Article(id=1304366259953488172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260451, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1780070400000, receivedDateStr=2026-05-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1785859200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-08-05, onlineDate=1788914750326, onlineDateStr=2026-09-09, pubDate=1788451200000, pubDateStr=2026-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788914750326, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788914750326, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788914750326, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304366133864321404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='9', pageStart='4291', pageEnd='4651', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788451200000', pubDateStr='2026-09-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1788914720263, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788914779113, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1304366380803974113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1304366380803974114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4626, endPage=4637, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304366262180663597, articleId=1304366259953488172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Metabolic engineering of Clostridium ljungdahlii for ethyl acetate production, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To address the bottlenecks of heavy reliance on fossil resources and severe environmental pollution associated with chemical synthesis, circumvent the “competing with humans for food” dilemma of conventional sugar-based biorefineries, and contribute to the achievement of carbon neutrality. This study developed a low-carbon engineering strain that can directly capture one-carbon (C1) gases and synthesize high-value-added products via metabolic engineering, thereby realizing the sustainable and efficient biosynthesis of ethyl acetate (EA). [Methods] With the autotrophic microorganism Clostridium ljungdahlii, which possesses a natural carbon-fixing ability, as the expression chassis, the lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) exhibiting robust esterification activity was heterologously expressed, and thus a metabolic pathway for converting intracellular short-chain precursors (acetate and ethanol) into EA was constructed. To overcome the challenges of low cell density and misallocated precursor pools inherent in autotrophic carbon fixation, we systematically parsed and reshaped different trophic regimes for fermentation. The performance of the recombinant strain was evaluated across heterotrophic (fructose), autotrophic (CO/CO2), and mixotrophic (fructose+CO/CO2) regimes in terms of biomass accumulation, metabolic flux distribution, and target product synthesis. [Results] The foreign lipase CALB was successfully and functionally expressed inside the acetogenic chassis, effectively driving the precursor flux toward target ester synthesis. The engineered strain produced 16.49 mg/L of EA under heterotrophic conditions and 9.18 mg/L of EA under purely autotrophic conditions. Crucially, the dual-substrate mixotrophic fermentation regime not only bypassed the carbon catabolite repression (CCR) effect but also synergistically enhanced both cell growth and precursor supply. This approach boosted the ultimate EA titer to 36.25 mg/L, demonstrating superior catalytic efficiency and targeted esterification performance compared with single trophic modes. [Conclusion] The C. ljungdahlii strain engineeredthrough systematic metabolic modifications and fermentation mode remodeling can successfully capture and convert greenhouse gases/industrial off-gases into high-value-added ester products. This gas-fermenting cell factory represents a promising chassis for the production of high-value-added derivatives in the future, expanding the technical frontiers for low-carbon industrial blueprints driven by synthetic biology.

, authors=Xinyu GUO1, 2, 3, Chuanyu SI4, Jingang ZHANG4, Laifa WANG5, Jun FENG2, 3, Shaochong LI2, 3, Jingyan CHEN1, Huihui LI4, Fuli LI2, 3, Ming LYU2, 3, *, Hang SU2, 3, *, authorsList=Xinyu GUO, Chuanyu SI, Jingang ZHANG, Laifa WANG, Jun FENG, Shaochong LI, Jingyan CHEN, Huihui LI, Fuli LI, Ming LYU, Hang SU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ming LYU, Hang SU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail: SU Hang,
LYU Ming,
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304366263149547830, articleId=1304366259953488172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=代谢改造永达尔氏梭菌生产乙酸乙酯, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

【目的】为突破化学合成工艺高度依赖化石资源的发展瓶颈,化解传统生物炼制“与人争粮”的矛盾,助力“碳中和”目标落地实施。本研究旨在通过代谢工程手段,开发一株能直接利用一碳气体并实现高值化合物合成的低碳制造工程菌株,实现乙酸乙酯的高效生物合成。【方法】以具有天然固碳能力的自养微生物永达尔氏梭菌(Clostridium ljungdahlii)为底盘,异源表达了具有酯化活性的南极假丝酵母脂肪酶基因,打通了胞内短链前体(乙酸与乙醇)定向转化合成乙酸乙酯的酯化代谢通路。为攻克自养固碳过程中生物量低下及前体分配失衡等瓶颈,系统解析并重构了不同的营养供给发酵模式,分别在传统的异养(果糖)模式、自养(CO/CO2)固碳模式以及“气-糖” (果糖+CO/CO2)混养发酵体系下运行,追踪了重组菌株的生物量、代谢流分配以及目标产物合成水平。【结果】外源脂肪酶在永达尔氏梭菌中成功实现了功能性表达,有效拉动了前体向酯类产物的转化。异养发酵条件下乙酸乙酯产量为16.49 mg/L,纯自养固碳发酵条件下为9.18 mg/L,通过双碳源协同的混养发酵模式不仅能绕过碳分解代谢物阻遏效应,还实现了细胞生长与前体供给的全面强化,使乙酸乙酯的最终发酵终产量提升至36.25 mg/L,展现出较高的催化效能与靶向酯化效率。【结论】经系统性代谢改造与发酵模式重塑的工程化永达尔氏梭菌能够将工业尾气定向转化为高附加值的酯类产物,可作为未来生产高附加值产物的底盘生物之一,为合成生物学驱动的低碳生物制造拓展全新的技术边界。

, authors=郭昕宇1, 2, 3, 司传煜4, 张金刚4, 王来发5, 冯骏2, 3, 李绍冲2, 3, 陈景燕1, 李慧慧4, 李福利2, 3, 吕明2, 3, *, 苏航2, 3, *, authorsList=郭昕宇, 司传煜, 张金刚, 王来发, 冯骏, 李绍冲, 陈景燕, 李慧慧, 李福利, 吕明, 苏航, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吕明, 苏航, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

郭昕宇:总体构思,初稿写作;司传煜:项目管理;张金刚:获取资助;王来发:提供资源;冯骏:方法论;李绍冲:形式分析;陈景燕:可视化呈现;李慧慧:调查研究;李福利:项目管理,指导;吕明:审核与编辑写作,指导;苏航:验证,指导。

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label=Figure 1, caption=Introducing foreign lipase genes to construct the ethyl acetate pathway. A: Metabolic pathway map of Clostridium ljungdahlii synthesizing ethyl acetate using exogenous lipase B; B: The agarose gel electrophoresis results of the promoter P thl and the lipase B gene; C: Partial sequencing results of P thl and the lipase B gene; D: SDS-PAGE analysis of CALB protein expression in the culture supernatants of two positive clones and the negative control., figureFileSmall=4t5AUC+ok8NL32Elr1+N2g==, figureFileBig=jj5DG5HY1CUs9tMHpc2AiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389102799974529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366259953488172, language=CN, label=图1, caption=引入外源性脂肪酶基因构建乙酸乙酯路径, figureFileSmall=4t5AUC+ok8NL32Elr1+N2g==, figureFileBig=jj5DG5HY1CUs9tMHpc2AiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389102900637826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366259953488172, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Recombinant strain heterotrophic growth, and product synthesis status. 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Comparison of main synthesis processes for ethyl acetate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Process routeKey feedstocksMain advantages & disadvantagesIndustrial maturity/application prospects
Chemical synthesis routeAcetic acid ethanol/acetaldehydePros: high efficiency, large-scale production, mature process. Cons: reliance on petrochemical resources, high energy consumption, severe environmental pollutionLarge-scale industrialization achieved (traditional mainstream)
Traditional microbial fermentation routeCarbohydrates biomassPros: renewable feedstocks, green and eco-friendly. Cons: low product titer, numerous by-products, high energy consumption for separation and purificationLimited industrialization, predominantly used for food-grade ethyl acetate
Alcohol acetyltransferase (AAT) routeEthanol acetyl-CoAPros: high specificity, minimal by-products. Cons: low yield, enzyme stability requires improvementLaboratory/pilot-scale stage, a hotspot in metabolic engineering
Lipase catalysis routeAcetic acid ethanolPros: mild conditions, recoverable enzyme, minimal by-products. Cons: enzyme activity is easily inhibited by moisture and ethanol, high enzyme costSuitable for synthesizing high value-added/natural ethyl acetate
Gas-fermenting clostridia routeSyngas/industrial off-gasPros: carbon fixation and emission reduction, extremely low feedstock cost. Cons: low gas mass transfer efficiency, low yieldEmerging frontier technology, possessing significant potential for carbon neutrality
), ArticleFig(id=1304389103382982793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366259953488172, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

乙酸乙酯主要合成工艺路线比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Process routeKey feedstocksMain advantages & disadvantagesIndustrial maturity/application prospects
Chemical synthesis routeAcetic acid ethanol/acetaldehydePros: high efficiency, large-scale production, mature process. Cons: reliance on petrochemical resources, high energy consumption, severe environmental pollutionLarge-scale industrialization achieved (traditional mainstream)
Traditional microbial fermentation routeCarbohydrates biomassPros: renewable feedstocks, green and eco-friendly. Cons: low product titer, numerous by-products, high energy consumption for separation and purificationLimited industrialization, predominantly used for food-grade ethyl acetate
Alcohol acetyltransferase (AAT) routeEthanol acetyl-CoAPros: high specificity, minimal by-products. Cons: low yield, enzyme stability requires improvementLaboratory/pilot-scale stage, a hotspot in metabolic engineering
Lipase catalysis routeAcetic acid ethanolPros: mild conditions, recoverable enzyme, minimal by-products. Cons: enzyme activity is easily inhibited by moisture and ethanol, high enzyme costSuitable for synthesizing high value-added/natural ethyl acetate
Gas-fermenting clostridia routeSyngas/industrial off-gasPros: carbon fixation and emission reduction, extremely low feedstock cost. Cons: low gas mass transfer efficiency, low yieldEmerging frontier technology, possessing significant potential for carbon neutrality
), ArticleFig(id=1304389103441703050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366259953488172, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Plasmids used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PlasmidsRelevant genotype and characteristicsSource
pMTL82151pBP1 ori, catP, ColE1, tra[15]
pMTL82151-P thlpMTL82151 derivative, containing P thl for gene overexpression purpose[17]
pMTL-P thl -lipaseBpMTL82151-Pthl derivative, with lipase B inserted downstream of P thlThis study
), ArticleFig(id=1304389103500423307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366259953488172, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

本研究所用质粒

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PlasmidsRelevant genotype and characteristicsSource
pMTL82151pBP1 ori, catP, ColE1, tra[15]
pMTL82151-P thlpMTL82151 derivative, containing P thl for gene overexpression purpose[17]
pMTL-P thl -lipaseBpMTL82151-Pthl derivative, with lipase B inserted downstream of P thlThis study
), ArticleFig(id=1304389103567532172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366259953488172, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Current status of high-value product production using Clostridium autoethanogenum

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesCarbon sourceTarget esterMaximum titerReferences
C. ljungdahliiCO2+COEthyl acetate36.25 mg/LThis study
C. autoethanogenumCOButyl acetate23.20 mg/L[19]
C. autoethanogenumCOEthyl acetate17.60 mg/L[19]
C. beijerinckiiGlucoseButyl acetate5.57 g/L[20]
C. acetobutylicumGlucoseButyl butyrate50.07 mg/L[21]
C. tyrobutyricumGlucose (heterotrophic)Butyl butyrate34.70 g/L[9]
C. ljungdahliiCO2Ethyl acetate7.38 mg/L[11]
), ArticleFig(id=1304389103630446733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366259953488172, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

食气梭菌生产高附加值产物现状

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesCarbon sourceTarget esterMaximum titerReferences
C. ljungdahliiCO2+COEthyl acetate36.25 mg/LThis study
C. autoethanogenumCOButyl acetate23.20 mg/L[19]
C. autoethanogenumCOEthyl acetate17.60 mg/L[19]
C. beijerinckiiGlucoseButyl acetate5.57 g/L[20]
C. acetobutylicumGlucoseButyl butyrate50.07 mg/L[21]
C. tyrobutyricumGlucose (heterotrophic)Butyl butyrate34.70 g/L[9]
C. ljungdahliiCO2Ethyl acetate7.38 mg/L[11]
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代谢改造永达尔氏梭菌生产乙酸乙酯
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郭昕宇 1, 2, 3 , 司传煜 4 , 张金刚 4 , 王来发 5 , 冯骏 2, 3 , 李绍冲 2, 3 , 陈景燕 1 , 李慧慧 4 , 李福利 2, 3 , 吕明 2, 3, * , 苏航 2, 3, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(9): 4626-4637
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (9) : 4626 -4637
代谢改造永达尔氏梭菌生产乙酸乙酯
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郭昕宇1, 2, 3, 司传煜4, 张金刚4, 王来发5, 冯骏2, 3, 李绍冲2, 3, 陈景燕1, 李慧慧4, 李福利2, 3, 吕明2, 3, * , 苏航2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1.济南大学 生物科学与技术学院,山东 济南
  • 2.中国科学院青岛生物能源与过程研究所,太阳能光电转化与利用全国重点实验室,山东省合成生物技术创新中心,青岛新能源山东省实验室,一碳炼制山东省工程研究中心,山东 青岛
  • 3.山东能源研究院,山东 青岛
  • 4.山东荣信集团有限公司,山东 济宁
  • 5.山东恒信高科能源有限公司,山东 泰安
通讯作者:
吕明, 苏航
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

郭昕宇:总体构思,初稿写作;司传煜:项目管理;张金刚:获取资助;王来发:提供资源;冯骏:方法论;李绍冲:形式分析;陈景燕:可视化呈现;李慧慧:调查研究;李福利:项目管理,指导;吕明:审核与编辑写作,指导;苏航:验证,指导。

Metabolic engineering of Clostridium ljungdahlii for ethyl acetate production
Xinyu GUO1, 2, 3, Chuanyu SI4, Jingang ZHANG4, Laifa WANG5, Jun FENG2, 3, Shaochong LI2, 3, Jingyan CHEN1, Huihui LI4, Fuli LI2, 3, Ming LYU2, 3, * , Hang SU2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Conversion and Utilization of Solar Energy, Shandong Province Synthetic Biotechnology Innovation Center, Shandong Laboratory of Qingdao New Energy, Shandong Engineering Research Center of One-Carbon Refining, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong, China
  • 3.Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, Shandong, China
  • 4.Shandong Rongxin Group Co., Ltd., Jining, Shandong, China
  • 5.Shandong Hengxing High-Tech Energy Co., Ltd., Tai’an, Shandong, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    *E-mail: SU Hang,
出版时间: 2026-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260451
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【目的】为突破化学合成工艺高度依赖化石资源的发展瓶颈,化解传统生物炼制“与人争粮”的矛盾,助力“碳中和”目标落地实施。本研究旨在通过代谢工程手段,开发一株能直接利用一碳气体并实现高值化合物合成的低碳制造工程菌株,实现乙酸乙酯的高效生物合成。【方法】以具有天然固碳能力的自养微生物永达尔氏梭菌(Clostridium ljungdahlii)为底盘,异源表达了具有酯化活性的南极假丝酵母脂肪酶基因,打通了胞内短链前体(乙酸与乙醇)定向转化合成乙酸乙酯的酯化代谢通路。为攻克自养固碳过程中生物量低下及前体分配失衡等瓶颈,系统解析并重构了不同的营养供给发酵模式,分别在传统的异养(果糖)模式、自养(CO/CO2)固碳模式以及“气-糖” (果糖+CO/CO2)混养发酵体系下运行,追踪了重组菌株的生物量、代谢流分配以及目标产物合成水平。【结果】外源脂肪酶在永达尔氏梭菌中成功实现了功能性表达,有效拉动了前体向酯类产物的转化。异养发酵条件下乙酸乙酯产量为16.49 mg/L,纯自养固碳发酵条件下为9.18 mg/L,通过双碳源协同的混养发酵模式不仅能绕过碳分解代谢物阻遏效应,还实现了细胞生长与前体供给的全面强化,使乙酸乙酯的最终发酵终产量提升至36.25 mg/L,展现出较高的催化效能与靶向酯化效率。【结论】经系统性代谢改造与发酵模式重塑的工程化永达尔氏梭菌能够将工业尾气定向转化为高附加值的酯类产物,可作为未来生产高附加值产物的底盘生物之一,为合成生物学驱动的低碳生物制造拓展全新的技术边界。

永达尔氏梭菌  /  乙酸乙酯  /  合成气发酵  /  脂肪酶

[Objective] To address the bottlenecks of heavy reliance on fossil resources and severe environmental pollution associated with chemical synthesis, circumvent the “competing with humans for food” dilemma of conventional sugar-based biorefineries, and contribute to the achievement of carbon neutrality. This study developed a low-carbon engineering strain that can directly capture one-carbon (C1) gases and synthesize high-value-added products via metabolic engineering, thereby realizing the sustainable and efficient biosynthesis of ethyl acetate (EA). [Methods] With the autotrophic microorganism Clostridium ljungdahlii, which possesses a natural carbon-fixing ability, as the expression chassis, the lipase B from Candida antarctica (CALB) exhibiting robust esterification activity was heterologously expressed, and thus a metabolic pathway for converting intracellular short-chain precursors (acetate and ethanol) into EA was constructed. To overcome the challenges of low cell density and misallocated precursor pools inherent in autotrophic carbon fixation, we systematically parsed and reshaped different trophic regimes for fermentation. The performance of the recombinant strain was evaluated across heterotrophic (fructose), autotrophic (CO/CO2), and mixotrophic (fructose+CO/CO2) regimes in terms of biomass accumulation, metabolic flux distribution, and target product synthesis. [Results] The foreign lipase CALB was successfully and functionally expressed inside the acetogenic chassis, effectively driving the precursor flux toward target ester synthesis. The engineered strain produced 16.49 mg/L of EA under heterotrophic conditions and 9.18 mg/L of EA under purely autotrophic conditions. Crucially, the dual-substrate mixotrophic fermentation regime not only bypassed the carbon catabolite repression (CCR) effect but also synergistically enhanced both cell growth and precursor supply. This approach boosted the ultimate EA titer to 36.25 mg/L, demonstrating superior catalytic efficiency and targeted esterification performance compared with single trophic modes. [Conclusion] The C. ljungdahlii strain engineeredthrough systematic metabolic modifications and fermentation mode remodeling can successfully capture and convert greenhouse gases/industrial off-gases into high-value-added ester products. This gas-fermenting cell factory represents a promising chassis for the production of high-value-added derivatives in the future, expanding the technical frontiers for low-carbon industrial blueprints driven by synthetic biology.

Clostridium ljungdahlii  /  ethyl acetate  /  syngas fermentation  /  lipase
郭昕宇, 司传煜, 张金刚, 王来发, 冯骏, 李绍冲, 陈景燕, 李慧慧, 李福利, 吕明, 苏航. 代谢改造永达尔氏梭菌生产乙酸乙酯. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (9) : 4626 -4637 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260451
Xinyu GUO, Chuanyu SI, Jingang ZHANG, Laifa WANG, Jun FENG, Shaochong LI, Jingyan CHEN, Huihui LI, Fuli LI, Ming LYU, Hang SU. Metabolic engineering of Clostridium ljungdahlii for ethyl acetate production[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (9) : 4626 -4637 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260451
乙酸乙酯(ethyl acetate, EA)是一种无色透明、具有独特果香味的短链挥发性酯类化合物[1]。因其优良的溶解性、低毒性以及快速挥发的特性,乙酸乙酯被广泛认为是一种环境友好的低毒溶剂。作为天然食品添加剂,它被用于增强各种食品的风味和气味,在酿酒以及香精香料工业中扮演着不可或缺的角色。另外,乙酸乙酯不仅是一种香气化合物,它更是一种具有重要工业价值的酯类化合物,可用作化学反应中的溶剂、表面清洁剂、涂料配方加工剂、药物萃取和色谱回收剂,以及用于生产黏合剂、印刷颜料和其他涂料、除草剂配方和电子工业中的树脂[2]
目前乙酸乙酯的合成主要采用石油化工工艺。包括以硫酸为催化剂的乙醛酯化法(费舍尔酯化法)、乙醛缩合法(Tishchenko反应)以及苯乙烯与乙醛加成法等[3]。这些传统的化学合成方法在生产过程中存在显著的弊端:如浓硫酸催化剂会导致严重的设备腐蚀、容易发生副反应、产物分离提纯难度高,且最终会产生大量含有重金属或酸性物质的工业废水[4],对生态环境造成沉重的负担。为了克服传统化学法的环境与能源弊端,近年来利用微生物细胞工厂进行乙酸乙酯的生物合成受到了广泛关注。微生物(例如酵母、乳酸菌)产生天然酯类的能力已得到广泛认可[1,5],酯类的生物合成主要有2条途径:(1)通过脂肪酶催化的脂肪酸和醇的酯化[6];(2)基于酰基辅酶A和醇在醇酰基转移酶(alcohol acetyltransferases, AATs)催化下的缩合[7]。随着合成生物学与代谢工程的发展,研究人员开始通过引入或强化醇酰基转移酶或脂肪酶,将大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)或酵母改造为高效产酯的底盘细胞[8]。相较于体外酶催化酯化反应时因胞外发酵液的水相体积和高度稀释的前体浓度导致反应严重向水解方向进行,胞内酶可利用细胞膜或细胞质内的微区室化(compartmentalization)效应,在局部维持较高底物浓度的同时降低局部水相浓度,从而实现更高效的单向酯化。通过胞内表达酶,将脂肪酸前体转化为酯后,酯类由于脂溶性/膜渗透性,能够自发顺浓度梯度通过被动扩散迅速释放到细胞外。避免了胞内前体积累对细胞的毒性,且避免了外源酶的表达纯化、固定化载体投入或频繁补加,以及增加的固定资产投入和运行成本。然而,目前大多数生物发酵法仍依赖于传统的糖类碳源(如葡萄糖),这不仅存在“与人争粮”的争议,且原料成本较高。因此,构建能够直接利用一碳气体(CO、CO2)为原料的食气微生物[如永达尔氏梭菌(Clostridium ljungdahlii)]作为底盘合成乙酸乙酯,具有重要的工业应用潜力[9]。食气梭菌通过伍德-永达尔(Wood-Ljungdahl, WL)途径固定CO2,该途径是目前已知步骤最短、消耗能量最少的固碳途径。在该途径中,一碳气体被高效固定并直接转化为中心代谢物——乙酰辅酶A (acetyl-CoA)。随后,乙酰辅酶A流向2条并行的天然代谢支路:一部分在磷酸转乙酰酶(acetyl-CoA:orthophosphate acetyltransferase, PTA)和乙酸激酶(acetate kinase, ACK)的催化下生成乙酸并产生ATP;另一部分则通过双功能醛/醇脱氢酶(bifunctional aldehyde/alcohol dehydrogenase, ADHE)被还原生成大量的乙醇[10]。从生化反应的角度来看,这2种主要产物正是乙酸乙酯缩合反应所需要的底物。目前利用食气梭菌自养合成乙酸乙酯的报道中均采用醇酰基转移酶(AATs)路径,其依赖于中间体乙酰辅酶A和乙醇的缩合[11]。未经前体添加的纯自养产量普遍在7-18 mg/L之间,异养条件下(果糖)最高产量为23.15 mg/L[11]。脂肪酶可在温和的反应条件下催化一系列反应,包括酯化、酯交换、酯聚合和酰胺合成,无需苛刻的反应条件;在生物合成中,脂肪酶催化因其高选择性,包括手性、位置和官能团特异性,在催化反应过程中可减少甚至不产生副产物,尤其是在酯化反应中,副产物仅为水,这不仅避免了废物产生,而且有利于目标产物的分离,从而减少了环境问题[12]。先前已有学术研究证明,在脂肪酶中,来自南极假丝酵母(Candida antarctica)的脂肪酶(Candida antarctica lipase B, CALB)具有优异的催化性能,de Lima等[13]直接横向对比了南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B、荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)脂肪酶以及嗜热丝孢菌(Thermomyces)脂肪酶等几种主流的工业脂肪酶的酯化活性,结果显示在生产乙酸丁酯、乙酸乙酯这2种短链脂肪酸时,南极假丝酵母脂肪酶B的生物转化率[(97.0±0.0)%、(90.8±0.2)%]均高于另外2种来源的脂肪酶。综上,本研究通过将野生型永达尔氏梭菌作为底盘细胞,异源表达脂肪酶(CALB)基因lipaseB,在以果糖为碳源的异养培养基以及CO/CO2为唯一碳源的自养培养基中实现乙酸乙酯合成。比较其生产效率并以此优化培养方式,分析异养与自养条件下乙酸乙酯合成的影响因素。由于永达尔氏梭菌中糖酵解与WL途径可同时运行,不受碳分解代谢物阻遏(carbon catabolite repression, CCR)效应的限制,因此使用果糖和合成气(CO、CO2)[14]的混养发酵模式,在未添加任何外源前体的条件下即实现了较高的乙酸乙酯产量,相较于单纯自养表现出明显的强化效果,可提升永达尔氏梭菌的生长及生产效率。为直观对比各类技术的特征、优势与局限性,凸显本研究食气梭菌合成路径的创新定位,现将乙酸乙酯主要合成路线进行汇总对比(表1)。
大肠埃希氏菌CA434细胞用于DNA克隆、载体维持和细菌接合。本研究选用野生型永达尔氏梭菌(Clostridium ljungdahlii) DSM 13528作为生产乙酸乙酯的亲本菌株,该菌株由中国科学院青岛生物能源与过程研究所一碳生物技术研究中心保存。
YTF培养基(yeast extract-tryptone-fructose medium) (g/L):酵母提取物10.0,胰蛋白胨16.00,果糖5.00,半胱氨酸0.75,NaCl 4.00[15],pH 6.0。
改良PETC培养基(g/L):NH4Cl 1.00,KH2PO4 0.10,KCl 0.10,MgSO4·7H2O 0.20,Yeast extract 0.50,L-半胱氨酸盐1.50,L-半胱氨酸0.10,FeSO4·7H2O 0.004,NaCl 0.80,MnSO4·H2O 0.011,CoCl2·6H2O 0.002,ZnSO4·7H2O 0.002,NiCl2·6H2O 0.000 2,CaCl2 0.020,氨三乙酸0.020,Na2WO4·2H2O 0.000 25,NaMoO4·2H2O 0.002,Na2SeO3 0.000 2,NaHCO3 0.99,生物素0.000 01;叶酸0.000 002;盐酸吡哆醇0.000 01;硫胺素0.000 025;核黄素0.000 005;烟酸0.000 005;泛酸钙0.000 04;氰钴胺素0.000 005;对氨基苯甲酸0.000 005;硫辛酸0.000 005[16],pH 6.0。
本研究所有的质粒列于表2,以pMTL82151质粒作为异源基因表达载体的骨架,从酪丁酸梭菌(Clostridium tyrobutyricum) ATCC 25755中扩增出thl基因(CTK_C01450)的启动子(P thl ),并将其插入到pMTL82151的EcoR I位点,得到带有启动子的质粒pMTL82151-P thl。来自南极假丝酵母(Candida antarctica)的lipaseB基因由GenScript合成,并将其插入pMTL82151-P thlBtgZ I和EcoR I位点之间,生成pMTL-P thl -lipaseB
解冻大肠埃希氏菌CA434感受态细胞,将10 μL重组质粒加入复苏的感受态细胞中,轻弹混匀,冰上静置30 min;然后42 ℃水浴热激45 s;取出立即冰上放置3 min;加入700 μL无抗生素LB培养基,37 °C、200 r/min培养1 h;最后取出4 000 r/min离心2 min,弃去600 μL上清,保留50-100 μL重悬沉淀后涂布于含400 μg/mL红霉素(erythromycin, Erm)的Luria-Bertani (LB)平板上,于37 ℃培养箱中倒置培养;12 h后挑取单菌落,使用添加25 μg/mL Erm和50 μg/mL卡那霉素(kanamycin, Kan)的LB培养基培养12 h后取菌液进行阳性克隆筛选,使用目的基因上游和下游的引物进行菌落PCR (colony PCR, cPCR)筛选阳性克隆。
将携带重组质粒的E. coli CA434细胞4 500×g离心2 min收集菌体,用无抗YTF培养基洗2次后收集菌体。同时用液体YTF培养永达尔氏梭菌至OD600=1.0-2.0,在厌氧工作站中取400 μL永达尔氏梭菌菌液与上述收集的E. coli CA434细胞混合并重悬E. coli CA434细胞,将重悬的菌液涂布于无抗性YTF平板上,厌氧环境中37 ℃培养24 h后,用700 μL无抗YTF培养基洗脱平板表面的菌苔,随后将洗脱液涂布于含40 μg/mL Erm和200 μg/mL D-环丝氨酸的YTF平板上,37 ℃培养3 d。挑取YTF平板上的单菌落至YTF液体培养基中(pH 6.0, 40 μg/mL Erm),37 ℃、120 r/min培养至OD600约0.5,在厌氧工作站中取100-200 μL菌液进行菌液PCR鉴定,菌液无需处理直接使用。上游引物序列为:5′-CAGGAAACAGCTATGACC-3′;下游引物序列为:5′-ACTGGCCGTCGTTTTA CA-3′。PCR反应体系(20 μL):Taq DNA聚合酶(40 U/mL) 10 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各1 μL,DNA模板2 μL,ddH2O 6 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性30 s,53 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸1 min,共32个循环;72 ℃终延伸5 min。
重组菌株C. ljungdahlii CALB在厌氧瓶中厌氧培养。异养使用YTF培养基,顶空充氮气(2 bar),自养或混养培养使用顶空充CO和CO2 (体积比80:20,2 bar)。在37 ℃、150 r/min条件下培养。培养基中加入40 μg/mL红霉素以维持筛选压力。发酵结束后取菌液分析产物产量。
采用紫外可见分光光度计(上海元析仪器有限公司)跟踪菌体生长(OD600)。以高纯水作为空白对照,使用比色皿调零。取适量发酵菌液加入比色皿中进行测定并记录吸光度值,控制测定范围在0.05-0.80之间。
采用安捷伦1200高效液相色谱仪(配备示差折光检测器) [安捷伦科技(中国)有限公司]检测发酵液中的乙酸及乙醇浓度。检测前对发酵液进行预处理:12 000 r/min离心5 min,取上清液使用0.22 μm滤膜过滤后稀释10倍。色谱柱为Aminex® HPX-87H column 300 mm×7.8 mm (Bio-Rad公司),流动相为5 mmol/L H2SO4,流速为0.6 mL/min,进样量为10 μL。首先以不同浓度乙酸及乙醇标准溶液绘制标准曲线(标曲范围为1-20 g/L,相关系数R2>0.999)。根据标准曲线定量计算乙酸及乙醇浓度。
采用配备火焰离子化检测器的Agilent气相色谱仪检测发酵液中的乙酸乙酯,色谱柱为XP-白酒C2柱(北京新谱科技有限公司)。样品过0.22 μm滤膜后经萃取处理,每个样品加入相同浓度的色谱纯正己烷为内标,并用色谱纯异丙醇定容后进样。配制储备液:分别配制高纯度的乙酸乙酯储备液和内标物储备液(均为1 000 mg/L)。配制标准系列:配制5-6个不同浓度的乙酸乙酯标准工作液,范围在(1-50 mg/L)。同时准确移取5 mL正己烷储备液至50 mL容量瓶中,用溶剂定容得到浓度约为100 mg/L的正己烷内标工作液。在每个乙酸乙酯标准工作液中加入等量的1.0 mL正己烷内标工作液。进样,记录乙酸乙酯的峰面积(Ai)和内标物的峰面积(Ais)。
采用标准曲线法,以浓度比(Ci/Cis)为横坐标,峰面积比(Ai/Ais)为纵坐标进行线性回归,得到标准曲线(标曲范围为1-50 mg/L,相关系数R2>0.999)。其中,Ci为标准液中乙酸乙酯的浓度,Cis为标准液中内标物的浓度。取多个浓度值计算平均值。进样时向样品中加入与绘制标准曲线时用量完全一致的内标物。进样分析,得到样品中乙酸乙酯的峰面积和内标物的峰面积,以标准曲线进行计算。
进样口温度为250 ℃,以氦气为载气,流速为1 mL/min。气相色谱仪炉温保持在60 ℃ 5 min,然后以10 ℃/min的速率升温至150 ℃并保持10 min。发酵液乙酸乙酯的鉴定和定量采用乙酸乙酯标准品(Sigma-Aldrich公司)。
每组实验进行3次生物学重复,结果使用GraphPad Prism 10.1.2进行双因素方差分析,其中:*表示P<0.05;**表示P<0.01;***表示P<0.001;ns表示P>0.05。
永达尔氏梭菌是一种经典的产乙酸菌。无论是利用气体底物(如合成气CO/CO2)还是糖类底物(如果糖),其碳代谢的核心均通过WL途径生成中心代谢物——乙酰辅酶A (acetyl-CoA),进一步生成乙酸及乙醇。本研究组装了带有从酪丁酸梭菌ATCC 25755中扩增出的启动子P thl 的过表达质粒骨架,构建出工程菌株C. ljungdahlii CALB,通过菌液PCR对目的基因片段进行验证,成功得到启动子片段+目的片段(约2 000 bp) (图1B)并对其进行测序(图1C)。将构建的重组质粒转化至永达尔氏梭菌中,另转化不含有目的基因的空质粒至永达尔氏梭菌作为阴性对照,培养一段时间后,破碎收集上清液并进行SDS-PAGE检测(图1D),结果显示转化重组质粒的工程菌株培养中可检测到约37 kDa的蛋白条带,而阴性对照中相同位置无蛋白条带。确认成功在永达尔氏梭菌中过表达出来自南极假丝酵母中的脂肪酶CALB,并利用其天然产物乙酸、乙醇作为底物催化酯化反应用于合成乙酸乙酯(图1A),分别在以果糖、合成气、果糖+合成气为碳源的培养条件下进行摇瓶发酵,对比其生长情况,产物乙酸、乙醇的生产情况以及乙酸乙酯的合成情况,检测结果证明CALB在该工程菌株中具有明确的酯合成活性。
在以果糖为碳源的YTF培养基中培养表达了脂肪酶的重组永达尔氏梭菌菌株,检测其生长曲线,在发酵完成后检测其乙酸乙酯、乙酸及乙醇产量。同时,为分析重组菌株的生长是否受到影响,以野生型永达尔氏梭菌作为对照检测其生长曲线(图2B)。结果发现,异养条件下重组菌株C. ljungdahlii CALB在培养96 h后乙酸乙酯产量达16.49 mg/L,OD600达到2.52;与此同时野生型菌株C. ljungdahlii WT的OD600达到3.32,重组菌株的生物量(dry cell weight, DCW)较对照菌株C. ljungdahlii WT降低了15.4% (图2A),证明确有能量流向乙酸乙酯合成。然而,重组菌株在生物量、产物产率上与野生型菌株差异并不显著(P=0.241 7)。从对数生长期开始,重组菌株乙酸产率便开始大幅升高,在24-48 h间便由1.18 g/L升至3.21 g/L。在细胞进入稳定期后(72-96 h),乙酸仍会以较慢的速度继续积累,直至终点3.80 g/L。乙醇方面,主要合成时间集中在对数生长中后期及稳定期(36-72 h),48 h时产量仅为1.135 g/L,而72 h时达到3.06 g/L。乙酸乙酯的生产也集中在对数生长中后期,36 h时产量仅为4.98 mg/L,而72 h时达到16.49 mg/L (图2B),因此推断乙酸乙酯虽由乙酸及乙醇酯化而来,但乙醇的供给对乙酸乙酯的生产具有限制作用。因此,在后续的合成气发酵中使用CO/CO2的气体组合,CO是一种极强的还原剂。相较于只提供H2/CO2,如果底物气体中富含CO,会产生大量的还原型铁氧还蛋白。为了维持胞内的氧化还原平衡(redox balance),细胞会被迫大量合成乙醇,通过此方式提高乙酸乙酯的产率。
在以合成气为碳源的优化PETC培养基中培养表达了脂肪酶的重组永达尔氏梭菌菌株,检测其生长;在发酵完成后检测其乙酸乙酯、乙酸及乙醇产量。结果显示,自养条件下重组菌株C. ljungdahlii CALB OD600仅能达到0.72,相较于以果糖为碳源的异养生物量(OD600)降低了72%,相较于以果糖为碳源的异养生物量(OD600)降低了72%,相较于以果糖为碳源的异养生物量(OD600)降低了72%,但是乙酸乙酯产量达到9.18 mg/L (图3),相较于果糖异养下的16.49 mg/L降低了44%,符合自养气体发酵的能量与碳流分配机制。由于WL途径的ATP收益极低,自养生长的细胞生长与产物合成解偶联(decoupling),大量固定的碳源被迫停止流向生物量合成,而是汇聚于乙酰辅酶A节点;另一方面,为了消耗气体底物(CO)带来的大量还原当量(NADH),醛铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶(aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase, AOR)途径被激活,细胞大量合成乙醇来维持氧化还原平衡,为异源脂肪酶提供了极高的催化驱动力,凸显了以食气梭菌为底盘利用C1气体经济性合成短链酯类的巨大生理优势。
为同步提升菌体的生物量与产物产量,采用CO/CO2+果糖同时作为碳源的培养基(1/4 YTF+3/4 PETC),其他条件保持一致(pH 6.0、37 ℃、150 r/min)进行厌氧瓶培养。在发酵完成后检测其生物量(OD600)、乙酸乙酯、乙酸及乙醇产量。培养96 h后,菌液OD600达到1.23,而乙酸乙酯产量也达到36.25 mg/L (图4)。重组永达尔氏梭菌合成乙酸乙酯的产量显著高于单一的异养或自养模式。结果表明,乙酸乙酯的产量同时依赖于菌体生物量以及前体供应,但前体供应充足的情况下参与酯化反应的仅为产量的很小部分,因此脂肪酶的活性必然受到其他因素的限制。
本研究成功在食气微生物永达尔氏梭菌中异源表达了来自南极假丝酵母的脂肪酶,实现了乙酸乙酯的从头合成。在专性厌氧的产乙酸菌中,由于热力学与能量传递的限制,直接合成酯类物质面临极大的代谢挑战。直到最近,Boto等[11]才首次证实了酵母来源的AAT酶在永达尔氏梭菌中的催化活性。本研究的实验数据证实了异源脂肪酶能够在严格厌氧环境下保持催化活性,并成功利用永达尔氏梭菌胞内高通量的乙酸与乙醇前体完成酯化反应。该路径目前仍存在2处明显的性能瓶颈。(1)胞内定位限制:当脂肪酶在细胞内表达且缺乏信号肽时,它会滞留在细胞质内部,导致其只能接触到细胞内的前体分子[18]。发酵过程中,大量的反应前体(乙酸和乙醇)会渗透并积累到胞外空间,使得留在胞内的脂肪酶无法对其进行有效催化。(2)界面限制:脂肪酶的催化效率通常在油水界面才能达到顶峰,水相中反应倾向于水解,有机相中反应倾向于酯化;如果缺乏膜锚定技术或合理的空间重组,脂肪酶在细胞质环境中很难发挥出最大活性[18]。导致对前体的利用率并不高,因此后续应针对其局限性进行针对性改造或优化发酵条件以获得更高的产率。
本研究探究了不同的发酵模式,数据显示出显著的产量差异:混养条件下的乙酸乙酯产量达到了36.25 mg/L,远高于自养或异养条件下的产量。这一结果揭示了永达尔氏梭菌在不同营养条件下的代谢流重分配机制:异养条件下,尽管糖酵解为细胞生长提供了充足的ATP,但由于丙酮酸脱羧步骤导致大量的碳以CO2形式流失;且异养条件下产生的还原力相对有限,无法最大限度地驱动乙酸向乙醇的转化。自养条件下,虽然WL途径被全面激活,且CO提供了极强的还原力促使乙醇大量合成,但WL途径的高耗能特征严重限制了细胞的增殖,较低的生物量限制了体系内整体的脂肪酶催化总量。因此单纯的自养发酵通常受限于ATP的供应,是一种ATP限制型过程。混养模式下,糖酵解过程能够为细胞提供充足且丰沛的ATP,而低ATP需求、高还原力消耗的WL途径则能将糖酵解产生的富余还原当量[NAD(P)H]消耗,并用于固定外源或内源释放的CO2;这种氧化还原与能量流的精密耦合极大地优化了胞内的NADH/NAD+比例并维持了较高的ATP水平;对于脂肪酶而言,ATP水平的显著提升不仅为脂肪酶的胞内高表达、正确折叠及高效分泌提供了能量,从而打破了酯化反应的平衡限制,极大地拉动了脂肪酶的正向酯化反应[13]
在微生物合成高附加值产物领域,大肠埃希氏菌、酵母菌等经典模式底盘细胞在产物合成效率与产量上仍具备显著优势。与之相比,以永达尔氏梭菌为代表的食气梭菌,虽然产量达不到经典模式生物的水平,但因其可构建出实现碳负排放的新型合成路径,即将钢铁工业废气、合成气作为唯一碳源,将废气以一步法转化为高价值产品,具有重要的经济及环保意义,且永达尔氏梭菌基因编辑体系发展较为成熟,现有研究也证实该菌株具备合成多种高价值衍生物的潜力(表3)。
  • 山东省重点研发计划(2025CXGC011001)
  • 山东省重点研发计划(2022SFGC0101)
  • 国家自然科学基金(U22A20425)
  • 泰安市科技创新“双十工程”(重大技术攻关)项目(2024JSGG02)
  • 潍坊市科技发展计划(2024ZJ1074)
  • 山东省博士后创新项目(SDCX-ZG-202503099)
  • 青岛市博士后项目(QDBSH20250102165)
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2026年第66卷第9期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260451
  • 接收时间:2026-05-30
  • 首发时间:2026-09-09
  • 出版时间:2026-09-04
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2026-05-30
  • 录用日期:2026-08-05
基金
the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province(2025CXGC011001)
山东省重点研发计划(2025CXGC011001)
山东省重点研发计划(2022SFGC0101)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U22A20425)
国家自然科学基金(U22A20425)
the Tai’an Science and Technology Innovation “Double Ten Project” (Major Technology Breakthrough)(2024JSGG02)
泰安市科技创新“双十工程”(重大技术攻关)项目(2024JSGG02)
the Weifang Science and Technology Development Project(2024ZJ1074)
潍坊市科技发展计划(2024ZJ1074)
the Postdoctoral Innovation Program of Shandong Province(SDCX-ZG-202503099)
山东省博士后创新项目(SDCX-ZG-202503099)
the Qingdao Postdoctoral Program(QDBSH20250102165)
青岛市博士后项目(QDBSH20250102165)
作者信息
    1.济南大学 生物科学与技术学院,山东 济南
    2.中国科学院青岛生物能源与过程研究所,太阳能光电转化与利用全国重点实验室,山东省合成生物技术创新中心,青岛新能源山东省实验室,一碳炼制山东省工程研究中心,山东 青岛
    3.山东能源研究院,山东 青岛
    4.山东荣信集团有限公司,山东 济宁
    5.山东恒信高科能源有限公司,山东 泰安

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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