共卫生安全造成严重的威胁[23]。为应对当前检测技术在临床应用与现场筛查之间的适应性困境,本研究旨在建立一种兼具高灵敏度与便携性的金黄色葡萄球菌核酸检测新方法。传统细菌培养法虽作为金标准方法被广泛应用,但其需要48-72 h菌落培养周期,监测耗时长,易错过最佳治疗窗口。以qPCR为代表的分子检测技术,虽具备快速、准确的检测能力,但仍存在依赖精密仪器、操作流程复杂、需专业人员操作等固有局限,难以满足资源有限环境下的即时检测需求。因此,开发适用于现场部署的快速检测方法具有重要的现实意义[24-26]。
为突破上述技术瓶颈,本研究将RPA-CRISPR/dCas9系统与NanoBiT技术相结合,利用自制的便携式光电生物传感器成功建立了一种灵敏、快速、准确且便携的金黄色葡萄球菌检测方法。在信号输出策略上,本研究区别于大多数依赖荧光信号的传统检测方法,采用NanoLuc荧光素酶催化的生物发光体系实现靶标检测。生物发光作为自发光信号,无需外部激发光源,可有效规避自发荧光及光散射等背景干扰,同时能够被各类光电生物传感器稳定捕获。基于此,本研究自主设计并制作了一款低成本便携式光电生物传感器,配合自研的智能手机应用软件,实现了对化学发光信号的灵敏检测,其检测结果与高精度酶标仪在信号变化趋势及定量结果上具有良好一致性,表明该生物传感器具备较好的灵敏度与重复性,可满足现场检测需求。该检测方法在30-42 ℃的环境下即使不完全依赖恒温设备,也可完成全流程检测,显著降低了对精密昂贵仪器设备的依赖。本方法可在1 h内完成全部检测流程,检测速度较传统培养法及常规PCR方法大幅提升。本方法同时具有良好的灵敏度,检测限可达102 copies/µL,与多数qPCR、LAMP、CRISPR/Cas12a方法检测方法灵敏度相似(表2)[8,10,12,27-28]。此外,本方法表现出优异的特异性,与肠沙门氏菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、大肠埃希氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌等其他常见细菌均无交叉反应。
综上所述,本研究建立的金黄色葡萄球菌检测方法整合了RPA等温扩增、CRISPR/dCas9特异性识别与NanoBiT生物发光信号输出技术,具有高灵敏度、高特异性、便携式、低成本等综合优势,在资源有限环境中的现场快速检测领域展现出广阔的应用前景。本研究在van der Veer等[20]提出的LUNAS体系基础上,进一步拓展至金黄色葡萄球菌检测,并结合自制便携式光电生物传感器实现现场信号读取。相比以往研究中使用的数码相机,本研究使用的便携式光电生物传感器更加小型化、便携化且成本低廉。通过固定检测时间与检测阈值的判定标准,本方法可获得稳定可靠的检测结果,更适用于POCT场景。
然而,本研究开发的检测方法在实际应用时仍存在一定局限性,与当前绝大多数细菌核酸检测方法相似,本方法在检测前需从样本中提取核酸。金黄色葡萄球菌作为一种革兰氏阳性菌,其由肽聚糖和磷壁酸组成的细胞壁结构较为复杂且致密[29],这一特性显著增加了对其基因组DNA进行快速提取的难度,通常需要额外借助离心机、细胞破碎仪或溶菌酶等辅助设备或试剂。这一前处理环节的复杂性在一定程度上制约了该方法在更多即时检测场景下的直接应用。因此,未来研究的重点应聚焦于样本快速预处理技术的优化与整合,通过开发简便、高效的核酸释放策略,与本研究建立的检测体系实现无缝对接,以期最终实现对各类潜在污染样本的直接、快速检测,推动该技术向现场即时检测应用的实质性转化。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2024YFC3407000)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32571637)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32122047)
  • 天津市自然科学基金(23JCJQJC00210)
  • 天津市自然科学基金(22JCZDJC00230)
  • 京津冀基础研究合作专项项目(23JCZXJC00370)
  • 上海市“先锋者计划” (生物混合机器人主题)项目(25XF3200800)
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2026年第66卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260214
  • 接收时间:2026-03-13
  • 首发时间:2026-10-13
  • 出版时间:2026-10-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-13
  • 录用日期:2026-06-02
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFC3407000)
国家重点研发计划(2024YFC3407000)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32571637)
国家自然科学基金(32571637)
国家自然科学基金(32122047)
Tianjin Natural Science Foundation(23JCJQJC00210)
天津市自然科学基金(23JCJQJC00210)
天津市自然科学基金(22JCZDJC00230)
Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Basic Research Cooperation Project of Beijing Natural Science Foundation(23JCZXJC00370)
京津冀基础研究合作专项项目(23JCZXJC00370)
Shanghai “Pioneer Program” Bio-Hybrid Robot Project(25XF3200800)
上海市“先锋者计划” (生物混合机器人主题)项目(25XF3200800)
作者信息
    1.天津大学医学部 生命科学学院,天津
    2.海南大学 药学院,热带生物资源教育部重点实验室和海南大学新药筛选及评价平台,海南 海口
    3.天津大学 合成生物技术全国重点实验室,天津
    4.龙岩学院 生命科学学院,动物源性人兽共患病防控福建省高校工程研究中心,福建 龙岩

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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