Article(id=1304366235915931742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260527, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1782748800000, receivedDateStr=2026-06-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1786118400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-08-08, onlineDate=1788914744595, onlineDateStr=2026-09-09, pubDate=1788451200000, pubDateStr=2026-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788914744595, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788914744595, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788914744595, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304366133864321404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='9', pageStart='4291', pageEnd='4651', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788451200000', pubDateStr='2026-09-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1788914720263, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788914779113, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1304366380803974113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1304366380803974114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4567, endPage=4589, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304366236125646943, articleId=1304366235915931742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Advances and industrial prospects of gas fermentation technology, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Against the dual constraints of shrinking carbon budgets and geopolitical rivalry for resource supplies, traditional manufacturing is confronted with various bottlenecks and needs to transform into a sustainable development mode imperatively. Microbial gas fermentation adopts feedstocks including industrial off-gas, gasification syngas, and natural gas to produce diversified products such as green biofuels, fine chemicals, and microbial proteins. With the advantages of high carbon utilization efficiency, mild reaction conditions, and environmental friendliness, it plays a vital role in carbon resource recycling and emission reduction of greenhouse gases. This paper systematically reviews the research and industrial progress in microbial gas fermentation. First, the performance and limitations of three generations of biomass feedstocks are analyzed and compared, and the technical advantages of microbial gas fermentation are illustrated. Secondly, the core metabolic pathways, growth preferences, and product synthesis characteristics of different gas-fermenting microorganisms are summarized. For commercial application, this study comprehensively sorts out the technical characteristics and limiting factors of industrial gas fermentation processes including feed gas pretreatment, gas-liquid mass transfer, multistage continuous fermentation, and in-situ product recovery, as well as their impacts on the fermentation process. Meanwhile, this work reviews global and domestic industrial cases, and elaborates on the characteristics of core microbial strains, typical technical routes, and product structures of various enterprises. In addition, in view of the technical shortcomings and further development needs of industrial gas fermentation, feasible strategies are proposed, mainly including strain performance improvement, fermentation equipment upgrading, intelligent process control, and improvement of economic benefits. This review aims to provide pivotal insights into the scaled-up and industrial application of microbial gas fermentation technology.

, authors=Yuechao MA1, Qunhua YUE2, Zijian LYU2, Shuhuan TONG1, Wei CHAO1, *, authorsList=Yuechao MA, Qunhua YUE, Zijian LYU, Shuhuan TONG, Wei CHAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei CHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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面对碳预算收紧与地缘资源博弈的双重压力,传统制造业的发展遭遇多重瓶颈,亟需向可持续发展模式转型。微生物气体发酵技术利用工业尾气、气化合成气以及天然气等原料,生产绿色生物燃料、精细化学品以及微生物蛋白等多元化产品,兼具碳利用率高、反应条件温和、环境友好等优势,是实现温室气体资源化利用与减排的关键技术。本文系统综述微生物气体发酵技术的研究与产业化进展,首先分析比较3代生物质发酵原料的应用特性与局限性,阐明微生物气体发酵的技术优势;其次总结不同气体发酵微生物的核心代谢途径、生长偏好与产物合成特征;从商业化规模的角度全面梳理原料气预处理、气液传质、多级连续发酵、原位产物回收等核心工艺的技术要点、关键限制因素及其对发酵过程的影响;同时聚焦国内外产业化案例,详细剖析不同企业的核心菌种特性、代表性技术路线和产品结构。最后,针对当前工业化气体发酵产业存在的技术短板和发展需求,展望未来发展方向,主要包括菌种性能改良、发酵设备升级、过程控制智能化和经济效益提升等方面,旨在为微生物气体发酵技术的规模化、产业化落地提供理论参考与技术支撑。

, authors=马跃超1, 岳群华2, 吕子健2, 佟淑环1, 晁伟1, *, authorsList=马跃超, 岳群华, 吕子健, 佟淑环, 晁伟, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=晁伟, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

马跃超:文章总体框架确定,论文初稿的撰写与修订;岳群华:资料检索,论文初稿的撰写与修订;吕子健:资料检索与修订;佟淑环:论文审阅与修订;晁伟:论文构思和设计、写作指导、论文审阅与修订。

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A green methanol synthesis process and system based on biogas: CN121913870A[P]. 2026-04-24 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1304388887586037784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366235915931742, awardId=2024YFA0918100, language=EN, fundingSource=the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFA0918100), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1304388887665729561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366235915931742, awardId=2024YFA0918100, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2024YFA0918100), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1304388880749323238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366235915931742, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304388880757711847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366235915931742, companyId=1304388880749323238, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Beijing Shougang LanzaTech Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304388880766100456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366235915931742, companyId=1304388880749323238, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.北京首钢朗泽科技股份有限公司,北京)]), AuthorCompany(id=1304388882456404969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366235915931742, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304388882460599274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366235915931742, companyId=1304388882456404969, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Hebei Shoulang New Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Tangshan, Hebei, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304388882468987883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366235915931742, companyId=1304388882456404969, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.河北首朗新能源科技有限公司,河北 唐山)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1304388885065261070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366235915931742, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Microbial strain engineering strategies and performance characterization for gas fermentation. 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Gas-fermenting microorganisms

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesSubstratesTopt/℃pHoptProductsReferences
Mesophilic acetogenic bacteria
Alkalibaculum bacchiCO, CO2/H2378.0-8.5Acetate, ethanol[42-43]
Acetobacterium woodiiCO, CO2/H2306.8Acetate[44]
Butyribacterium methylotrophicumCO, CO2/H2376.0Acetate, ethanol, butyrate, butanol[45]
Clostridium aceticumCO, CO2/H2308.3Acetate[46-47]
Clostridium autoethanogenumCO, CO2/H2375.8-6.0Acetate, ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, 2,3-butanediol[48]
Clostridium carboxidivoransCO, CO2/H2386.2Acetate, ethanol, butyrate, n-butanol, lactate[49]
Clostridium coskatiiCO, CO2/H2375.8-6.5Acetate, ethanol[50]
Clostridium drakeiCO, CO2/H225-303.6-6.8Acetate, ethanol, butyrate[51]
Clostridium ljungdahliiCO, CO2/H2376.0Acetate, ethanol, n-butanol, hexanol, 2,3-butanediol, lactate[52-53]
Clostridium ragsdaleiCO, CO2/H2376.3Acetate, ethanol, 2,3-butanediol, lactate[54]
Eubacterium limosumCO, CO2/H238-397.0-7.2Acetate, butyrate[44]
Thermophilic acetogenic bacteria
Moorella thermoaceticaCO, CO2/H2556.5-6.8Acetate[55]
Moorella thermoaceticaCO, CO2/H2586.1Acetate[56]
Mesophilic methanogenic bacteria
Methanobacterium formicicumCO2/H230-386.5-7.5CH4[57]
Methanococcus vannieliiCO, CO2/H228-376.5-7.2CH4[58]
Thermophilic methanogenic bacteria
Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicusCO, CO2/H255-657.0-8.0CH4[59]
Methanoculleus thermophilusCO, CO2/H250-606.8-7.5CH4[60]
Mesophilic photosynthetic bacteria
Rubrivivax gelatinosusCO, CO2346.7-6.9Biomass, H2[61-62]
Rhodopseudomonas palustrisCO2307.0-8.0Biomass, H2[63]
Rhodospirillum rubrumCO, CO2306.8Biomass, H2[64]
Thermophilic photosynthetic bacteria
Chloroflexus aurantiacusCO, CO250-607.0-8.0Biomass, H2[65]
Chlorobaculum tepidumCO245-556.5-7.5Biomass, H2[66]
Mesophilic cyanobacteria
Anabaena variabilisCO2307.0Biomass, H2[67]
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803CO2307.0-8.0Ethanol, isobutanol, sucrose, fatty acids, biomass, H2[68]
Thermophilic cyanobacteria
Thermosynechococcus elongatusCO250-577.5-8.5Biomass, H2[69]
), ArticleFig(id=1304388887263076373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366235915931742, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

气体发酵微生物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SpeciesSubstratesTopt/℃pHoptProductsReferences
Mesophilic acetogenic bacteria
Alkalibaculum bacchiCO, CO2/H2378.0-8.5Acetate, ethanol[42-43]
Acetobacterium woodiiCO, CO2/H2306.8Acetate[44]
Butyribacterium methylotrophicumCO, CO2/H2376.0Acetate, ethanol, butyrate, butanol[45]
Clostridium aceticumCO, CO2/H2308.3Acetate[46-47]
Clostridium autoethanogenumCO, CO2/H2375.8-6.0Acetate, ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, 2,3-butanediol[48]
Clostridium carboxidivoransCO, CO2/H2386.2Acetate, ethanol, butyrate, n-butanol, lactate[49]
Clostridium coskatiiCO, CO2/H2375.8-6.5Acetate, ethanol[50]
Clostridium drakeiCO, CO2/H225-303.6-6.8Acetate, ethanol, butyrate[51]
Clostridium ljungdahliiCO, CO2/H2376.0Acetate, ethanol, n-butanol, hexanol, 2,3-butanediol, lactate[52-53]
Clostridium ragsdaleiCO, CO2/H2376.3Acetate, ethanol, 2,3-butanediol, lactate[54]
Eubacterium limosumCO, CO2/H238-397.0-7.2Acetate, butyrate[44]
Thermophilic acetogenic bacteria
Moorella thermoaceticaCO, CO2/H2556.5-6.8Acetate[55]
Moorella thermoaceticaCO, CO2/H2586.1Acetate[56]
Mesophilic methanogenic bacteria
Methanobacterium formicicumCO2/H230-386.5-7.5CH4[57]
Methanococcus vannieliiCO, CO2/H228-376.5-7.2CH4[58]
Thermophilic methanogenic bacteria
Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicusCO, CO2/H255-657.0-8.0CH4[59]
Methanoculleus thermophilusCO, CO2/H250-606.8-7.5CH4[60]
Mesophilic photosynthetic bacteria
Rubrivivax gelatinosusCO, CO2346.7-6.9Biomass, H2[61-62]
Rhodopseudomonas palustrisCO2307.0-8.0Biomass, H2[63]
Rhodospirillum rubrumCO, CO2306.8Biomass, H2[64]
Thermophilic photosynthetic bacteria
Chloroflexus aurantiacusCO, CO250-607.0-8.0Biomass, H2[65]
Chlorobaculum tepidumCO245-556.5-7.5Biomass, H2[66]
Mesophilic cyanobacteria
Anabaena variabilisCO2307.0Biomass, H2[67]
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803CO2307.0-8.0Ethanol, isobutanol, sucrose, fatty acids, biomass, H2[68]
Thermophilic cyanobacteria
Thermosynechococcus elongatusCO250-577.5-8.5Biomass, H2[69]
), ArticleFig(id=1304388887363739670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366235915931742, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Representative commercial projects of gas fermentation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Representative enterprisesProject names (locations)Start-up yearsStrainsGas sourcesProducts and capacities

LanzaTech/

Beijing Shougang Langze

Hebei Shoulang P1 (Hebei Province, China)2018C. autoethanogenumBOFG

Ethanol 45 kt/a

SCP 5 kt/a

Hebei Shoulang P2 (Hebei Province, China)2026C. autoethanogenumMixed gas of COG and BOFG

Ethanol 15 kt/a

SCP 750 t/a

Shoulang Jiyuan (Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China)2021C. autoethanogenumSiMn alloy SAF off-gas

Ethanol 45 kt/a

SCP 5 kt/a

Ningxia Binze (Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China)2022C. autoethanogenumSiMn alloy and SiC metallurgical off-gas

Ethanol 60 kt/a

SCP 6.6 kt/a

Guizhou Jinze (Guizhou Province, China)2023C. autoethanogenumMn-based alloy off-gas

Ethanol 60 kt/a

SCP 6.6 kt/a

ArcelorMittal Steelanol (Ghent, Belgium)2023C. autoethanogenumBFGEthanol 64 kt/a
Panipat Refinery Plant (Haryana, Panipat, India)2023C. autoethanogenumFCC unit off-gasEthanol 33.5 kt/a
MSW-to-Ethanol (Iwate, Kuji City, Japan)2026C. autoethanogenumMunicipal solid waste gasification syngasEthanol 20 t/d

Synata Bio/

Sylonto

Project Lighthouse (Madison, PA, USA)2009C. coskatiiGasification syngasEthanol 120 t/a

Sylonto

(Henan Province, China)

2025C. coskatiiCTM off-gas

Ethanol 50 kt/a

SCP 4.3 kt/a

Ineos Bio/

Jupeng Bio

Indian River BioEnergy Center

(Vero Beach, Indian River County, FL, USA)

2013C. ljungdahliiBiomass gasification syngas

Ethanol 24 kt/a

Power 6MW

Shanxi Bioethanoal

(Shanxi Province, China)

2021

C. ljungdahlii

A. woodii

Coal-based synthetic oil off-gas

Ethanol 20 kt/a

SCP 4 kt/a

Yitai-Jupeng

(Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China)

In progress

C. ljungdahlii

A. woodii

M. thermautotrophicus

M. marburgensis

Decarbonization unit off-gas

Ethanol 100 kt/a

SCP 20 kt/a

Methane 10 Mm3/a

Nanjing Gasgene

10 t gas fermentation unit

(Henan Province, China)

2024C. ljungdahliiCTM off-gasEthanol 10 t/a

50 000 t gas fermentation unit

(Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China)

In progressC. ljungdahliiIndustrial off-gas

Ethanol 50 kt/a

SCP 12 kt/a

Solar Foods

Factory 01

(Vantaa, Finland)

2024Xanthobacter sp.Atmospheric CO2/electrolytic H2SCP 160 t/a

Factory 02

(Lappeenranta, Finland)

In progressXanthobacter sp.Atmospheric CO2/electrolytic H2SCP 12.8 kt/a
GTLB

GTLB Sichuan Weiyuan P1

(Sichuan Province, China)

In progress

M. thermoacetica

Yarrowia lipolytica

Steel industry off-gasSCP 10 kt/a
Calysta

Calysseo

(Chongqing City, China)

2023Methylococcus capsulatusNatural gasSCP 20 kt/a
Beijing Deliangyuan

DLY Sichuan Weiyuan pilot

(Sichuan Province, China)

2026

M. trichosporium

M. extorquens

M. glucosotrophus

Shale gasSCP 256 t/a

DLY Sichuan Weiyuan P1

(Sichuan Province, China)

In progress

M. trichosporium

M. extorquens

M. glucosotrophus

Shale gasSCP 20 kt/a
), ArticleFig(id=1304388887430848535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366235915931742, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

代表性气体发酵商业化项目

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Representative enterprisesProject names (locations)Start-up yearsStrainsGas sourcesProducts and capacities

LanzaTech/

Beijing Shougang Langze

Hebei Shoulang P1 (Hebei Province, China)2018C. autoethanogenumBOFG

Ethanol 45 kt/a

SCP 5 kt/a

Hebei Shoulang P2 (Hebei Province, China)2026C. autoethanogenumMixed gas of COG and BOFG

Ethanol 15 kt/a

SCP 750 t/a

Shoulang Jiyuan (Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China)2021C. autoethanogenumSiMn alloy SAF off-gas

Ethanol 45 kt/a

SCP 5 kt/a

Ningxia Binze (Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China)2022C. autoethanogenumSiMn alloy and SiC metallurgical off-gas

Ethanol 60 kt/a

SCP 6.6 kt/a

Guizhou Jinze (Guizhou Province, China)2023C. autoethanogenumMn-based alloy off-gas

Ethanol 60 kt/a

SCP 6.6 kt/a

ArcelorMittal Steelanol (Ghent, Belgium)2023C. autoethanogenumBFGEthanol 64 kt/a
Panipat Refinery Plant (Haryana, Panipat, India)2023C. autoethanogenumFCC unit off-gasEthanol 33.5 kt/a
MSW-to-Ethanol (Iwate, Kuji City, Japan)2026C. autoethanogenumMunicipal solid waste gasification syngasEthanol 20 t/d

Synata Bio/

Sylonto

Project Lighthouse (Madison, PA, USA)2009C. coskatiiGasification syngasEthanol 120 t/a

Sylonto

(Henan Province, China)

2025C. coskatiiCTM off-gas

Ethanol 50 kt/a

SCP 4.3 kt/a

Ineos Bio/

Jupeng Bio

Indian River BioEnergy Center

(Vero Beach, Indian River County, FL, USA)

2013C. ljungdahliiBiomass gasification syngas

Ethanol 24 kt/a

Power 6MW

Shanxi Bioethanoal

(Shanxi Province, China)

2021

C. ljungdahlii

A. woodii

Coal-based synthetic oil off-gas

Ethanol 20 kt/a

SCP 4 kt/a

Yitai-Jupeng

(Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China)

In progress

C. ljungdahlii

A. woodii

M. thermautotrophicus

M. marburgensis

Decarbonization unit off-gas

Ethanol 100 kt/a

SCP 20 kt/a

Methane 10 Mm3/a

Nanjing Gasgene

10 t gas fermentation unit

(Henan Province, China)

2024C. ljungdahliiCTM off-gasEthanol 10 t/a

50 000 t gas fermentation unit

(Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China)

In progressC. ljungdahliiIndustrial off-gas

Ethanol 50 kt/a

SCP 12 kt/a

Solar Foods

Factory 01

(Vantaa, Finland)

2024Xanthobacter sp.Atmospheric CO2/electrolytic H2SCP 160 t/a

Factory 02

(Lappeenranta, Finland)

In progressXanthobacter sp.Atmospheric CO2/electrolytic H2SCP 12.8 kt/a
GTLB

GTLB Sichuan Weiyuan P1

(Sichuan Province, China)

In progress

M. thermoacetica

Yarrowia lipolytica

Steel industry off-gasSCP 10 kt/a
Calysta

Calysseo

(Chongqing City, China)

2023Methylococcus capsulatusNatural gasSCP 20 kt/a
Beijing Deliangyuan

DLY Sichuan Weiyuan pilot

(Sichuan Province, China)

2026

M. trichosporium

M. extorquens

M. glucosotrophus

Shale gasSCP 256 t/a

DLY Sichuan Weiyuan P1

(Sichuan Province, China)

In progress

M. trichosporium

M. extorquens

M. glucosotrophus

Shale gasSCP 20 kt/a
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马跃超 1 , 岳群华 2 , 吕子健 2 , 佟淑环 1 , 晁伟 1, *
微生物学报 | 综述 2026,66(9): 4567-4589
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气体发酵技术研究进展与产业化展望
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马跃超1, 岳群华2, 吕子健2, 佟淑环1, 晁伟1, *
作者信息
  • 1.北京首钢朗泽科技股份有限公司,北京
  • 2.河北首朗新能源科技有限公司,河北 唐山
通讯作者:
晁伟
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

马跃超:文章总体框架确定,论文初稿的撰写与修订;岳群华:资料检索,论文初稿的撰写与修订;吕子健:资料检索与修订;佟淑环:论文审阅与修订;晁伟:论文构思和设计、写作指导、论文审阅与修订。

Advances and industrial prospects of gas fermentation technology
Yuechao MA1, Qunhua YUE2, Zijian LYU2, Shuhuan TONG1, Wei CHAO1, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing Shougang LanzaTech Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
  • 2.Hebei Shoulang New Energy Technology Co., Ltd., Tangshan, Hebei, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260527
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面对碳预算收紧与地缘资源博弈的双重压力,传统制造业的发展遭遇多重瓶颈,亟需向可持续发展模式转型。微生物气体发酵技术利用工业尾气、气化合成气以及天然气等原料,生产绿色生物燃料、精细化学品以及微生物蛋白等多元化产品,兼具碳利用率高、反应条件温和、环境友好等优势,是实现温室气体资源化利用与减排的关键技术。本文系统综述微生物气体发酵技术的研究与产业化进展,首先分析比较3代生物质发酵原料的应用特性与局限性,阐明微生物气体发酵的技术优势;其次总结不同气体发酵微生物的核心代谢途径、生长偏好与产物合成特征;从商业化规模的角度全面梳理原料气预处理、气液传质、多级连续发酵、原位产物回收等核心工艺的技术要点、关键限制因素及其对发酵过程的影响;同时聚焦国内外产业化案例,详细剖析不同企业的核心菌种特性、代表性技术路线和产品结构。最后,针对当前工业化气体发酵产业存在的技术短板和发展需求,展望未来发展方向,主要包括菌种性能改良、发酵设备升级、过程控制智能化和经济效益提升等方面,旨在为微生物气体发酵技术的规模化、产业化落地提供理论参考与技术支撑。

产乙酸菌  /  厌氧发酵  /  工业尾气  /  合成气  /  气体发酵

Against the dual constraints of shrinking carbon budgets and geopolitical rivalry for resource supplies, traditional manufacturing is confronted with various bottlenecks and needs to transform into a sustainable development mode imperatively. Microbial gas fermentation adopts feedstocks including industrial off-gas, gasification syngas, and natural gas to produce diversified products such as green biofuels, fine chemicals, and microbial proteins. With the advantages of high carbon utilization efficiency, mild reaction conditions, and environmental friendliness, it plays a vital role in carbon resource recycling and emission reduction of greenhouse gases. This paper systematically reviews the research and industrial progress in microbial gas fermentation. First, the performance and limitations of three generations of biomass feedstocks are analyzed and compared, and the technical advantages of microbial gas fermentation are illustrated. Secondly, the core metabolic pathways, growth preferences, and product synthesis characteristics of different gas-fermenting microorganisms are summarized. For commercial application, this study comprehensively sorts out the technical characteristics and limiting factors of industrial gas fermentation processes including feed gas pretreatment, gas-liquid mass transfer, multistage continuous fermentation, and in-situ product recovery, as well as their impacts on the fermentation process. Meanwhile, this work reviews global and domestic industrial cases, and elaborates on the characteristics of core microbial strains, typical technical routes, and product structures of various enterprises. In addition, in view of the technical shortcomings and further development needs of industrial gas fermentation, feasible strategies are proposed, mainly including strain performance improvement, fermentation equipment upgrading, intelligent process control, and improvement of economic benefits. This review aims to provide pivotal insights into the scaled-up and industrial application of microbial gas fermentation technology.

acetogenic bacteria  /  anaerobic fermentation  /  industrial off-gas  /  syngas  /  gas fermentation
马跃超, 岳群华, 吕子健, 佟淑环, 晁伟. 气体发酵技术研究进展与产业化展望. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (9) : 4567 -4589 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260527
Yuechao MA, Qunhua YUE, Zijian LYU, Shuhuan TONG, Wei CHAO. Advances and industrial prospects of gas fermentation technology[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (9) : 4567 -4589 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260527
在全球人口持续增长、工业化进程不断深化的背景下,化石资源的日渐枯竭与温室气体引发的气候变化导致传统制造业正面临来自能源配给、原料供应以及环境治理等多方面的压力[1-2]。利用可再生原料替代化石基原料已成为全球能源结构与工业体系向可持续发展转型的必然选择[3]。生物制造技术以酶、单一微生物细胞工厂或复合微生物菌群体系作为催化剂,利用可再生原料生产具有高商业价值的化学品、生物材料或微生物蛋白等,为破解化石资源枯竭与环境恶化双重约束提供了一条兼具经济性与可持续性的技术路径,推动世界经济模式由依赖不断扩大规模的传统化工制造产业向小规模集成型绿色低碳产业链转型[4-5]
微生物气体发酵技术作为合成生物学与生物制造交叉领域的代表性技术,随着基因编辑工具、高通量育种策略、精准发酵过程控制及装备制造技术的快速迭代,逐渐发展并形成了包含原料预处理-工程菌株选育-发酵工艺优化-产物分离纯化-产物后加工等技术模块的完整体系;在特定环境条件(如厌氧条件)下,联合采用等离子体诱变、适应性进化及胞内突变元件等策略构建突变株文库,结合生物传感器与高通量检测分析技术可实现气体发酵微生物底盘的高通量定向选育与性能优化;同时,成熟的核酸转化方法及多样化的基因编辑工具能够满足对该类底盘微生物的理性改造需求,支撑高性能工程菌株的构建;在气体发酵过程评价中,通过智能化调配气源组成可高效模拟各类工业尾气、气化合成气或天然气原料,并结合在线检测技术实时监测气体底物利用效率及代谢产物分布,从而评估工程菌株在不同工业场景下的生长代谢水平与环境适应性;进一步地,整合多组学分析、大数据挖掘及代谢模型构建等手段可实现对微生物胞内代谢活动及工业气体发酵过程的精准预测,为气体发酵工业微生物育种及发酵过程的精细调控提供多层次的参考依据(图1)[6-8]。气体发酵技术利用工业尾气、农林副产品与生活垃圾产生的废气以及天然气等富含一碳气体(CO、CO2、CH4等)的原料生产具有高经济价值的多元化产品,包括绿色生物燃料,如生物乙醇[9]、可持续航空燃料(sustainable aviation fuel, SAF)[10]、生物甲烷[11];高附加值化学品,如3-羟基丙酸[12]、2,3-丁二醇[13]、正丁醇[14];微生物蛋白,如单细胞蛋白(single-cell protein, SCP)[15]、多肽[16]等;以及高分子材料,如聚羟基脂肪酸酯(polyhydroxyalkanoates, PHA)[17]、聚乙烯[18]等。气体发酵过程兼具反应条件温和、碳转化率高、无需复杂的原料预处理以及环境友好等优势,在实现一碳资源化利用的同时可有效减少工业尾气及温室气体排放,目前已成为全球生物制造领域的研究热点与产业布局重点[19-21]。本文从微生物气体发酵的特征和优势出发,总结不同微生物的气体发酵特性和产物结构,并从工业化视角系统性地探讨气体发酵技术流程和限制因素,以期为可再生原料的绿色高值转化和微生物气体发酵的产业化落地提供理论依据。
早期的工业生物制造过程主要以粮食或可食用的糖类为碳源,其原料包括淀粉、糖蜜、蔗糖、乳清等,这类原料主要来源于玉米、大豆、甘蔗、牛奶等产品的加工过程,不仅易于批量获取、相对廉价,还能被微生物高效利用,被称作“第一代生物质原料”,尽管其存在占用耕地、影响粮食安全等问题,此类碳源仍然是当前工业生物制造过程中最广泛使用的碳源[22-24]。富含木质纤维素的非粮食原料(如秸秆、玉米芯残渣、木屑、能源作物等)具有糖含量高、成本低、易获得、可再生等特点,尤其在环境问题和粮食安全越来越被各国政府重视的社会环境下,被视为粮食类原料的理想替代物,因此也被称作“第二代生物质原料”[25-26]。木质纤维素主要由纤维素、半纤维素和木质素组成,必须经过物理破碎、浸泡、脱毒、水解等预处理过程将高分子糖类聚合物转化为单糖,才能被大多数微生物利用[27]。自然界中一些能够合成纤维素水解酶的厌氧嗜热微生物,如热解纤维梭菌(Clostridium thermocellum)[28]、粪堆梭菌(Clostridium stercorarium)[29]、贝氏热解纤维素菌(Caldicellulosiruptor bescii)[30]等,可分泌多酶复合体,高效水解纤维素或半纤维素,并将其逐级降解成为可利用的单糖,但该类菌株无法降解木质素,导致部分碳资源未能实现资源化利用。
对含木质纤维素的材料进行气化处理可将其中包括木质素在内的绝大多数有机碳转化为一碳气体形式,进而生成含有氢气(H2)、一氧化碳(CO)、二氧化碳(CO2)及氮气(N2)的混合气体,即合成气[19,23]。相较于水解工艺,气化处理不仅能显著提升碳利用率,还具有流程更简单、成本更低廉的突出优势。微生物气体发酵利用合成气资源生产高值产物,不仅实现了可再生材料与废弃物的资源化利用,还能有效摆脱对化石燃料的依赖、减少二氧化碳排放,而合成气的来源广泛,除木质纤维素气化以外,还包括工业尾气、煤炭气化、天然气重整以及垃圾与废渣气化等途径[31-32]。在传统的合成气利用途径中,H2与CO以2:1的比例经Fischer-Tropsch反应合成直链烷烃,该反应在150-350 ℃、3 MPa及催化剂作用下进行,同时需要消耗一氧化碳通过水气变换反应提升氢气占比,伴随大量难以实现资源化利用的CO2生成[33]。与之相比,微生物气体发酵通常在37 ℃、常压条件下进行,成本和能耗更低,且无需对合成气组分进行调整,碳利用率显著提高;此外,微生物催化反应的特异性更强,产物选择性高、副产物少[19,34]
关于气体发酵的研究可追溯到20世纪80年代,在2008-2021年间出现爆发式增长,开始由理论研究向实际应用过渡,并逐步形成了科学且完善的技术体系[35]。自然界中常见的一碳气体发酵微生物主要包括产乙酸菌(acetogenic bacteria)[36]、产甲烷菌(methanogenic bacteria)[37]和光合细菌(photosynthetic bacteria)[38]等,其代谢过程不仅参与全球碳循环,更为温室气体减排与清洁能源开发提供了天然的生物路径。
产乙酸菌是一类能够利用CO、CO2、H2等气体底物合成乙酸同时获得能量(ATP)的厌氧微生物,其核心代谢途径为Wood-Ljungdahl途径[39]。Wood-Ljungdahl途径主要由甲基分支与羰基分支2条支路协同构成:在甲基分支中,1分子CO2在相关酶系催化下,以四氢叶酸(tetrahydrofolate, THF)作为C1载体,逐步被还原为甲基类咕啉铁硫蛋白;在羰基分支中,另1分子CO2则在一氧化碳脱氢酶/乙酰辅酶A合成酶催化下还原为CO,该CO进一步与甲基类咕啉铁硫蛋白、辅酶A结合,最终生成乙酰辅酶A[40]。在产乙酸菌的代谢网络中,乙酰辅酶A是参与物质代谢与能量代谢的关键中间体,一方面可通过合成代谢途径转化为菌体生物质;另一方面,在磷酸乙酰转移酶与乙酸激酶的依次催化下,乙酰辅酶A可转化为乙酸同时产生能量,而乙酸进一步经醛-铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶、乙醇脱氢酶的催化,最终转化为乙醇[9]。这一独特代谢机制也成为产乙酸菌利用CO、CO2和H2等气体底物合成化学品的核心基础。目前,已有多种产乙酸菌被应用于合成气发酵研究,其中包括自产乙醇梭菌(Clostridium autoethanogenum)、永达尔氏梭菌(Clostridium ljungdahlii)、伍氏醋杆状菌(Acetobacterium woodii)和热醋穆尔氏菌(Moorella thermoacetica)等[41],不同菌种对原料气组成及发酵环境的需求差异显著,其代谢产物谱也存在明显区别(表1)。
产甲烷菌广泛分布于厌氧环境中,能够利用乙酸、H2/CO2、甲基类化合物等多种底物合成甲烷[70]。氢营养型产甲烷菌可利用CO2和H2作为碳源和能源、以四氢甲烷蝶呤和辅酶M作为重要的辅酶,合成甲烷同时获得能量;而乙酸营养型产甲烷菌以乙酸为底物,通过乙酸裂解途径产生甲烷和二氧化碳,能量效率和生长速率均低于氢营养型产甲烷菌[37]。目前,被应用于合成气发酵研究的产甲烷菌大部分属于氢营养型,例如甲烷杆菌属(Methanobacterium)[57]、甲烷球菌属(Methanococcus)[58]、甲烷袋状菌属(Methanoculleus)[60]等。
光合细菌是一类能进行不产氧光合作用的革兰氏阴性细菌,其中红假单胞菌属(Rhodopseudomonas)[63]、红小螺菌属(Rhodospirillum)[64]等菌株在工业尾气处理中应用最为广泛。光合细菌胶状红长命菌(Rubrivivax gelatinosus)、沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris)、深红红小螺菌(Rhodospirillum rubrum) 3种细菌均为不产氧光合细菌,在厌氧、光照条件下可通过卡尔文循环(Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle)固定CO2作为碳源,在糖、有机酸或CO提供电子的条件下可以合成H2;其中R. palustris和大部分R. gelatinosus不具备CO代谢能力,而R. gelatinosus CBS菌株和大部分R. rubrum可高效利用CO作为唯一碳源和能源合成H2[61-64]。在工业尾气适配性方面,光合细菌对CO2浓度的适应性较强,尤其适合低浓度CO2尾气,如发酵尾气、食品加工尾气,CO2浓度约5%-15%,其固碳效率可达60%-73%;但由于依赖光照,其应用场景受到严格限制,难以适配无光照的工业密闭场景[71-72]。嗜热光合细菌橙色绿屈挠菌(Chloroflexus aurantiacus)[65]和微温绿杆状菌(Chlorobaculum tepidum)[66]的固碳途径既不依赖Wood-Ljungdahl途径,也不依赖卡尔文循环,其中C. aurantiacus在厌氧光照条件下以CO2和H2为底物,通过3-羟基丙酸双循环[73]固定CO2,部分菌株可通过一氧化碳脱氢酶氧化CO获取能量和还原力;C. tepidum不能利用CO,只能以CO2为唯一碳源,通过反向三羧酸循环(reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle, RTCA)[74]固定CO2,该途径效率高于卡尔文循环。
蓝细菌(Cyanobacteriota)又称蓝藻,是一类能进行产氧光合作用的原核生物,含叶绿素a、藻蓝素等光合色素,广泛分布于各类自然环境中,其中鱼腥藻属(Anabaena)[67]、念珠藻属(Nostoc)[75]、集胞藻属(Synechocystis)[68]等菌株因兼具固碳与固氮能力,在工业尾气资源化中具有独特优势。通过产氧光合作用固定CO2,以水为电子供体,光能为能量来源,将CO2转化为生物量,其产能效率高于不产氧的光合细菌,可适配高浓度CO2尾气(如电厂、水泥窑烟气,CO2浓度10%-30%)的处理;另一方面,部分蓝细菌(如鱼腥藻属)可形成异形胞,异形胞内的固氮酶可将工业尾气中的N2还原为氨,为自身生长提供氮源,同时实现N2的资源化利用,适配含N2的工业尾气[38]。此外,蓝细菌无叶绿体,原核结构使其具有较强的环境适应性,可在贫瘠、高盐、高温等极端环境中生长,能够耐受工业尾气中的微量有毒杂质(如重金属离子、微量CO),适合复杂工业尾气场景的应用[76]
工业气体发酵的底物来源极为广泛,主要包括工业尾气(钢铁工业尾气、合金冶炼尾气、煤化工尾气等)、气化合成气(木质纤维素制备合成气、煤炭气化合成气、餐厨垃圾制备沼气等)、天然气以及大气中的一碳气体等,其中工业尾气的CO2排放量约占全球人为CO2排放总量的30%[77]。工业尾气中富含CO (10%-70%)、CO2 (5%-20%)、H2 (10%-60%)等可被微生物利用的碳源与能源物质,具备良好的发酵应用潜力,但未经净化的工业尾气含有多种有害组分,这类杂质含量较低,却会严重抑制微生物的生长与代谢过程;与此同时,有害组分还会引发设备腐蚀、管道结垢堵塞、催化剂中毒等问题,造成发酵体系运行状态不稳定,甚至危及整套发酵系统的运行安全[78-79]
工业尾气中常见的杂质包括焦油、不饱和烃、含氮化合物、硫化物、卤化氢、微量金属等,此外,针对严格厌氧发酵过程还需去除氧气。其中,焦油指分子量大于苯的所有有机化合物,是工业尾气中含量最高的污染物;常见的不饱和烃杂质有C2H2和C2H4等;含氮化合物以NH3为主,其次为HCN;硫化物主要为H2S以及少量的COS;卤化物主要为HCl和HF;痕量金属以Na、K等碱金属为主;不同来源的工业尾气中的杂质组分和浓度差异显著[31]。工业尾气净化技术主要分为冷煤气净化技术和热煤气净化技术。冷煤气净化技术在室温或更低温度下进行,技术成熟、可靠性高、污染物去除效果好,是工业常用的气体净化手段,根据其工艺特点又进一步分为湿法净化和干法净化,其中湿法净化工艺应用更广泛,主要依靠水洗塔、吸附塔以及脱氧塔等设备,根据杂质的物理或化学性质进行有针对性地去除(图2A)[80]。气体降温过程是造成能效损失的重要因素之一,微生物发酵过程温度通常需要维持在30-37 ℃,原料气进入反应器之前需要通过换热装置进行冷却,而一些嗜热微生物如热醋穆尔氏菌(M. thermoacetica)[55]、热自养穆尔氏菌(M. thermoautotrophica)[81]的发酵温度可提高到60-65 ℃,不仅有利于降低原料气和反应器的冷却能耗,还可实现低沸点产品的高效回收,有助于减少染菌风险。
在工业化气体发酵过程中,原料气经过除尘、水洗、吸附、脱硫、脱氧等预处理工序,经由喷射器和微孔曝气器以微气泡的形式进入反应器,通过减小气泡体积的方式提高气液传质速率,再利用多相泵驱动发酵液与原料气的混合物在环状管路中循环,代替传统的搅拌[82]。未被充分利用的CO、H2与副产CO2随尾气排出反应器,若直接将尾气回灌反应器则会导致CO2和惰性气体如N2的积累、降低发酵效率;利用水洗脱除CO2后再回流反应器,既可充分利用尾气中的CO和H2,又有效地避免了CO2累积,CO/H2总转化率可提高至90%-98%[83]。此外,发酵尾气还可与新鲜的营养液进行物质交换,对新鲜营养液进行脱氧处理,同时回收未充分利用的原料气以及随着尾气逃逸的产物[84]
在气体发酵过程中,底物利用率受气-液传质速率、气体溶解度、气体组分及分压等多方面的影响,提高气-液传质速率或气体溶解度在一定程度上有助于提高气体底物的利用率、促进微生物的细胞生长和产物合成(图3)[85]。在C. autoethanogenum以CO为底物生产乙醇的发酵过程中,CO供应受限会导致碳源与还原力供应不足,前体物乙酸难以转化为乙醇,不仅影响产物选择性,未解离态的乙酸还对细胞具有一定的毒性,抑制细胞的生长和代谢[86];当CO供应水平进一步降低时,Wood-Ljungdahl途径甲基分支的第一步反应产物甲酸无法被及时地还原为甲酰基-THF,进而导致该通路被阻断,造成甲酸大量积累的同时,生物量和产物合成水平均显著下降[87]。通过提高搅拌功率或增加原料气注入量的方式可减小气泡体积以增加气液接触面积,并且延长气泡在液体中的停留时间,从而提高气-液传质系数(kLa),但是对于大规模或低价值产品的生产而言,该方式缺乏经济适用性[88]。根据不同的发酵规模、菌种特性、产物性质等因素,可选用不同的生物反应器,例如连续搅拌反应器(continuous stirred tank reactor, CSTR)、气动式反应器(鼓泡塔反应器和气升式反应器)以及生物膜反应器等,从而实现传质效率、能耗成本及生产效益之间的平衡[89]
提升原料气溶解度是提高气体底物利用率的另一途径,可通过提高发酵压力或目标气体分压实现。适度地提高发酵压力(0.1-0.4 MPa)有利于提高底物利用率和产物合成速率,通常可采用梯度提升或者先积累生物量后提升压力等方式;对于组分复杂的气体底物,提高发酵压力可能会导致细胞生长受到抑制或代谢产物偏移,例如合成气中的CO2或H2的分压过高不仅抑制细胞生长,还会导致甲酸、乙酸等副产物的大量积累[90]。Stoll等[91]利用高压反应器测试C. ljungdahlii在最高压力0.7 MPa环境下利用合成气的发酵过程,当压力提高到0.4 MPa时获得最高的生物量和乙酸产量,但是当压力进一步提高到0.7 MPa时发酵稳定性显著下降。Perret等[92]C. ljungdahlii以合成气为底物的连续发酵过程中,以恒定体积的方式注入H2、以恒定质量的方式注入其他气体组分,逐渐将反应压力由常压提高到0.4 MPa,在此过程中H2利用率和乙醇产率在H2分压达到0.152 MPa时达到最大值,但在此之后随着压力的提升而下降,相反地,乙酸产率随着压力的提升而增加。在一项利用A. woodii工程菌株以H2和CO2为底物合成丙酮和乙酸的高压发酵实验中,当CO2的分压为0.3 MPa时会产生高浓度的碳酸氢盐(HCO3-),抑制细胞生长且产物以甲酸为主;而使用N2代替CO2将其分压降低到0.03 MPa时甲酸不再积累,丙酮和乙酸恢复为主要产物[93]。此外,长期的高压培养环境也会改变微生物代谢特征,Ebel等[94]在0.35 MPa的环境下对C. ljungdahlii进行了550 h的连续培养,观测到乙醇产量下降、乙酸产量升高,推测是由于细胞在长期承受环境压力的状态下死亡率升高、底物吸收率降低、还原浓度降低,因此通过减少乙醇产量来调整代谢,以维持生物量并节省能量。综上所述,利用适当的方式在一定程度上提升气体发酵系统的压力有利于提升底物利用效率、促进产物合成,但相对于化学催化过程而言,微生物发酵过程的反应压力提升空间较小,通常以0.3-0.4 MPa为极限;另外,由于气体底物的组分复杂,各组分的分压变化可能对发酵过程产生不同的影响,导致代谢产物的选择性或发酵过程的稳定性下降。
利用工业尾气发酵合成化学品如乙醇、丙酮、丁醇等,其发酵产物浓度远低于粮食发酵产物浓度,导致产物分离提取成本显著增加。以乙醇为例,其自身热值约为21.2 MJ/L,当发酵液中的乙醇浓度为20-30 g/L时分离提取所需能耗占比极高,只有进一步提升发酵产物浓度才能实现合理的能源投入回报比(energy return on investment, EROI)[95]。一些代谢产物对于微生物的生长代谢具有抑制作用,不同于气态发酵产物(如异丁烯、丁二烯等),液态发酵产物会在发酵液中持续积累,毒性随着产物浓度提升而增强。采用连续发酵的方式,通过持续地补充新鲜营养液,维持液位平衡同时洗脱部分代谢产物,可降低代谢产物的浓度从而减少毒性[96]。通常情况下,在单级反应器连续发酵过程中产物难以积累至较高浓度,主要是由于细胞生长与代谢产物合成所需的最适条件存在差异,单级连续发酵难以同时满足二者的需求;而多级连续发酵可在不同的反应器中设置差异化的培养条件,满足生物量快速积累和代谢产物高效合成对环境的不同需求;在此基础上,利用膜循环或离心等技术在洗脱代谢产物的过程中回收具有代谢活性的细胞,可进一步提高多级连续发酵过程的生物量,提升产物合成效率(图2B)[97]。在连续发酵过程中,新鲜营养液的添加速率、发酵液的外排速率需根据细胞的生长和代谢状态进行精确调控,当发酵液的外排速率超过蒸馏工段的最大处理能力时,未及时进行产物分离的发酵液会被导入储罐进行短期储存;储罐环境缺乏气源提供的底物和还原力,但由于细胞仍具备部分代谢活性,易将乙醇氧化为乙酸,导致乙醇收率下降;通过对储罐中的发酵液进行短时升温、惰性气体(如N2)吹扫或快速泄压闪蒸处理可有效阻断乙醇氧化[98]
原位产物回收(in-situ product recovery, ISPR)技术可在发酵过程中实时地从发酵液中分离出目的产物,从而减轻抑制作用、提高产率。ISPR技术包括气提、真空发酵、渗透蒸发、液-液萃取、渗透萃取和吸附等,可应用于乙醇、丙酮以及丁醇等沸点较低、具有一定挥发性的液体产物的发酵过程,有利于提升底物利用率、产量和生产速率[99]。然而,该技术的局限性在于产物分离系数普遍偏低,需要发酵液中的代谢产物浓度达到一定标准才能获得可观的能源投入回报比[100]。Ezeji等[101]在拜氏梭菌(Clostridium beijerinckii)的发酵过程中应用气提技术,利用贯穿发酵液的气流作为载体进行产物分离,再通过冷凝回收产物,产物合成速率和转化率分别提高了200%和118%,但气流携带的产物浓度较低(约1.7 mg/L),冷凝负荷极高;同时为了维持气体流量,压缩机的能量消耗也会显著增加运营成本。Mariano等[102]利用真空发酵技术,通过降低反应器内部压力,使低沸点的产物“沸腾”从而移除代谢产物,丁醇的移除效率较气提技术提高了约10倍;以此为基础,循环真空发酵技术采用周期循环制造真空环境的方式,在一个周期内先将代谢产物浓度累积到某个阈值,再利用真空负压移除部分代谢产物,在连续发酵过程中重复该循环,相对于持续制造真空环境的方式可有效降低能耗[103]
现阶段,国内外研究机构和生物制造企业已围绕气体发酵的菌种选育、原料预处理、发酵过程调控及产物回收等关键单元开展了系统性的研究,涌现出多款商业化落地项目,证实了气体发酵技术的工业化可行性与应用价值(表2)。全球气体发酵领域产业化先行者LanzaTech、Synata Bio (原Coskata)和Ineos Bio等作为行业早期标杆企业,依托差异化菌种资源适配不同来源的工业尾气,生产绿色生物燃料和微生物蛋白,其相关技术均已在我国实现规模化落地投产。下文围绕典型产业化项目展开案例剖析,梳理产业发展制约短板。
起源于新西兰的LanzaTech,是全球最早开展工业气体发酵技术研究与产业化布局的科创企业,目前已形成完整且成熟的工业气体发酵菌种构建、发酵过程调控和规模放大等核心技术体系。该企业自主研发的碳捕获与转化(carbon capture and transformation, CCT)生物制造技术可实现工业尾气中碳资源的定向资源化转化,高效生产生物乙醇、微生物蛋白、可持续航空燃料、绿色乙烯等一系列高附加值低碳产品,同步实现规模化碳减排与碳资源产业化增值。该企业的合成气制乙醇核心技术为全球首个完成工业化、规模化落地的气体发酵碳转化工艺,相较于传统乙醇生产技术,该工艺有效摆脱了传统产业对粮食资源、土地空间及化石原料的高度依赖。LanzaTech的核心技术依赖于可利用CO、CO2和H2合成乙酸和乙醇的乙醇梭菌(Clostridium autoethanogenum)[104]。LanzaTech以野生型菌株C. autoethanogenum DSM 10061作为出发菌株,利用适应性进化(adaptive laboratory evolution, ALE)策略,将乙酸合成、能量合成与细胞生长速率相关联进行驯化和筛选,首先获得了CO利用率和生长速率显著提高的菌株C. autoethanogenum DSM 19630[105]。经过迭代选育,获得了气体发酵性能进一步提升的菌株C. autoethanogenum DSM 23693,其单位菌体CO利用率不低于1 mmol/(L·min)、乙醇产率不低于2 g/(L·d),满足工业化指标需求;基因组测序显示,在其染色体上的F1F0 ATP合酶(F1F0 ATP synthase)操纵子的启动子、Rnf复合体(Rnf complex)操纵子的启动子以及Wood-Ljungdahl途径相关基因等区域发现的碱基突变可能与其特殊性状的形成相关[106]。LanzaTech的厌氧发酵技术为工业尾气碳资源化利用与低碳生物制造产业发展提供了全新的技术路径与产业化范式,目前已完成全球化产业布局,与中国、比利时、印度、日本等多个国家的龙头企业开展深度产业化合作,建成并投运多项商业化标杆项目。
北京首钢朗泽科技股份有限公司(以下简称“首钢朗泽”)是国内工业尾气生物发酵碳转化领域的先导企业,也是LanzaTech实现技术规模化落地与持续迭代升级的战略合作伙伴。2012年,双方于河北曹妃甸首钢京唐钢铁基地内联合建成并投运全球工艺流程最完备的年产300 t煤气制乙醇中试装置,系统性地完成了合成气净化、乙醇梭菌发酵、产物分离、系统自动控制等全流程工艺验证,有效攻克了工业尾气杂质干扰、菌种工业环境适配性弱、发酵体系稳定性不足等行业共性技术难题;2017年,全球首套基于钢铁工业尾气生物发酵制备燃料乙醇的商业化项目——河北首朗一期项目建成投产,实现了工艺流程完整性、系统运行稳定性与生产规模化的全方位突破[107]。该项目首次实现基于合成生物学的气体发酵碳转化技术从实验室基础研究走向工业化应用,证实了该技术体系的工业化可行性,为钢铁、冶金、化工等高碳排放行业的低碳转型提供了可推广、可落地的产业化方案。依托核心技术优势,首钢朗泽在河北、宁夏、贵州共建立4个规模化生产基地,包括河北首朗一期项目、首朗吉元、宁夏滨泽、贵州金泽,形成年产21万t乙醇、2.3万t微生物蛋白的稳定产能。
2026年6月,河北首朗二期项目——“含CO2工业尾气生物合成无水乙醇及微生物蛋白项目”正式投产,该项目为全球首个依托含CO2工业尾气实现无水乙醇生物合成的万吨级示范工程。区别于依赖高浓度CO的一代技术,二代技术以首钢京唐公司的焦炉煤气和转炉煤气为原料进行混配,获得H2/CO比例约为3:1的混合气,主要成分包括H2 (45.5%)、CO (15.1%)、CO2 (6.2%)、CH4 (18.9%)、N2 (12.1%)、H2O (2.0%),可在常温低压的条件下直接利用工业尾气中的CO2,固碳效率由33%提升至93.5%。该项目已于2024年3月成功入选国家发展改革委《绿色低碳先进技术示范项目清单(第一批)》,获批2024年第二批国家发展改革委节能降碳专项中央预算资金5 000万元,并纳入2024年河北省重点建设项目名录。项目全面投运后,可实现年产1.5万t无水乙醇与750 t微生物蛋白的生产规模。
比利时的ArcelorMittal Steelanol项目是LanzaTech在欧洲落地的首个、也是目前规模最大的钢铁工业尾气生物发酵碳转化商业化项目,由LanzaTech联合安赛乐米塔尔(ArcelorMittal)、普锐特冶金技术(Primetals Technologies)以及E4tech联合建设,2023年11月投产运行。Steelanol项目以根特(Ghent)钢厂高炉煤气为原料,主要成分包括CO (20%-25%)、CO2 (20%-25%)、N2 (50%-55%)、H2 (2%-4%),依托改良型乙醇梭菌发酵体系将尾气中的CO、H2等组分高效转化为生物乙醇,年产量8 000万L (约6.4万t),每年可直接削减碳排放约12.5万t。
印度石油Panipat炼油厂项目,是LanzaTech与印度石油公司(Indian Oil Corporation, IOC)的核心合作项目,2023年9月投产运行,是印度首个、南亚唯一的炼油工业尾气生物发酵制乙醇商业化设施。该项目以Panipat炼油厂的催化裂化(fluid catalytic cracking, FCC)装置尾气为原料,主要成分包括CO (10%-15%)、CO2 (5%-10%)、H2 (30%-40%)、CH4 (2%-5%)、N2 (30%-40%),通过LanzaTech的乙醇梭菌发酵技术转化为燃料乙醇,年产量4 000万L (约3.35万t)。
城市固体废弃物(municipal solid waste, MSW)制乙醇示范项目是LanzaTech与日本积水化学(Sekisui Chemical)合作的示范项目,该项目落地于日本岩手县(Iwate)久慈市(Kuji),2022年4月投产运行,设施规模为商业级装置的1/10,利用城市垃圾产生的合成气作为原料,经过乙醇梭菌发酵转化为燃料乙醇,日产量约20 t。
Coskata于2005年成立于美国伊利诺伊州,主要经营项目为利用合成气制备乙醇、丙醇、丁醇等化学品,所使用的菌株为该企业自主选育的C. coskatii PS02,与经典的食气梭菌C. ljungdahliiC. autoethanogenum相似度分别达到99.86%和大于99.27%的水平,在气体自养发酵过程中仅需添加化学限定培养基成分,不依赖酵母粉、玉米浆等有机碳源/氮源[108]。Coskata利用自主设计的厌氧生物膜反应器进行气体发酵,微生物在中空纤维膜表面自发形成稳定生物膜,原料气通过无气泡的跨膜渗透扩散直接接触生物膜菌体表面,液相区不断流入新鲜的厌氧发酵培养液将产物带出反应器,该设计可有效地改善气液传质效率、提高气体底物利用率,同时实现连续采出、减少产物抑制[109]
Synata Bio于2015年成立并收购了Coskata公司的核心技术,在乙醇产品的基础上进一步开发了中链化学品,如2,3-丁二醇、异丁醇等[110]。2022年底,Synata Bio与河南能源集团旗下的河南龙宇煤化工有限公司等企业共同成立了河南赛龙图生物科技有限公司(Sylonto),并建成了全球首套煤化工合成气生物发酵产无水乙醇的工业化项目,以煤化工尾气为原料,设计年产能5万t化学级乙醇,同时设计了一套基于合成气流速、组分、微生物种群浓度、合成耗时等多维度数据的智能调控系统,实现无人为干预下的发酵工艺自主优化[111]
总部位于瑞士的英力士生物(Ineos Bio)专注于以非食品生物质及各类固体废弃物为原料,转化制备生物燃料与城市电力。该企业采用热化学气化-微生物发酵两步法转化工艺:(1)通过高温热化学气化,将建筑废料、城市固体废弃物、农林废弃物等多元原料转化为富含CO、H2、CO2的合成气[112];(2)通过食气微生物发酵技术,利用永达尔氏梭菌(C. ljungdahlii)将合成气转化为乙醇[113]。2011年,Ineos Bio与New Planet Energy联合建成印第安河生物能源中心,该项目为全球首个商业化规模合成气发酵制纤维素乙醇生物炼制厂,年可处理可再生生物质原料25万t,年产纤维素乙醇2.4万t、联产电力6 MW;目前已成功实现植物园林垃圾、柑橘废料、橡树木、松木及废弃托盘木材等多类废料的高效转化。
2017年,巨鹏生物科技有限公司(Jupeng Bio)完成对Ineos Bio全部技术与资产的整体收购,整合其全套合成气发酵知识产权与产业化经验,在山西建成煤化工尾气生物发酵制燃料乙醇示范工程并实现稳定运行,是全球唯一同时拥有气化合成气制备、合成气发酵以及菌体蛋白产业链的企业。该企业自主研发了永达尔氏梭菌和伍氏醋杆状菌(Acetobacterium woodii)双菌耦合气体发酵技术,可高效转化CO/CO2,乙醇选择性超过98%、碳转化率可达97.5%;此外,该企业进一步开发热自养甲烷热杆菌(Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus)、马堡甲烷热杆菌(Methanothermobacter marburgensis)等产甲烷古菌为核心的生物转化路线,以CO2为碳源、绿氢为电子供体发酵制备绿色甲烷,实现碳资源近零排放利用[114]
南京食气生化科技有限公司成立于2023年,总部位于南京市,核心团队来源于中国科学院合成生物学重点实验室,拥有成体系的食气梭菌基因编辑技术,自主研发工程菌株利用工业尾气合成乙酸、乙醇、丁酸、丁醇以及酯类产品等[115-116]。除了生产化学品以外,南京食气生化科技有限公司还利用自主分离的毕赤酵母(Komagataella phaffii) GG7以高浓度甲醇或甲醇与乙酸、乙醇的混合物作为碳源,在好氧条件下发酵生产单细胞蛋白[117]。将食气微生物的厌氧发酵和酵母菌的好氧发酵进行偶联,充分利用食气微生物的固碳优势和酵母菌的碳源耐受性强和蛋白产量高的优势,实现利用工业尾气高效生产化学品和单细胞蛋白。
天然的嗜热产乙酸菌如热醋穆尔氏菌(M. thermoacetica)和热自养穆尔氏菌(M. thermoautotrophica)可在高温(55-60 ℃)条件下生长并通过Wood-Ljungdahl途径固定CO2合成乙酸。相对于常温发酵,高温发酵有利于减少染菌风险、提高传质效率、降低冷却能耗,提高发酵稳定性的同时降低生产成本。总部位于丹麦的Again Bio拥有全球首套绿电、绿氢、工业CO2全链条碳负气体发酵商业设施,Again Bio联合丹麦技术大学(Danmarks Tekniske Universitet, DTU)通过对热醋穆尔氏菌和热自养穆尔氏菌进行定向基因编辑,敲除了芽孢形成相关的基因spo0A并对转录调控蛋白SinR进行了定点突变,获得的工程菌株表现出更短的延迟期和显著提升的生长速率,可从休眠态快速恢复代谢活性,解决工业接种延迟问题;经过基因改造的热醋穆尔氏菌和热自养穆尔氏菌可利用未经预处理的工业尾气为底物,消纳绿氢合成乙酸及其衍生产品[118]
Phytonix拥有全球首个利用经过基因编辑的光合细菌以CO2和水为底物、以阳光为能源合成正丁醇的授权专利;光合细菌可通过卡尔文循环利用光能固定CO2,经过改造的工程菌株引入了来源于梭菌属丙酮丁醇梭菌(C. acetobutylicum)、拜氏梭菌(C. beijerinckii)、糖丁醇丙酮梭菌(C. saccharoperbutylacetonicum)等微生物的丁醇合成途径,可利用卡尔文循环的中间代谢物3-磷酸甘油酸、3-磷酸甘油醛、6-磷酸果糖或1,6-二磷酸果糖作为前体物,利用光合作用过程获得的还原力(NADPH)和能量(ATP)合成丁醇,相对于产乙酸菌的Wood-Ljungdahl途径,该过程不需要消耗H2提供还原力[119]
乙醇作为绿色基础化工原料,可通过化学催化、生物合成等方式进一步开发为可持续航空燃料(sustainable aviation fuel, SAF)、化工中间体、精细化学品、高分子材料等衍生产品[120]。Uddin等[121]通过技术经济分析(techno-economic analysis, TEA)与生命周期评价(life cycle analysis, LCA),发现原料是决定SAF减排成本的核心,相较于使用传统的化石原料生产航空燃料,利用可再生原料生产的乙醇制航空燃料(ethanol to jet, ETJ)可减排77%,而利用粮食乙醇生产的ETJ仅减排22%。乙醇经化学催化脱水可转化为乙烯,后者是重要的化工中间体,利用微生物厌氧发酵与化学合成相结合的方法可实现将工业尾气转化为乙烯[122]。Scientific Design (原Halcon公司)开发的硅铝基专用催化剂SynDol,在350-450 ℃、常压环境下利用固定床反应器可催化95%生物乙醇或合成乙醇生成乙烯[123]。日本住友化学(Sumitomo Chemical)开发了乙醇、丙酮一步重组制备丙烯技术,与传统合成路径相比,跳过了乙烯中间体、减少反应单元,适配含水乙醇、废弃物制乙醇、生物乙醇等底物[124]
微生物蛋白是气体发酵的核心产物之一,该类产品干基蛋白含量可达60%以上,富含必需氨基酸、维生素、核酸等多种营养组分,目前主要应用于饲料领域。气体发酵微生物蛋白的规模化,一方面有助于降低国内饲料蛋白及大豆的对外依存度、丰富工业尾气资源化产品体系;另一方面可践行负碳生物制造理念,为国家粮食安全提供保障。根据菌种特性的差异,微生物蛋白的生产可利用富含CO、CO2、H2的合成气作为原料,也可利用富含CH4的天然气、沼气等原料,常见工艺路线包括单菌发酵、混菌发酵及多段发酵等。
Solar Foods是全球首个利用合成气发酵生产食品级单细胞蛋白的企业,该企业利用自主选育的氢营养型微生物黄色杆菌属(Xanthobacter) sp. SoF1,以H2 (绿氢)为唯一能源、CO2为唯一碳源,在以无机矿物盐为主要成分的培养基中连续发酵生产单细胞蛋白;其产品Solein®含全部必需氨基酸,干基蛋白含量达到80%,且富含B族维生素(VB12≈2.79 mg/100 g)、不饱和脂肪酸[125]。吉态来博(北京)生物科技发展有限公司是国内首家实现CO2发酵制酵母蛋白工业化的企业,其两段法生物制造技术,第一阶段在厌氧条件下,利用产乙酸菌将工业尾气转化为乙酸;第二阶段在好氧条件下,通过基因改造的解脂耶氏酵母高效转化乙酸为酵母蛋白,最终蛋白含量超过80%,每吨蛋白消耗约3 t CO2,实现“负碳生产”[126]
甲烷是全球第二大温室气体,主要来源于化石能源开采、农业、畜牧业、垃圾填埋、生物质燃烧以及湿地微生物活动等,其20年增温潜势(GWP20)是CO2的80倍以上,短期增温效应极强;此外,甲烷也是对流层臭氧的关键前体物,贡献全球约35%的对流层臭氧,而臭氧是强毒性空气污染物,会破坏植物叶片细胞、抑制光合作用,还会导致人类疾病如引发哮喘、肺功能损伤、慢性阻塞性肺病等[127]。甲烷营养型微生物可利用甲烷为底物进行气体发酵,合成化学品或微生物蛋白。在利用甲烷作为原料生产微生物蛋白的企业中,Calysta是全球首个建成气体发酵制单细胞饲料蛋白商业化工厂的企业,其利用甲烷氧化细菌——荚膜甲基球菌(Methylococcus capsulatus)以天然气或生物甲烷为底物,通过高密度培养工艺荚膜甲基球菌单细胞蛋白产率可达到5 g DCW/(L·d),其产品FeedKind®蛋白含量≥70%,可用于水产品、畜禽饲料等[128]。2020年Calysta与中国中化旗下安迪苏(Adisseo)合资成立恺迪苏(重庆)有限公司(Calysseo),是全球首个规模化荚膜甲基球菌蛋白生产基地,年产能达2万t,每年消耗天然气约2亿m3,可减少碳排放超15万t,实现甲烷的资源化利用与减碳协同发展。德量源生物科技有限公司是国内首家实现甲烷基单细胞蛋白规模化生产的企业,开发了基于甲烷营养型细菌如甲烷氧化菌(Methylosinus trichosporium) OB3b和甲基营养型细菌如扭托甲基红杆菌(Methylorubrum extorquens)、食葡萄糖食甲基菌(Methylovorus glucosotrophus)的混菌培养方式,利用甲烷或甲醇为碳源合成单细胞蛋白,既避免了甲烷氧化菌单菌发酵时的毒性中间代谢物(甲醇、甲醛)积累抑制问题,又有利于提升发酵系统的抗逆性[129]。上海复洁环保科技股份有限公司联合华东理工大学开发“沼气全碳定向转化制绿色甲醇技术”,利用电驱动混合重整,将沼气中CH4和CO2全部转化为合成气,进而合成绿色甲醇,碳转化率接近100%;该项目已完成千吨级中试,实现日产甲醇3-5 t,且满足国际航运绿色燃料标准,可作为航运绿色燃料替代船用重油[130]
微生物气体发酵技术作为新型碳捕集与利用手段,突破了传统生物制造原料受限、碳利用率低以及化学催化工艺能耗高等发展瓶颈,实现了工业尾气、气化合成气、温室气体等含一碳气体资源的生物转化,是衔接生态环境保护与绿色工业发展的重要技术载体。该技术利用经过选育或基因编辑的产乙酸菌、产甲烷菌、光合细菌等功能微生物,在温和反应条件下制备绿色生物燃料、高附加值化学品与单细胞微生物蛋白等产品,同步实现温室气体减排、工业废弃物资源化及低碳产品量产。
本文围绕目前国内外典型产业化项目展开案例剖析,展示气体发酵工业过程特征,并梳理产业发展制约短板。首先,目前服役于工业化气体发酵的菌种大多来源于经分离纯化或适应性进化选育的天然微生物,基因工程菌株的应用案例稀缺,一方面受限于气体发酵微生物的基因编辑工具和核酸转化效率,基因工程菌株的育种难度大、周期长;另一方面出于微生物蛋白相关产品的生物安全评价和监管要求,基因工程菌株的安全性在短期内难以代替天然菌株。其次,在长期连续发酵过程中微生物的生长代谢易受气源组分和浓度变化的影响,通过在线气相色谱、气相质谱、近红外光谱或拉曼光谱等检测手段可实时地采集并分析气体组分、生物量和代谢产物丰度等数据,但维持发酵过程的相对稳定仍需操作人员具有较强的专业能力和参数调整的及时性;此外,工业化气体发酵过程的数字化、智能化程度偏低,缺乏充足的数据和相对成熟的模型作为研究基础,给人工智能模型的建立和驯化带来巨大阻碍。最后,气体发酵产品经济效益相对薄弱,产业发展需要得到政府层面和市场层面的双重支持,通过制定一碳发酵产品的质量标准与安全评价规范、设立专用环保认证标识,简化新产品审批流程、缩短商业化周期;通过建立上下游协同产业链、促进产业协同,保障原料稳定供应、降低全产业链成本;通过给予税收优惠政策、建立差异化定价与绿色溢价机制,使一碳基产品在价格上更具优势,推动一碳基产品的发展与应用。
综上所述,依托合成生物学基因编辑、高通量智能育种、新型发酵反应器研发及智能化过程调控等前沿技术,提升菌种生产和抗逆性能、优化全流程生产工艺、完善产业化配套体系,将有效破解当前技术短板,进一步释放微生物气体发酵技术的应用潜力,助力生物制造产业低碳化、规模化发展,为我国一碳资源循环利用、饲料蛋白自主供给及工业领域碳中和目标达成提供全新支撑。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2024YFA0918100)
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2026年第66卷第9期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260527
  • 接收时间:2026-06-30
  • 首发时间:2026-09-09
  • 出版时间:2026-09-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-06-30
  • 录用日期:2026-08-08
基金
the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFA0918100)
国家重点研发计划(2024YFA0918100)
作者信息
    1.北京首钢朗泽科技股份有限公司,北京
    2.河北首朗新能源科技有限公司,河北 唐山

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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