Article(id=1316714658044687014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260245, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1774368000000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1776355200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-17, onlineDate=1791858837853, onlineDateStr=2026-10-13, pubDate=1791043200000, pubDateStr=2026-10-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791858837853, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791858837853, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791858837853, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1316714454184739470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='10', pageStart='4661', pageEnd='5310', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1791043200000', pubDateStr='2026-10-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791858789249, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791885400527, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=5237, endPage=5254, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1316714658514449063, articleId=1316714658044687014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Expression, enzymatic properties, and product functions of a chitosanase from Bacillus halotolerans, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To achieve efficient expression and comprehensive functional characterization of chitosanase (Csn, EC 3.2.1.132). [Methods] The chitosanase gene (CsnBh) was cloned from Bacillus halotolerans GXK615 and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). [Results] Following purification via nickel-affinity chromatography, the recombinant CsnBh exhibited a specific activity of 400.47 U/mg, which represented 3.03-fold purification. Enzymatic characterization revealed that CsnBh demonstrated high specificity toward colloidal chitosan, with optimal activity observed at 40 ℃ and pH 6.0. The enzyme demonstrated remarkable thermal stability across a broad temperature range (30-70 ℃) and pH stability over pH 5.0-9.0. Among the metal ions tested, Mn2+ significantly enhanced enzymatic activity, whereas Cu2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ completely inhibited the activity. Hydrolysis pattern analysis confirmed an endo-acting cleavage mechanism, with chitotriose to chitopentaose identified as the predominant oligosaccharide products. Further investigation showed that the chitooligosaccharide (COS) mixture generated by CsnBh-mediated hydrolysis exerted potent inhibitory effects against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Phytophthora nicotianae. Moreover, COS treatment significantly upregulated the activities of key plant defense-related enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, in tobacco leaves. [Conclusion] This study establishes both a robust theoretical foundation and a highly promising enzyme candidate for the efficient production of chitosanases and the green synthesis and application of bioactive COSs.

, authors=Ling OU, Hongyan ZHANG, Yuling WEI, Taohong WANG, Ying HUANG, Jiayan ZHANG, Naikun SHEN*, authorsList=Ling OU, Hongyan ZHANG, Yuling WEI, Taohong WANG, Ying HUANG, Jiayan ZHANG, Naikun SHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Naikun SHEN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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【目的】 实现壳聚糖酶(chitosanase, Csn; EC 3.2.1.132)的高效表达与功能开发。 【方法】 从耐受盐芽孢杆菌(Bacillus halotolerans) GXK615中克隆壳聚糖酶基因(CsnBh),并在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) BL21(DE3)中实现重组表达。 【结果】 通过镍离子亲和层析对重组酶CsnBh进行分离纯化,纯化后该酶比活力达到400.47 U/mg,纯化倍数为3.03。酶学性质研究表明,该酶对胶体壳聚糖表现出高度专一性,CsnBh的最适反应温度和pH分别为40 ℃和6.0,且在30-70 ℃及pH 5.0-9.0范围内稳定性良好;Mn2+能显著提高其酶活,而Cu2+、Fe2+、Fe3+则完全抑制其活性。水解模式分析表明,该酶为内切型糖苷水解酶,水解终产物主要为壳三糖至壳五糖的壳寡糖(chitooligosaccharide, COS);进一步研究发现,COS对大肠杆菌(E. coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和烟草疫霉(Phytophthora nicotianae)均具有显著的抑制作用,并且有效提高烟草超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, PAL)等防御酶的活性。 【结论】 本研究为壳聚糖酶的高效表达及壳寡糖的绿色制备与应用提供了理论依据和候选酶源。

, authors=欧玲, 张红岩, 韦玉玲, 王韬闳, 黄莹, 张佳艳, 申乃坤*, authorsList=欧玲, 张红岩, 韦玉玲, 王韬闳, 黄莹, 张佳艳, 申乃坤, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=申乃坤, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

欧玲:实验操作,数据分析整理及论文写作;张红岩:项目管理,提供资源;韦玉玲:协助实验操作,数据分析整合;王韬闳、黄莹、张佳艳:协助实验操作;申乃坤:实验设计、实验指导,文章指导及修改,项目管理,提供资源。

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Effects of chitosan oligosaccharide and salicylic acid on induced resistance and quality of Jiaohe dark-cured tobacco[D]. 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Lane M: Protein molecular weight marker; Lane 1: Supernatant of induced pET-22b(+) empty plasmid; Lane 2: Supernatant of uninduced recombinant plasmid; Lane 3: Supernatant of induced recombinant plasmid; Lane 4: Flow-through; Lane 5-8: Eluates with different concentrations of imidazole (10, 25, 250, 500 mmol/L)., figureFileSmall=L8Po8VwxPhXJj9PCAueKCw==, figureFileBig=CmSnH4WuXnFdCxupeUoXJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829863344976830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714658044687014, language=CN, label=图3, caption=CsnBh纯化过程SDS-PAGE分析, figureFileSmall=L8Po8VwxPhXJj9PCAueKCw==, figureFileBig=CmSnH4WuXnFdCxupeUoXJQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829863445640127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714658044687014, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Optimization of induction conditions for CsnBh. 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A: SOD activity; B: POD activity; C: PAL activity., figureFileSmall=1rsnr12ud8f1jF4gcBwz1Q==, figureFileBig=yTiihXlqcFf8hW76TptmVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829866444567506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714658044687014, language=CN, label=图13, caption=CsnBh水解产物处理后烟草叶片中防御酶酶活变化, figureFileSmall=1rsnr12ud8f1jF4gcBwz1Q==, figureFileBig=yTiihXlqcFf8hW76TptmVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829866524259283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714658044687014, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Reaction system for SOD activity assay

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Reagent nameReagent concentration/(mol/L)Volume/mL
PBS (pH 7.8)0.051.7
MET0.130.3
NBT0.750.3
EDTA-Na21.00×10-40.3
VB22.00×10-50.3
Enzyme-0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1316829866587173844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714658044687014, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SOD活性测定体系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Reagent nameReagent concentration/(mol/L)Volume/mL
PBS (pH 7.8)0.051.7
MET0.130.3
NBT0.750.3
EDTA-Na21.00×10-40.3
VB22.00×10-50.3
Enzyme-0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1316829866658477013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714658044687014, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Purification and enzyme activity assay of the CsnBh crude enzyme solution

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PurificationTotal activity/UTotal protein/mgSpecific activity/(U/mg)Purification foldYield/%
Crude enzyme8 993.0268.00132.251.00100.00
Ni-NTA affinity chromatography3 508.073.61400.473.0339.01
), ArticleFig(id=1316829866721391574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714658044687014, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

CsnBh粗酶液的纯化和酶活力测定

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PurificationTotal activity/UTotal protein/mgSpecific activity/(U/mg)Purification foldYield/%
Crude enzyme8 993.0268.00132.251.00100.00
Ni-NTA affinity chromatography3 508.073.61400.473.0339.01
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耐受盐芽孢杆菌壳聚糖酶的表达、酶学性质及其产物功能分析
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欧玲 , 张红岩 , 韦玉玲 , 王韬闳 , 黄莹 , 张佳艳 , 申乃坤 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(10): 5237-5254
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (10) : 5237 -5254
耐受盐芽孢杆菌壳聚糖酶的表达、酶学性质及其产物功能分析
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欧玲, 张红岩, 韦玉玲, 王韬闳, 黄莹, 张佳艳, 申乃坤*
作者信息
  • 广西民族大学 海洋与生物技术学院,广西多糖材料与改性重点实验室,广西 南宁
通讯作者:
申乃坤
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

欧玲:实验操作,数据分析整理及论文写作;张红岩:项目管理,提供资源;韦玉玲:协助实验操作,数据分析整合;王韬闳、黄莹、张佳艳:协助实验操作;申乃坤:实验设计、实验指导,文章指导及修改,项目管理,提供资源。

Expression, enzymatic properties, and product functions of a chitosanase from Bacillus halotolerans
Ling OU, Hongyan ZHANG, Yuling WEI, Taohong WANG, Ying HUANG, Jiayan ZHANG, Naikun SHEN*
Affiliations
  • Guangxi Key Laboratory for Polysaccharide Materials and Modification, School of Marine Sciences and Biotechnology, Guangxi Minzu University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-10-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260245
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【目的】 实现壳聚糖酶(chitosanase, Csn; EC 3.2.1.132)的高效表达与功能开发。 【方法】 从耐受盐芽孢杆菌(Bacillus halotolerans) GXK615中克隆壳聚糖酶基因(CsnBh),并在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) BL21(DE3)中实现重组表达。 【结果】 通过镍离子亲和层析对重组酶CsnBh进行分离纯化,纯化后该酶比活力达到400.47 U/mg,纯化倍数为3.03。酶学性质研究表明,该酶对胶体壳聚糖表现出高度专一性,CsnBh的最适反应温度和pH分别为40 ℃和6.0,且在30-70 ℃及pH 5.0-9.0范围内稳定性良好;Mn2+能显著提高其酶活,而Cu2+、Fe2+、Fe3+则完全抑制其活性。水解模式分析表明,该酶为内切型糖苷水解酶,水解终产物主要为壳三糖至壳五糖的壳寡糖(chitooligosaccharide, COS);进一步研究发现,COS对大肠杆菌(E. coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)和烟草疫霉(Phytophthora nicotianae)均具有显著的抑制作用,并且有效提高烟草超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, PAL)等防御酶的活性。 【结论】 本研究为壳聚糖酶的高效表达及壳寡糖的绿色制备与应用提供了理论依据和候选酶源。

壳聚糖酶  /  耐受盐芽孢杆菌  /  异源表达  /  酶学性质  /  产物功能

[Objective] To achieve efficient expression and comprehensive functional characterization of chitosanase (Csn, EC 3.2.1.132). [Methods] The chitosanase gene (CsnBh) was cloned from Bacillus halotolerans GXK615 and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). [Results] Following purification via nickel-affinity chromatography, the recombinant CsnBh exhibited a specific activity of 400.47 U/mg, which represented 3.03-fold purification. Enzymatic characterization revealed that CsnBh demonstrated high specificity toward colloidal chitosan, with optimal activity observed at 40 ℃ and pH 6.0. The enzyme demonstrated remarkable thermal stability across a broad temperature range (30-70 ℃) and pH stability over pH 5.0-9.0. Among the metal ions tested, Mn2+ significantly enhanced enzymatic activity, whereas Cu2+, Fe2+, and Fe3+ completely inhibited the activity. Hydrolysis pattern analysis confirmed an endo-acting cleavage mechanism, with chitotriose to chitopentaose identified as the predominant oligosaccharide products. Further investigation showed that the chitooligosaccharide (COS) mixture generated by CsnBh-mediated hydrolysis exerted potent inhibitory effects against E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Phytophthora nicotianae. Moreover, COS treatment significantly upregulated the activities of key plant defense-related enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, in tobacco leaves. [Conclusion] This study establishes both a robust theoretical foundation and a highly promising enzyme candidate for the efficient production of chitosanases and the green synthesis and application of bioactive COSs.

chitosanase  /  Bacillus halotolerans  /  heterologous expression  /  enzymatic property  /  product function
欧玲, 张红岩, 韦玉玲, 王韬闳, 黄莹, 张佳艳, 申乃坤. 耐受盐芽孢杆菌壳聚糖酶的表达、酶学性质及其产物功能分析. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (10) : 5237 -5254 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260245
Ling OU, Hongyan ZHANG, Yuling WEI, Taohong WANG, Ying HUANG, Jiayan ZHANG, Naikun SHEN. Expression, enzymatic properties, and product functions of a chitosanase from Bacillus halotolerans[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (10) : 5237 -5254 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260245
壳聚糖又称脱乙酰甲壳素,在自然界中广泛存在,表现出碱性多糖类化合物的特征,其结构单元主要是由N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖和D-氨基葡萄糖通过β-1,4糖苷键连接而成,主要存在于虾、蟹等甲壳类动物的坚硬外壳中,同样也可见于昆虫的外骨骼以及部分真菌的细胞壁[1]。壳聚糖经降解后可获得聚合度(degree of polymerization, DP)介于2-20之间的壳寡糖,其分子量一般不超过3 900 Da。与壳聚糖相比,壳寡糖分子量较小,水溶性较好,具有抗菌、抗氧化、诱导植物抗性等功能而广泛应用于农业、食品和医药等领域[2]。
壳聚糖酶来源广泛,在植物、病毒和微生物均有发现,但主要来源于微生物[3-4]。现有报道中壳聚糖酶的分子量通常集中在20.00-75.00 kDa范围内,且通常不具备亚基结构[5]。壳聚糖酶属于糖苷水解酶类,能够特异性水解壳聚糖间的糖苷键,根据氨基酸序列的相似性可分为7个糖苷水解酶家族(glycoside hydrolase family,GH家族),分别为GH3、GH5、GH7、GH8、GH46、GH75和GH80家族,包括2类:从还原端对壳聚糖链中的β-1,4糖苷键进行随机切割,属于内切型壳聚糖酶,该类型酶能够产生不同聚合度的壳寡糖产物;另一类外切型壳聚糖酶则是从非还原端切割β-1,4糖苷键,最终产物为氨基葡萄糖单体[3]。
近年来已成功筛选到多株高产壳聚糖酶的菌株[6-8],但野生型菌株产酶水平普遍较低,难以满足工业需求。从微生物中克隆壳聚糖酶基因并在异源宿主中进行重组表达是实现其高效生产的关键技术手段。例如,Wang等[9]将来源于莫哈韦芽孢杆菌(Bacillus mojavensis) SY1的壳聚糖酶CsnBm在毕赤酵母(Pichia pastoris) X33中实现了高水平表达,该重组菌株在高密度发酵条件下酶活性达到了542.70 U/mL。Zhang等[10]将来源于烟曲霉(Aspergillus fumigatus)的壳聚糖酶基因整合到酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)基因组中,成功实现了该真菌酶的稳定表达。目前芽孢杆菌属壳聚糖酶的异源表达研究较多,但表达的壳聚糖酶热稳定性大多较差,多数只能在50 ℃及以下保持较好的稳定性[11-14],限制了壳聚糖酶的生产和应用。
壳寡糖在农业、食品和生物医药方面均有广泛应用,其制备方法主要有物理法、化学法[15-16]和酶解法,前2种方法面临环境污染问题,且寡糖类物质的获得率处于较低水平,副产物的生成量较多。相较而言,采用酶法进行壳寡糖的制备显现出明显优势:反应条件较为温和,对生态环境的不良影响较小,产物收率较高,已成为当前壳寡糖制备领域的主要方法。壳聚糖酶是酶法生产壳寡糖的关键酶[3],鉴于壳寡糖在多个领域的重要应用价值,筛选高活性壳聚糖酶并提升其表达效率是酶法制备壳寡糖的研究热点。本实验室筛选出一株高产壳聚糖酶的耐受盐芽孢杆菌(Bacillus halotolerans) GXK615,但野生型菌株产酶水平较低,为提高该酶的产酶水平,本研究拟克隆耐受盐芽孢杆菌的壳聚糖酶基因,在大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中进行异源表达,并进一步探究重组酶的酶学性质,同时分析酶解产物壳寡糖的生物学功能。
耐受盐芽孢杆菌(Bacillus halotolerans) GXK615、烟草疫霉(Phytophthora nicotianae)由本实验室筛选并保存;大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)由本实验室提供;质粒pET-22b(+)由本实验保存,E. coli Top10和E. coli BL21(DE3)感受态细胞购自生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司。
壳聚糖(脱乙酰度90%)、壳寡糖、氨基葡萄糖盐酸盐,上海源叶生物科技有限公司;2×Superstar Plus PCR Mix、2×FidCycle高保真PCR Mix、快速质粒小提试剂盒、细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒、DNA纯化回收试剂盒,天根生物科技(北京)有限公司;限制性内切酶Nde Ⅰ和Hind Ⅲ、T4 DNA连接酶,北京全式金生物技术有限公司;镍亲和层析柱,宝日医生物技术(北京)有限公司。
T100 Thermal Cycle PCR仪、凝胶成像仪,上海伯乐生命医学产品有限公司;JY-SPCT电泳仪,北京君意东方电泳设备有限公司;Epoch酶标仪,BioTek公司;超声波细胞破碎机,宁波新芝生物科技股份有限公司。
采用多种生物信息学工具对CsnBh的氨基酸序列进行分析。使用ESPrint3.0 (https://espript.ibcp.fr/ESPript/ESPript/index.php)进行多序列比对,明确其保守区域;通过SignalP 6.0 (https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/SignalP-6.0/)预测其信号肽切割位点;利用ProtParam (https://web.expasy.org/cgi-bin/protparam/protparam)预测CsnBh的理论分子量和等电点,借助InterProScan (https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/)注释其功能结构域;通过AlphaFold 3 (http://alphafoldserver.com)预测CsnBh的三维结构。使用MEGA 11软件确定CsnBh在GH46家族中的位置,系统发育树采用邻接(neighbor-joining)法构建,Bootstrap检验设置为1 000次。
根据NCBI公布的B. halotolerans壳聚糖酶基因序列(GenBank登录号为NZ_CP029364.1),结合表达载体pET-22b(+)的多克隆位点特征,利用SnapGene软件设计特异性引物CsnBh-F (5′-CC AAGCTTATTGATTACAAAATTACCGTATTCC-3′,下划线为Hind Ⅲ酶切位点)和CsnBh-R (5′-CC CATATGAAAATCAGTTTGAAGAAAAAAACG-3′,下划线为Nde Ⅰ酶切位点)。按照细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒说明书提取B. halotolerans GXK615的基因组DNA,以B. halotolerans GXK615基因组为模板,通过聚合酶链式反应(PCR)扩增目的基因片段。PCR反应体系(25.0 μL):2×FidCycle Mix 12.5 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1.0 µL,DNA模板1.0 µL,ddH2O 9.5 µL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性1 min,57 ℃退火45 s,72 ℃延伸1 min,35个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。将PCR产物用质量分数为1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳进行检测。
使用DNA纯化试剂盒对扩增得到的壳聚糖酶基因产物进行纯化,随后使用Nde Ⅰ和Hind Ⅲ对其进行双酶切处理,并与经相同双酶切的pET-22b(+)载体进行连接,构建重组表达载体。将连接产物转化至E. coli Top10感受态细胞,挑取转化子进行菌落PCR验证(T7-F: 5′-TAATAC GACTCACTATAGG-3′; T7-TER: 5′-GCTAGTTA TTGCTCAGCGG-3′),并提取重组质粒,使用Nde Ⅰ和Hind Ⅲ进行双酶切验证,将验证正确的质粒交由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行测序分析。
将经过测序验证的重组质粒pET-22b(+)-CsnBh转入E. coli BL21(DE3)感受态细胞,获得重组菌株。将该菌株接种于10 mL含有100 μg/mL氨苄青霉素的LB液体培养基中,37 ℃、200 r/min培养12-16 h制备种子液。按体积分数为1%的接种量将种子液接种至100 mL LB液体培养基中,添加相同质量浓度的氨苄青霉素,37 ℃、200 r/min培养至菌液OD600为0.6左右时,添加异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)使其终浓度为0.5 mmol/L,并将培养温度调整至16 ℃,诱导表达16 h,4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min后收集菌体,通过十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)对表达产物进行检测。
采取单一变量法依次优化IPTG浓度、OD600、诱导温度及诱导时间以提升目的蛋白的表达效率。其中,IPTG浓度分别为0、0.1、0.3、0.5、1.0、1.5 mmol/L;OD600分别为0.2、0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0;诱导温度分别为16、20、25、30、37 ℃;诱导时间分别为4、8、12、16、20、24 h。
将在最佳诱导条件下表达的菌体用预冷的细胞破壁缓冲液[1 mol/L Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) 20 mL;4 mol/L NaCl 125 mL;无菌水定容至1 L]重悬,在冰浴条件下进行超声破碎(功率250 W,工作5 s,间隔时间10 s),超声破碎30 min至菌液澄清,随后4 ℃、10 000 r/min离心20 min并收集上清液,并通过镍柱亲和层析法纯化上清液中的CsnBh,将镍柱洗脱后的蛋白溶液进一步使用超滤管(截留分子量10.00 kDa)进行脱盐处理(以pH 7.5的Tris-HCl缓冲液置换3次),去除洗脱缓冲液中的咪唑后用于后续酶学性质测定实验,将纯化后的CsnBh进行SDS-PAGE检测。
采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸(3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, DNS)法测定酶活。取400 μL稀释250倍的酶液与400 μL 10 g/L胶体壳聚糖混合,于50 ℃反应15 min,反应结束后取200 μL反应液与300 μL DNS溶液混合,沸水浴处理10 min,随后立即置于流动冷水中将其冷却,12 000 r/min离心3 min以除去未反应底物,取200 μL上清液测量OD540吸光值。对照组设置为:经沸水浴灭活处理的酶液作为空白对照,其余操作步骤与上述一致。根据标曲公式(y=0.278 7x-0.118 1, R2=0.994 1)计算生成的还原糖含量。壳聚糖酶酶活定义:在上述反应条件下1 mL酶液在1 min内反应生成1 μmol还原糖所需的酶量为1个酶活单位(U/mL)。
为分析CsnBh的底物特异性,选取粉末壳聚糖、胶体壳聚糖、粉末几丁质、胶体几丁质、可溶性淀粉及羧甲基纤维素钠作为底物,其质量浓度均为10 g/L。在50 ℃条件下分别用酶液与不同底物反应15 min后测定酶活力。以最高酶活为100%,计算不同底物下的相对酶活力。
在30、40、50、60、70、80、90 ℃条件下分别测定酶活力。为评估温度稳定性,将酶液在上述各温度下分别保温处理30 min和60 min后在最适反应温度下测定剩余酶活。以未进行保温处理的酶液测得的酶活为100%,计算不同温度处理后的相对酶活力。
分别配制0.05 mol/L的乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液(pH 4.0、5.0、6.0)、PBS缓冲液(pH 6.0、7.0、8.0)及Tris-HCl缓冲液(pH 8.0、9.0)。在最适反应温度下,测定CsnBh在上述pH (4.0-9.0)范围内的酶活力。为评估pH稳定性,将酶液与不同pH缓冲液在室温下孵育2 h后,在最适条件下测定其剩余酶活。以未经孵育的酶液测得的酶活为100%,计算不同pH条件下的相对酶活力。
配制0.2 mol/L的Na+、Zn2+、Mn2+、Ba2+、Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Co2+、Cu2+、Fe2+及Fe3+离子盐溶液。将各离子溶液分别加入酶液中,使其终浓度分别为1.0 mmol/L和5.0 mmol/L,室温孵育30 min后测定剩余酶活力。以未添加金属离子测定的酶活为100%,计算各金属离子条件下的相对酶活力。
分别配制0.2 mol/L十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB)、乙二胺四乙酸(ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, EDTA)、二硫苏糖醇(dithiothreitol, DTT)、苯甲基磺酰氟(phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, PMSF)、二甲基亚砜(dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO)及20%十二烷基硫酸钠(sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS)、吐温-80 (Tween-80)、异丙醇。将各溶液分别与酶液混合,使其终浓度分别为1.0 mmol/L和5.0 mmol/L,室温孵育30 min后测定剩余酶活力。以未添加化学试剂测定的酶活为100%,计算不同化学试剂条件下的相对酶活力。
配制不同质量浓度的胶体壳聚糖溶液(1、2、4、8、10、15、20、30、40、50 g/L),将酶液与上述不同质量浓度的胶体壳聚糖溶液在最适条件下进行反应,反应15 min。采用Lineweaver-Burk双倒数作图法计算得出壳聚糖酶的Vmax和Km值。
以10 g/L胶体壳聚糖为底物,在50 ℃下用酶液处理底物0、0.25、0.50、1.00、2.00、24.00 h。反应结束后沸水浴灭酶30 min,随后12 000 r/min离心3 min以除去未反应底物。采用薄层层析法分析产物:用毛细管吸取反应液于硅胶板上点样,同时以GlcN2-6标准品及盐酸氨基葡萄糖溶液作为对照。充分干燥后置于层析缸中用展层剂(异丙醇:氨水:水=12:6:0.8)充分展开。取出硅胶板充分干燥后均匀喷洒0.5%茚三酮乙醇溶液,于110 ℃烘箱中加热10 min进行显色。通过对比酶解产物与标样壳寡糖及盐酸氨基葡萄糖在层析板上的位置,判断壳聚糖酶类型。
以100 g/L的胶体壳聚糖为底物,加入适量酶液于40 ℃反应30 min,反应结束后沸水浴灭活酶液30 min,10 000 r/min离心5 min以除去未反应的壳聚糖。旋蒸浓缩后将样品置于-80 ℃冷冻24 h,最后通过冷冻干燥获得壳寡糖粉末。称取0.2 g壳寡糖粉末,用1 mL无菌水溶解后即得到200 mg/mL的壳寡糖母液,将母液分别稀释成不同质量浓度的壳寡糖溶液,使用0.22 μm水系膜过滤待用。
使用抑菌圈法评估CsnBh水解产生的壳寡糖对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和烟草疫霉的抑制效果。将活化好的大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌用无菌水将OD600稀释至0.5,用于抑菌实验。抑菌实验采用打孔法:取200 μL菌株稀释液均匀涂布于LB平板上,使用无菌枪头在LB平板中打孔,分别加入不同质量浓度的壳寡糖溶液(50、100、200 mg/mL),对照组为等量无菌水,倒置于37 ℃恒温培养箱中培养24 h,观察抑菌效果。
使用灭菌枪头在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂(PDA)平板上距中心一定距离处对称打4个孔,用灭菌竹签挑出孔内的琼脂块,向每个孔中加入200 μL不同质量浓度的壳寡糖溶液(5、10、20 mg/mL),对照组为等量无菌水,随后将菌饼菌丝面朝下,接种到平板中央,倒置于28 ℃培养箱中培养,直至无菌水对照组的菌丝长至孔边缘,观察不同浓度COS对烟草疫霉的生长抑制作用。
待烟草长至5-8片完全展开的真叶时进行实验。试验设置5个处理,分别为:CK,叶面喷施清水;T1-T5,叶面分别喷施质量浓度为100、150、200、250、300 mg/L的壳寡糖溶液。喷施量以叶片正反面均匀附着细密雾滴,但未形成大液滴流下为止,每个浓度设置3个重复。在喷施24 h后准确称取1 g叶片用于防御酶酶活的测定。
粗酶液的提取参照文献[17]。超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, PAL)粗酶液的制取方法如下:称取1 g经壳寡糖处理过的烟草叶片置于预冷的研钵中,加入适量聚乙烯聚吡咯烷酮(polyvinylpolypyrrolidone, PVPP)和石英砂,将样品置于冰浴条件下,用预冷的PBS缓冲液(pH 7.8)进行研磨,将匀浆转入预冷的离心管中,4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心10 min,收集上清液,并用同体系缓冲液定容至10 mL,得到粗酶液。
苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)粗酶液的制备:用预冷的硼酸缓冲液(pH 8.8)代替PBS缓冲液,其余方法同上。
SOD活性的测定:在离心管中加入不同物质并混匀,总体积为3 mL (表1),将反应体系置于25 ℃、4 000 lx光照下反应20 min,随后用黑布遮挡终止反应。以避光对照组为空白进行调零,于OD560测定吸光度,计算SOD活性。
POD活性的测定:实验方法参考文献[18],略有改动。在比色皿中加入0.5 mL待测粗酶液和3.0 mL愈创木酚(25.0 mmol/L),随后立即加入200 μL H2O2 (0.5 mol/L)启动反应,15 s时记录OD470的吸光值作为起始值,随后每隔1 min记录1次,连续记录6 min,以每分钟吸光度上升0.01为1个POD活性单位(U)。
PAL活性的测定:实验方法参考《植物生理学实验指导》[19]。
所有样品均设置3个生物学重复,实验结果取平均值进行统计分析。数据采用Excel 2019进行处理,图形绘制使用GraphPad Prism 8完成。
壳聚糖酶的一个重要微生物来源就是芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)。通过SignalP 6.0预测CsnBh的信号肽序列,显示其1-36位氨基酸为信号肽序列。序列比对分析表明,CsnBh与Bacillus sp. SIMBA 031、中村芽孢杆菌(Bacillus nakamurai)、深褐芽孢杆菌(Bacillus atrophaeus)、枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)来源的壳聚糖酶相似度较高,均在80%以上(图1B)。将序列提交至ProtParam进行分析,CsnBh基因全长837 bp,编码278个氨基酸,理论分子量为31.33 kDa,理论等电点为5.72。通过InterProScan工具分析(图1A),CsnBh为典型的GH46糖苷水解酶,结构域包括N端信号肽以及核心催化结构域(第42-265位氨基酸,覆盖蛋白大部分),其活性位点为第48-88位氨基酸,这是GH46家族的活性位点特征序列。通过AlphaFold 3预测蛋白的三维结构(图1C),CsnBh呈现GH46家族壳聚糖酶典型特征,其由1个α螺旋连接较小的N端结构域和较大的C端催化结构域,整体呈不对称哑铃状。
为了直观展示CsnBh在GH46家族中的进化位置,选取来自不同细菌类群的GH46家族壳聚糖酶代表性序列,以GH8家族壳聚糖酶(GenBank登录号为Q9ALZ1.1)为外类群,构建了系统发育树。如图1D所示,该系统发育树清晰地分化出多个不同的聚类分支。CsnBh与其他来源于芽孢杆菌属的壳聚糖酶紧密地聚在一个独立的大分支中,表明它们在进化上高度保守,具有极近的亲缘关系。具体而言,CsnBh与解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)以及Bacillus sp. DAU101的壳聚糖酶亲缘关系最为密切,它们共同构成了一个子分支。系统发育树的结果不仅直观地确立了CsnBh在发育树中的位置,也进一步证实了CsnBh属于典型的GH46家族壳聚糖酶。
如图2A所示,以B. halotolerans基因组DNA为模板,CsnBh-F、CsnBh-R为引物,扩增出一条约800 bp的DNA片段,与预期大小相符。随后将该片段连接到表达载体pET-22b(+)上获得重组质粒pET-22b(+)-CsnBh,采用Nde Ⅰ和Hind Ⅲ双酶切验证(图2B)。双酶切重组质粒电泳结果显示2个清晰条带,约800 bp处的条带与CsnBh大小相符;另一条大于5 000 bp的条带对应线性pET-22b(+)质粒的大小,结合测序结果,证实重组质粒构建成功。
将构建成功的重组质粒pET-22b(+)-CsnBh转化到E. coli BL21(DE3)中,获得重组菌株。经IPTG诱导后,重组菌表现出壳聚糖酶活性(436.42±7.30) U/mL,而对照菌未检测到酶活。SDS-PAGE分析结果(图3,泳道1-3)显示,诱导后的重组菌在31.00 kDa附近出现了一条明显的蛋白条带,而空质粒及未诱导重组菌未出现该条带,表明CsnBh已成功在大肠杆菌中异源表达。
为提高壳聚糖酶在大肠杆菌中的表达量及酶活力,对诱导条件(IPTG浓度、添加IPTG时的菌液密度OD600、诱导温度及诱导时间)进行了优化。如图4所示,当IPTG浓度为0.1 mmol/L时酶活力最高(484.15±4.65) U/mL;OD600在0.0-0.8范围内,CsnBh酶活随OD600的增加而升高,当OD600=0.8时,酶活达到最高(1 018.11±11.84) U/mL,当OD600=1.0时,CsnBh酶活力迅速下降,相对酶活仅为40.0%左右,原因可能与高密度培养下的营养限制或代谢副产物积累有关[20];随着诱导温度(16-37 ℃)的提高,CsnBh活力呈现先升高后降低的趋势,诱导温度为25 ℃时酶活力最高(1 229.98±11.30) U/mL,但诱导温度为37 ℃时酶活急剧下降,相对酶活仅为1.5%左右,推测是高温诱导形成了包涵体[21];在诱导时间4-24 h范围内,诱导12 h时酶活力最高(1 278.42±78.76) U/mL,延长诱导时间酶活呈下降趋势。因此,CsnBh的最佳诱导条件为:当OD600为0.8时加入终浓度为0.1 mmol/L的IPTG,25 ℃诱导12 h,该条件下的酶活较初始酶活(436.42±7.30) U/mL提高了2.93倍。
本研究通过单一变量法确定了最优表达条件,但需指出的是,由于未采用响应面法等统计学实验设计,可能忽略了诱导温度与IPTG浓度之间的潜在交互作用。未来的工艺放大研究可进一步通过多因子正交试验优化以获得最大产率。
利用镍柱对CsnBh进行分离纯化,结果如表2所示。目标蛋白CsnBh的酶活力回收率为39.01%,酶的比活力由132.25 U/mg提升至400.47 U/mg,纯化倍数为3.03。将纯化后的CsnBh进行SDS-PAGE分析,结果如图3所示,经镍柱亲和层析得到一条清晰且单一的条带,蛋白分子量约为31.00 kDa,与理论分子量相一致。
对壳聚糖底物的专一性是壳聚糖酶的重要特征。为研究CsnBh对不同底物的水解活性,选择壳聚糖及其结构类似物进行底物特异性分析。如图5所示,CsnBh对胶体壳聚糖表现出显著的催化活性,而对粉末壳聚糖、粉末几丁质、胶体几丁质、羧甲基纤维素钠及可溶性淀粉的催化效率极低,相对酶活仅为0.3%左右。综上所述,尽管所选底物在结构单元上与壳聚糖具有一定相似性,但CsnBh仅对胶体壳聚糖表现出较高的催化能力,这与现有报道相一致[22-23]。
如图6A所示,CsnBh的最适反应温度为40 ℃,在30-50 ℃范围内均能保持较高酶活力(>80%),在高于60 ℃时酶活性大幅度降低。将CsnBh在不同温度下保温30 min和60 min后测定其剩余酶活,由图6B可知,CsnBh在30-70 ℃处理1 h可以保留80%以上的酶活性,稳定性较高。当温度超过70 ℃时,酶活性下降较为明显,90 ℃处理1 h后仅保留了4%左右的酶活,说明该酶在高温时发生了变性。其最适温度与大多芽孢杆菌属来源的壳聚糖相一致(40-60 ℃),但其温度稳定性优于大多数芽孢杆菌属来源的壳聚糖酶,多数壳聚糖酶只能在50 ℃及以下保持稳定[10-14],而CsnBh在70 ℃仍能保持较好的稳定性。
如图7所示,CsnBh的最适反应pH为6.0,表明CsnBh在弱酸性环境中可以发挥较好的催化作用。现有报道中,壳聚糖酶的最适pH一般为4.0-6.5[24-25]。CsnBh表现出较好的pH稳定性,在pH 5.0-9.0时具有良好的稳定性,在上述不同pH缓冲液中室温放置2 h后剩余酶活力均大于90%。多数壳聚糖酶在酸性条件下较为稳定,当pH大于7.0时酶活力会出现明显下降[21,24-25],CsnBh在较宽的pH范围内表现出良好的稳定性。
金属离子对酶的催化活力具有不同程度的影响,不同金属离子对CsnBh的影响结果如图8所示。当离子浓度为1 mmol/L和5 mmol/L时Mn2+能显著提高CsnBh的活性,尤其是当Mn2+浓度为5 mmol/L时能够将酶活性提高2.32倍,推测Mn2+可能作为酶的辅助因子结合在活性中心或附近,稳定蛋白酶催化所需的三维构象。Mn2+对大多数壳聚糖酶都表现出激活作用[26-28],与本研究一致。金属离子Na+、Zn2+、Ba2+、Ca2+、Mg2+、K+、Co2+、Cu2+、Fe2+、Fe3+对CsnBh具有不同程度的抑制作用,其中Cu2+、Fe2+、Fe3+抑制作用最为显著,当离子浓度为1 mmol/L和5 mmol/L时酶活性被完全抑制,这3种离子均具有氧化还原活性,酶活性中心或结构上必需的半胱氨酸残基上的巯基可能被它们氧化,形成分子内或分子间二硫键,导致酶构象发生不可逆的改变而失活。
如图9所示,CsnBh在不同化学试剂中酶活力差异明显。其中,DTT能略微提高CsnBh的活性,当DTT浓度为1 mmol/L时酶活性并未明显提高,当DTT浓度为5 mmol/L时,酶活性提高至126%,与曹世宁[29]的研究结果相一致。DTT为强还原剂,能使巯基处于还原状态,其促进作用表明该酶可能含有对活性重要的半胱氨酸残基。然而,也有研究表明这类强还原剂对壳聚糖酶有明显的抑制作用[28]。CTAB、Tween-80、PMSF、SDS显著抑制酶活性,在浓度为1 mmol/L和5 mmol/L时处理组的剩余酶活性均在50%以下。CTAB和SDS均是强变性剂,通过疏水作用与蛋白酶的疏水核心结合,从而破坏酶的高级结构,引起酶快速而强烈的失活。PMSF是丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂,其对CsnBh的强烈抑制表明该酶很可能属于丝氨酸水解酶家族。
根据CsnBh催化胶体壳聚糖水解反应的Lineweaver-Burk双倒数曲线(图10),得到直线回归方程y=0.010 850 0x+0.000 422 1,其最大反应速率Vmax=2 369 μmol/(mL·min),表明CsnBh对胶体壳聚糖具有较高的催化效率。其对胶体壳聚糖的米氏常数Km值为25.71 mg/mL。
通过TLC分析CsnBh的水解产物并确定酶的种类。结果如图11所示,所有水解阶段均未检测到单糖组分,表明CsnBh属于内切型糖苷酶。在水解初始阶段,产物主要为聚合度3-6的壳寡糖;随着反应时间延长,底物水解程度加深,壳三糖和壳四糖含量显著增加。水解最终阶段(24 h)的产物主要为壳三糖至壳五糖,确定了CsnBh为内切糖苷酶,这与Zhou等[30]、Chen等[24]的研究结果一致,其催化特性显示该酶有利于生成具有较高活性的壳寡糖。研究表明,壳寡糖的生物活性与其聚合度密切相关,其中DP 3-6被认为是诱导植物抗性、抗菌及发挥抗肿瘤功能的优势区间[31]。本研究获得的壳聚糖酶能够直接获得这一高活性组分(40 ℃,反应0.50 h),这与以往报道的产物分布偏向低聚合度(DP 2-4)的壳聚糖酶形成了鲜明对比[32]。
壳寡糖的质量浓度是影响抑菌性能的一个重要因素,如图12A及图12B所示,壳寡糖对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制效果呈浓度依赖性,随着壳寡糖质量浓度升高,抑菌圈直径逐渐增大,表明其抑菌作用越来越显著。在50 mg/mL时,壳寡糖溶液对2种细菌的抑制效果较弱;当质量浓度提高至100 mg/mL和200 mg/mL时,壳寡糖明显抑制了2种细菌的生长。这种抑菌活性可能是由于壳寡糖能够破坏微生物细胞膜的渗透平衡并干扰其代谢。这与Tong等[33]的研究结果大致相同,但后者发现当COS质量浓度为50 mg/mL时对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌就表现出较好的抑制效果,推测是不同壳聚糖酶水解产生的COS脱乙酰度和聚合度存在差异所致。
如图12C所示,壳寡糖对烟草疫霉菌丝生长具有直接抑制作用,并且抑制活性随着浓度的增加(0-20 mg/mL)而增强。当壳寡糖质量浓度为5 mg/mL时,烟草疫霉的菌丝生长受到了明显抑制,质量浓度升高时壳寡糖对菌丝生长的抑制作用进一步加强。这种抑制活性可能是由于壳寡糖影响了烟草疫霉的菌丝形态,游动孢子囊的形成与释放,游动孢子的游动和萌发[34]。
SOD是重要的氧自由基清除剂,如图13A所示,经壳寡糖溶液处理过的烟草叶片中的SOD酶活性呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在壳寡糖质量浓度为200 mg/L时SOD酶活性最高,为(2.97±0.07) U/(g·min)。
POD能够消除植物体内的H2O2,是植物防御系统的核心酶之一。如图13B所示,壳寡糖溶液处理后的烟草叶片中的POD活性总体上呈现先上升后下降的趋势,在壳寡糖质量浓度为250 mg/L时POD活性最高,为(3 890.00±19.08) U/(g·min)。
PAL主要参与木质素的合成,也是调节植物信号传导物质水杨酸(SA)的关键酶。如图13C所示,壳寡糖处理后的烟草叶片中的PAL活性呈先上升后降低最终趋于稳定的趋势,在壳寡糖质量浓度为200 mg/L时PAL活性最高,为(27.00±0.40) U/(g·min)。
综上所述,壳寡糖溶液可以诱导烟草SOD、POD和PAL活性的增加,但各防御酶酶活达到峰值所需的壳寡糖质量浓度与饶超奇[35]的研究有所不同,推测可能是壳寡糖聚合度不同以及喷洒时壳寡糖溶液的量不同导致效果有所差异。
本研究成功克隆并异源表达了来源于B. halotolerans的壳聚糖酶基因CsnBh,并在大肠杆菌中实现了高水平可溶性表达。酶学性质分析显示,CsnBh对胶体壳聚糖具有高度专一性;CsnBh在40 ℃时活性最高,且在30-70 ℃的较宽温度范围内保持稳定;CsnBh的最适pH为6.0,且在pH 5.0-9.0范围内极为稳定,是一种酸碱耐受性良好的中性酶;金属离子效应中,Mn2+对酶活具有显著激活作用而Cu2+、Fe2+等离子强烈抑制酶活性;TLC分析实验表明CsnBh为内切型糖苷酶,产物以低聚合度壳寡糖(DP 3-5)为主,这些寡糖正是具有高生物活性的关键组分。本研究不仅对酶本身进行了表征,还将其催化功能与应用潜力相关联。CsnBh制备的壳寡糖展现出广谱的抑菌活性,能有效抑制革兰氏阴性菌、革兰氏阳性菌及植物病原真菌的生长。更重要的是,壳寡糖能够成功诱导烟草系统抗性,显著提升SOD、POD、PAL等关键防御酶的活性,这为开发环境友好型生物农药或植物诱抗剂奠定了坚实基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32560023)
  • 广西壮族自治区“尖峰”行动计划(桂科JF2504850012)
  • 广西民族大学大学生创新创业训练计划(202310608017)
  • 广西民族大学大学生创新创业训练计划(S202510608309)
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2026年第66卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260245
  • 接收时间:2026-03-25
  • 首发时间:2026-10-13
  • 出版时间:2026-10-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-25
  • 录用日期:2026-04-17
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32560023)
国家自然科学基金(32560023)
Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region “Jianfeng” Action Plan(桂科JF2504850012)
广西壮族自治区“尖峰”行动计划(桂科JF2504850012)
Provincial College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project of Guangxi Minzu University(202310608017)
广西民族大学大学生创新创业训练计划(202310608017)
Provincial College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Project of Guangxi Minzu University(S202510608309)
广西民族大学大学生创新创业训练计划(S202510608309)
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    广西民族大学 海洋与生物技术学院,广西多糖材料与改性重点实验室,广西 南宁

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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