Article(id=1316714622799958836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260192, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1772985600000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1778169600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-05-08, onlineDate=1791858829450, onlineDateStr=2026-10-13, pubDate=1791043200000, pubDateStr=2026-10-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791858829450, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791858829450, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791858829450, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1316714454184739470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='10', pageStart='4661', pageEnd='5310', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1791043200000', pubDateStr='2026-10-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791858789249, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791885400527, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=5122, endPage=5135, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1316714623001285429, articleId=1316714622799958836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Functions of Agrobacterium fabrum bacterioferritin-associated ferredoxin and its encoding gene, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To elucidate the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of iron release from bacterioferritin (Bfr) in Agrobacterium fabrum, identify the physiological reductant that provides electrons for the iron release from Bfr in cells, and determine whether Bfr-associated ferredoxin (Bfd) is required to facilitate electron transfer from the reductant to Bfr, thereby exploring a new approach to inhibit the iron release from Bfr and further disrupt intracellular iron homeostasis as well as impair A. fabrum growth and proliferation. [Methods] Bioinformatics analysis was carried out to identify the gene encoding Bfd-like protein in the A. fabrum genome. Bfr and the predicted Bfd were heterologously expressed and the obtained proteins were purified. In vitro assays were conducted to determine whether the predicted Bfd could assist the physiological reductant in transferring electrons to Bfr. Subsequently, we knocked out the Bfd-encoding gene to assess the impacts of Bfd on the iron release of Bfr and A. fabrum growth at the cellular level. [Results] The A. fabrum gene ATU_RS13485 encoded a (2Fe-2S)-binding protein containing the conserved amino acid motif (…C-X-C…C-X2-C…) existent in Bfd proteins, confirming it as the Bfd of A. fabrum. Purified recombinant Bfd was able to assist FADH2 in delivering electrons to Bfr in vitro, triggering the release of Fe2+ from mineralized A. fabrum Bfr. Upon bfd knockout, intracellular Bfr iron release of A. fabrum was severely impaired, and A. fabrum growth was significantly affected. [Conclusion] ATU_RS13485 encodes the Bfd of A. fabrum. A. fabrum Bfr requires Bfd to utilize electrons from the physiological reductant FADH2 for iron release. The absence of Bfd blocks iron release from Bfr and impairs A. fabrum growth, which suggests that designing inhibitors to disrupt the Bfr-Bfd interaction may offer a promising strategy for controlling crown gall disease caused by A. fabrum.

, authors=Mengya FENG, Qin ZHOU, Hao WANG, Nan XU, Minliang GUO*, authorsList=Mengya FENG, Qin ZHOU, Hao WANG, Nan XU, Minliang GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Minliang GUO, authorNote=

These authors contributed equally to this work.

, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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【目的】 解析根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium fabrum)细菌储铁蛋白(bacterioferritin, Bfr)释放铁的生理生化机制。确定根癌农杆菌细胞中为Bfr铁释放提供电子的生理还原剂。鉴定和验证Bfr辅助铁氧还蛋白质(bacterioferritin-associated ferredoxin, Bfd)在协助还原剂传递电子给Bfr过程中的作用。探究抑制Bfr铁释放、破坏细胞内铁平衡以及影响根癌农杆菌细胞增殖的新方法。 【方法】 通过生物信息学分析确定根癌农杆菌基因组中可能编码Bfd的基因。异源表达和纯化根癌农杆菌Bfr和预测的Bfd。通过体外验证预测的Bfd是否能协助相关的生理还原剂传递电子给Bfr,再通过基因敲除的方法将编码Bfd的基因敲除,在细胞水平进一步测定Bfd缺失对根癌农杆菌Bfr铁释放和细胞增殖的影响。 【结果】 根癌农杆菌ATU_RS13485基因编码一种(2Fe-2S)-结合蛋白[(2Fe-2S)-binding protein],该蛋白质含有Bfd蛋白所具有的共同氨基酸基序(motif sequence): …C-X-C…C-X2-C…,确定该蛋白质是根癌农杆菌的Bfd。异源表达并纯化根癌农杆菌Bfd,其能在体外协助FADH2将电子传给Bfr,使矿化的根癌农杆菌Bfr释放出Fe2+。将该基因敲除后,根癌农杆菌胞内Bfr的铁释放严重受阻,细胞的增殖也受影响。 【结论】 ATU_RS13485基因是根癌农杆菌编码Bfd的基因。根癌农杆菌的Bfr需要Bfd协助才能利用生理还原剂FADH2的电子释放铁。Bfd的缺失会阻遏根癌农杆菌Bfr释放铁,并影响根癌农杆菌的生长,有望通过筛选抑制Bfr与Bfd相互结合的物质来实现防治根癌农杆菌冠瘿瘤病的目的。

, authors=冯梦雅, 周琴, 王浩, 徐楠, 郭敏亮*, authorsList=冯梦雅, 周琴, 王浩, 徐楠, 郭敏亮, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭敏亮, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

冯梦雅:执行实验,数据收集和整理,验证,协助论文初稿撰写;周琴:执行实验,数据收集和整理;王浩:协助实验操作、形式分析;徐楠:协助实验操作、形式分析;郭敏亮:总体构思,项目管理,获取资助,审核与编辑写作。

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JBIC Journal of Biological Inorganic Chemistry, 2024, 29(4): 455-475., articleTitle=Iron mobilization from intact ferritin: effect of differential redox activity of quinone derivatives with NADH/O2 and in situ-generated ROS, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1316829908094005528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714622799958836, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=115, issue=1, pageStart=295, pageEnd=326, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=60, authorNames=Honarmand Ebrahimi K, Hagedoorn PL, Hagen WR, journalName=Chemical Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Honarmand Ebrahimi K, Hagedoorn PL, Hagen WR. Unity in the biochemistry of the iron-storage proteins ferritin and bacterioferritin[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2015, 115(1): 295-326., articleTitle=Unity in the biochemistry of the iron-storage proteins ferritin and bacterioferritin, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1316829901316010201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714622799958836, awardId=31870118, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(31870118), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1316829901395701978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714622799958836, awardId=31870118, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(31870118), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1316829901475393755, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714622799958836, awardId=32300151, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32300151), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1316829895532064937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714622799958836, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829895540453546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714622799958836, companyId=1316829895532064937, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1316829895548842155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714622799958836, companyId=1316829895532064937, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=扬州大学 生物科学与技术学院,江苏 扬州)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1316829899386630351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714622799958836, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Mineralization of Agrobacterium fabrum Bfr. A: Mineralizing process of Bfr in 1 mmol/L FeSO4 solution (Bfr: 2 µmol cages/L was added to the solution; Control: Denatured Bfr was added). [Fe3+-O]x produced by Bfr during the mineralizing process exhibits an absorption peak at 340 nm. Absorbance at 340 nm was measured at different times. The data represent the mean of three independent experiments. B: The Bfr before and after mineralization was separated by native PAGE, and then stained by Coomassie brilliant blue (left panel) or potassium ferrocyanide K4[Fe(CN)6] (right panel); Lane M: protein marker; Lane 1: Bfr before mineralization; Lane 2: Bfr after mineralization., figureFileSmall=Ir7fQi3OTsZdK/3K27UidQ==, figureFileBig=FDeBdUGf7v+wOdUiLUOShw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829899457933520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714622799958836, language=CN, label=图1, caption=根癌农杆菌Bfr的矿化, figureFileSmall=Ir7fQi3OTsZdK/3K27UidQ==, figureFileBig=FDeBdUGf7v+wOdUiLUOShw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829899537625297, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714622799958836, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Iron release of mineralized Agrobacterium fabrum Bfr. The mineralized Bfr was incubated with 2 or 20 mmol/L ascorbate, 5 mmol/L FADH2, or 5 mmol/L NADPH, respectively. Meanwhile, the Fe2+ chelator ferrozine was added to the reaction mixture. Fe(II)-ferrozine chelating complex, [Fe(Fz)3]4-, exhibits an absorption peak at 562 nm. Absorbance at 562 nm was measured at the indicated reaction time. The data represent the mean of three independent experiments., figureFileSmall=Zeb/6tWSAgriRnLHVCJHGA==, figureFileBig=1UxE1N5CuTIpIjH/xb8Rng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829899600539858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714622799958836, language=CN, label=图2, caption=矿化根癌农杆菌Bfr的铁释放, figureFileSmall=Zeb/6tWSAgriRnLHVCJHGA==, figureFileBig=1UxE1N5CuTIpIjH/xb8Rng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829899667648723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714622799958836, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Characterization of the Agrobacterium fabrum gene ATU_RS13485, and comparison of the amino acid sequence and structural model of its encoded protein with experimentally verified Bfd proteins. A: The ATU_RS13485 gene is annotated to encode a (2Fe-2S)-binding protein, potentially a Bfd-like protein, as it is located upstream of the bfr gene and shares a 35 bp overlap with the latter [Arrows represent genes (labeled with italicized letters and numbers); Regular numbers denote the sequence loci of the genes on the circular chromosome]; B: The amino acid sequence encoded by the ATU_RS13485 gene was aligned with those of experimentally verified Bfd proteins [To date, only 4 Bfd proteins have been experimentally verified. Bfds are a family of (2Fe-2S)-binding protein containing the conserved amino acid motif (…C-X-C…C-X2-C…) indicated by red arrows]; C: Homology structural model of the protein encoded by the ATU_RS13485 gene, built using SWISS-MODEL; D: Crystal structure of Bfd from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PDB ID: 6e6q.1)., figureFileSmall=S5Qv7iqudYBHYj0/B1YeRA==, figureFileBig=SDIxyR30+kC7dsWzwr7yQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829899730563284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714622799958836, language=CN, label=图3, caption=根癌农杆菌 ATU_RS13485 基因及其编码蛋白与已知Bfd蛋白的氨基酸序列和结构比对, figureFileSmall=S5Qv7iqudYBHYj0/B1YeRA==, figureFileBig=SDIxyR30+kC7dsWzwr7yQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829899801866453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714622799958836, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effect of Agrobacterium fabrum Bfd on iron release from mineralized Agrobacterium fabrum Bfr. Bfd (or denatured Bfd) was added to the mineralized Bfr solution with 5 mmol/L ascorbate, 5 mmol/L FADH2, 5 mmol/L NADH, or 5 mmol/L NADPH, respectively. Meanwhile, the Fe2+ chelator ferrozine was added to the reaction mixture. Fe(II)-ferrozine chelating complex, [Fe(Fz)3]4-, exhibits an absorption peak at 562 nm. Absorbance at 562 nm was measured at the indicated reaction time. The data represent the mean of three independent experiments., figureFileSmall=Jz185sHswNfbzWcG+HGlog==, figureFileBig=6xDSZaINLaBPPPljIjzwNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829899864781014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714622799958836, language=CN, label=图4, caption=根癌农杆菌Bfd对矿化Bfr铁释放的影响, figureFileSmall=Jz185sHswNfbzWcG+HGlog==, figureFileBig=6xDSZaINLaBPPPljIjzwNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1316829899931889879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1316714622799958836, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effect of Bfd deficiency on the growth of Agrobacterium fabrum and Bfr iron release. A: The growth curves of three Agrobacterium fabrum strains (wild-type C58, Bfd-deficiency and Bfd-complement). Bacterial cells of the three strains were collected from MG/L rich medium cultures, washed three times with AB defined medium without FeSO4, and then inoculated into the FeSO4-free AB medium at an initial cell concentration of OD600=0.01 to start the culture. The absorbance at 600 nm was measured at different time intervals. Data represent the mean of three independent experiments; B: Iron-specific staining of Bfr from the three Agrobacterium fabrum strains. Equal amounts of the cells collected from the three strains at the indicated time intervals were loaded for native PAGE to separate Bfr. 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根癌农杆菌细菌储铁蛋白辅助铁氧还蛋白及其编码基因的功能鉴定
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冯梦雅 , 周琴 , 王浩 , 徐楠 , 郭敏亮 *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(10): 5122-5135
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (10) : 5122 -5135
根癌农杆菌细菌储铁蛋白辅助铁氧还蛋白及其编码基因的功能鉴定
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冯梦雅, 周琴, 王浩, 徐楠, 郭敏亮*
作者信息
  • 扬州大学 生物科学与技术学院,江苏 扬州
通讯作者:
郭敏亮
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

冯梦雅:执行实验,数据收集和整理,验证,协助论文初稿撰写;周琴:执行实验,数据收集和整理;王浩:协助实验操作、形式分析;徐楠:协助实验操作、形式分析;郭敏亮:总体构思,项目管理,获取资助,审核与编辑写作。

Functions of Agrobacterium fabrum bacterioferritin-associated ferredoxin and its encoding gene
Mengya FENG, Qin ZHOU, Hao WANG, Nan XU, Minliang GUO*
Affiliations
  • College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-10-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260192
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【目的】 解析根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium fabrum)细菌储铁蛋白(bacterioferritin, Bfr)释放铁的生理生化机制。确定根癌农杆菌细胞中为Bfr铁释放提供电子的生理还原剂。鉴定和验证Bfr辅助铁氧还蛋白质(bacterioferritin-associated ferredoxin, Bfd)在协助还原剂传递电子给Bfr过程中的作用。探究抑制Bfr铁释放、破坏细胞内铁平衡以及影响根癌农杆菌细胞增殖的新方法。 【方法】 通过生物信息学分析确定根癌农杆菌基因组中可能编码Bfd的基因。异源表达和纯化根癌农杆菌Bfr和预测的Bfd。通过体外验证预测的Bfd是否能协助相关的生理还原剂传递电子给Bfr,再通过基因敲除的方法将编码Bfd的基因敲除,在细胞水平进一步测定Bfd缺失对根癌农杆菌Bfr铁释放和细胞增殖的影响。 【结果】 根癌农杆菌ATU_RS13485基因编码一种(2Fe-2S)-结合蛋白[(2Fe-2S)-binding protein],该蛋白质含有Bfd蛋白所具有的共同氨基酸基序(motif sequence): …C-X-C…C-X2-C…,确定该蛋白质是根癌农杆菌的Bfd。异源表达并纯化根癌农杆菌Bfd,其能在体外协助FADH2将电子传给Bfr,使矿化的根癌农杆菌Bfr释放出Fe2+。将该基因敲除后,根癌农杆菌胞内Bfr的铁释放严重受阻,细胞的增殖也受影响。 【结论】 ATU_RS13485基因是根癌农杆菌编码Bfd的基因。根癌农杆菌的Bfr需要Bfd协助才能利用生理还原剂FADH2的电子释放铁。Bfd的缺失会阻遏根癌农杆菌Bfr释放铁,并影响根癌农杆菌的生长,有望通过筛选抑制Bfr与Bfd相互结合的物质来实现防治根癌农杆菌冠瘿瘤病的目的。

根癌农杆菌  /  细菌储铁蛋白  /  铁平衡  /  细菌储铁蛋白辅助铁氧还蛋白  /  铁释放

[Objective] To elucidate the physiological and biochemical mechanisms of iron release from bacterioferritin (Bfr) in Agrobacterium fabrum, identify the physiological reductant that provides electrons for the iron release from Bfr in cells, and determine whether Bfr-associated ferredoxin (Bfd) is required to facilitate electron transfer from the reductant to Bfr, thereby exploring a new approach to inhibit the iron release from Bfr and further disrupt intracellular iron homeostasis as well as impair A. fabrum growth and proliferation. [Methods] Bioinformatics analysis was carried out to identify the gene encoding Bfd-like protein in the A. fabrum genome. Bfr and the predicted Bfd were heterologously expressed and the obtained proteins were purified. In vitro assays were conducted to determine whether the predicted Bfd could assist the physiological reductant in transferring electrons to Bfr. Subsequently, we knocked out the Bfd-encoding gene to assess the impacts of Bfd on the iron release of Bfr and A. fabrum growth at the cellular level. [Results] The A. fabrum gene ATU_RS13485 encoded a (2Fe-2S)-binding protein containing the conserved amino acid motif (…C-X-C…C-X2-C…) existent in Bfd proteins, confirming it as the Bfd of A. fabrum. Purified recombinant Bfd was able to assist FADH2 in delivering electrons to Bfr in vitro, triggering the release of Fe2+ from mineralized A. fabrum Bfr. Upon bfd knockout, intracellular Bfr iron release of A. fabrum was severely impaired, and A. fabrum growth was significantly affected. [Conclusion] ATU_RS13485 encodes the Bfd of A. fabrum. A. fabrum Bfr requires Bfd to utilize electrons from the physiological reductant FADH2 for iron release. The absence of Bfd blocks iron release from Bfr and impairs A. fabrum growth, which suggests that designing inhibitors to disrupt the Bfr-Bfd interaction may offer a promising strategy for controlling crown gall disease caused by A. fabrum.

Agrobacterium fabrum  /  bacterioferritin  /  iron homeostasis  /  bacterioferritin-associated ferredoxin  /  iron release
冯梦雅, 周琴, 王浩, 徐楠, 郭敏亮. 根癌农杆菌细菌储铁蛋白辅助铁氧还蛋白及其编码基因的功能鉴定. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (10) : 5122 -5135 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260192
Mengya FENG, Qin ZHOU, Hao WANG, Nan XU, Minliang GUO. Functions of Agrobacterium fabrum bacterioferritin-associated ferredoxin and its encoding gene[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (10) : 5122 -5135 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260192
铁是生命活动的必需元素,生物体内的许多生物学过程都需要铁,如呼吸作用、DNA复制、微生物固氮、动物的氧输送等。最为人熟悉的就是铁以血红素铁和铁-硫(Fe-S)族的形式作为许多酶和蛋白质的辅助因子,参与多种重要的生物学过程[1-2]。作为地壳含量第4的元素和第二的金属——铁,虽然含量丰富,但由于其存在的主要化合价态不易被生物所利用,因此在很多特定条件下仍然有很多生物会遇到缺铁的情况。铁在生物体内的存在价态主要是二价(Fe2+)和三价(Fe3+);因三价铁(Fe3+)的水溶性差,一般情况下生物只能利用环境中的二价铁(Fe2+);由于氧的存在二价铁很容易氧化成三价铁,所以生物经常会遇到环境中没有足够可利用铁的情况[3]。然而,即使环境中含有足够的二价铁,生物也不能短时间大量地吸收铁,这会导致细胞内的二价铁浓度过高,发生芬顿(Fenton)反应,产生活性氧自由基,对细胞造成毒害[3-4]。为了满足细胞的铁需求和避免过量二价铁可能造成的毒害,生物进化出了一类储铁蛋白(ferritin)以维持细胞内的铁平衡。当细胞内Fe2+过量时Fe2+被转运至储铁蛋白内,且被氧化成水不溶的Fe3+,并以类似铁矿石的形式[Fe3+-O]x存储在储铁蛋白内,此过程称为储铁蛋白的铁矿化(iron mineralization)[5]。当细胞需要铁时,这些存储的Fe3+被还原成可溶的Fe2+释放出来[1-2,6]。
生物界存在的储铁蛋白均为24或12个蛋白质亚基形成的寡聚体纳米笼(nanocage)结构,铁存储在纳米笼的内腔[2,7]。一般将储铁蛋白分为3类[1-2]。第1类是早期在动物中发现和鉴定的储铁蛋白,后来也发现广泛存在于植物和微生物中[8-9],现在将其称为传统的或经典的储铁蛋白(classic ferritin, Ftn)。Ftn的结构特点是24聚体,不含血红素。哺乳动物的Ftn多数为由2类不同亚基构成的异源24聚体[10],而植物和微生物中的Ftn多为由相同亚基构成的同源24聚体[7]。第2类是只存在于原核生物中的细菌储铁蛋白(bacterioferritin, Bfr),Bfr也是由相同亚基构成的同源24聚体,含12个血红素[2,11]。第3类储铁蛋白也只存在于原核生物中,为同源12聚体[12]。由于这类储铁蛋白最早是在饥饿的大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)中发现鉴定的,并且能结合DNA,所以被叫作来自饥饿细胞的DNA结合蛋白(DNA-binding protein from starved cells, Dps)[12-14]。
构成所有3类不同储铁蛋白的亚基,尽管在氨基酸序列上相似度不高(<20%)[15],但三级结构却高度相似,为一高度保守的四螺旋束(four-helix bundle)结构,多数亚基在螺旋束的中央存在一个含2个铁的铁氧化酶中心(ferroxidase center, FOC),有些储铁蛋白的亚基可能在C-端会有一个较短的螺旋[2,7,11-12]。2个亚基以反向平行的方式形成二聚体,Ftn和Bfr是12个二聚体形成的24聚体纳米笼结构[2,7,11],而Dps是6个二聚体形成的12聚体纳米笼结构[12]。Bfr的24聚体纳米笼为近似球形的八面体结构,具有高度的对称性,存在2-3-4三种不同的对称轴,其血红素位于每个二聚体的对称中心,纳米笼的整体直径约为12 nm,内径约为8 nm,蛋白质笼体厚度约为4 nm,有62个小孔,使纳米笼的内腔能够与外面的溶液连通,铁离子就是通过这些小孔进出Bfr纳米笼[2,11,16]。
Bfr吸收和释放的铁是二价铁,而存储的是三价铁,在这个过程中铁必须经过氧化和还原,O2和H2O2都可以接受Fe2+氧化为Fe3+时所释放的电子[17-18]。当Bfr中存储的Fe3+需要释放时,必须还原成Fe2+,因此,需要还原剂提供电子。体外实验显示,不少还原剂都可使矿化Bfr释放Fe2+,一些分子较小的物质,如连二亚硫酸钠、抗坏血酸、谷胱甘肽和小分子酚醌类等[19-23],可直接使Bfr释放出Fe2+,而分子较大的生理还原剂FMNH2/FADH2和NADH/NADPH却需要其他的蛋白质或酶协助才能使Bfr释放出二价铁[24-27]。然而,在胞内,Bfr内核铁的还原应该主要由生理还原剂FMNH2/FADH2或NADH/NADPH提供电子,通过相关蛋白质或酶以及Bfr自身的活性中心等可调控环节来实现。关于Bfr催化铁氧化还原的机制,早期的研究表明,四螺旋束内部的FOC主要负责储铁时Fe2+的氧化,而铁释放时还原Fe3+的电子主要是来自2重对称轴位置的血红素[2,11,17-18,25,28]。最近的研究却证明,FOC和血红素之间存在电子转移[29],认为这2个活性中心在铁氧化还原过程中的分工并非早期认为的那么明确[29-30],2个活性中心可能是相通的,电子在2个中心之间的转移应该是由彼此的氧化还原电位决定。铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonasaeruginosa) Bfr的研究结果显示,以NADPH为Bfr的电子供体时需要一种铁氧还蛋白(ferredoxin)和一种铁氧还蛋白还原酶(ferredoxin protein reductase, Fpr)才能使其释放二价铁[31]。
在大肠杆菌和铜绿假单胞菌中,已经鉴定出为Bfr提供电子的铁氧还蛋白是一种含[2Fe-2S]铁硫族的铁氧还蛋白,由于编码这种铁氧还蛋白的基因紧连bfr基因的上游,且该蛋白能够与Bfr蛋白形成稳定的复合物,因此,被称为Bfr辅助铁氧还蛋白(bacterioferritin-associated ferredoxin, Bfd)[25,31]。此后的一系列实验证明,不论是体外还是胞内,Bfd对Bfr的铁释放均是极其重要的[25,31-34]。抑制Bfr与Bfd之间的结合会导致胞内Bfr存储的铁不能释放,细菌缺铁,生长和生物被膜(biofilm)的形成受阻,最终死亡[32-33,35]。据此,干扰Bfr与Bfd之间的结合可能成为寻找细菌抗生素的新靶点[36-37]。由此可见,鉴定和验证各种细菌中Bfd的功能的重要性。
根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium fabrum)是一种对细菌和植物分子生物学领域产生广泛影响的植物病原菌,其独特的致病机制使其成为一种应用最广泛的植物和真菌的转基因工具菌,同时根癌农杆菌也成为细菌中多种生物学过程研究的模式菌[38-42],因此,对其基因组中的各种基因及编码的蛋白质功能进行鉴定和研究就显得非常重要和有意义。在根癌农杆菌的基因组数据库中注释出2个编码储铁蛋白的基因,一个是编码Bfr,一个是编码Dps。对于这2个基因及其编码蛋白质的功能已有相关的实验研究[43-44],证明Bfr的缺失使胞内铁含量下降,并严重影响根癌农杆菌的抗氧化能力和致病性[43]。然而,在根癌农杆菌基因组数据库中未注释出编码Bfd的基因。本研究以期在根癌农杆菌基因组找出为根癌农杆菌Bfr传递电子的Bfd,并对其功能进行鉴定和验证。
重组蛋白的表达和纯化参考文献[44-47]中所使用的方法。用pET-30a质粒表达融合组氨酸标签(6×His)的重组蛋白。构建质粒的宿主为大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) DH5α菌株。6×His直接融合到Bfr和Bfd蛋白的C-端,分别简写为Bfr-His和Bfd-His。重组蛋白质的表达用大肠杆菌(E. coli) BL21(DE3)菌株。用BeyoGoldTM His-tag Purification Resin (耐变性剂型) (上海碧云天生物技术股份有限公司)纯化重组蛋白质,通过透析和浓缩的方法来更换重组蛋白质的缓冲液和调整浓度。蛋白质浓度采用考马斯亮蓝法测定[48]。纯化的重组蛋白质用SDS-PAGE鉴定其纯度和分子量。
用于根癌农杆菌培养的MG/L和AB培养基的配制、根癌农杆菌的培养以及根癌农杆菌的电击转化均参照文献[43-45]。根癌农杆菌Bfd缺失突变体菌株的构建参考文献[43-47,49-50]中所使用的方法。将根癌农杆菌(A. fabrum)野生菌株C58中可能编码Bfd的ATU_RS13485基因进行精确无痕地删除编码N-端10个氨基酸的30 bp DNA片段,即得到根癌农杆菌Bfd缺失突变体菌株。构建过程为:将ATU_RS13485基因起始密码子AUG上游500 bp与AUG下游第31个核苷酸算起的747 bp片段连接成一个完整片段(即准确删除包括AUG在内的30个核苷酸),然后将该片段插入到不能在根癌农杆菌复制的自杀性质粒pEX18Km中[49],构建出用于删除根癌农杆菌ATU_RS13485基因的质粒。将该质粒引入根癌农杆菌C58中,用质粒携带的卡那霉素抗性进行筛选。因质粒不能在根癌农杆菌中独立复制,未整合质粒的细胞无抗性,不能增殖,只有质粒经同源重组整合到基因组的转化细胞才具有抗性,能够增殖。将整合了自杀质粒的根癌农杆菌转化细胞用蔗糖进行第二次筛选,因自杀性质粒携带不耐蔗糖的自杀基因,只有在整合了自杀质粒的根癌农杆菌进行第二次同源重组,将原质粒的自杀基因丢掉之后才能在蔗糖中增殖。在第二次重组中筛到的能在蔗糖中增殖的重组细胞有2种,一种是在与第一次整合完全相同的位置进行第二次同源重组,将整个质粒完全丢掉,回到野生型;另一种是,在不同于第一次整合的位置进行第二次同源重组,重组后将多余的质粒序列和要删除的目标序列一起丢掉了,这种重组得到的细胞就是需要的突变体。用PCR从这些重组子中筛选所需突变体,并通过测序进一步核实,所删除的序列与设计是一致的。更具体的原理和实验过程可参考文献[49]。
根癌农杆菌Bfd回补菌株的构建参照文献[51-52]的方法。将根癌农杆菌中可能编码Bfd的ATU_RS13485基因准确插入pUCA19质粒LacZ启动子的起始密码子后,利用质粒自带的LacZ启动子启动bfd基因的表达。将构建好的能表达Bfd的质粒引入根癌农杆菌Bfd缺失菌株内构建回补菌株,使其能够重新表达Bfd。
Bfr铁矿化形成的[Fe3+-O]x能吸收300-350 nm的光,因此可通过测定Bfr溶液对这一波段光的吸光度(absorbance,以惯用的符号OD表示)来监测矿化过程。Bfr的铁矿化参照文献[18,23,53-54]的方法并稍作修改,具体过程为:将用1 mmol/L HCl溶液现配的2 mmol/L的FeSO4溶液与等体积的纯化重组根癌农杆菌Bfr溶液[Bfr溶于100 mmol/L NaCl,100 mmol/L吗啉乙磺酸(3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid, MOPS),pH 7.0缓冲溶液,校准浓度为4 µmol cages/L,确保矿化时Fe2+/cage为500]混合。然后,立即用酶标仪(Tecan公司)或分光光度计记录OD340的变化,监测矿化过程。为保证Bfr能够充分矿化,用于后续实验的Bfr会将上述矿化过程在室温下持续2 h后置于4 ℃过夜,再离心收集并用缓冲液洗涤1次,以获得矿化好的Bfr备用。
矿化后的Bfr内腔含有大量Fe3+,能与亚铁氰化钾(potassium ferrocyanide)形成蓝色的普鲁士蓝(Prussian blue),蓝色深浅与Fe3+量成正比。未矿化的Bfr和其他含Fe3+极少的蛋白质不会显出蓝色,因此,用亚铁氰化钾染色经非变性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(PAGE)分离的矿化Bfr具有特异性,凝胶中的其他蛋白质不会染上颜色。在颜色不够深的情况下,可用3,3′-二氨基联苯胺(3,3′-diaminobenzidine, DAB)进一步染色,DAB染色后,颜色由蓝色变为棕色。胞内Bfr分离的大致程序是:将在MG/L中培养的根癌农杆菌转入无铁的AB培养基中培养至特定时间,然后离心收集细胞,用液氮冻融法将细胞破碎,离心得到上清液,即为根癌农杆菌的Bfr粗提液,非变性PAGE分离Bfr后用铁特异性染色鉴定,实验的具体操作、所用溶液、离心条件和液氮冻融次数均参照文献[44,55]。
矿化Bfr内腔的Fe3+被还原成Fe2+后会释放到溶液中。Fe2+能与菲洛嗪(ferrozine)形成红色络合物,最大吸收峰为562 nm,可用于测定溶液中的Fe2+浓度。本研究依据文献[23-24,30,34,56]采用菲洛嗪法检测矿化Bfr的铁释放。用于检测矿化Bfr铁释放的终溶液组成及各组分的浓度为:1 mmol/L菲洛嗪,0.5 µmol cage/L矿化Bfr,100 mmol/L NaCl,100 mmol/L MOPS缓冲液(pH 7.0),以及每次具体实验中所标出的特定浓度的还原剂,当测定Bfd对矿化Bfr铁释放的影响时,再加入终浓度为12 µmol/L的Bfd。铁释放反应在还原剂加入后立即启动,用酶标仪或分光光度计记录反应液562 nm波长吸光度的变化。如需直接测定溶液中Fe2+的浓度,可用已知光径的比色皿在分光光度计中测定吸光度,直接根据Fe(Ⅱ)-菲洛嗪复合物,[Fe(Fz)3]4-的消光系数[ɛ562=25.40 L/(mmol·cm)或ɛ563=27.90 L/(mmol·cm)]来计算[23-24,34]。
为了能够鉴定根癌农杆菌的细菌储铁蛋白辅助蛋白(bacterioferritin-associated ferredoxin, Bfd),必须先取得具有完整功能的根癌农杆菌Bfr。根据预测的根癌农杆菌Bfr的结构和以前发表的实验结果[44],在Bfr的C-端直接连上His标签后的Bfr-His融合蛋白,仍可形成24聚体纳米笼结构,6个His的融合对Bfr的整体结构和功能影响不大,这样可以比较容易获得大量纯化的Bfr。图1的结果表明,C-端融合6个His的Bfr能够形成24聚体纳米笼结构,并且具有铁矿化和存储的功能。从图1A中可以看出,在正常的大气氧浓度下,Bfr能快速使Fe2+氧化成类似铁矿石结构的[Fe3+-O]x,在10 min之内基本完成,此后趋于平缓,可能是因为溶液中的Fe2+浓度已经很低了,而加入变性Bfr的对照却无可检测到的[Fe3+-O]x生成。图1B的铁特异性染色结果进一步说明,生成的[Fe3+-O]x是存储在24聚体纳米笼内。
Bfr使Fe2+氧化成类似铁矿石的[Fe3+-O]x,除了可减少Fe2+可能引起的毒害外,还可存储多余的铁,保持胞内的铁平衡。当细胞需要时将存储的Fe3+还原成Fe2+提供给细胞。在这一过程中需要还原剂为其提供电子。一般认为,能为细胞提供可控和可持续还原力的还原剂主要是FADH2、NADH和NADPH等还原性的辅酶或辅基。为此,本研究先选择FADH2和NADPH进行试验。为了检测矿化后的Bfr是否能释放铁,选择了一种小分子还原剂抗坏血酸作为正对照,因为以前在其他储铁蛋白中已经证明,抗坏血酸能使储铁蛋白中Fe3+还原成Fe2+,并释放到溶液中[20,22]。图2结果说明,本研究所取得的矿化根癌农杆菌Bfr可以用小分子抗坏血酸为还原剂,直接提供电子还原Bfr笼内的Fe3+,而FADH2和NADPH都不能直接使Bfr释放铁。结果还说明,抗坏血酸的浓度影响铁的释放速度和释放量。
在大肠杆菌(E. coli)和铜绿假单胞菌(P. aeruginosa) Bfr的铁释放机制研究中发现,如果要使这2种菌中的Bfr利用FADH2和NADPH的电子来还原其Fe3+,需要一种辅助蛋白才能实现。由于编码这种辅助蛋白的基因紧挨着编码Bfr的基因,因此将其称为细菌储铁蛋白辅助蛋白(bacterioferritin-associated ferredoxin, Bfd)[25-27]。根癌农杆菌的Bfr也不能直接利用FADH2和NADPH的电子来还原其Fe3+ (图2),是否也需要Bfd目前无相关的研究。为此,希望能在根癌农杆菌的基因组数据库中找到可能编码Bfd的基因。在早期注释的基因组中,bfr基因附近未注释出能编码Bfd的基因。在最近的重新分析和注释中,bfr基因的上游注释出了一个新基因,编号为ATU_RS13485,与原有的bfr基因(atu2771)的编号方式完全不同,该基因编码的蛋白质为(2Fe-2S)-结合蛋白[(2Fe-2S)-binding protein],与bfr基因共用35 bp的核苷酸(图3A)。Bfd也是一类(2Fe-2S)-结合蛋白,该基因编码的蛋白质氨基酸序列与已经实验鉴定过的4种Bfd比对显示,尽管氨基酸的相似度非常低,但含有(2Fe-2S)-结合蛋白的共同特征基序序列(motif sequence): …C-X-C…C-X2-C… (图3B),而且SWISS-MODEL预测的Bfd结构模型(图3C)与铜绿假单胞菌(P. aeruginosa) Bfd的晶体结构(图3D)非常相似,因此,ATU_RS13485基因编码的蛋白质应该是根癌农杆菌的Bfd,可对该基因及其编码的蛋白质的功能进行实验鉴定。
为了证明根癌农杆菌ATU_RS13485基因编码的蛋白质是否能协助Bfr利用FADH2、NADH或NADPH等还原剂释放铁。首先需取得纯的蛋白质,为此在该蛋白质的C-端直接融合6个His表达成融合蛋白方便纯化。现暂且认定它就是根癌农杆菌的Bfd,用Bfd代表它。将Bfd加入到测定矿化Bfr铁释放的反应液中,再加入不同的还原剂,以刚加入还原剂启动反应时反应液的562 nm吸光度为参比校正光度计的零,然后分别测定反应10、30、60、90 min后反应液在562 nm波长的吸光度。从图4的结果可以看出,Bfd可以协助Bfr利用FADH2的电子释放Fe2+,而不能协助利用NADH和NADPH来释放Fe2+。变性Bfd不能协助Bfr利用FADH2的电子释放Fe2+,这说明Bfd起着促进FADH2将电子传递给Bfr的作用。该结果也说明Bfd不会影响像抗坏血酸这类小分子对Bfr内腔Fe3+的还原。
为了进一步验证根癌农杆菌Bfd在胞内的生理功能,本研究对根癌农杆菌Bfd的编码基因ATU_RS13485进行精确删除突变。如图3A所示,该基因在bfr的上游,而且与bfr阅读框共用了35 bp核苷酸,因此不能将bfd基因的完整编码框全部删除,否则会影响bfr基因的表达。考虑到bfr基因应该是与bfd基因位于同一操纵子,bfr基因的核糖体结合序列(S-D序列)也在bfd基因内部,在敲除bfd基因时要充分考虑可能对bfr造成的影响。因此只删除了bfd基因从起始密码子AUG算起的下游30个核苷酸,使bfd失去起始蛋白质合成的能力,使根癌农杆菌缺失Bfd。根癌农杆菌的Bfd回补菌株则以质粒的方式将bfd基因重新引入根癌农杆菌的Bfd缺失菌株中。将C58野生菌、Bfd缺失菌和Bfd回补菌分别在MG/L富营养培养基中生长到OD600为0.80,让细胞中的Bfr存储充分的铁,然后收集细胞,并用不含铁的合成培养基—AB培养基洗涤3次,将残留的富营养培养基洗干净,再以细胞浓度为OD600=0.01接种到不含铁的AB培养基中培养,在培养不同的时间后进行取样,测定培养液的OD600值,绘制3种菌株在缺铁状态下的生长曲线。图5A结果显示,Bfd的缺失显著影响根癌农杆菌在缺铁状态下的生长。与此同时,也测定了3种菌株在富营养的MG/L培养基中的生长曲线,结果显示,3种菌株在不缺铁的情况下生长曲线无明显差别(结果未展示)。
为了检测细胞内Bfr存储的铁是否能释放,提取在无铁AB培养基中培养不同时间的根癌农杆菌的Bfr粗提液,然后测定粗提液中的总蛋白质含量,将等蛋白质量的不同根癌农杆菌Bfr粗提液进行非变性PAGE电泳将蛋白质分开。电泳后的凝胶用铁特异性染色显示含铁的Bfr蛋白。图5B的结果显示,随着培养时间的延长,在野生菌株C58中Bfr存储的铁逐渐释放,铁特异性染色逐渐变浅,而Bfd缺失菌胞内Bfr存储的铁却很难释放,在缺铁条件下培养20 h后,Bfr蛋白质的铁特异性染色仍然很深,说明存储的铁未释放出去。这也说明bfd基因的删除未影响下游bfr基因的表达。回补菌胞内Bfr释放铁的速度比野生菌还要快,可能是因为用质粒回补Bfd,基因拷贝数增多,启动子也较强,导致表达量比野生型多。该结果说明,Bfd的缺失显著影响根癌农杆菌胞内Bfr释放其储存的铁,进而影响生长。
储铁蛋白主要功能是维持细胞内的铁平衡,当胞内Fe2+浓度高时,将溶解性好的Fe2+吸收进储铁蛋白纳米笼的内腔,并氧化成水溶性差的Fe3+,以类似铁矿石的结构[Fe3+-O]x存储在内腔。当细胞需要铁,而胞内Fe2+浓度较低时,细胞会主动将储铁蛋白中存储的铁还原成可溶的Fe2+,释放到胞质。在根癌农杆菌的基因组中无编码传统储铁蛋白Ftn的基因,只有编码细菌储铁蛋白Bfr的基因[43]。尽管根癌农杆菌还有一个能够编码Dps的基因,但实验证明Bfr是根癌农杆菌胞内储铁的主要蛋白,而且Bfr缺失严重影响根癌农杆菌的抗氧化性、生长和致病能力[43-44]。因此,进一步研究根癌农杆菌Bfr铁存储和释放的机制就显得非常重要。
Bfr存储铁的机制研究得较清楚,Bfr通过其FOC的催化将Fe2+氧化成Fe3+,并将电子交给O2或H2O2,这也是Bfr不仅具有存储铁的功能,还有消除Fe2+毒害和提高细胞抗氧化能力的原因。铁的氧化和存储过程只需Bfr自身就能完成,不需要其他蛋白质的协助[2,11]。然而,Bfr的铁释放机制就要复杂得多,在不同的情况下可能会有不同的释放机制。从全面分析看,Bfr存储的铁可能会通过下列3种方式释放出来[57]:(1)在低pH和对Fe3+络合能力强的络合剂作用下直接缓慢释放Fe3+,在酸性条件下Bfr存储的三价铁溶解度提高,少量的Fe3+可被强络合剂络合;(2) Bfr纳米笼结构的蛋白质外壳被蛋白酶水解,内腔存储的铁直接暴露到细胞质;(3)利用还原剂将Bfr存储的Fe3+还原成Fe2+,由于Fe2+的溶解性好,可直接通过Bfr纳米笼蛋白质外壳的孔扩散至细胞质。前2种情况被认为是极端或特殊条件下可能发生,是不易调控的被动释放,因此正常情况下Bfr存储的铁是通过还原剂主动调控还原成Fe2+释放出来。
哪种还原剂能为Bfr存储的铁提供电子以及电子是如何传递给Fe3+的,已成为Bfr铁释放机制研究的关键。如果Bfr释放铁只是一个不被细胞调控的纯化学过程,那么只要有氧化还原电位比Fe3+/Fe2+氧化还原电位低的还原剂存在就可以还原Bfr存储的铁。事实是Bfr的铁释放是一个生理生化过程,Bfr存储的铁在纳米笼的内腔,还原剂或其电子需通过Bfr蛋白质外壳才能到达内腔还原[Fe3+-O]x,是要受Bfr调控的。已解析的Bfr纳米笼结构显示,其蛋白质外壳上含有孔径大小不同的小孔62个[2,11],个别离子(包括Fe2+)和小分子可通过某些小孔。体外的Bfr铁释放实验已经证明,小分子还原剂可以使矿化的Bfr迅速释放Fe2+。本研究结果也显示,小分子还原剂抗坏血酸能直接使矿化的根癌农杆菌Bfr迅速释放Fe2+,不需要其他蛋白质的协助或特殊条件,而FADH2和NADPH却不能(图2)。用不同分子大小的黄素类似物还原型2,4-二氧四氢蝶啶(lumazine, LM)、还原型核黄素(riboflavin, RF)、FMNH2和FADH2还原具完整纳米笼结构的青蛙和分枝杆菌Ftn内Fe3+时发现,分子较小的LM和RF能使Ftn释放出Fe2+,而分子稍微大一点,且侧链带磷酸基负电荷的FMNH2和FADH2基本不能使Ftn释放出Fe2+,同时Fe2+的释放速度还因不同的Ftn而不同[22,24]。因此,我们的解释是,小分子还原剂可以进入Bfr内腔,直接还原其存储的铁,不受Bfr蛋白质外壳的主动调控。分子较大的生理还原剂则不能进入内腔,电子需要其他蛋白质的辅助经Bfr的蛋白质外壳传给内腔的[Fe3+-O]x,整个过程受辅助蛋白质和Bfr蛋白质外壳的调控。
不同细菌的Bfr可能需要不同的辅助蛋白来协助不同的生理还原剂将电子传递给Bfr。目前,只在大肠杆菌(E. coli)、铜绿假单胞菌(P. aeruginosa)、鲍氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumanni)和流产布鲁氏菌(Brucella abortus)中通过实验鉴定出能协助将FADH2电子传给Bfr的辅助蛋白Bfd。Bfd的缺失和抑制Bfd与Bfr之间的结合,不仅会严重影响铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌胞内Bfr的铁释放,还严重影响这2种菌生物被膜(biofilm)的形成和生长,最终导致死亡[32-33,35]。据此认为,可以通过抑制Bfd与Bfr的结合破坏细菌细胞内的铁平衡来实现抑菌和抗菌的目标,为新抗生素的寻找开辟一条新途径[36]。需要指出的是,不同细菌的Bfd氨基酸序列的同源性很低(图3B),意味着不同细菌的Bfd与Bfr相互作用的关键氨基酸和互作机制可能不同,找不到可以同时抑制多种Bfd与Bfr互作的广谱抑制剂,每种菌都需要自己专属的Bfd/Bfr互作抑制剂,这正好契合专菌专治的发展目标。根癌农杆菌是一种广泛存在于土壤中能引起冠瘿瘤的植物病原菌,如要防治根癌农杆菌确实需要专属的抑菌剂才不会对土壤中的其他菌构成威胁。
总之,本研究在现有Bfr铁释放机制研究基础上,结合本实验室以前对根癌农杆菌储铁蛋白的研究,依据生物信息学分析判断,确定根癌农杆菌基因组中重新注释出的ATU_RS13485基因是编码Bfd的基因。通过体外实验证明,无Bfd协助根癌农杆菌Bfr不能利用生理还原剂FADH2来释放铁。在细胞层次的Bfd缺失实验验证了Bfd在根癌农杆菌Bfr铁释放中的作用,同时也观察到Bfd的缺失会影响缺铁情况下根癌农杆菌的生长,明确鉴定了ATU_RS13485基因及其编码的Bfd的功能。如果能进一步解析和验证根癌农杆菌Bfr与Bfd的互作机制,设计出能抑制这种互作的化合物就有可能找到一种有效且不会对土壤环境微生物造成影响的根癌农杆菌防治办法。
  • 国家自然科学基金(31870118)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32300151)
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2026年第66卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260192
  • 接收时间:2026-03-09
  • 首发时间:2026-10-13
  • 出版时间:2026-10-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-09
  • 录用日期:2026-05-08
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(31870118)
国家自然科学基金(31870118)
国家自然科学基金(32300151)
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    扬州大学 生物科学与技术学院,江苏 扬州

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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