Article(id=1316714612796535199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260183, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1772726400000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1776009600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-13, onlineDate=1791858827064, onlineDateStr=2026-10-13, pubDate=1791043200000, pubDateStr=2026-10-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1791858827064, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-13, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1791858827064, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1791858827064, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1316714454184739470, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='10', pageStart='4661', pageEnd='5310', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1791043200000', pubDateStr='2026-10-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1791858789249, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1791885400527, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1316826070066774162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1316714454184739470, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=5058, endPage=5074, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1316714613178216864, articleId=1316714612796535199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Planting patterns affect the soil physicochemical properties and microbial community structures and functions of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To investigate the effects of planting patterns on the soil physicochemical properties and microbial community structures of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua. [Methods] With the soil of wild P. cyrtonema as the control, the soil samples from P. cyrtonema grown under monocropping and rotation patterns were collected as the research subjects. The structural and functional characteristics of soil microbial communities under wild, monocropping, and rotation patterns were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq PE300 high-throughput sequencing. [Results] Compared with the control, monocropping and rotation significantly increased the biomass of P. cyrtonema and the polysaccharide content in the rhizomes. Compared with monocropping, rotation increased soil ammonium nitrogen (AN) by 37.96% and enhanced the activities of sucrase (SC), acid phosphatase (ACP), and urease (UE) by 63.15%, 58.72%, and 73.03%, respectively, and it exhibited neutral soil pH. The control and monocropping resulted in higher Shannon and Chao1 indices for both bacterial and fungal communities in the soil (P<0.05). Planting patterns significantly affected the structures of bacterial and fungal communities in the soil. Different planting patterns showed variations in the relative abundance of the dominant bacterial phyla Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota, Acidobacteriota, and Chloroflexota as well as the dominant fungal phyla Ascomycota and Mortierellomycota (P<0.05). The relative abundance of Pseudomonadota, Actinobacteria, Ascomycota, and Mortierellomycota was the highest under rotation. Additionally, rotation increased the relative abundance of beneficial fungal genera, including Saitozyma, Podila, Mortierella, and Trichoderma. Correlation and redundancy analyses revealed that microbial community changes were correlated with soil pH as well as AN, UE, ACP, and SC activities (P<0.05). Functional prediction indicated that nitrogen fixation and ureolysis were the dominant bacterial functions under rotational cropping. FUNGuild analysis demonstrated that functions associated with ectomycorrhizal fungi and litter saprotrophs were significantly enriched in the rotation soil. [Conclusion] Monocropping and rotation change the structures and functions of bacterial and fungal communities in the soil of P. cyrtonema. Rotation enhances the activities of UE, ACP, and SC and increases the abundance of beneficial fungi in the soil and improves the polysaccharide content and biomass of P. cyrtonema, thus being conducive to seedling cultivation.

, authors=Duanxu ZHOU1, *, Haiyan LIU1, Peiying WANG2, authorsList=Duanxu ZHOU, Haiyan LIU, Peiying WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Duanxu ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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【目的】 揭示种植模式对多花黄精(Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua)土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的影响。 【方法】 以野生土壤为对照,选取连作和轮作模式的多花黄精根际土壤为研究对象,采用Illumina MiSeq PE300高通量测序方法研究连作和轮作模式下土壤理化性质和酶活性对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,预测土壤细菌和真菌的功能特征。 【结果】 与对照相比,连作和轮作显著提高了多花黄精的生物量和块根的多糖含量。相比连作,轮作土壤铵态氮(ammonium, AN)增加了37.96%,蔗糖酶(sucrase, SC)、酸性磷酸酶(acid phosphatase, ACP)和脲酶(urease, UE)活性分别提高了63.15%、58.72%和73.03%,土壤pH偏中性。对照和连作模式显著提高了土壤细菌和真菌群落的Shannon和Chao1指数(P<0.05),种植模式对土壤细菌和真菌群落结构具有显著的影响。不同种植模式中土壤细菌优势门类假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)和绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexota),以及土壤真菌优势门类子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)的相对丰度均存在显著差异(P<0.05);其中轮作模式土壤假单胞菌门、放线菌门、子囊菌门和被孢霉门的相对丰度最高;轮作增加了真菌属三形菌属(Saitozyma)、被孢霉属(Podila)、被孢霉属(Mortierella)和木霉属(Trichoderma)等有益真菌群落的相对丰度。相关分析和冗余分析结果表明,微生物群落的显著变化与土壤pH、AN、UE、ACP和SC活性相关。功能预测发现固氮和脲解是轮作模式的细菌优势功能。FUNGuild分析真菌功能显示,轮作土壤外生菌根和凋落物腐生菌的功能类群显著富集。 【结论】 连作和轮作改变了多花黄精土壤细菌和真菌群落结构和功能,其中轮作增强了土壤UE、ACP和SC活性,增加了土壤部分有益真菌的相对丰度,提高多花黄精的生物量和多糖含量,有利于多花黄精种苗栽培。

, authors=周端顼1, *, 柳海燕1, 王佩樱2, authorsList=周端顼, 柳海燕, 王佩樱, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=周端顼, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

周端顼:总体构思、数据管理、初稿写作和审核与编辑写作;柳海燕:调查研究和提供资源;王佩樱:软件和方法论。

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种植模式对多花黄精土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构及功能类群的影响
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周端顼 1, * , 柳海燕 1 , 王佩樱 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(10): 5058-5074
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (10) : 5058 -5074
种植模式对多花黄精土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构及功能类群的影响
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周端顼1, * , 柳海燕1, 王佩樱2
作者信息
  • 1.丽水学院 农业与生物技术学院,浙江 丽水
  • 2.Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
通讯作者:
周端顼
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

周端顼:总体构思、数据管理、初稿写作和审核与编辑写作;柳海燕:调查研究和提供资源;王佩樱:软件和方法论。

Planting patterns affect the soil physicochemical properties and microbial community structures and functions of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua
Duanxu ZHOU1, * , Haiyan LIU1, Peiying WANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Lishui University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
  • 2.Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-10-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260183
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【目的】 揭示种植模式对多花黄精(Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua)土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的影响。 【方法】 以野生土壤为对照,选取连作和轮作模式的多花黄精根际土壤为研究对象,采用Illumina MiSeq PE300高通量测序方法研究连作和轮作模式下土壤理化性质和酶活性对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,预测土壤细菌和真菌的功能特征。 【结果】 与对照相比,连作和轮作显著提高了多花黄精的生物量和块根的多糖含量。相比连作,轮作土壤铵态氮(ammonium, AN)增加了37.96%,蔗糖酶(sucrase, SC)、酸性磷酸酶(acid phosphatase, ACP)和脲酶(urease, UE)活性分别提高了63.15%、58.72%和73.03%,土壤pH偏中性。对照和连作模式显著提高了土壤细菌和真菌群落的Shannon和Chao1指数(P<0.05),种植模式对土壤细菌和真菌群落结构具有显著的影响。不同种植模式中土壤细菌优势门类假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)和绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexota),以及土壤真菌优势门类子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)的相对丰度均存在显著差异(P<0.05);其中轮作模式土壤假单胞菌门、放线菌门、子囊菌门和被孢霉门的相对丰度最高;轮作增加了真菌属三形菌属(Saitozyma)、被孢霉属(Podila)、被孢霉属(Mortierella)和木霉属(Trichoderma)等有益真菌群落的相对丰度。相关分析和冗余分析结果表明,微生物群落的显著变化与土壤pH、AN、UE、ACP和SC活性相关。功能预测发现固氮和脲解是轮作模式的细菌优势功能。FUNGuild分析真菌功能显示,轮作土壤外生菌根和凋落物腐生菌的功能类群显著富集。 【结论】 连作和轮作改变了多花黄精土壤细菌和真菌群落结构和功能,其中轮作增强了土壤UE、ACP和SC活性,增加了土壤部分有益真菌的相对丰度,提高多花黄精的生物量和多糖含量,有利于多花黄精种苗栽培。

多花黄精  /  土壤微生物群落  /  土壤理化性质  /  土壤酶活性  /  种植模式

[Objective] To investigate the effects of planting patterns on the soil physicochemical properties and microbial community structures of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua. [Methods] With the soil of wild P. cyrtonema as the control, the soil samples from P. cyrtonema grown under monocropping and rotation patterns were collected as the research subjects. The structural and functional characteristics of soil microbial communities under wild, monocropping, and rotation patterns were analyzed by Illumina MiSeq PE300 high-throughput sequencing. [Results] Compared with the control, monocropping and rotation significantly increased the biomass of P. cyrtonema and the polysaccharide content in the rhizomes. Compared with monocropping, rotation increased soil ammonium nitrogen (AN) by 37.96% and enhanced the activities of sucrase (SC), acid phosphatase (ACP), and urease (UE) by 63.15%, 58.72%, and 73.03%, respectively, and it exhibited neutral soil pH. The control and monocropping resulted in higher Shannon and Chao1 indices for both bacterial and fungal communities in the soil (P<0.05). Planting patterns significantly affected the structures of bacterial and fungal communities in the soil. Different planting patterns showed variations in the relative abundance of the dominant bacterial phyla Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota, Acidobacteriota, and Chloroflexota as well as the dominant fungal phyla Ascomycota and Mortierellomycota (P<0.05). The relative abundance of Pseudomonadota, Actinobacteria, Ascomycota, and Mortierellomycota was the highest under rotation. Additionally, rotation increased the relative abundance of beneficial fungal genera, including Saitozyma, Podila, Mortierella, and Trichoderma. Correlation and redundancy analyses revealed that microbial community changes were correlated with soil pH as well as AN, UE, ACP, and SC activities (P<0.05). Functional prediction indicated that nitrogen fixation and ureolysis were the dominant bacterial functions under rotational cropping. FUNGuild analysis demonstrated that functions associated with ectomycorrhizal fungi and litter saprotrophs were significantly enriched in the rotation soil. [Conclusion] Monocropping and rotation change the structures and functions of bacterial and fungal communities in the soil of P. cyrtonema. Rotation enhances the activities of UE, ACP, and SC and increases the abundance of beneficial fungi in the soil and improves the polysaccharide content and biomass of P. cyrtonema, thus being conducive to seedling cultivation.

Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua  /  soil microbial community  /  soil physicochemical properties  /  soil enzyme activities  /  planting patterns
周端顼, 柳海燕, 王佩樱. 种植模式对多花黄精土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构及功能类群的影响. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (10) : 5058 -5074 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260183
Duanxu ZHOU, Haiyan LIU, Peiying WANG. Planting patterns affect the soil physicochemical properties and microbial community structures and functions of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (10) : 5058 -5074 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260183
土壤微生物作为土壤系统的重要组成部分,能分解有机质、活化氮磷等营养物质,影响土壤酶活性,改善土壤结构,促进植物生长发育,是维持农业种植系统营养供应的重要资源[1]。农业种植模式的改变会影响土壤微生物多样性、土壤有机质分解和养分周转[2]。在种植模式中,长期种植单一作物会造成作物产量下降、病害加重、土壤养分下降以及微生物群落结构失衡,是制约农业产量的重要因素之一[3]。轮作可以改变土壤理化性质和微生物群落组成,提高作物产量,减缓或消除连作障碍引起的负面作用[4],是一种有效的农业管理措施。
多花黄精(Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua)是我国重要的药食同源中药材,主要栽培于浙江、云南、四川和贵州等地[5]。长期单一栽培多花黄精会导致土壤氮磷钾比例失调和养分下降,黄精种植效率降低,从而影响黄精产量[6]。轮作可以提高土壤有机质、总氮、总磷和总钾等养分含量,有效缓解连作障碍引起的土壤养分减少、微生物群落多样性退化、土壤酶活性和作物产量下降等问题[7]。研究表明,与豆科作物轮作可以改善土壤养分、减缓有机质流失、提高微生物多样性、提升土壤质量,促进作物生长和增加产量[8]。玉米和花生轮作能提高土壤有机质和总氮磷钾含量[9];甘薯和小麦-玉米轮作显著提高了土壤有机碳、总氮和速效磷含量[10];Meta分析表明,相对于连作,轮作土壤总碳和总氮含量分别增加了3.6%和5.3%[11];小麦与花生轮作可使土壤速效氮含量提高15%,促使小麦产量增加18%[12]。以上研究说明轮作在提高作物产量和改善土壤养分方面具有重要作用。此外,轮作对土壤微生物群落多样性也具有重要作用。研究发现,在栽培油菜前种植大豆,土壤中抑制根肿病致病菌芸薹根肿菌(Plasmodiophora brassicae)的有益微生物丰度显著增加,油菜的产量提高10%-25%[13]。黄精与三七轮作,土壤中真菌群落多样性具有显著差异,其中病原真菌和细菌的丰度显著下降,土壤有益细菌和真菌的相对丰度显著增加[14]。对黄瓜轮作土壤的检测发现根际荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)和木霉属(Trichoderma spp.)的丰度显著增加[15]。不同作物之间轮作能够增加土壤氮磷含量,提高作物产量,改善土壤理化性质和改变土壤微生物群落多样性,进一步缓解单一连作导致的农业生产问题。
多花黄精-重楼轮作可能促使根际土壤理化指标发生变化,影响微生物群落的多样性。土壤微生物多样性变化是植物根系分泌物、土壤理化因子和酶活性相互作用的结果。目前关于多花黄精连作和轮作模式下土壤理化性质、酶活性与微生物群落结构之间的关系鲜有报道。本研究以野生多花黄精为对照,采用高通量测序技术分析连作和轮作种植体系对多花黄精土壤细菌和真菌群落组成多样性和功能的影响,结合土壤理化性质,进一步探究连作和轮作种植体系下土壤理化因子对微生物群落多样性和功能的影响,以期为多花黄精种苗栽培以及改善土壤生态环境提供科学依据。
本研究多花黄精种植基地位于中国浙江省丽水市遂昌县白马山杉木区(28°37′28″N,119°8′12″E;海拔1 225.2 m)。该种植基地年平均气温15.0-24.2 ℃,年平均降雨量为800-1 500 mm,种植基地自然降水充足,适宜多花黄精生长。利用多花黄精和重楼2-3年生块根培育种苗,培育1年后挖出移栽。本研究选取3块肥力较为均一的多花黄精种植试验地,每个试验地占地约0.13 hm2:2020年9月分别栽培多花黄精块根,以不施肥、不进行人为干预的地块为对照,对连作和轮作的地块进行翻耕,施用2 t有机饼肥作为基肥,翌年春季3月上旬施加100 kg复合肥(尿素和磷酸二铵按4:6比例混合),施肥方式为撒施;2021年10月挖取移栽多花黄精种苗,除草后进行落叶堆肥,11月在2块试验地种植多花黄精块根、1块试验地种植重楼块根,实验组施用等量追肥;2022年10月挖取移栽多花黄精和重楼种苗,11月在所有试验地分别种植多花黄精块根;2023年采集多花黄精土壤样本和多花黄精块根样本,以不施肥、不进行人为干预的土壤为对照(W),重楼与多花黄精轮作土壤(R)、连作多花黄精土壤(M)为实验组,每个样品设置6次生物学重复。
2023年4月15日采集多花黄精根际土壤样品,每个处理设置6个生物学重复。在多花黄精行间随机选取6个采样点采集土壤:采集土样过程中,先去除地表凋落物,在距离多花黄精根部约10-30 cm的位置挖出整株植株,将根际附近的土壤连同根系一同取出,轻轻摇动或敲打根系使附着的根际土壤脱落,将其放入塑料袋或离心管中密封,粘贴标签后注明取样日期、地点、植物种类等信息。分别在野生对照、连作和轮作(W、M、R)处理中采集多花黄精的根际土壤样品。将约50 g新鲜土壤样品(3个处理×6个重复)分别置于50 mL无菌离心管中,于-80 ℃条件下保存,用于微生物物种组成和多样性检测;剩余另一份土样置于阴凉处自然风干后,用于测定土壤理化性质。同步收集多花黄精的块根,用蒸馏水清洗块根表面杂质,室温自然干燥后测定块根鲜重,后续将块根烘干至恒重后用于多糖测定,采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸(3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid, DNS)-还原糖测定法检测多糖含量[16]。
土壤pH使用酸度计(山东天研仪器有限公司)测定(水土质量比2.5:1);总氮(total nitrogen, TN)采用凯氏定氮法测定,总磷(total phosphorus, TP)采用消解-钼锑抗分光光度法测定;土壤有机质(soil organic matter, OM)和土壤有机碳(soil organic carbon, SOC)采用重铬酸钾氧化分光光度法测定;速效磷(available phosphorus, AP)采用碳酸氢钠浸提-钼锑抗比色法测定。土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)采用氯化钙浸提-流动分析仪测定[17]。新鲜土壤样品的酶活性测定方法如下:脲酶(EC 3.5.1.5)采用苯酚钠和次氯酸钠比色法,蔗糖酶(EC 3.2.1.26)采用DNS比色法,酸性磷酸酶(EC 3.1.3.2)采用苯磷酸钠比色法[18],过氧化物酶(EC 1.11.1.7)采用SDS-PAGE法[19]。
采用16S rRNA基因和ITS序列分别对土壤细菌和真菌进行高通量测序。使用土壤DNA试剂盒(OMEGA Bio-Tek公司)提取土壤总DNA。采用1.0%琼脂糖凝胶电泳法对提取的土壤DNA质量进行评估,并用NanoDrop 2000 (ThermoFisher Scientific公司)紫外-可见光分光光度计测定土壤DNA的浓度和纯度。细菌16S rRNA基因的通用引物为338F (5′-ACTCCTACG GGAGGCAGCA-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTACHVG GGTWTCTAAT-3′),真菌ITS区域的扩增引物为ITS1F (5′-CTTGGTCATTTAGAGTAA-3′)和ITS2R (5′-GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3′)。PCR扩增和高通量测序由上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司完成,高通量测序采用Illumina MiSeq测序平台的PE300测序模式。利用QIIME 2 DADA2 (Majorbio公司)对处理后的DNA序列进行去噪并生成扩增子序列变异(amplicon sequence variants, ASV),以鉴定微生物的物种分类。基于16S rRNA基因和ITS序列,利用FAPROTAX和FUNGuild (Majorbio公司)预测微生物群落的功能潜力。所有高通量测序数据已上传至国家生物信息中心,编号为CRA040544。
采用GraphPad Prism 8 (GraphPad公司)进行单因素方差分析,显著性阈值设置为P<0.05。采用SPSS软件开展显著性差异检验,结果以均值±标准差(SD)表示。利用美吉云平台网络(https://cloud.majorbio.com)完成土壤样品的微生物群落分析。α多样性采用Shannon和Chao1指数进行评估,而β多样性采用距离矩阵结合主坐标分析(principal coordinate analysis, PCoA)和非度量多维尺度(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)进行统计分析。
如图1C、1D所示,与对照野生多花黄精(W)相比,连作(M)和轮作(R)模式下多花黄精的鲜重和茎高分别提高了37.6%-38.7%和61.1%-61.5%。多糖是多花黄精药用功效的主要活性成分之一。与对照相比,轮作和连作的多花黄精块根多糖含量分别提高了40.8%和30.0% (图1E)。轮作模式下多花黄精种苗的多糖含量比连作提高了18.35%。结果显示相比对照,连作和轮作提高了多花黄精块根的生物量积累和多糖含量。
连作(M)和轮作(R)对多花黄精土壤理化性质和酶活性有显著影响。与对照(W)相比,M和R的土壤SOC、OM、AP和总磷(TP)含量显著升高。相比连作,轮作中土壤的TP和AP分别下降了49.70%和46.20% (图2A、2B),总氮(TN)和铵态氮(ammonium, AN)分别增加了23.24%和37.96% (图2C、2D),SOC和OM含量无显著差异(图2E、2F),与连作土壤的pH值5.72相比,轮作土壤pH值为6.61,轮作土壤偏中性,土壤酸碱度发生变化(图2G)。结果表明,连作和轮作模式改变了多花黄精土壤pH值和氮磷含量。进一步分析土壤酶活性发现,相比连作,轮作土壤的蔗糖酶(sucrase, SC)、酸性磷酸酶(acid phosphatase, ACP)和脲酶(urease, UE)活性分别提高了63.15%、58.72%和73.03%。与对照W相比,连作和轮作土壤的过氧化物酶(POD)活性显著下降;连作土壤的ACP、UE和POD活性分别下降了50.48%、47.11%和19% (P<0.05) (图2H-2K)。结果表明,与对照和连作相比,轮作提高了土壤中ACP、UE和SC活性,土壤酶活性的增强可能揭示轮作的土壤代谢活力更强。
连作和轮作模式下,土壤真菌Chao1、Shannon指数和细菌的Chao1指数有显著差异。相比对照和连作,轮作土壤真菌的Chao1指数和Shannon指数显著下降(P<0.05) (图3A、3B),表明轮作中群落的物种丰富度较低,物种多样性低于连作和对照。推测原因是健康的轮作系统中土壤微生物群落趋于稳定,形成以特定有益菌群为主导的低丰富度格局,优势种占据主导地位,压缩了稀有物种的生存空间。微生物群落β多样性用于分析比较不同处理条件下微生物群落的结构变化,可反映连作与轮作模式下土壤微生物群落的组成差异。PCoA分析表明,在细菌群落中,第1、2坐标轴分别解释了20.46%和25.55%的贡献值,累计46.01%,不同处理间细菌群落结构存在明显差异(图3C)。真菌群落中,第1、2坐标轴分别解释了25.91%和18.64%的贡献值,累计44.55% (图3D)。连作和轮作模式下土壤真菌群落结构存在显著差异。
细菌门水平相对丰度最高的4个细菌门分别为假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota, 35.6%-38.8%)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota, 18.2%-23.4%)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota, 12.6%-21.1%)和绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexota, 6.2%-12.5%)。轮作土壤细菌群落中放线菌门(Actinomycetota)的相对丰度与连作相比提高了40.28%;相比对照,连作土壤的绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexota)相对丰度达到最大值,轮作土壤的绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexota)相对丰度降低了50.4% (图4A)。在细菌属水平(图4C),norank_f__Xanthobacteraceae、norank_o__Elsterales、Acidothermus和norank_o_Subgroup_2为主要优势细菌属。与对照和连作相比,轮作模式下Arthrobacter相对丰度显著增加,norank_o__Elsterales和norank_o_Subgroup_2的相对丰度显著降低。
真菌群落门水平以子囊菌门(Ascomycota, 25.1%-33.2%)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota, 22.5%-30.3%)和被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota, 16.3%-32.7%)为主要优势菌门(图4B),其中轮作土壤中Mortierellomycota相对丰度相较于对照和连作提高了49.93%-50.48%。在真菌属水平(图4D),Saitozyma (5.53%-16.75%)、Podila (5.8%-16.07%)、Mortierella (5.4%-15.2%)、Trichoderma (1.7%-19.6%)和Luellia (0-13.0%)为真菌的主要优势属。相比对照和连作,轮作土壤真菌群落中木霉属(Trichoderma)的相对丰度提高了84.5%-91.8%,Podila和Mortierella的相对丰度分别提高了50.8%-63.9%和41.5%-64.4%,但Luellia的相对丰度降低了100%,其中Mortierella[20]和Trichoderma[21]能分解土壤有机质,促进植物生长和激活植物免疫反应。结果表明,连作和轮作种植模式改变了土壤细菌和真菌群落的结构组成,轮作提高了土壤中部分有益真菌的相对丰度。
为了研究优势微生物群落与土壤理化性质和酶活性之间的关系,分析比较对照、连作和轮作土壤中细菌和真菌属水平(相对丰度前10)与土壤理化参数的相关性。结果显示Acidothermus与POD、TP、AP呈显著正相关;Arthrobacter与ACP、UE、SC和AN以及pH呈显著正相关,与TN呈显著负相关;Elsterales与TN呈显著正相关,与UE、SC和AN以及pH呈显著负相关(图5A)。真菌Trichoderma、Podila、Mortierella和Saitozyma与土壤pH、AN、ACP和SC呈显著正相关,但与TN呈显著负相关;Solicoccozyma与ACP、SC、OM、AN、SOC和pH呈显著的正相关;Geminibasidiales和Bifiguratus与OM、POD、SOC、TP和AP呈显著负相关(图5B)。进一步采用冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)研究土壤理化因子与细菌和真菌群落结构之间的相关性。在细菌属水平,RDA1和RDA2共解释了细菌群落变化的67.32%,其中pH、AP、AN、UE和POD与细菌群落结构显著相关(图5C)。在真菌属水平,RDA1和RDA2共解释了真菌群落变化的51.5%,其中土壤pH、AN、ACP和SC是影响真菌群落结构的相关因素(图5D)。种植模式对土壤理化因子与细菌和真菌之间的相关性具有影响,对照土壤中TN与细菌和真菌的群落差异相关,连作土壤中优势细菌群落主要与TP、AP和TN相关,轮作中土壤的主要细菌和真菌与pH、AN、UE、ACP和SC呈显著正相关(图5C、5D)。结果表明,连作和轮作模式对土壤优势细菌和真菌群落与土壤理化性质指标pH、TP、AP和TN以及土壤酶活UE、ACP和SC酶活性之间具有显著相关性。
利用FAPROTAX和FUNGuild阐明微生物在对照、连作和轮作土壤中潜在的生态作用,对细菌和真菌群落进行功能预测。优势功能群的相对丰度表明了连作和轮作与土壤细菌和真菌的功能差异(图6A、6B)。细菌群落的优势功能为化能异养(31.67%-34.79%)、好氧化能异养(31.44%-34.20%),固氮(5.30%-6.65%)和脲解(0.22%-11.10%)。与对照土壤细菌(0.22%)和连作土壤细菌(0.28%)功能丰度相比,轮作土壤细菌的脲解相对功能丰度更高(11.10%)。连作模式碳降解相关功能(纤维素降解、木聚糖降解、发酵等)较其他2个处理强,而轮作在固氮、尿素水解等方面功能更强,暗示轮作可能有利于土壤养分的富集,促进多花黄精生物量积累(图6A)。FUNGuild分析真菌功能类群与连作和轮作的关系,结果显示腐生真菌的功能占比最高。轮作土壤中外生菌根真菌的功能相对丰度高于对照和连作(图6B)。连作土壤中植物病原体相对丰度高于轮作和对照。结果表明,连作和轮作不同种植模式对细菌和真菌功能类群丰度存在显著差异,其中轮作模式下土壤菌根真菌和腐生真菌功能富集以及氮素相关的功能更具优势。
不同中药材轮作对土壤pH的影响存在差异,相比连作的三七种苗栽培土壤pH值6.79,轮作滇重楼和滇黄精种苗的根际土壤pH为7.15和7.01,差异不显著[22]。人参-桔梗轮作后土壤pH升高,能有效缓解人参连作引发的土壤酸化,改善土壤养分供应[23]。相比连作土壤,多花黄精-重楼轮作中土壤pH偏中性。不同种植模式能够影响土壤的酸碱度。氮磷含量是土壤生产力高低的重要指标之一[24]。轮作模式下多花黄精土壤的TP和AP含量较低,这与小麦-玉米长期轮作模式下土壤中无机磷含量显著提高的结果相反[25]。本研究结果显示,轮作处理中外生菌根真菌的富集显著高于连作(图6B),研究表明菌根真菌可以高效利用并将土壤磷转运至根系,降低土壤磷含量[26]。单一多花黄精种苗培育导致土壤菌根真菌等有益微生物种类下降,真菌磷利用率降低,土壤磷含量富集,同时,连作中土壤磷酸酶活性降低,促使土壤磷活化效率下降,从而增加土壤中总磷含量。轮作土壤中微生物分泌的酸性磷酸酶活性增高[27],可以将土壤中的有机磷矿化为无机磷,提高土壤速效磷含量,菌根真菌数量的富集,进一步提高根系和菌根对土壤速效磷的吸收利用[28],从而降低土壤磷含量。轮作中总氮和铵态氮含量显著高于连作,与经过连续稻油轮作种植后土壤氮素积累量呈上升趋势[29]的结果一致。轮作可以增加土壤团聚体稳定性,减少氮素损失,增强氨化细菌或固氮菌等介导的氮转化,提高土壤氮含量。单一连作导致土壤生物固氮有益菌减少,氮固定偏向氮矿化消耗,导致土壤氮积累下降。分析比较与氮素分解相关的脲酶活性,轮作土壤中微生物分泌的脲酶活性最强,这更有利于将氮源在脲酶的作用下水解为铵态氮[30],增强有益微生物的氮固定,提高土壤中氮含量。此外,相比野生多花黄精通过落叶等天然有机物的分解满足养分需要[31],连作和轮作模式下多花黄精种植主要通过人为施肥管理满足养分需求[32]。连作和轮作中土壤有机碳和有机质含量差异不大但显著高于对照,可能与人为施加有机饼肥有关,有机饼肥可以直接增加土壤中SOC和OM含量,同时促进植物和微生物有机碳储存,间接促进土壤中SOC和OM积累[33]。连作和轮作多花黄精种苗块根的多糖含量显著增加,其中轮作比连作提高了18.35%。植物多糖含量与土壤肥力呈正相关[34]。一般情况下,蔗糖酶可以有效增加土壤中易溶性营养物质,土壤肥力越高,蔗糖酶活性越强[35]。比较对照和单一连作多花黄精土壤,轮作中蔗糖酶活性显著增强。上述结果说明,连作和轮作对土壤理化性质存在显著差异,轮作模式下土壤的SC、ACP和UE活性增强,该结果与葱-油菜轮作,土壤中的蔗糖酶、脲酶和漆酶活性均显著高于单作[36]结果一致。与单一连作相比,豆薯轮作也可以提高土壤中SC和UE的酶活性来减轻连作引起的不利影响[37]。轮作中土壤酶活性较强,表明土壤微生物代谢和土壤质量水平相对于单一连作较高。
土壤微生物多样性是影响土壤养分的关键因子[38]。相比对照,连作和轮作种植模式下细菌和真菌群落有较大差异,这可能是多花黄精与重楼轮作改变土壤理化因子或促进根际分泌物代谢,影响土壤微生物物种结构和丰度,促进部分有益菌群富集[39]。本研究中相比对照和连作,轮作提高了土壤假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)和放线菌门(Actinomycetota)的相对丰度,降低了绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexota)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)的相对丰度(图4)。假单胞菌门和放线菌门在自然界中分布广泛,具有重要的生态功能,其次生代谢产物对农业生产中土传病害的防治以及提高农作物的生产效率具有重要作用[40]。研究表明,在轮作下假单胞菌门和放线菌门丰度增加被认为与土壤养分循环和抑病性密切相关[41]。多花黄精轮作模式中优势细菌假单胞菌门和放线菌门的显著富集有助于促进土壤生态健康发展。相比连作,轮作土壤中真菌子囊菌门和被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)的相对丰度较高,其中Mortierellomycota是土壤腐生真菌,具有降解植物残体、参与碳氮循环,防治植物土传病害、诱导植物的抗性蛋白表达以激活植物防御信号通路等多种作用[42-43],其丰度的提高有利于分解土壤物质促进养分循环。在多花黄精轮作模式下,土壤真菌属水平Trichoderma、Podila、Mortierella、Saitozyma和Solicoccozyma的相对丰度是连作模式下的11.0、3.2、1.8、1.3、4.0倍。其中,Trichoderma可以显著改善土壤养分和防治植物根系土传病害,对促进植物生长具有重要的作用,与作物生理特性呈显著正相关[21]。Solicoccozyma是一种生长缓慢的钾策略真菌,帮助作物和菌根真菌获得磷[44]。轮作模式下部分有益真菌的相对丰度显著富集,在土壤健康和物质分解中发挥重要作用,有利于促进土壤中具有生态防控和促生功能的有益真菌的积聚[7],缓解多花黄精连作障碍引发的病害和土壤营养物质不均衡。
连作和轮作种植模式对土壤细菌和真菌的群落结构影响可能会进一步导致土壤细菌和真菌的群落功能差异。相比对照和连作,轮作中脲解作用显著富集,脲解可以将尿素水解成碳酸盐(CO32-)和铵离子(NH4+),加速有机氮矿化,帮助细菌固定氮源,促进植物氮素的吸收利用[45]。FUNGuild分析揭示了真菌群落的潜在功能,连作土壤的腐生真菌和植物病原真菌的功能类群显著提高。相比连作,对照和轮作表现出更大的外生菌根和凋落物腐生菌的多样性富集。多花黄精种植模式中,土壤细菌和真菌需要分泌酶来分解土壤根际沉积物,提高其功能基因的丰度,进而使土壤营养循环效率得以提升[46];轮作模式富集了外生菌根真菌与凋落物腐生真菌,可以增强土壤中氮磷养分的积累与利用,提升外源生物降解与代谢功能,促进多花黄精种苗生物量的积累,提高土壤有益微生物的富集。
多花黄精连作和轮作模式下土壤理化性质发生改变,影响土壤细菌和真菌多样性及群落结构。土壤总磷、速效磷、铵态氮、有机质、pH与土壤细菌和真菌群落多样性具有显著相关性,其中土壤pH值与土壤细菌和真菌群落多样性及结构组成相关,能够直接或间接地改变土壤养分有效性和酶活性等[47]。轮作模式下Arthrobacter的相对丰度与土壤ACP、AN、SC和pH均呈显著正相关,Arthrobacter作为土壤养分的重要微生物指标之一,其丰度的增加可以改善土壤的氮供应和其他养分状况[48]。本研究结果显示土壤真菌属Trichoderma、Podila、Mortierella和Saitozyma与UE、ACP和SC之间呈显著或极显著正相关。土壤中UE、ACP和SC与根际微生物相互作用及土壤真菌群落结构和组成密切相关,可能导致植物有益微生物的聚集,从而提高寄主植物生长发育和健康种植水平[49]。相比连作模式,轮作土壤中细菌和真菌群落结构对于土壤理化因子和酶活性的敏感性可能更高。目前的研究主要通过比较对照,分析连作和轮作模式下对多花黄精土壤理化性质和微生物群落多样性结构的影响。相比连作,轮作可以增强部分有益微生物的多样性,这与Zong等[50]研究不同作物轮作会影响土壤微生物群落和土壤养分状况的结果一致。本研究结果表明,土壤pH、AN、TN、AP、UE、SC和ACP与土壤细菌和真菌群落结构均呈显著相关性,连作和轮作模式下,土壤细菌和真菌多样性及群落结构对土壤理化因子的敏感性存在显著差异;连作和轮作模式均可影响药用植物多花黄精土壤微生物多样性和群落结构,同时改变土壤理化性质及其与微生物群落之间的互作关系。
与对照相比,连作和轮作对土壤氮磷理化性质和酶活性具有显著影响。轮作中土壤的AN含量提高,UE、SC和ACP酶活性更强,说明轮作土壤代谢活力和氮营养优于连作,对促进多花黄精种苗生物量和多糖含量的积累具有相对优势。连作和轮作模式下细菌和真菌群落结构在物种丰度上有所差异。进一步分析微生物物种丰度发现,轮作模式下部分细菌和真菌相对丰度高于连作,其中AN、AP、pH与土壤细菌和真菌群落相对丰度具有显著相关性,UE、SC和ACP与土壤微生物结构差异紧密相关。细菌功能预测发现轮作中脲解功能富集显著。相比连作土壤的腐生真菌和植物病原真菌的功能类群富集,轮作表现出更大的外生菌根和凋落物腐生菌的多样性富集。综上所述,连作和轮作种植模式改变了土壤理化性质和多花黄精土壤细菌和真菌的群落结构,其中轮作增加土壤有效氮含量和酶活性,提高了部分有益真菌的相对丰度,促进土壤细菌代谢功能,提高多花黄精种苗生物量和多糖含量,结果表明轮作在改善土壤环境和微生物群落方面具有潜在优势,为后续研究多花黄精长期连作和轮作条件下的合理耕作模式提供参考。
  • 丽水学院引进人才科研启动经费项目(QDZK112023027)
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2026年第66卷第10期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260183
  • 接收时间:2026-03-06
  • 首发时间:2026-10-13
  • 出版时间:2026-10-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-06
  • 录用日期:2026-04-13
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Talent Introduction Research Start-up Funding Project of Lishui University(QDZK112023027)
丽水学院引进人才科研启动经费项目(QDZK112023027)
作者信息
    1.丽水学院 农业与生物技术学院,浙江 丽水
    2.Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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