Article(id=1316714684934377654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260208, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1773158400000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-11, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1775664000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-09, onlineDate=1791858844264, onlineDateStr=2026-10-13, pubDate=1791043200000, pubDateStr=2026-10-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791858844264, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791858844263, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791858844263, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1316714454184739470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='10', pageStart='4661', pageEnd='5310', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1791043200000', pubDateStr='2026-10-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791858789249, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791885400527, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4920, endPage=4936, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1316714685181841591, articleId=1316714684934377654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Construction and fermentation optimization of an Escherichia coli cell factory for L-histidine production, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] L-histidine is a high-value, imidazole-containing amino acid with broad applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and additive industries. The fermentative production of L-histidine remains constrained by the low carbon flux through the core biosynthetic route, limited precursor availability, and by-product accumulation. [Methods] With Escherichia coli as the chassis, L-histidine biosynthesis was systematically improved through rational metabolic engineering. [Results] The flux toward L-histidine was enhanced by elimination of transcriptional attenuation of the histidine operon, introduction of an efficient adenosine triphosphate (ATP) phosphoribosyltransferase mutant, and plasmid-based overexpression of key pathway genes. The pentose phosphate pathway was reconstructed to increase the precursor 5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) supply. In parallel, carbon loss was reduced by blocking formate- and acetate-forming pathways. Nitrogen sources were subsequently evaluated, and fermentation parameters, including temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen, were systematically optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the L-histidine titer, yield, and productivity reached 34.84 g/L, 0.13 g/g, and 0.73 g/(L·h), respectively. In addition, the analysis of key gene expression and intracellular metabolites suggested that process optimization was conducive to enhancing the expression of the main synthetic pathway, improving energy and redox states, and increasing the ammonia donor supply. [Conclusion] The results establish an effective metabolic engineering strategy and a process basis for efficient microbial production of L-histidine.

, authors=Zhaoyang CHEN1, Jia LIU2, Xin DONG1, Guipeng HU1, Yiwen ZHOU1, Jing WU1, 2, *, authorsList=Zhaoyang CHEN, Jia LIU, Xin DONG, Guipeng HU, Yiwen ZHOU, Jing WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing WU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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【目的】 L-组氨酸是一种含咪唑环结构的高附加值氨基酸,广泛应用于医药、食品和添加剂行业。然而,微生物发酵法生产L-组氨酸面临主合成路径碳通量低、前体供应不足和副产物积累等问题。 【方法】 以大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)为底盘菌株,采用理性代谢工程系统优化大肠杆菌的L-组氨酸合成能力。 【结果】 通过解除组氨酸操纵子转录衰减、引入高效三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate, ATP)磷酸核糖转移酶突变体和在质粒水平过表达L-组氨酸合成路径基因,提高了L-组氨酸的代谢通量;通过重构磷酸戊糖途径增加L-组氨酸前体5-磷酸核糖焦磷酸(5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, PRPP)的供应;进一步通过阻断甲酸和乙酸代谢途径减少了碳代谢流的损耗。随后研究了不同的氮源对L-组氨酸发酵的影响,并系统性优化了发酵温度、pH和溶解氧参数,5 L发酵罐中L-组氨酸的产量、转化率和生产强度分别达到34.84 g/L、0.13 g/g和0.73 g/(L·h)。此外,通过关键基因表达和胞内代谢物分析发现,工艺优化有利于增强主合成路径表达、改善能量与氧化还原状态并提高氨供体供给。 【结论】 本研究为微生物高效生产L-组氨酸提供了可行的代谢工程策略与工艺基础。

, authors=陈照阳1, 刘佳2, 董欣1, 胡贵鹏1, 周怡雯1, 吴静1, 2, *, authorsList=陈照阳, 刘佳, 董欣, 胡贵鹏, 周怡雯, 吴静, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吴静, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

陈照阳:研究构思和设计、实验操作、论文撰写;刘佳:研究设计、论文指导与修改;董欣:协助实验操作;胡贵鹏:实验指导、实验过程监督;周怡雯:提供技术支持;吴静:数据核查、参与论文讨论、提供资金支持。

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Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2023, 63(8): 3009-3025 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1316829853995877147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714684934377654, awardId=22538006, language=EN, fundingSource=Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22538006), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1316829854075568924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714684934377654, awardId=22538006, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金重点项目(22538006), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1316829848362926816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714684934377654, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829848371315425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714684934377654, companyId=1316829848362926816, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829848379704034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714684934377654, companyId=1316829848362926816, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.江南大学 生命科学与健康工程学院,江苏 无锡)]), AuthorCompany(id=1316829848606196451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714684934377654, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829848614585060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714684934377654, companyId=1316829848606196451, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829848622973669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714684934377654, companyId=1316829848606196451, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.江南大学 生物工程学院,工业生物技术教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1316829852867609359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714684934377654, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Reconstruction and optimization of the L-histidine biosynthetic pathway. A: Schematic of the L-histidine biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli. PRPP: 5-Phospho-alpha-D-ribose-1-diphosphate; ATP: Adenosine-5′-triphosphate; PR-ATP: Phosphoribosyl-ATP; PR-AMP: Phosphoribosyl-AMP; 5′-ProFAR: 1-(5-phosphoribosyl)-5-[(5-phosphoribosylamino) methylideneamino] imidazole-4-carboxamide; PRFAR: 5-[(5-phospho-1-deoxyribulos-1-ylamino) methylideneamino]-1-(5-phosphoribosyl) imidazole-4-carboxamide; IGP: D-erythro-imidazole-glycerol phosphate; IAP: Imidazole-acetol phosphate; HOL-P: L-histidinol phosphate; HOL: L-histidinol; HAL: L-histidinal; HIS: L-histidine; AICAR: 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl) imidazole-4-carboxamide; Gln: L-glutamine; Glu: L-glutamate; α-KG: α-ketoglutarate; NAD+: Oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; NADH: Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. B: Effects of pathway engineering on cell growth and L-histidine production. C: Effects of hisL deletion on the expression of histidine operon genes; D: hisG/hisGfbr relative expression level; E: Fermentation curve of strain E. coli H10 in a 5 L fermenter., figureFileSmall=cJb8GfA3bCcs3nmIQF3kNg==, figureFileBig=rrRkVP9cmVkYKnrS8NUY1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829852947301136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714684934377654, language=CN, label=图1, caption=L-组氨酸合成路径重构与优化, figureFileSmall=cJb8GfA3bCcs3nmIQF3kNg==, figureFileBig=rrRkVP9cmVkYKnrS8NUY1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829853052158737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714684934377654, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Construction and evaluation of precursor-enhanced strains. A: Schematic of the PRPP biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli (G6P: Glucose-6-phosphate; 6-PG: Gluconate-6-phosphate; Ru5P: Ribulose-5-phosphate; R5P: Ribose-5-phosphate; Xu5P: Xylulose-5-phosphate; F6P: Fructose-6-phosphate; G3P: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; KDPG: 2-Keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate; PYR: Pyruvate); B: Effects of pentose phosphate pathway engineering on cell growth and L-histidine production; C: Fermentation curve of strain E. coli H19 in a 5 L fermenter., figureFileSmall=8Js2DVaq8O01Ye2Fi0CJ0w==, figureFileBig=Yt2VrJh+TbeaNWdXJIUVBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829853123461906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714684934377654, language=CN, label=图2, caption=前体强化菌株构建与评估, figureFileSmall=8Js2DVaq8O01Ye2Fi0CJ0w==, figureFileBig=Yt2VrJh+TbeaNWdXJIUVBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829853190570771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714684934377654, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Construction and evaluation of by-product pathway-blocked strains. A: Schematic representation of by-product metabolic pathways (PEP: Phosphoenolpyruvate; OAA: Oxaloacetate; CIT: Citrate; ICT: Isocitrate; α-KG: α-Ketoglutarate; SUC-CoA: Succinate-CoA; SUC: Succinate; FUM: Fumarate; MAL: Malate; GLA: Glyoxylate; FA: Formic acid; Acetyl-P: Acetyl phosphate; ACE: Acetate); B: Effects of by-product pathway disruption on cell growth and L-histidine production; C: Fermentation curve of strain E. coli H25 in a 5 L fermenter., figureFileSmall=jqV+smYA+L/nJmaaKtMZLw==, figureFileBig=HSFoMZnULx0RVz6P6e+KCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829853270262548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714684934377654, language=CN, label=图3, caption=副产物路径阻断菌株构建与评估, figureFileSmall=jqV+smYA+L/nJmaaKtMZLw==, figureFileBig=HSFoMZnULx0RVz6P6e+KCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829853341565717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714684934377654, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Fermentation process optimization of strain Escherichia coli H25. A: Optimization of the inorganic nitrogen source; B: Optimization of the supplementation of organic nitrogen sources; C: Fermentation curve of strain E. coli H25 after nitrogen source optimization in a 5 L fermenter; D: Single-factor optimization of fermentation parameters in a 5 L fermenter; E: Fermentation curve of strain E. coli H25 under the optimized fermentation conditions in a 5 L fermenter; F: The impact of process optimization on key gene expression; G: The impact of process optimization on the content of key intracellular metabolites., figureFileSmall=vsyl9ea8UUgZlkxvVPoMyA==, figureFileBig=ZBUnRFNSUbCoQk73ZWS5JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829853521920790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714684934377654, language=CN, label=图4, caption=菌株 Escherichia coli H25的发酵工艺优化, figureFileSmall=vsyl9ea8UUgZlkxvVPoMyA==, figureFileBig=ZBUnRFNSUbCoQk73ZWS5JQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829853584835351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714684934377654, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Strains and plasmids used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strains and plasmidsCharacteristicsSource
pCas9epA101 (Ts) KanR, P cas -cas9 P araB -RedlacIq, P trc -sgRNA-pMB1Lab storage
pTargetFColE1, SDR, P BJ23119 -sgRNALab storage
pCDRCloDF13 ori, SmR, P BJ23119, T7 terminatorLab storage
pCDR-HisCloDF13 ori, SmR, P BJ23119, T7 terminator, hisDCBHAFIThis study
DH5αE. coli DH5α (for the preparation of chemically competent cells)Lab storage
WTE. coli BL21Lab storage
E. coli H01E. coli BL21, ΔhisLThis study
E. coli H02E. coli H01, ΔilvG::P BJ23119 -B0034-CghisGN215IThis study
E. coli H03E. coli H01, ΔilvG::P BJ23119 -B0034-CghisGG233H, T235QThis study
E. coli H04E. coli H01, ΔilvG::P BJ23119 -B0034-CghisGN215K, L231A, T235AThis study
E. coli H05E. coli H01, ΔilvG::P BJ23119 -B0034-CghisGS143F, Δ209-281This study
E. coli H06E. coli H01, ΔilvG::P BJ23119 -B0034-EchisGE271KThis study
E. coli H07E. coli H03, Δrph::P BJ23119 -B0034-CghisGG233H, T235QThis study
E. coli H08E. coli H07, ΔrpnD::P BJ23119 -B0034-CghisGG233H, T235QThis study
E. coli H09E. coli H08, ΔfryA::P BJ23119 -B0034-CghisGG233H, T235QThis study
E. coli H10E. coli H08, harboring pCDR-HisThis study
E. coli H11E. coli H10, ΔpurRThis study
E. coli H12E. coli H11, ΔyeeP::P BJ23119 -B0034-EcprsThis study
E. coli H13E. coli H11, ΔyeeP::P BJ23119 -B0034-CgprsThis study
E. coli H14E. coli H11, ΔyeeP::P BJ23119 -B0034-SmprsThis study
E. coli H15E. coli H14, ΔlafU::P BJ23119 -B0034-SmprsThis study
E. coli H16E. coli H15, ΔyjiP::P BJ23119 -B0034-SmprsThis study
E. coli H17E. coli H16, ΔyghX::P BJ23119 -B0034-SmprsThis study
E. coli H18E. coli H16, ΔyghX::P BJ23119 -B0034-Cggnd fbrThis study
E. coli H19E. coli H18, ΔyeeL::P BJ23119 -B0034-zwfThis study
E. coli H20E. coli H19, ΔeddThis study
E. coli H21E. coli H19, ΔpflB-focAThis study
E. coli H22E. coli H19, ΔptaThis study
E. coli H23E. coli H19, ΔackAThis study
E. coli H24E. coli H19, ΔpflB-focA, ΔptaThis study
E. coli H25E. coli H19, ΔpflB-focA, Δpta, ΔtdcD-tdcEThis study
), ArticleFig(id=1316829853656138520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714684934377654, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用菌株和质粒

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strains and plasmidsCharacteristicsSource
pCas9epA101 (Ts) KanR, P cas -cas9 P araB -RedlacIq, P trc -sgRNA-pMB1Lab storage
pTargetFColE1, SDR, P BJ23119 -sgRNALab storage
pCDRCloDF13 ori, SmR, P BJ23119, T7 terminatorLab storage
pCDR-HisCloDF13 ori, SmR, P BJ23119, T7 terminator, hisDCBHAFIThis study
DH5αE. coli DH5α (for the preparation of chemically competent cells)Lab storage
WTE. coli BL21Lab storage
E. coli H01E. coli BL21, ΔhisLThis study
E. coli H02E. coli H01, ΔilvG::P BJ23119 -B0034-CghisGN215IThis study
E. coli H03E. coli H01, ΔilvG::P BJ23119 -B0034-CghisGG233H, T235QThis study
E. coli H04E. coli H01, ΔilvG::P BJ23119 -B0034-CghisGN215K, L231A, T235AThis study
E. coli H05E. coli H01, ΔilvG::P BJ23119 -B0034-CghisGS143F, Δ209-281This study
E. coli H06E. coli H01, ΔilvG::P BJ23119 -B0034-EchisGE271KThis study
E. coli H07E. coli H03, Δrph::P BJ23119 -B0034-CghisGG233H, T235QThis study
E. coli H08E. coli H07, ΔrpnD::P BJ23119 -B0034-CghisGG233H, T235QThis study
E. coli H09E. coli H08, ΔfryA::P BJ23119 -B0034-CghisGG233H, T235QThis study
E. coli H10E. coli H08, harboring pCDR-HisThis study
E. coli H11E. coli H10, ΔpurRThis study
E. coli H12E. coli H11, ΔyeeP::P BJ23119 -B0034-EcprsThis study
E. coli H13E. coli H11, ΔyeeP::P BJ23119 -B0034-CgprsThis study
E. coli H14E. coli H11, ΔyeeP::P BJ23119 -B0034-SmprsThis study
E. coli H15E. coli H14, ΔlafU::P BJ23119 -B0034-SmprsThis study
E. coli H16E. coli H15, ΔyjiP::P BJ23119 -B0034-SmprsThis study
E. coli H17E. coli H16, ΔyghX::P BJ23119 -B0034-SmprsThis study
E. coli H18E. coli H16, ΔyghX::P BJ23119 -B0034-Cggnd fbrThis study
E. coli H19E. coli H18, ΔyeeL::P BJ23119 -B0034-zwfThis study
E. coli H20E. coli H19, ΔeddThis study
E. coli H21E. coli H19, ΔpflB-focAThis study
E. coli H22E. coli H19, ΔptaThis study
E. coli H23E. coli H19, ΔackAThis study
E. coli H24E. coli H19, ΔpflB-focA, ΔptaThis study
E. coli H25E. coli H19, ΔpflB-focA, Δpta, ΔtdcD-tdcEThis study
), ArticleFig(id=1316829853727441689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714684934377654, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)
UH-ΔhisL-FCAGCCTCGCGCTGAAAGT
UH-ΔhisL-RCCTAGGACTGAGCTAGCTGTCAAAAAAGTCTCTGTGAATGTTTATTCAACTGA
DH-ΔhisL-FCCTAGGTATAATGCTAGCAAAGAGGAGAAATACTAGATGACAGACAACTCTCG
DH-ΔhisL-RATCGCATCCGCCAGTCC
UH-ilvG-FTTTGTGCAAGTGAAGTTGAGTTGTTCT
UH-ilvG-RCTAGGACTGAGCTAGCTGTCAAAGTTAGTTCCCCGTCCTGAATCTTGAGAAA
CghisG-FCAGTCCTAGGTATAATGCTAGCAAAGAGGAGAAATACTAGATGTTGAAAATCGCTGTCCC
CghisG-RCTAGATGCGGGCGATGCGGAT
EchisG-FGTATAATGCTAGCAAAGAGGAGAAATACTAGATGACAGACAACACTCGTTTAC
EchisG-RTCACTCCATCATCTTCTCAATCGGC
DH-ilvG-FCGCATCGCCCGCATCTAGTGCAACATCAGGTCAATGTATCGG
DH-ilvG-RGCTCATCAATGCTCTGCGAAACC
hisDCBHAFI-FGAGAAAGAATTCATGAGCTTTAACACAATCATTGACTGGA
hisDCBHAFI-RCAATTGAGATCTTCACTGATGCCGTTTACGCA
UH-ΔpurR-FGAAAGCATGACAGCAATCACAAAAAAATGA
UH-ΔpurR-RATACTCCATTTCACTCCAGACCCTAACTTC
DH-ΔpurR-FAATGGAGTATCGTCAACAAACGTGAAGAACC
DH-ΔpurR-RCCGCTGGCGTTGATGGATGG
UH-yeep-FCCTCCCGTGTTTTAATTCTCATTGATGGTCA
UH-yeep-RTACCTAGGACTGAGCTAGCTGTCAAAAACAGCACCTGCTGATGTCC
Ecprs-FGCTCAGTCCTAGGTATAATGCTAGCAAAGAGGAGAAATACTAGGTGCCTGATATGAAGCTTTTTGCTGGTAAC
Ecprs-RTTAGTGTTCGAACATGGCAGAGATCG
Cgprs-FCAGTCCTAGGTATAATGCTAGCAAAGAGGAGAAATACTAGATGACTGCTCACTGGAAACAAAACC
Cgprs-RCGACAGGTTTAGGCCTCGCCCTCGAA
Smprs-FAGTCCTAGGTATAATGCTAGCAAAGAGGAGAAATACTAGATGCCTGATATGAAGCTTTTTGCTG
Smprs-RCACGACAGGTTTAATGCTCGAACATCGCAGAGATC
DH-yeep-FTGTTCGAACACTAAACCTGTCGTGACTGATGCCC
DH-yeep-RCGGGTGCACAACGATGTCAG
UH-yghX-FGCCAGCCTTGGTAGAGATAATCAG
UH-yghX-RATTATACCTAGGACTGAGCTAGCTGTCAACGTTGCACTCCTCAGTTGGTGTT
Cggnd-FATAATGCTAGCAAAGAGGAGAAATACTAGATGCCGCGTTTAACCGCC
Cggnd-RTTAAGCTTCAACCTCGGAGCGG
DH-yghX-FTTGAAGCTTAATAGGTTTATCTCTTACGGGATTACGTCTTAAA
DH-yghX-RTGGTTATCGATATCATGATACTGCGGC
UH-yeeL-FGAGCGTTCCCATCGCCG
UH-yeeL-RACCTAGGACTGAGCTAGCTGTCAAACCTAACCTCGCCTCCCTACTG
zwf-FTAGGTATAATGCTAGCAAAGAGGAGAAATACTAGATGGCGGTAACGCAAACAGC
zwf-RTTACTCAAACTCATTCCAGGAACGACCATCA
DH-yeeL-FCCTGGAATGAGTTTGAGTAAGACAGTACTTATGCATAGTAATGCCGATCT
DH-yeeL-RTACACGCTCCCCAGAGCAAACT
UH-Δedd-FCAAGCTGGATCTGAGCTATTCAGAAACC
UH-Δedd-RTCGTCAAAGGCTCCTGAAATTGAGTTG
DH-Δedd-FCCTTTGACGACAAATTTGTAATCAGGCGAGAGAAA
DH-Δedd-RCGGACCTGGGAGAACGGA
UH-ΔpflB-focA-FGTAGATAGCGATCTGCACGCGT
UH-ΔpflB-focA-RAATCTAAACTAACTCTCTCTTTATTAAGTCGGCGA
DH-ΔpflB-focA-FAGTTAGTTTAGATTTGACTGAAATCGTACAGTAAAAAGCG
DH-ΔpflB-focA-RACAGGTATGAATGCCTTCTTTTTTGCA
UH-Δpta-FGGCATGAGCGTTGACGCA
UH-Δpta-RACGAGAGGTTTATCCTCTTTCGTTACCGCC
DH-Δpta-FATAAACCTCTCGTCATCATCCGCAGCT
DH-Δpta-RGATCCTGAGGTTAACCCTTCAAACG
UH-ΔackA-FGATCGGCGGCATAAAACGGA
UH-ΔackA-RGTGAAAGGAAGTACCTATAATTGATACGTGGCTAAAAA
DH-ΔackA-FACTTCCTTTCACACCGCCAGCTCAG
DH-ΔackA-RAGTGCCCTGAGACATAACGAAGAC
UH-ΔtdcD-tdcE-FCAAAGCGCAGAATATTCCAGTGCT
UH-ΔtdcD-tdcE-RCCGGCGCTCTTTTCTCATCCTGAGTTACGGATTAAAACA
DH-ΔtdcD-tdcE-FAAAAGAGCGCCGGAGGATGTATGAAAAAGATT
DH-ΔtdcD-tdcE-RTTGAAAATATCGAATGCACTAATCATATCCACAC
), ArticleFig(id=1316829853802939162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714684934377654, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

本研究所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)
UH-ΔhisL-FCAGCCTCGCGCTGAAAGT
UH-ΔhisL-RCCTAGGACTGAGCTAGCTGTCAAAAAAGTCTCTGTGAATGTTTATTCAACTGA
DH-ΔhisL-FCCTAGGTATAATGCTAGCAAAGAGGAGAAATACTAGATGACAGACAACTCTCG
DH-ΔhisL-RATCGCATCCGCCAGTCC
UH-ilvG-FTTTGTGCAAGTGAAGTTGAGTTGTTCT
UH-ilvG-RCTAGGACTGAGCTAGCTGTCAAAGTTAGTTCCCCGTCCTGAATCTTGAGAAA
CghisG-FCAGTCCTAGGTATAATGCTAGCAAAGAGGAGAAATACTAGATGTTGAAAATCGCTGTCCC
CghisG-RCTAGATGCGGGCGATGCGGAT
EchisG-FGTATAATGCTAGCAAAGAGGAGAAATACTAGATGACAGACAACACTCGTTTAC
EchisG-RTCACTCCATCATCTTCTCAATCGGC
DH-ilvG-FCGCATCGCCCGCATCTAGTGCAACATCAGGTCAATGTATCGG
DH-ilvG-RGCTCATCAATGCTCTGCGAAACC
hisDCBHAFI-FGAGAAAGAATTCATGAGCTTTAACACAATCATTGACTGGA
hisDCBHAFI-RCAATTGAGATCTTCACTGATGCCGTTTACGCA
UH-ΔpurR-FGAAAGCATGACAGCAATCACAAAAAAATGA
UH-ΔpurR-RATACTCCATTTCACTCCAGACCCTAACTTC
DH-ΔpurR-FAATGGAGTATCGTCAACAAACGTGAAGAACC
DH-ΔpurR-RCCGCTGGCGTTGATGGATGG
UH-yeep-FCCTCCCGTGTTTTAATTCTCATTGATGGTCA
UH-yeep-RTACCTAGGACTGAGCTAGCTGTCAAAAACAGCACCTGCTGATGTCC
Ecprs-FGCTCAGTCCTAGGTATAATGCTAGCAAAGAGGAGAAATACTAGGTGCCTGATATGAAGCTTTTTGCTGGTAAC
Ecprs-RTTAGTGTTCGAACATGGCAGAGATCG
Cgprs-FCAGTCCTAGGTATAATGCTAGCAAAGAGGAGAAATACTAGATGACTGCTCACTGGAAACAAAACC
Cgprs-RCGACAGGTTTAGGCCTCGCCCTCGAA
Smprs-FAGTCCTAGGTATAATGCTAGCAAAGAGGAGAAATACTAGATGCCTGATATGAAGCTTTTTGCTG
Smprs-RCACGACAGGTTTAATGCTCGAACATCGCAGAGATC
DH-yeep-FTGTTCGAACACTAAACCTGTCGTGACTGATGCCC
DH-yeep-RCGGGTGCACAACGATGTCAG
UH-yghX-FGCCAGCCTTGGTAGAGATAATCAG
UH-yghX-RATTATACCTAGGACTGAGCTAGCTGTCAACGTTGCACTCCTCAGTTGGTGTT
Cggnd-FATAATGCTAGCAAAGAGGAGAAATACTAGATGCCGCGTTTAACCGCC
Cggnd-RTTAAGCTTCAACCTCGGAGCGG
DH-yghX-FTTGAAGCTTAATAGGTTTATCTCTTACGGGATTACGTCTTAAA
DH-yghX-RTGGTTATCGATATCATGATACTGCGGC
UH-yeeL-FGAGCGTTCCCATCGCCG
UH-yeeL-RACCTAGGACTGAGCTAGCTGTCAAACCTAACCTCGCCTCCCTACTG
zwf-FTAGGTATAATGCTAGCAAAGAGGAGAAATACTAGATGGCGGTAACGCAAACAGC
zwf-RTTACTCAAACTCATTCCAGGAACGACCATCA
DH-yeeL-FCCTGGAATGAGTTTGAGTAAGACAGTACTTATGCATAGTAATGCCGATCT
DH-yeeL-RTACACGCTCCCCAGAGCAAACT
UH-Δedd-FCAAGCTGGATCTGAGCTATTCAGAAACC
UH-Δedd-RTCGTCAAAGGCTCCTGAAATTGAGTTG
DH-Δedd-FCCTTTGACGACAAATTTGTAATCAGGCGAGAGAAA
DH-Δedd-RCGGACCTGGGAGAACGGA
UH-ΔpflB-focA-FGTAGATAGCGATCTGCACGCGT
UH-ΔpflB-focA-RAATCTAAACTAACTCTCTCTTTATTAAGTCGGCGA
DH-ΔpflB-focA-FAGTTAGTTTAGATTTGACTGAAATCGTACAGTAAAAAGCG
DH-ΔpflB-focA-RACAGGTATGAATGCCTTCTTTTTTGCA
UH-Δpta-FGGCATGAGCGTTGACGCA
UH-Δpta-RACGAGAGGTTTATCCTCTTTCGTTACCGCC
DH-Δpta-FATAAACCTCTCGTCATCATCCGCAGCT
DH-Δpta-RGATCCTGAGGTTAACCCTTCAAACG
UH-ΔackA-FGATCGGCGGCATAAAACGGA
UH-ΔackA-RGTGAAAGGAAGTACCTATAATTGATACGTGGCTAAAAA
DH-ΔackA-FACTTCCTTTCACACCGCCAGCTCAG
DH-ΔackA-RAGTGCCCTGAGACATAACGAAGAC
UH-ΔtdcD-tdcE-FCAAAGCGCAGAATATTCCAGTGCT
UH-ΔtdcD-tdcE-RCCGGCGCTCTTTTCTCATCCTGAGTTACGGATTAAAACA
DH-ΔtdcD-tdcE-FAAAAGAGCGCCGGAGGATGTATGAAAAAGATT
DH-ΔtdcD-tdcE-RTTGAAAATATCGAATGCACTAATCATATCCACAC
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L-组氨酸大肠杆菌细胞工厂构建与发酵优化
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陈照阳 1 , 刘佳 2 , 董欣 1 , 胡贵鹏 1 , 周怡雯 1 , 吴静 1, 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(10): 4920-4936
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (10) : 4920 -4936
L-组氨酸大肠杆菌细胞工厂构建与发酵优化
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陈照阳1, 刘佳2, 董欣1, 胡贵鹏1, 周怡雯1, 吴静1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1.江南大学 生命科学与健康工程学院,江苏 无锡
  • 2.江南大学 生物工程学院,工业生物技术教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡
通讯作者:
吴静
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

陈照阳:研究构思和设计、实验操作、论文撰写;刘佳:研究设计、论文指导与修改;董欣:协助实验操作;胡贵鹏:实验指导、实验过程监督;周怡雯:提供技术支持;吴静:数据核查、参与论文讨论、提供资金支持。

Construction and fermentation optimization of an Escherichia coli cell factory for L-histidine production
Zhaoyang CHEN1, Jia LIU2, Xin DONG1, Guipeng HU1, Yiwen ZHOU1, Jing WU1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
  • 2.School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-10-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260208
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【目的】 L-组氨酸是一种含咪唑环结构的高附加值氨基酸,广泛应用于医药、食品和添加剂行业。然而,微生物发酵法生产L-组氨酸面临主合成路径碳通量低、前体供应不足和副产物积累等问题。 【方法】 以大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)为底盘菌株,采用理性代谢工程系统优化大肠杆菌的L-组氨酸合成能力。 【结果】 通过解除组氨酸操纵子转录衰减、引入高效三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate, ATP)磷酸核糖转移酶突变体和在质粒水平过表达L-组氨酸合成路径基因,提高了L-组氨酸的代谢通量;通过重构磷酸戊糖途径增加L-组氨酸前体5-磷酸核糖焦磷酸(5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, PRPP)的供应;进一步通过阻断甲酸和乙酸代谢途径减少了碳代谢流的损耗。随后研究了不同的氮源对L-组氨酸发酵的影响,并系统性优化了发酵温度、pH和溶解氧参数,5 L发酵罐中L-组氨酸的产量、转化率和生产强度分别达到34.84 g/L、0.13 g/g和0.73 g/(L·h)。此外,通过关键基因表达和胞内代谢物分析发现,工艺优化有利于增强主合成路径表达、改善能量与氧化还原状态并提高氨供体供给。 【结论】 本研究为微生物高效生产L-组氨酸提供了可行的代谢工程策略与工艺基础。

L-组氨酸  /  大肠杆菌  /  代谢工程  /  副产物  /  发酵优化

[Objective] L-histidine is a high-value, imidazole-containing amino acid with broad applications in the pharmaceutical, food, and additive industries. The fermentative production of L-histidine remains constrained by the low carbon flux through the core biosynthetic route, limited precursor availability, and by-product accumulation. [Methods] With Escherichia coli as the chassis, L-histidine biosynthesis was systematically improved through rational metabolic engineering. [Results] The flux toward L-histidine was enhanced by elimination of transcriptional attenuation of the histidine operon, introduction of an efficient adenosine triphosphate (ATP) phosphoribosyltransferase mutant, and plasmid-based overexpression of key pathway genes. The pentose phosphate pathway was reconstructed to increase the precursor 5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate (PRPP) supply. In parallel, carbon loss was reduced by blocking formate- and acetate-forming pathways. Nitrogen sources were subsequently evaluated, and fermentation parameters, including temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen, were systematically optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the L-histidine titer, yield, and productivity reached 34.84 g/L, 0.13 g/g, and 0.73 g/(L·h), respectively. In addition, the analysis of key gene expression and intracellular metabolites suggested that process optimization was conducive to enhancing the expression of the main synthetic pathway, improving energy and redox states, and increasing the ammonia donor supply. [Conclusion] The results establish an effective metabolic engineering strategy and a process basis for efficient microbial production of L-histidine.

L-histidine  /  Escherichia coli  /  metabolic engineering  /  by-product  /  fermentation optimization
陈照阳, 刘佳, 董欣, 胡贵鹏, 周怡雯, 吴静. L-组氨酸大肠杆菌细胞工厂构建与发酵优化. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (10) : 4920 -4936 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260208
Zhaoyang CHEN, Jia LIU, Xin DONG, Guipeng HU, Yiwen ZHOU, Jing WU. Construction and fermentation optimization of an Escherichia coli cell factory for L-histidine production[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (10) : 4920 -4936 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260208
L-组氨酸是一种重要的半必需氨基酸,广泛应用在医药、食品和添加剂等领域[1]。L-组氨酸的功能性衍生物如肌肽和麦角硫因在抗氧化方面发挥重要作用[2]。传统上应用化学合成和蛋白水解法生产L-组氨酸面临环境安全和可持续发展的挑战[3]。为了满足不断增长的市场需求,开发高效、可持续的微生物发酵法生产L-组氨酸已成为工业界与学术界的共同目标。
大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)和谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum)是生产L-组氨酸的主要底盘微生物。L-组氨酸的生物合成路径在E. coli和C. glutamicum中高度保守,都是以5-磷酸核糖焦磷酸(5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate, PRPP)和三磷酸腺苷(adenosine triphosphate, ATP)为前体,经过10步酶催化反应生成[4],具有以下共同特征。(1) ATP磷酸核糖转移酶(HisG;由hisG编码)作为L-组氨酸合成途径的第一个酶,受到L-组氨酸的严格反馈抑制[5-6]。研究人员通过引入限速酶突变体解除反馈抑制,例如在野生型E. coli MG1655中将EcHisG突变为EcHisGE271K[7]和在野生型C. glutamicum ATCC 13032中将CgHisG突变为CgHisGT235P-Y56M[8],分别使L-组氨酸产量达到0.2 g/L和0.83 g/L。(2)前体PRPP经磷酸戊糖途径(pentose phosphate pathway, PPP)生成,胞内浓度较低[9]。已有研究报道过表达zwf和gnd强化PPP代谢通量,使L-组氨酸产量相较于对照提高了1.33倍,进一步过表达prs使L-组氨酸产量相较于对照提高了1.44倍。(3)路径存在高氧化还原和能量需求,合成1 mol组氨酸需要2 mol NAD+和9.4 mol ATP[10]。通过引入枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) NADH依赖型谷氨酸脱氢酶rocG强化NAD+再生,使L-组氨酸产量提升23.4%,达到10.1 g/L[11]。此外,敲除黄素还原酶编码基因frd1和frd2降低活性氧水平,使胞内ATP水平提高了24%,L-组氨酸产量提高了1.51 g/L[8]。(4)同时依赖L-谷氨酸[12]和L-谷氨酰胺[13]作为氨供体。通过在E. coli中过表达EcgdhA和EcglnA提高氨供体可用性,使L-组氨酸产量提升了12.47%[14]。(5)与嘌呤从头合成路径存在串扰,嘌呤合成与L-组氨酸合成竞争ATP[9]。purF的敲除可以阻断嘌呤从头合成途径,同时也因核苷酸合成受限造成生长抑制,培养基中额外添加10 mg/L硫胺素缓解细胞生长抑制后使L-组氨酸产量提升12.33%[11]。(6) E. coli和C. glutamicum中的L-组氨酸特异性输出蛋白尚未报道,但是有研究表明在E. coli中表达C. glutamicum来源的L-赖氨酸外排蛋白CgLysE[11]和E. coli来源的碱性氨基酸外排蛋白EcArgO[14]使L-组氨酸产量分别提升了16.83%和9.41%。L-组氨酸的生物合成路径在E. coli和C. glutamicum中的差异则主要体现在:在C. glutamicum中L-组氨酸合成相关基因并非排列于单一长操纵子,而是分散在多个转录单元,包括hisN、hisEG和hisHAFI,具有更复杂的多内部启动子调控和RNA层面调控特征;而在E. coli中合成路径基因以经典L-组氨酸操纵子(his operon)的形式组织存在,基因排列顺序为hisLGDCBHAFI,具有操纵子整体调控、路径集中改造和多位点工程操作方面的优势。总之,通过定向的代谢工程策略有效提升了工程菌株的L-组氨酸生产性能,但由于合成路径碳代谢通量不足、副产物积累和发酵过程优化的欠缺限制了L-组氨酸细胞工厂的进一步发展。
本研究以E. coli BL21为出发菌株,系统构建高效生产组氨酸的工程菌株,结合培养基氮源和发酵过程控制优化实现L-组氨酸的高效合成。首先重构和优化L-组氨酸主合成路径提高L-组氨酸的代谢通量,其次重构和优化磷酸戊糖途径增加L-组氨酸前体PRPP的供应,进一步通过阻断甲酸和乙酸代谢途径减少碳代谢流的损耗,最后研究不同的氮源对L-组氨酸发酵的影响,系统性优化发酵温度、pH和溶解氧参数,并通过关键基因表达与胞内代谢物分析探究工艺优化促进L-组氨酸积累的内在机制。
实验采用E. coli BL21作为L-组氨酸生产的底盘菌株和基因克隆模板,选用E. coli DH5α作为质粒构建的宿主。本研究使用的菌株和质粒见表1,引物信息见表2。
限制性内切酶、Prime Star Max高保真酶、T4 DNA连接酶、DNA marker,宝生物工程(大连)有限公司;一步同源重组酶、细菌DNA提取试剂盒、质粒提取试剂盒、胶回收试剂盒、产物纯化试剂盒,南京诺唯赞生物科技有限公司;RNA提取试剂盒,天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;NAD+/NADH检测试剂盒(WST-8法)、增强型ATP检测试剂盒,上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司;Glu/Gln检测试剂盒(WST法),武汉伊莱瑞特生物科技股份有限公司;硫酸卡那霉素、氨苄青霉素、链霉素、阿拉伯糖、异丙基硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG),生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司;甲酸、乙酸,Sigma-Aldrich公司;L-组氨酸标准品,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;基因由苏州金唯智生物科技有限公司合成;其他试剂购自国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
高速离心机、电转仪,Eppendorf公司;PCR仪、凝胶成像仪、电泳仪,Bio-Rad公司;紫外可见分光光度计,SHIMADZU公司;恒温培养箱,上海跃进医疗器械有限公司;M-100生物传感器,深圳西尔曼科技有限公司;高效液相色谱仪,赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司;高效液相色谱柱,安捷伦科技有限公司;TJ-Intelli-Ferm平行生物反应器,迪必尔生物工程有限公司。
LB培养基(g/L):酵母提取物5.0,蛋白胨10.0,NaCl 10.0。
固体活化培养基(g/L):蛋白胨10.0,酵母提取物5.0,NaCl 10.0,牛肉膏10,琼脂粉20。
种子培养基(g/L):葡萄糖40.0,酵母粉5.0,KH2PO4 3.0,(NH4)2SO4 5.0,MgSO4·7H2O 1.5,FeSO4·7H2O 20.0 mg/L,MnSO4·H2O 20.0 mg/L,ZnSO4·7H2O 4.0 mg/L,CoCl2·6H2O 4.0 mg/L,VB1 2.0 mg/L,VB5 2.0 mg/L,VB7 2.0 mg/L,链霉素50.0 mg/L。氨水调节pH至7.0。
发酵培养基(g/L):葡萄糖20.0,酵母粉7.0,玉米浆干粉21.0,KH2PO4 7.0,(NH4)2SO4 7.0,MgSO4·7H2O 3.0,FeSO4·7H2O 20.0 mg/L,MnSO4·H2O 20.0 mg/L,ZnSO4·7H2O 4.0 mg/L,CoCl2·6H2O 4.0 mg/L,VB1 2.0 mg/L,VB5 2.0 mg/L,VB7 2.0 mg/L,链霉素 50.0 mg/L。氨水调节pH至6.7。
本研究参考文献[15],采用CRISPR-Cas9技术进行基因编辑。所用引物序列见表2,以E. coli H01构建过程为例,以实验室保藏的E. coli BL21 WT基因组为模板,用引物对UH-ΔhisL-F/UH-ΔhisL-R和DH-ΔhisL-F/DH-ΔhisL-R扩增hisL的上下游500 bp同源臂。PCR反应体系(50 μL):Prime Star Max 25 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 µL,DNA模板1 µL,ddH2O 22 µL。PCR反应条件:98 ℃预变性3 min;98 ℃变性10 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,共34个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min;以扩增出的hisL上下游同源臂回收产物为模板,用UH-ΔhisL-F/DH-ΔhisL-R引物对扩增hisL敲除盒。通过制备E. coli BL21 WT (携带pCas9)电转感受态,将片段hisL敲除盒与质粒pTarget-hisL按照2:1的比例添加并电击转化导入菌株,30 ℃培养24 h并对长出的单菌落进行验证。验证成功后,通过在培养基中添加IPTG (0.1 mmol/L)去除pTarget质粒,42 ℃下培养12 h去除pCas9质粒。其余整合菌株的构建方法与此相同。
采用Gibson组装技术进行质粒构建。利用设计的引物对(表2) hisDCBHAFI-F和hisDCBHAFI-R从E. coli BL21基因组扩增hisDCBHAFI片段。PCR反应体系(50 μL):Prime Star Max 25 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 µL,DNA模板1 µL,ddH2O 22 µL。PCR反应条件:98 ℃预变性3 min;98 ℃变性10 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸3 min,共32个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。将hisDCBHAFI片段连接到线性化载体pCDR上得到质粒pCDR-His。
用接种环将甘油保菌管中的菌液划线至活化平板,置于32 ℃恒温培养箱中培养24 h。之后,用5 mL生理盐水充分冲洗平板上的菌落,控制冲洗所得菌液的OD660在3.0-4.0之间。取1 mL冲洗所得菌液接种至装有30 mL LB液体培养基的100 mL摇瓶中,置于旋转式摇床中培养,34 ℃、220 r/min培养4-5 h。当OD660达到4.0-5.0时完成菌株的一级种子培养。
将5 mL一级种子液接种至装有43 mL发酵培养基的500 mL挡板瓶中,加入2 mL质量分数为50%的D-无水葡萄糖溶液,最终体积为50 mL。将待测菌株置于旋转式摇床中34 ℃、220 r/min培养18 h。发酵过程中通过添加NH4OH将pH维持在约7.0。以苯酚红为指示剂,当发酵液呈红色且不再变化时视为糖分不足,补加1 mL质量分数为50%的葡萄糖溶液。
将一级种子按照2.5%的接种量接种至装液量2 L的5 L种子罐进行二级种子培养。培养过程中通过添加NH4OH将pH维持在7.0,温度恒定控制在34 ℃。为保持30%-40%的溶解氧水平,空气流量设定为2-4 L/min,罐压控制在0.02-0.05 MPa,搅拌转速从300 r/min逐步提高至600 r/min。初始葡萄糖浓度控制在40 g/L。培养时间8-10 h。当OD660达到20-25时,二级种子培养完成。
将二级种子按照15%的接种量接种至装液量2 L的5 L发酵罐中。发酵过程中通过添加NH4OH将pH维持在6.7,温度恒定控制在34 ℃。为保持35%的溶解氧水平,空气流量设定为2-4 L/min,罐压控制在0.02-0.05 MPa,搅拌转速从300 r/min逐步提高至800 r/min。初始葡萄糖浓度控制在20 g/L。当葡萄糖浓度低于1 g/L时开始补料,通过流加720 g/L的葡萄糖溶液维持葡萄糖浓度在0.5-3.0 g/L。必要时可添加适量的消泡剂以消除泡沫。
取适量发酵液进行适当稀释,紫外分光光度计在波长660 nm条件下测定吸光度,用OD660表示。
取适量发酵液进行适当稀释,12 000 r/min离心2 min,取上清使用M-100生物传感器分析仪进行葡萄糖测定。
采用高效液相色谱法,以邻苯二甲醛(ortho-phthalaldehyde, OPA)进行柱前衍生,使用ZORBAX Eclipse AAA分析柱(4.6 mm×150 mm,5 μm进行梯度洗脱:0 min为92%流动相A+8%流动相B;27.5 min为40%流动相A+60%流动相B;31.5 min为0流动相A+100%流动相B;34.0 min为0流动相A+100%流动相B;35.5 min为92%流动相A+8%流动相B。设定进样体积12 μL,在柱温40℃,流速1.0 mL/min,波长UV 338 nm条件下检测。
流动相A:3.01 g无水乙酸钠,5 mL四氢呋喃,200 μL三乙胺,超纯水定容至1 000 mL,乙酸调整pH至7.2;流动相B:3.01 g无水乙酸钠,400 mL乙腈,400 mL甲醇,超纯水定容至1 000 mL,乙酸调整pH至7.2。
使用Aminex HPX-87H色谱柱(7.8 mm×300 mm)在55 °C条件下进行分析,以5 mmol/L硫酸溶液为流动相,设定进样体积10 μL,在柱温52 ℃,流速0.6 mL/min,波长UV 210 nm条件下检测。
所有样品经4 ℃、10 000 r/min离心5 min收集细胞。用无菌PBS缓冲液对收集的细胞洗涤2次后,将样品进行液氮速冻。使用RNA提取试剂盒提取细胞总RNA。再以cDNA聚合酶进行反转录以合成互补cDNA。在实时荧光定量PCR仪上进行实时荧光定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR, RT-qPCR)。PCR反应体系(20 μL):TB Green Premix Ex Taq 10 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各2.5 µL,cDNA模板1 µL,ddH2O 4 µL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃ 10 min;95 ℃ 15 s,55 ℃ 20 s,72 ℃ 30 s,共39个循环。所有样品均制备3个平行样品进行检测。基因表达数据以16S rRNA基因作为内参基因进行了标准化。所有样品均设置3个重复,以保证结果的重复性。
胞内代谢物浓度分别采用NAD+/NADH检测试剂盒(WST-8法)、增强型ATP检测试剂盒和Glu/Gln检测试剂盒(WST法)按照相应的说明书进行测定,4 °C、10 000 r/min离心5 min收集菌体,随后用无菌PBS缓冲液洗涤2次,使用配套提取缓冲液提取相应的代谢物用于后续分析。
使用NAD+/NADH检测试剂盒(WST-8法)对胞内NAD+/NADH含量进行检测。乙醇在乙醇脱氢酶作用下被氧化为乙醛,同时NAD+被还原为NADH。在1-甲氧基-5-甲基吩嗪甲基硫酸盐(1-mPMS)存在条件下NADH可将WST-8还原生成甲臜产物,该产物在约450 nm处具有最大吸收峰;生成的甲臜量与样品中NAD+和NADH的总含量成正比。对于NADH的特异性定量,将样品于60 °C孵育30 min以选择性分解NAD+,随后采用比色法测定剩余的NADH含量。NAD+含量则通过总NAD+/NADH含量减去NADH含量计算得到。
使用增强型ATP检测试剂盒对胞内ATP含量进行检测。ATP含量采用基于荧光素酶的生物发光法进行测定,其中萤火虫荧光素酶催化荧光素发生ATP依赖性反应。在底物饱和条件下,于线性检测范围内发光强度与ATP浓度成正比。
L-谷氨酸的测定基于酶促反应使NAD+还原为NADH,随后NADH将WST-8还原生成甲臜产物,该产物在450 nm处具有最大吸收峰。L-谷氨酸含量根据该波长下的吸光度进行计算。谷氨酰胺的测定则通过酶促转化生成γ-谷氨酰羟肟酸,在酸性条件下其与铁离子形成稳定复合物,并在540 nm处呈现特征吸收峰。通过分光光度法测定540 nm处的吸光度,以进行定量分析。
转化率和生产强度计算如公式(1)、(2)所示。
转化率(g/g)=L-组氨酸总产量(g)葡萄糖总消耗量(g)
生产强度[g/(L·h)]=L-组氨酸浓度(g/L)发酵时间(h)
在E. coli中L-组氨酸生物合成操纵子hisLGDCBHAFI表达受到前导肽HisL (hisL编码)的调控(图1A),随着胞内L-组氨酸浓度升高HisL抑制操纵子基因转录[16]。为解除操纵子的转录衰减和HisG受到的反馈抑制,在菌株E. coli BL21中删除hisL,构建菌株E. coli H01,通过摇瓶发酵积累0.11 g/L的L-组氨酸(图1B)。同时RT-qPCR分析结果表明,敲除hisL后,除hisL外的组氨酸操纵子基因的表达量上调了2-5倍不等(图1C)。
基于文献报道筛选C. glutamicum来源(CgHisGN215I、CgHisGG233H/T235Q、CgHisGN215K/L231A/T235A和CgHisGS143F/Δ209-281)[17-19]和E. coli来源(EcHisGE271K)的抗反馈抑制突变体[7],将各突变体基因在启动子P BJ23119 的控制下整合在菌株E. coli H01的ilvG位点,分别构建工程菌株E. coli H02至E. coli H06。上述菌株摇瓶发酵L-组氨酸的产量分别为0.28、0.42、0.32、0.35、0.25 g/L (图1B)。因此选定CgHisGG233H/T235Q作为本研究最优突变体。随后依次在菌株E. coli H03的rph、rpnD和fryA位点多拷贝整合CgHisGG233H/T235Q突变体基因,构建工程菌株E. coli H07、E. coli H08和E. coli H09。摇瓶发酵结果显示,L-组氨酸产量分别为0.68、0.98和0.88 g/L (图1B)。菌株E. coli H03、E. coli H07和E. coli H08中hisG/hisGfbr 的表达量相较于E. coli H01分别上调了1.01、3.12、5.25倍(图1D)。
为进一步强化L-组氨酸生物合成的代谢通量,将其余合成路径基因hisDCBHAFI连接到pCDR质粒,并导入E. coli H08中,构建E. coli H10,其摇瓶发酵产量为1.64 g/L,提高了67.35%,但菌体量降低了17.71% (图1B)。在5 L发酵罐中发酵48 h,E. coli H10的L-组氨酸产量、转化率和生产强度为15.32 g/L、0.05 g/g和0.32 g/(L·h),主要副产物包括甲酸4.7 g/L和乙酸8.6 g/L (图1E)。上述结果表明,强化L-组氨酸主合成路径能有效提升菌体的生产能力。
PRPP作为L-组氨酸生物合成前体,由核糖- 5-磷酸(ribose-5-phosphate, R5P)经磷酸核糖焦磷酸合酶(PrsA;由prsA编码)催化生成,PrsA受到全局调控因子PurR (由purR编码)的转录抑制(图2A)[20]。为了提高PRPP的合成效率,首先在菌株E. coli H10基因组上敲除purR基因,构建菌株E. coli H11。摇瓶发酵结果显示,E. coli H11的L-组氨酸产量为1.71  g/L,较菌株E. coli H10提高了7.00% (图2B)。筛选来自E. coli、C. glutamicum和粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)的prsA基因,在P BJ23119 启动子控制下整合到菌株E. coli H11的yeeP基因位点,分别构建菌株E. coli H12、E. coli H13和E. coli H14,摇瓶发酵上述菌株的L-组氨酸产量分别为1.83、1.88、1.98 g/L (图2B),最优菌株E. coli H14较E. coli H11的L-组氨酸产量提高了15.79%。随后依次在菌株E. coli H14的lafU、yjiP和yghX位点多拷贝整合SmprsA,构建工程菌株E. coli H15、E. coli H16和E. coli H17,上述菌株摇瓶发酵的L-组氨酸产量分别为2.15、2.37、2.25 g/L (图2B)。最优菌株E. coli H16较E. coli H14的L-组氨酸产量提高了19.69%。PPP充足的代谢通量可以保证途径中代谢物的高效合成,因此,在菌株E. coli H16的yghX位点整合C. glutamicum来源不受PRPP变构抑制的Cggnd fbr 基因(编码GndS361F)[21],菌株E. coli H18产量提高至2.53 g/L (图2B),提高了6.75%。继续在菌株E. coli H18的yeeL位点整合zwf基因,菌株E. coli H19的L-组氨酸产量为2.71 g/L (图2B),提高了7.11%。然而,当在菌株E. coli H19中敲除edd基因以阻断Entner-Doudoroff途径时,菌株E. coli H20的L-组氨酸产量下降至2.55 g/L (图2B),较E. coli H19产量降低了5.90%。在5 L发酵罐中,E. coli H19的L-组氨酸产量、转化率和生产强度为23.58 g/L、0.08 g/g和0.49 g/(L·h) (图2C),较E. coli H10分别提高了53.92%、60.00%和53.13%。副产物甲酸和乙酸的积累量分别降低了8.51%和9.30%。上述结果表明,通过增加L-组氨酸生物合成前体PRPP的供给有效促进了L-组氨酸的生产。
尽管通过强化PPP关键基因增加了其碳代谢通量和L-组氨酸前体供应,但是发酵过程中仍会产生4.3 g/L甲酸和7.8 g/L乙酸(图2C),这不仅降低了L-组氨酸实际产率,还会对菌体的生长和蛋白表达造成不利影响[22]。为了减少碳代谢流的损耗,选择阻断冗余代谢支路以提高L-组氨酸得率(图3A)。在菌株E. coli H19中分别敲除了丙酮酸甲酸裂解酶-甲酸转运蛋白基因pflB-focA、磷酸转乙酰酶基因pta和乙酸激酶基因ackA[23-24],构建了菌株E. coli H21、E. coli H22和E. coli H23。在摇瓶条件下单独敲除pflB-focA和pta后,工程菌的L-组氨酸产量分别提高了5.54%和7.75%;单独敲除ackA基因的菌株L-组氨酸产量降低了9.23%,可能是因为敲除乙酸激酶后菌株生长受到影响,导致L-组氨酸产量降低;组合敲除pflB-focA和pta的菌株E. coli H24的L-组氨酸产量提高了15.87%,副产物甲酸未检测出,乙酸积累量为0.8 g/L。为进一步减少乙酸的积累,敲除乙酸代谢途径相关基因丙酸激酶基因tdcD和α-酮丁酸甲酸酯裂解酶基因tdcE[25],构建菌株E. coli H25,在摇瓶条件下L-组氨酸产量提高至3.27 g/L,较E. coli H19提高了20.66%,乙酸未检测出(图3B)。在5 L发酵罐中,E. coli H25的产量、转化率和生产强度分别达到26.92 g/L、0.10 g/g和0.56 g/(L·h) (图3C),较E. coli H19分别提高了14.16%、25.00%和14.29%。副产物甲酸和乙酸分别积累了0.4 g/L和0.8 g/L,较E. coli H19分别下降了90.69%和89.74%。上述结果表明,阻断冗余代谢路径不仅是对已有代谢工程改造的补充,而且是提高L-组氨酸碳原子利用效率和发酵稳定性的关键策略。
L-组氨酸分子中碳氮比为2:1,其氮元素质量占比高达27.1%,在常见的20种蛋白质氨基酸中仅次于精氨酸(32.2%),属于高氮含量氨基酸。其分子中的3个氮原子分别来自ATP、L-谷氨酸和L-谷氨酰胺,因此氮源供给不仅影响细胞生长,也直接关系到核苷酸合成、氨供体供给及L-组氨酸的合成效率[26]。为进一步提高菌株E. coli H25的L-组氨酸生产潜力,首先在摇瓶水平对无机氮源的种类及含量进行考察。硫酸铵和氯化铵各设置3、5、7、9 g/L 4个梯度(图4A),添加7 g/L的硫酸铵时L-组氨酸产量最高,为3.41 g/L,相较于优化前提高4.28%。进一步对有机氮源添加量进行了优化,在添加7 g/L酵母粉的基础上,额外设置7、14、21、28 g/L玉米浆干粉的添加梯度(图4B),将添加量从7 g/L提高到21 g/L时有利于L-组氨酸的生产,即有机氮源添加7 g/L酵母粉和21 g/L玉米浆干粉时L-组氨酸产量最高,为3.73 g/L,较优化前提高9.38%。然而当玉米浆干粉添加量提高至28 g/L时,菌体量提高了3.94%,L-组氨酸产量并未提升。在5 L发酵罐中对最优氮源比例进行验证,L-组氨酸产量、转化率和生产强度分别提升到29.52 g/L、0.11 g/g和0.62 g/(L·h) (图4C),较优化前分别提高了9.80%、10.00%和10.71%。这表明通过对无机氮源(速效氮源)和有机氮源(迟效氮源)的优化有利于平衡细胞生长与L-组氨酸合成的速率。
在5 L发酵罐水平依次对发酵温度、pH和溶氧水平进行优化。具体结果如图4D所示,最适宜L-组氨酸发酵生产的温度、pH和溶氧分别为34 ℃、6.7和35%,在最优条件下,L-组氨酸产量、转化率和生产强度分别提高到34.84 g/L、0.13 g/g和0.73 g/(L·h) (图4E),相较于优化前分别提高了18.02%、18.18%和17.74%,菌株E. coli H25在发酵过程中仅积累了少量副产物,包括0.2 g/L甲酸和0.3 g/L乙酸。通过RT-qPCR发现,发酵终点时基因hisGDCBHFI、gdhA和glnA的相对表达量上升1.09%-46.21%,其中表达量提高最明显的是gdhA (32.34%)和glnA (46.21%) (图4F)。同时检测到L-组氨酸合成所需的ATP、NAD+、L-谷氨酸和L-谷氨酰胺的胞内浓度在条件优化后分别增加了71.59%、19.19%、25.77%和24.00% (图4G)。hisGDCBHFI操纵子的表达增强提升了L-组氨酸主合成路径的通量,gdhA与glnA的上调表达提升了L-谷氨酸和L-谷氨酰胺的供给能力,为L-组氨酸合成提供了充足的氮前体;同时,ATP含量的显著增加保障了合成路径中多个ATP依赖步骤的能量需求,而NAD+水平的提升则有助于维持细胞内的氧化还原平衡,为高效代谢提供了适宜的辅因子环境。发酵条件的优化通过同时增强路径表达、改善前体供给、强化能量与辅因子状态驱动了L-组氨酸的高效积累。
本研究以E. coli BL21为底盘菌株,通过筛选L-组氨酸合成途径的限速酶突变体、优化合成途径的表达水平、强化前体供应成功构建了生产L-组氨酸的E. coli底盘菌株。接着,通过阻断副产物途径,提高了碳流向L-组氨酸的分配效率;通过系统性优化培养基组成和发酵过程控制,提升菌株发酵水平;最优菌株E. coli H25在5 L发酵罐中L-组氨酸产量、转化率和生产强度分别达到34.84 g/L、0.13 g/g和0.73 g/(L·h)。最后通过关键基因表达和胞内代谢物分析,从转录和代谢层面对工艺优化的作用机制进行了初步解释。
E. coli中氨基酸生物合成普遍存在转录水平调控[27]和末端产物反馈抑制机制[28],转录水平调控又包括转录衰减[29]和转录因子调控[30]。通过对代谢瓶颈的理性改造可以有效地提升氨基酸的生产效率,例如在E. coli色氨酸细胞工厂中删除L-色氨酸操纵子衰减子TrpL[31],在C. glutamicum精氨酸细胞工厂中失活转录调控因子ArgR[32]以及在C. glutamicum甲硫氨酸细胞工厂中引入抗反馈抑制的LysCT311I和HomG377E[33],都使相应产物产量获得提升。本研究中对L-组氨酸的合成路径和前体供应路径中的转录水平抑制和产物反馈抑制进行系统性改造。通过删除组氨酸操纵子衰减序列hisL和多拷贝整合C. glutamicum来源抗L-组氨酸反馈抑制的CgHisGG233H/T235Q强化主合成路径代谢通量;其次,敲除转录调控因子PurR引入S. marcescens来源磷酸核糖焦磷酸合酶SmPrs、C. glutamicum来源葡萄糖酸-6-磷酸脱氢酶CgGndS361F和过表达6-磷酸葡萄糖脱氢酶Zwf以增加前体PRPP的可用性。
副产物积累是限制氨基酸细胞工厂碳原子利用效率和发酵稳定性的另一关键因素[22]。在本研究中尽管通过重构L-组氨酸主合成模块和磷酸戊糖途径显著提高了目标产物合成能力,但前体强化菌株在5 L发酵过程中仍观察到较高水平的甲酸和乙酸积累。这一结果说明仅提升主路径通量和PRPP供应并不足以实现碳流的最优分配,过量碳流仍可经由副产物支路消耗,从而降低了L-组氨酸的实际转化率。基于此,本研究对与甲酸和乙酸生成相关的关键节点进行了系统改造,通过敲除pflB-focA、pta、tdcD和tdcE使甲酸和乙酸的积累量分别降低至0.4 g/L和0.8 g/L,并提高了L-组氨酸产量、转化率和生产强度。该结果表明,副产物通路阻断在本质上提高了碳源向目标产物的有效分配比例,同时减轻了有机酸副产物对菌体生理状态的不利影响,从而为L-组氨酸持续合成创造了更有利的胞内代谢环境。进一步结合氮源与发酵参数优化后甲酸和乙酸降低至0.2 g/L和0.3 g/L,说明代谢工程改造与发酵过程调控在弱化副产物形成方面具有协同效应。
当前菌株的产量和转化率仍有继续提升的空间,后续研究可以从以下方面继续开展。(1)强化底物摄取与中心碳代谢分配。本研究已通过重构磷酸戊糖途径提高了前体PRPP的供应,后续可针对葡萄糖摄取系统及其上游调控网络进行优化,如增强PTS系统或替代性葡萄糖转运与磷酸化模块的效率[34],并结合对糖酵解与PPP分流节点的精细调控[35-36]提高更多碳流向R5P和PRPP的转化比例,从而进一步提升L-组氨酸主合成路径的底物碳通量。(2)协同强化氮原子供给与胞内氮代谢网络[37]。L-组氨酸是高氮含量氨基酸,其生物合成过程依赖ATP、L-谷氨酰胺和L-谷氨酸提供氮原子,仅优化外源氮源组成仍可能不足以完全满足高强度发酵条件下的氮供体需求。后续可从胞内氨同化与转氨反应网络出发[26,38],进一步优化谷氨酸与谷氨酰胺循环,例如增强谷氨酸脱氢酶、谷氨酰胺合酶及相关转氨酶体系的协同表达,并优化氮源吸收和同化过程,提高胞内有效氮供体库的稳定性。(3)结合多组学分析挖掘新的关键靶点[39-41]。本研究已经通过理性代谢工程实现了L-组氨酸合成能力的显著提升,但影响L-组氨酸积累的代谢限制因素可能涉及更广泛的调控层面。后续可结合转录组学、代谢组学和13C代谢流分析等手段对不同发酵阶段工程菌株的碳流、能量状态、氧化还原水平进行系统解析,有望进一步推动工程菌株向更高产率和更高稳定性的方向发展。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(22538006)
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2026年第66卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260208
  • 接收时间:2026-03-11
  • 首发时间:2026-10-13
  • 出版时间:2026-10-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-11
  • 录用日期:2026-04-09
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Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22538006)
国家自然科学基金重点项目(22538006)
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    1.江南大学 生命科学与健康工程学院,江苏 无锡
    2.江南大学 生物工程学院,工业生物技术教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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