Article(id=1304366182874764015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260101, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1769961600000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1773763200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineDate=1788914731948, onlineDateStr=2026-09-09, pubDate=1788451200000, pubDateStr=2026-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788914731948, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788914731948, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788914731948, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304366133864321404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='9', pageStart='4291', pageEnd='4651', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788451200000', pubDateStr='2026-09-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1788914720263, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788914779113, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1304366380803974113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1304366380803974114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4601, endPage=4613, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304366183050924784, articleId=1304366182874764015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Optimization of the multi-enzyme cascade for synthesis of L-threitol from formaldehyde, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

L-threitol is a significant intermediate in pharmaceutical synthesis. Previously, we developed a one-pot, two-step multi-enzyme cascade for synthesizing L-threitol from formaldehyde. In this pathway, benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFD) and fructose-6-phosphate aldolase (FSA) catalyze the conversion of formaldehyde into L-erythrulose. This is followed by the reduction of L-erythrulose to L-threitol, driven by L-threitol dehydrogenase (TDH) and a methanol dehydrogenase (MDH)/isopropanol cofactor regeneration system. While this route boasts high atom economy and minimal by-products, the compatibility and optimal concentrations of the enzymes required optimization. [Objective] To systematically optimize the dosages and compatibility of enzymes in the multi-enzyme cascade to enhance both the reaction rate and conversion efficiency. [Methods] The activities of four key enzymes—BFD, FSA, TDH, and MDH—were assessed. Subsequently, factors including enzyme dosage, the cofactor regeneration system, reaction duration, and temperature were optimized step-by-step to improve the system compatibility. [Results] The optimal reaction conditions were determined as follows: enzyme dosages of BFD, FSA, TDH, and MDH being 10, 1, 1, and 8 mg/mL, respectively. Notably, the dosages of FSA and TDH were reduced by 87% and 67%, respectively, compared with pre-optimization levels. Other optimal parameters included a NAD+ concentration of 2 mmol/L, a reaction temperature of 30 ℃, and reaction duration of 8 h (representing a 60% decrease from that of the original system). Under these conditions, the maximum L-threitol concentration reached 166.76 mmol/L, with a yield of 89%. In a scale-up experiment, the L-threitol yield remained at 80%, representing a 43% increase compared with the pre-optimization level. [Conclusion] By systematically optimizing enzyme compatibility and reaction conditions, this study significantly reduces the enzyme dosages and reaction duration for converting formaldehyde to L-threitol. Simultaneously, it substantially improves the production efficiency and yield, establishing a robust foundation for the enzymatic synthesis of L-threitol from formaldehyde.

, authors=Ruke ZHANG1, 2, Zijian TAN2, Jinxia WEI1, Leilei ZHU2, *, authorsList=Ruke ZHANG, Zijian TAN, Jinxia WEI, Leilei ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Leilei ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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L-苏糖醇(L-threitol)是一种重要的药物合成中间体。本课题组前期开发了以甲醛为原料的一锅两步多酶级联合成路线,该路线由甲醛裂合酶(benzoylformate decarboxylase, BFD)、D-果糖-6-磷酸醛缩酶(fructose-6-phosphate aldolase, FSA)催化甲醛生成L-赤藓酮糖(L-erythrulose),在L-苏糖醇脱氢酶(L-threitol dehydrogenase, TDH)和甲醇脱氢酶(methanol dehydrogenase, MDH)/异丙醇辅酶循环体系的驱动下,将L-赤藓酮糖还原为L-苏糖醇。该路线具有原子经济性高、副产物少的优势,但亟需优化各酶的适配性及最佳浓度。【目的】系统优化甲醛转化为L-苏糖醇的多酶级联反应体系中各酶的用量及适配性,提升反应速率与转化率。【方法】通过对反应途径中的BFD、FSA、TDH和MDH 4个关键酶进行酶活评估,进而对酶用量、辅酶循环体系、反应时间及反应温度等进行逐步优化,有效提升了反应体系中各因素的适配性。【结果】最佳反应条件:BFD、FSA、TDH及MDH的酶用量分别为10、1、1、8 mg/mL,其中FSA、TDH用量较优化前分别降低87%和67%;辅酶NAD+用量为2 mmol/L,反应温度30 ℃,反应时长仅需8 h,较原体系大幅缩短了60%。在此最优条件下,L-苏糖醇产量最高达166.76 mmol/L,产率为89%。放大实验中L-苏糖醇产率仍保持在80%,较优化前提升了43%。【结论】本研究通过对多酶体系中酶的适配性及反应条件的系统优化,显著降低了甲醛转化为L-苏糖醇的关键酶用量并缩短了反应时间,同时大幅提高了L-苏糖醇的生成效率与产率,为酶法催化甲醛合成L-苏糖醇的工业化应用奠定了重要基础。

, authors=张如珂1, 2, 谭子瑊2, 魏金霞1, 朱蕾蕾2, *, authorsList=张如珂, 谭子瑊, 魏金霞, 朱蕾蕾, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=朱蕾蕾, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

张如珂:实验及文章撰写;谭子瑊:数据分析及文章修改;魏金霞:文章修改;朱蕾蕾:整体实验设计指导及文章修改。

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A: From L-tartaric acid to L-threitol; B: From butadiene to L-threitol; C: Multi-enzyme cascade for the synthesis of L-threitol., figureFileSmall=+X+SqX6rtFK1/aGUWxaYbQ==, figureFileBig=hJjRDd720uyxeiQfHbMFiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389064426287974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=图2, caption=L-苏糖醇的常见制备路线[14-16]及本研究使用的多酶级联合成路线, figureFileSmall=+X+SqX6rtFK1/aGUWxaYbQ==, figureFileBig=hJjRDd720uyxeiQfHbMFiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389064480813927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified key enzymes. A, B: SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified BFD-M6, FSAA129S, NsTDH, and BsMDH. Lane 1: Protein marker; Lane 2: Purified FSAA129S; Lane 3: Purified BFD-M6; Lane 4: Purified NsTDH; Lane 5: Purified BsMDH., figureFileSmall=St+xk8Bd3HCRwxJ6LpfwBg==, figureFileBig=jdL4/FV9lOuHekSXkc/r+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389064577282920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=图3, caption=关键酶的纯化及SDS-PAGE分析, figureFileSmall=St+xk8Bd3HCRwxJ6LpfwBg==, figureFileBig=jdL4/FV9lOuHekSXkc/r+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389064753443689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Effect of BFD-M6 concentration on L-erythrulose production. Reaction conditions: 300 µL 50 mmol/L potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 5 mmol/L MgSO4), 1 500 mmol/L substrate, 1 mmol/L TPP, at 30 ℃ for 5 h and 10 h., figureFileSmall=46tbkdZX7njhqNoic4iXCg==, figureFileBig=mSC+vnBRa5AwIVbxqCK6wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389064841524074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=图4, caption=BFD-M6浓度对L-赤藓酮糖产量的影响, figureFileSmall=46tbkdZX7njhqNoic4iXCg==, figureFileBig=mSC+vnBRa5AwIVbxqCK6wg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389064917021547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effect of FSAA129S concentration on L-erythrulose production. Reaction conditions: 300 µL 50 mmol/L potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 5 mmol/L MgSO4), 1 500 mmol/L substrate, 1 mmol/L TPP, at 30 ℃ for 5 h., figureFileSmall=5moX/zC1/ZwC2jAfx/Ie/g==, figureFileBig=H3wnySExap5eeEVE3D5wvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389065055433580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=图5, caption=FSAA129S 浓度对L-赤藓酮糖产量的影响, figureFileSmall=5moX/zC1/ZwC2jAfx/Ie/g==, figureFileBig=H3wnySExap5eeEVE3D5wvA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389066745738093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Effect of NsTDH concentration on L-threitol production. Reaction conditions: 300 µL 50 mmol/L potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 5 mmol/L MgSO4), 375 mmol/L substrate, 2 mmol/L NAD+, at 30 ℃ for 5 h and 10 h., figureFileSmall=NHrRJN71/jhqOOpxt/tGJQ==, figureFileBig=D+zBPGWoaVkQokQ5KaOIag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389066863178606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=图6, caption=NsTDH浓度对L-苏糖醇产量的影响, figureFileSmall=NHrRJN71/jhqOOpxt/tGJQ==, figureFileBig=D+zBPGWoaVkQokQ5KaOIag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389066934481775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Effect of BsMDH concentration on L-threitol production. Reaction conditions: 300 µL 50 mmol/L potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 5 mmol/L MgSO4), 375 mmol/L substrate, 2 mmol/L NAD+, at 30 ℃ for 2 h and 12 h., figureFileSmall=yTR1X1vgL6BEBNbhexqhhg==, figureFileBig=tuA2KM7AQCApcz+X7l6T+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389066997396336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=图7, caption=BsMDH浓度对L-苏糖醇产量的影响, figureFileSmall=yTR1X1vgL6BEBNbhexqhhg==, figureFileBig=tuA2KM7AQCApcz+X7l6T+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389067064505201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Effect of initial cofactor forms (NAD⁺ and NADH) on L-threitol production. Reaction conditions: 1.5 mL 50 mmol/L potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 5 mmol/L MgSO4), 187.5 mmol/L isopropanol, 2 mmol/L NAD+ or 2 mmol/L NADH, at 30 ℃ for 3, 5 and 8 h., figureFileSmall=kLwqXd+gYT3bXYiYN9QG0Q==, figureFileBig=Py+HoOpSoBZ0lsiwxaBCbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389067274220402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=图8, caption=初始辅酶形式(NAD⁺NADH)L-苏糖醇产量的影响, figureFileSmall=kLwqXd+gYT3bXYiYN9QG0Q==, figureFileBig=Py+HoOpSoBZ0lsiwxaBCbg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389067404243827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=EN, label=Figure 9, caption=Effects of reaction time and coenzyme concentration on L-erythrulose (A) and L-threitol (B) production. In A, Reaction conditions: 1.5 mL 50 mmol/L potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 5 mmol/L MgSO4), 1 500 mmol/L substrate, 1 mmol/L TPP, at 30 ℃ for 3 h and 5 h. In B, Reaction conditions: 750 µL 50 mmol/L potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 5 mmol/L MgSO4), 375 µL of the reaction mixture from the BFD-M6 and FSAA129S coupling step was transferred to serve as the substrate, 2 or 3 mmol/L NAD+, 187.5 mmol/L isopropanol, at 30 ℃ for 3, 5, and 8 h., figureFileSmall=M6xBOv8T1MEqI4MZEQxwLw==, figureFileBig=IioaijAyY/OCs9QYss5IAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389067530072948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=图9, caption=反应时间与辅酶浓度对L-赤藓酮糖(A)L-苏糖醇(B)产量的影响, figureFileSmall=M6xBOv8T1MEqI4MZEQxwLw==, figureFileBig=IioaijAyY/OCs9QYss5IAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389067702039413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=EN, label=Figure 10, caption=Reaction temperature optimization for L-threitol production from L-erythrulose. Reaction conditions: 750 µL 50 mmol/L potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 5 mmol/L MgSO4), 375 µL of the reaction mixture from the BFD-M6 and FSAA129S coupling step was transferred to serve as the substrate, 2 mmol/L NAD+, 187.5 mmol/L isopropanol, at 30 ℃, 35 ℃, 40 ℃, 45 ℃ for 3 h., figureFileSmall=17vsIJK9Qpv14GB4OrjZKQ==, figureFileBig=iMWopBm6AykiQFIqZZhehw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389067773342582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=图10, caption=L-赤藓酮糖生成L-苏糖醇的反应温度优化, figureFileSmall=17vsIJK9Qpv14GB4OrjZKQ==, figureFileBig=iMWopBm6AykiQFIqZZhehw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389067853034359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=EN, label=Figure 11, caption=Scale-up of the cascade reaction for L-threitol synthesis from formaldehyde. Step 1: From formaldehyde to L-erythrulose. Reaction conditions: 20 mL 50 mmol/L potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), 10 mg/mL BFD-M6, 1 mg/mL FSAA129S, 1 500 mmol/L formaldehyde, 1 mmol/L TPP, at 30 ℃ for 5 h. Step 2: From L-erythrulose to L-threitol. Reaction conditions: 36 mL 50 mmol/L potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4, 5 mmol/L MgSO4), 18 mL step 1 reaction mixture, 8 mg/mL BsMDH, 1 mg/mL NsTDH, 187.5 mmol/L isopropanol, 2 mmol/L NAD+, at 30 ℃ for 3 h., figureFileSmall=6Y8n0OsQJdhE5/0tFeCZtw==, figureFileBig=p6lHomZUPveEt/FFqW1aNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389068134052728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=图11, caption=放大体系中甲醛合成L-苏糖醇的级联反应, figureFileSmall=6Y8n0OsQJdhE5/0tFeCZtw==, figureFileBig=p6lHomZUPveEt/FFqW1aNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304389068205355897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Strains and plasmids used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strains and plasmidsDescriptionSource
Strains
BL21-Gold (DE3)F-ompT hsdS (rB-mB-) gal dcm+(DE3)Lab collection
BL21-pET28aBL21-Gold (DE3) with pET28aLab collection
BL21-BFD-M6BL21-Gold (DE3) with pET28a-BFD-M6Lab collection
BL21-FSAA129SBL21-Gold (DE3) with pET28a-FSAA129SLab collection
BL21-BsMDHBL21-Gold (DE3) with pET28a-BsMDHLab collection
BL21-NsTDHBL21-Gold (DE3) with pET28a-NsTDHLab collection
Plasmids
pET28apBR322 ori with PT7; KanRLab collection
pET28a-BFD-M6pET28a vector, NdeІ-BFD-M6-XhoILab collection
pET28a-FSAA129SpET28a vector, NdeІ-FSAA129S-XhoILab collection
pET28a-BsMDHpET28a vector, NdeІ-BsMDH-XhoILab collection
pET28a-NsTDHpET28a vector, NdeІ-NsTDH-XhoILab collection
), ArticleFig(id=1304389068297630586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用的菌株和质粒

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strains and plasmidsDescriptionSource
Strains
BL21-Gold (DE3)F-ompT hsdS (rB-mB-) gal dcm+(DE3)Lab collection
BL21-pET28aBL21-Gold (DE3) with pET28aLab collection
BL21-BFD-M6BL21-Gold (DE3) with pET28a-BFD-M6Lab collection
BL21-FSAA129SBL21-Gold (DE3) with pET28a-FSAA129SLab collection
BL21-BsMDHBL21-Gold (DE3) with pET28a-BsMDHLab collection
BL21-NsTDHBL21-Gold (DE3) with pET28a-NsTDHLab collection
Plasmids
pET28apBR322 ori with PT7; KanRLab collection
pET28a-BFD-M6pET28a vector, NdeІ-BFD-M6-XhoILab collection
pET28a-FSAA129SpET28a vector, NdeІ-FSAA129S-XhoILab collection
pET28a-BsMDHpET28a vector, NdeІ-BsMDH-XhoILab collection
pET28a-NsTDHpET28a vector, NdeІ-NsTDH-XhoILab collection
), ArticleFig(id=1304389068360545147, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Specific activity of BFD-M6, FSAA129S, NsTDH, and BsMDH

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EnzymeSubstrate concentration/(mmol/L)Specific activity/(U/mg)
BFD-M61 5000.49
FSAA129S1 50015.07
NsTDH3756.73
BsMDH3750.28
), ArticleFig(id=1304389068540900220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366182874764015, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

BFD-M6FSAA129SNsTDHBsMDH的酶活

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EnzymeSubstrate concentration/(mmol/L)Specific activity/(U/mg)
BFD-M61 5000.49
FSAA129S1 50015.07
NsTDH3756.73
BsMDH3750.28
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甲醛多酶级联合成L-苏糖醇的反应体系优化
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张如珂 1, 2 , 谭子瑊 2 , 魏金霞 1 , 朱蕾蕾 2, *
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(9): 4601-4613
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (9) : 4601 -4613
甲醛多酶级联合成L-苏糖醇的反应体系优化
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张如珂1, 2, 谭子瑊2, 魏金霞1, 朱蕾蕾2, *
作者信息
  • 1.天津中医药大学,天津
  • 2.中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所,低碳合成工程生物学全国重点实验室,天津
通讯作者:
朱蕾蕾
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

张如珂:实验及文章撰写;谭子瑊:数据分析及文章修改;魏金霞:文章修改;朱蕾蕾:整体实验设计指导及文章修改。

Optimization of the multi-enzyme cascade for synthesis of L-threitol from formaldehyde
Ruke ZHANG1, 2, Zijian TAN2, Jinxia WEI1, Leilei ZHU2, *
Affiliations
  • 1.Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260101
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L-苏糖醇(L-threitol)是一种重要的药物合成中间体。本课题组前期开发了以甲醛为原料的一锅两步多酶级联合成路线,该路线由甲醛裂合酶(benzoylformate decarboxylase, BFD)、D-果糖-6-磷酸醛缩酶(fructose-6-phosphate aldolase, FSA)催化甲醛生成L-赤藓酮糖(L-erythrulose),在L-苏糖醇脱氢酶(L-threitol dehydrogenase, TDH)和甲醇脱氢酶(methanol dehydrogenase, MDH)/异丙醇辅酶循环体系的驱动下,将L-赤藓酮糖还原为L-苏糖醇。该路线具有原子经济性高、副产物少的优势,但亟需优化各酶的适配性及最佳浓度。【目的】系统优化甲醛转化为L-苏糖醇的多酶级联反应体系中各酶的用量及适配性,提升反应速率与转化率。【方法】通过对反应途径中的BFD、FSA、TDH和MDH 4个关键酶进行酶活评估,进而对酶用量、辅酶循环体系、反应时间及反应温度等进行逐步优化,有效提升了反应体系中各因素的适配性。【结果】最佳反应条件:BFD、FSA、TDH及MDH的酶用量分别为10、1、1、8 mg/mL,其中FSA、TDH用量较优化前分别降低87%和67%;辅酶NAD+用量为2 mmol/L,反应温度30 ℃,反应时长仅需8 h,较原体系大幅缩短了60%。在此最优条件下,L-苏糖醇产量最高达166.76 mmol/L,产率为89%。放大实验中L-苏糖醇产率仍保持在80%,较优化前提升了43%。【结论】本研究通过对多酶体系中酶的适配性及反应条件的系统优化,显著降低了甲醛转化为L-苏糖醇的关键酶用量并缩短了反应时间,同时大幅提高了L-苏糖醇的生成效率与产率,为酶法催化甲醛合成L-苏糖醇的工业化应用奠定了重要基础。

甲醛  /  多酶级联反应  /  L-苏糖醇  /  体系优化

L-threitol is a significant intermediate in pharmaceutical synthesis. Previously, we developed a one-pot, two-step multi-enzyme cascade for synthesizing L-threitol from formaldehyde. In this pathway, benzoylformate decarboxylase (BFD) and fructose-6-phosphate aldolase (FSA) catalyze the conversion of formaldehyde into L-erythrulose. This is followed by the reduction of L-erythrulose to L-threitol, driven by L-threitol dehydrogenase (TDH) and a methanol dehydrogenase (MDH)/isopropanol cofactor regeneration system. While this route boasts high atom economy and minimal by-products, the compatibility and optimal concentrations of the enzymes required optimization. [Objective] To systematically optimize the dosages and compatibility of enzymes in the multi-enzyme cascade to enhance both the reaction rate and conversion efficiency. [Methods] The activities of four key enzymes—BFD, FSA, TDH, and MDH—were assessed. Subsequently, factors including enzyme dosage, the cofactor regeneration system, reaction duration, and temperature were optimized step-by-step to improve the system compatibility. [Results] The optimal reaction conditions were determined as follows: enzyme dosages of BFD, FSA, TDH, and MDH being 10, 1, 1, and 8 mg/mL, respectively. Notably, the dosages of FSA and TDH were reduced by 87% and 67%, respectively, compared with pre-optimization levels. Other optimal parameters included a NAD+ concentration of 2 mmol/L, a reaction temperature of 30 ℃, and reaction duration of 8 h (representing a 60% decrease from that of the original system). Under these conditions, the maximum L-threitol concentration reached 166.76 mmol/L, with a yield of 89%. In a scale-up experiment, the L-threitol yield remained at 80%, representing a 43% increase compared with the pre-optimization level. [Conclusion] By systematically optimizing enzyme compatibility and reaction conditions, this study significantly reduces the enzyme dosages and reaction duration for converting formaldehyde to L-threitol. Simultaneously, it substantially improves the production efficiency and yield, establishing a robust foundation for the enzymatic synthesis of L-threitol from formaldehyde.

formaldehyde  /  multi-enzyme cascade  /  L-threitol  /  reaction system optimization
张如珂, 谭子瑊, 魏金霞, 朱蕾蕾. 甲醛多酶级联合成L-苏糖醇的反应体系优化. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (9) : 4601 -4613 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260101
Ruke ZHANG, Zijian TAN, Jinxia WEI, Leilei ZHU. Optimization of the multi-enzyme cascade for synthesis of L-threitol from formaldehyde[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (9) : 4601 -4613 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260101
苏糖醇(threitol)是一种四碳糖醇,化学式为C4H10O4,其分子中C2和C3位分别为手性中心,因而具有3种立体异构体:一对对映异构体,即D-苏糖醇[(2R,3R)-丁烷-1,2,3,4-四醇]和L-苏糖醇[(2S,3S)-丁烷-1,2,3,4-四醇],以及一个内消旋体,即赤藓糖醇[(2R,3S)-丁烷-1,2,3,4-四醇] (图1)。其中,D-苏糖醇和赤藓糖醇常作为低热量甜味剂被广泛研究与应用[1-2];而L-苏糖醇则在医药领域具有重要价值,例如作为合成抗肿瘤药物曲奥舒凡(treosulfan,即L-苏糖醇-1,4-双甲基磺酸盐)的关键中间体[3],该药物在临床上用于卵巢癌、淋巴瘤等实体瘤和多发性硬化症的治疗[4-7]。此外,L-苏糖醇还可通过保护/衍生化反应制得2,3-O-异亚丙基-L-苏糖醇和1,4-二-O-苄基-L-苏糖醇等重要手性砌块及原料[8-10]。另一类重要衍生物为苏糖醇-神经酰胺(threitol-ceramide, ThrCer),它是恒定自然杀伤T细胞(invariant natural killer T cells, iNKT细胞)的细胞激动剂α-半乳糖神经酰胺的类似物[11]。该类分子以L-苏糖醇作为“头基”,连接至鞘氨醇/酰基链上,构成非糖类脂质结构[12]。此类分子被设计为分化群1d (cluster of differentiation 1d, CD1d)配体,能够特异性激活iNKT细胞,从而实现快速、可控的免疫应答启动与调节[13]
L-苏糖醇的合成主要采用化学方法。其中,以L-酒石酸为起始原料的合成路径较为典型[14-15]。该路径中,L-酒石酸先经酯化生成二乙酯,再经丙酮保护形成异丙叉衍生物,随后利用LiAlH4对分子内酯键进行氢化还原,最后通过酸水解得到L-苏糖醇(图2A)。然而,此方法反应步骤较多且工艺过程冗长,不利于放大生产。另一合成路径是通过双烯氧化二羟基化反应(dihydroxylation),将丁二烯中的双键氧化为四羟基丁烷中间体,再进一步转化为L-苏糖醇[16] (图2B)。然而,该路线的原料丁二烯主要为工业烯烃中间体,多用于合成橡胶[17]而非糖醇衍生物;且生成四羟基丁烷中间体后需进行立体异构体分离方可进行后续反应,显著增加了工艺的复杂性与生产成本;此外,反应中使用的催化剂四氧化锇(OsO4)价格昂贵,且易对眼睛造成损伤[18],探索清洁、高效且可持续的生物合成途径已成为生物制造领域的重要研究方向。因此,目前苏糖醇合成的研究更加侧重于发展绿色、高效、低成本的工业化生产路线。
本课题组在前期研究中构建了一条以甲醛为底物的体外多酶级联途径,并通过一锅两步酶促反应策略实现了L-苏糖醇的合成[19]。合成路线如图2C所示,具体过程可分为2个阶段:第一阶段(Step 1)以甲醛为起始底物,首先经甲醛裂合酶突变体(benzoylformate decarboxylase mutant 6, BFD-M6)催化生成1,3-二羟基丙酮(1,3-dihydroxyacetone, DHA),随后利用D-果糖-6-磷酸醛缩酶突变体(FSAA129S)催化DHA与一分子甲醛缩合,得到中间产物L-erythrulose。第二阶段(Step 2)以L-赤藓酮糖(L-erythrulose)为底物,在L-苏糖醇脱氢酶(NsTDH)催化下,以NADH为辅酶,将其还原为L-苏糖醇;同时利用甲醇脱氢酶(BsMDH)催化异丙醇氧化,实现NADH再生与辅酶循环。为驱动反应完全进行并获得高产率,前期采用了高酶载量的策略,导致各酶用量较高,该反应路径涉及的4种酶添加量分别为:BFD-M6 7.5 mg/mL、FSAA129S 7.5 mg/mL、NsTDH 3 mg/mL和BsMDH 5 mg/mL,总酶量达23 mg/mL。
为进一步节约生产成本并提升反应效率,本研究对该L-苏糖醇合成路径中各酶的适配性及各步骤反应关键参数,包括酶用量、反应时间、辅酶类型和反应温度进行了系统优化,旨在为基于甲醛酶法合成L-苏糖醇的工业化应用奠定基础。
本研究所用的菌株和质粒如表1所示。
质粒提取试剂盒、SDS-PAGE凝胶制备试剂盒,南京诺唯赞生物科技有限公司;异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactoside, IPTG),北京索莱宝科技有限公司;硫酸卡那霉素(kanamycin sulfate, Kan)、甲醛溶液,阿拉丁试剂(上海)有限公司。
ÄKTA蛋白纯化系统,Cytiva公司;高效液相色谱仪(high performance liquid chromatography, HPLC),Agilent公司;酶标仪,美谷分子仪器有限公司。
LB培养基(g/L):酵母提取物5.0,胰蛋白胨10.0,NaCl 10.0,用于种子液的培养。
TB培养基(g/L):酵母提取物12.0,胰蛋白胨24.0,K2HPO4·3H2O 16.4,KH2PO4 2.3,甘油4.0,用于菌株培养与表达。
种子液培养:取100 mL摇瓶,装入20 mL LB培养基,加入50 μg/mL Kan,37 ℃、220 r/min培养12 h。
摇瓶培养与诱导:将1%种子液接入装有500 mL TB培养基的2 L摇瓶中,加入50 μg/mL Kan,37 ℃、220 r/min培养至OD600达0.6-0.8,加入0.1 mmol/L IPTG,于20 ℃诱导表达22 h。诱导结束后,于4 ℃、4 000 r/min离心25 min收集菌体,将菌体保存于-80 ℃。
以洗杂缓冲液(50 mmol/L KH2PO4,300 mmol/L NaCl,20 mmol/L咪唑,pH 8.0)按菌体湿重20倍的比例充分重悬诱导表达后的菌体。于4 ℃、7×107-8×107 Pa压力下,利用低温高压匀浆破碎机破碎菌体,于4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心45 min,收集上清粗酶液。
粗酶液经0.45 μm微孔滤膜过滤后,利用ÄKTA蛋白纯化系统,以2 mL/min的流速上样至预先用洗杂缓冲液平衡的Ni2+亲和层析柱。以含50 mmol/L咪唑的洗脱缓冲液(50 mmol/L KH2PO4,300 mmol/L NaCl,50 mmol/L咪唑,pH 8.0)与洗杂缓冲液进行梯度洗脱,收集目的蛋白洗脱峰。最后,利用HiTrap Desalting 26/10脱盐柱对洗脱液进行脱盐处理,将缓冲液置换为磷酸钾缓冲液(50 mmol/L KH2PO4和K2HPO4·3H2O,5 mmol/L MgSO4,pH 7.4)。
为避免反应过程中甲醛、异丙醇等的挥发,小体系反应在EP管中盖紧管盖并以Parafilm封口膜缠绕密封;大体系反应在三角瓶中以聚乙烯(polyethylene, PE)膜多层包裹密封。
为最大限度减少批次间差异、保证实验一致性,本研究部分条件优化实验采用同批次纯化后冻干的酶制剂。具体而言,各酶在初次纯化时均过量制备,测定新鲜酶比活力并完成参照实验后将剩余酶液冷冻干燥,于-80 ℃保存备用。每次使用前将冻干酶粉复溶,测定其实际活性,并按与新鲜纯化酶液等酶活单位的原则调整添加量。最终的最优条件验证实验采用新鲜酶液进行。
甲醛底物浓度选择1 500 mmol/L,依据为前期工作中对不同甲醛浓度(900、1 200、1 500、2 100 mmol/L)的系统考察。结果表明,当甲醛浓度为1 500 mmol/L时L-苏糖醇产率最高,达89.4%[19]。BFD-M6酶活测定的反应体系为300 μL 50 mmol/L磷酸钾缓冲液(pH 7.4,5 mmol/L MgSO4),依次加入1 mmol/L焦磷酸硫胺素(thiamine pyrophosphate, TPP)和终浓度为2 mg/mL的BFD-M6[20]纯化酶液,最后加入1 500 mmol/L甲醛启动反应。于30 ℃、1 000 r/min恒温振荡,分别于反应15 min和30 min时取样,样品经3 kDa超滤管离心去除酶蛋白并终止反应,滤液经HPLC测定产物1,3-二羟基丙酮(DHA)浓度。BFD-M6活力定义为:在pH 7.4、30 ℃条件下,每分钟催化生成1 μmol DHA所需的酶量定义为1个活力单位(U)。
反应在300 μL 50 mmol/L磷酸钾缓冲液(pH 7.4,5 mmol/L MgSO4)体系中进行,依次加入375 mmol/L DHA和纯化后的FSAA129S[21]酶液(终浓度分别为0.1 mg/mL和0.2 mg/mL),最后加入375 mmol/L甲醛启动反应。于30 ℃、1 000 r/min恒温振荡,分别于反应15 min和30 min时取样,样品经3 kDa超滤管离心去除酶蛋白并终止反应,滤液经HPLC测定产物L-赤藓酮糖浓度。FSAA129S活力定义为:在pH 7.4、30 ℃条件下,每分钟催化生成1 μmol L-赤藓酮糖所需的酶量定义为1个活力单位(U)。
反应体系为100 μL 50 mmol/L磷酸钾缓冲液(pH 7.4, 5 mmol/L MgSO4),首先加入50 μL含375 mmol/L L-赤藓酮糖和2 mmol/L NADH的预混溶液,最后加入50 μL终浓度为0.025 mg/mL的NsTDH [Ns:念珠藻属(Nostoc sp.)][19]纯化酶液启动反应。于30 ℃条件下,用酶标仪连续监测340 nm处吸光度的变化(采样间隔8 s)。NsTDH活力定义为:在pH 7.4、30 ℃条件下,每分钟氧化1 μmol NADH所需的酶量定义为1个活力单位(U)。NADH的定量基于在相同反应条件下建立的标准曲线。
反应体系为100 μL 50 mmol/L磷酸钾缓冲液(pH 7.4, 5 mmol/L MgSO4),首先加入50 μL含375 mmol/L异丙醇和2 mmol/L NAD+的预混溶液,最后加入50 μL终浓度为0.25 mg/mL的BsMDH [Bs:嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌(Bacillus stearothermophilus)][22]纯化酶液启动反应。于30 ℃条件下,用酶标仪连续监测340 nm处吸光度变化(采样间隔8 s)。BsMDH活力定义为:在pH 7.4、30 ℃条件下,每分钟还原1 μmol NAD+所需的酶量定义为1个活力单位(U)。NADH的定量是基于相同反应条件下建立的标准曲线。
L-赤藓酮糖(L-erythrulose)、L-苏糖醇(L-threitol)和DHA分别用50 mmol/L磷酸钾缓冲液(pH 7.4, 5 mmol/L MgSO4)配制成1 mol/L母液,并稀释为3-400 mmol/L的梯度标准溶液,经HPLC检测绘制标准曲线。
HPX-87H色谱柱(300 mm×7.8 mm, 8 μm),流动相为5 mmol/L稀硫酸,流速0.6 mL/min,进样量20 μL,柱温40 ℃;检测器:紫外检测器(检测波长210 nm)和示差折光检测器。ChromCore Sugar-10Ca色谱柱(300 mm×7.8 mm, 8 μm),流动相为纯水,流速0.4 mL/min,进样量20 μL,柱温55 ℃;检测器:示差折光检测器。
通过镍柱亲和层析对4个关键酶进行纯化,结果显示均获得了较高纯度的蛋白溶液(图3A3B),可直接用于后续酶级联反应。
对BFD-M6、FSAA129SNsTDH和BsMDH 4个关键酶进行酶活测定,结果如表2所示。L-苏糖醇合成第一阶段所用的2个酶中,FSAA129S的比活力远高于BFD-M6 (约31倍),说明FSAA129S酶用量有较大的优化空间。第二阶段中,NsTDH的比活力远高于BsMDH (24倍),说明NsTDH酶用量有较大的优化空间。
第一阶段反应以甲醛为底物,经两步酶催化生成中间产物L-赤藓酮糖。首先,为优化第一步甲醛缩合反应的酶用量,考察了不同浓度BFD-M6蛋白(2、4、6、8、10 mg/mL)在1 500 mmol/L甲醛及7.5 mg/mL FSAA129S纯酶条件下,反应5 h和10 h时体系中L-赤藓酮糖的生成情况。如图4所示,当BFD-M6蛋白浓度为10 mg/mL时,L-赤藓酮糖的产量接近理论最大值375 mmol/L,产率>99.9%,此时反应5 h与10 h的产量无明显差异,表明5 h足以完成该步反应。进一步分析可知,当BFD-M6用量低于10 mg/mL时,甲醛无法完全转化为L-赤藓酮糖,且延长反应时间无法弥补BFD-M6酶量不足导致的转化限制。因此,提高BFD-M6酶用量是实现甲醛完全转化为L-赤藓酮糖的关键因素。
在确定BFD-M6最佳酶量为10 mg/mL后,为优化FSAA129S的添加量,设置其浓度梯度为0.25、0.5、1、2、4、6、8 mg/mL进行反应。反应5 h后,测定L-赤藓酮糖的生成量,结果如图5所示。FSAA129S蛋白浓度为1 mg/mL时,L-赤藓酮糖的产量最高,为307.23 mmol/L,转化率达81.9%。该转化率未达100%,可能与反应中使用了冻干酶粉而非新鲜酶液有关。
第二阶段反应以L-赤藓酮糖为底物,经L-苏糖醇脱氢酶NsTDH催化生成终产物L-苏糖醇,同时引入BsMDH构建辅酶再生系统,以维持反应的持续进行。首先考察了不同浓度的NsTDH (0.25、0.5、1、3、5 mg/mL)在底物L-赤藓酮糖初始浓度为375 mmol/L、BsMDH纯酶添加量为5 mg/mL的条件下,分别于反应5 h和10 h后体系中L-苏糖醇的生成量。如图6所示,反应5 h时,NsTDH蛋白浓度为1 mg/mL条件下L-苏糖醇产量达最高值200.1 mmol/L,产率为54.8%;延长反应时间至10 h,仅需0.5 mg/mL的NsTDH即可实现最大产量。上述结果表明,NsTDH具有较高的催化活性及反应稳定性。在较低酶用量条件下,适当延长反应时间也可实现较高的底物转化率。综合考量反应速率与效率,最终确定1 mg/mL为NsTDH的工作浓度,以实现在较短反应时间内获得最大转化效果的目标。
在确定NsTDH浓度为1 mg/mL的基础上,为进一步优化BsMDH蛋白的添加量,分别选取1、3、5、8 mg/mL 4个浓度梯度进行反应。反应2 h后,测定L-苏糖醇的生成量,结果如图7所示。当BsMDH蛋白浓度为8 mg/mL时L-苏糖醇产量最高,达194.67 mmol/L,对应转化率为51.9%。由于BsMDH在更高浓度下会出现沉淀现象,因此未尝试使用浓度超过8 mg/mL的BsMDH进行催化反应。进一步将反应时间延长至12 h,在添加8 mg/mL BsMDH的条件下L-苏糖醇产量为209 mmol/L,与2 h的产量相比增幅有限,表明产物的生成主要集中在反应初期的2 h内。基于上述结果,后续将第二阶段反应时间控制在2-10 h之间进行优化。
在第二阶段反应中,L-苏糖醇产率基本维持在50%左右,推测是异丙醇浓度过高对酶活性产生了抑制作用。为此,将L-赤藓酮糖和共底物异丙醇的浓度调整为第一阶段产物浓度的50%,即187.5 mmol/L。同时,为进一步探究添加不同氧化还原状态的辅因子(NAD+和NADH)对L-苏糖醇产量的影响,本研究在反应体系中加入1 mg/mL NsTDH与8 mg/mL BsMDH的同时分别考察了添加2 mmol/L NADH或NAD+时对L-苏糖醇产量的影响。如图8所示,在添加2种不同形态辅酶的反应体系中,L-苏糖醇的产量均未随反应时间延长而显著提升,表明反应在3 h时已基本达到平衡,因此最终确定3 h为最优反应时间。进一步观察发现,添加NAD+的体系中L-苏糖醇的生成量始终高于添加NADH的体系,说明在该步反应中氧化型辅因子NAD⁺更有利于驱动反应向产物方向进行。此外,降低L-赤藓酮糖和共底物异丙醇浓度后,产物L-苏糖醇的产量在3 h即可达到166.76 mmol/L,相应产率从50%提升至89%,说明降低底物浓度有效解除了异丙醇对BsMDH的抑制作用,同时NAD⁺作为初始辅因子更有利于维持辅酶再生循环的高效运转,从而显著提升了还原反应的动力学和热力学驱动力。
根据2.3.1节中BFD-M6和FSAA129S酶用量的优化结果,反应体系初始组成包含:甲醛(1 500 mmol/L)、BFD-M6 (10 mg/mL)和FSAA129S (1 mg/mL)。分别在反应3 h和5 h时检测中间产物L-赤藓酮糖的产量,结果分别为270 mmol/L和375 mmol/L (图9A)。由此确定第一阶段反应时长为5 h,底物可基本完全转化为目标产物。随后,在5 h反应液中加入1 mg/mL NsTDH和8 mg/mL BsMDH,进行第二阶段反应。实验中设置NAD+浓度为2 mmol/L和3 mmol/L,以探究增加辅酶浓度是否能够获得更高的L-苏糖醇生成量。如图9B所示,提高NAD+初始浓度并未提升L-苏糖醇的生成量,反应3 h后,L-苏糖醇产量为155.15 mmol/L,对应产率为84.1%。
至此,已完成甲醛一锅两步酶法转化为L-苏糖醇的整体反应过程优化。确定第一阶段反应中BFD-M6和FSAA129S添加量分别为10 mg/mL和1 mg/mL,于30 ℃反应5 h即可实现底物甲醛的完全转化(转化率>99.9%);第二阶段反应中NsTDH和BsMDH的添加量分别为1 mg/mL和8 mg/mL,同样于30 ℃反应,终产物L-苏糖醇的产率仅需3 h即可达到89%。经分析发现,L-苏糖醇的总产率主要受限于第二阶段反应,即L-赤藓酮糖向L-苏糖醇的转化阶段。在反应体系中,L-赤藓酮糖的残余量低于10 mmol/L,且液相色谱未检测到明显的副产物峰。为进一步提高L-赤藓酮糖向目标产物的转化率,本研究重点对第二阶段反应温度进行了优化。如图10所示,在30-45 ℃的温度范围内,L-苏糖醇的产率维持在约88%,未随温度升高而显著增加。上述结果表明,在当前反应体系下,L-赤藓酮糖的转化已接近其热力学或动力学极限,进一步提高转化率需从催化剂活性或反应器设计等其他方面入手。考虑到降低能量消耗、维持温和反应条件,本研究最终选择30 ℃作为第二阶段酶级联反应的工作温度。
为进一步评估从甲醛合成L-苏糖醇的放大可行性,基于上述优化条件,将第一阶段转化甲醛为L-赤藓酮糖的反应体系扩大至20 mL,第二阶段从L-赤藓酮糖合成L-苏糖醇的反应体系扩大至36 mL。如图11所示,第一阶段L-赤藓酮糖产量为366.1 mmol/L,产率高达97.6%;第二阶段反应得到L-苏糖醇150.1 mmol/L,产率为80.1%。上述结果表明,该催化体系表现出良好的放大可行性,产物浓度较高,证实该策略具有制备级合成的应用潜力。
L-苏糖醇作为一种高价值的药物合成中间体,开发高效、绿色的生物合成路线具有重要意义。以一碳化合物甲醛为原料合成L-苏糖醇具有原子经济性高、反应条件温和、绿色可持续等显著优势。本研究以甲醛为唯一碳源,针对一锅两步法反应体系,通过系统优化关键酶适配性、辅因子初始氧化还原态,以及浓度、反应温度与时间等核心参数,并基于各酶比活力差异精准调控各关键酶的添加量,可在维持高转化率的同时显著降低单位产物所需的酶负载量(g酶/g产物),有效降低了酶制剂成本。优化结果显示,FSAA129SNsTDH的酶活力显著高于BFD-M6和BsMDH,其用量分别降低了87%和67%,验证了基于酶活精准适配优化策略的有效性,获得较高产量的L-苏糖醇。然而,该反应液若直接用于后续药物合成须经进一步纯化处理(如活性炭吸附或重结晶去除残留甲醛),以确保产物纯度符合要求。此外,在探究BsMDH/异丙醇辅酶再生循环体系中辅酶初始氧化还原态对L-苏糖醇产量的影响时发现,体系对NAD⁺表现出明显的偏好性,以氧化态NAD⁺作为起始辅因子较还原态NADH显著提升了多酶体系的转化效率。然而,本研究也发现部分酶存在制约工业化应用的固有瓶颈:NsTDH虽活性较高,但可溶性表达欠佳;BsMDH在低温贮存条件下易沉淀失活,稳定性不足。针对上述问题,未来研究可从以下方向展开。(1) 改善NsTDH的可溶性表达。可尝试通过融合促溶标签[23] (如MBP、SUMO、GST等)提高NsTDH在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达水平;结合分子伴侣共表达或低温诱导表达策略[24]减少包涵体的形成。利用理性设计或定向进化对NsTDH表面疏水区域或折叠关键残基进行改造,也有望提升其可溶性和折叠效率。(2) 提升BsMDH的贮存稳定性。针对BsMDH低温下易沉淀失活的问题,可开展结构指导的定点突变,引入分子内二硫键或优化表面电荷分布以增强其构象稳定性[25-26];同时,筛选合适的保护剂配方(如海藻糖、甘油、多元醇等),或在冻干过程中添加辅酶/底物类似物以维持其活性构象。此外,探索固定化酶技术(如共价结合或包埋)也可有效提高其在贮存和使用过程中的稳定性。基于此,后续研究将结合蛋白质工程改造与制剂工艺优化,系统解决上述酶的产业化瓶颈,推动该级联反应体系的工业化应用。
综上所述,本研究成功构建了一个高效、稳定且可重复的多酶级联反应体系。该体系以甲醛为起始底物,通过一锅两步法合成药物中间体L-苏糖醇,该合成路线的系统优化目前鲜见报道,其工艺参数的探索本身具有鲜明的新颖性。在优化策略上,本研究突破传统单因素或单酶优化的局限,提出了“多酶体系适配性”的全局优化理念,通过系统考察酶与酶之间的浓度配比及辅酶再生平衡,显著提升了多酶级联反应的协同效率。在此策略指导下,关键酶FSAA129SNsTDH的用量较优化前分别降低了87%和67%,小体系产率保持近90%,放大体系产率从43%提升至80%,且反应时间大幅缩短60%,在实现“降本”的同时取得了显著的“增效”效果。本研究结果为L-苏糖醇的酶法工业化生产提供了重要的理论与技术基础。
  • 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDC0120200)
  • 天津市科技重大专项与工程项目(25ZXWCSY00230)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32471548)
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2026年第66卷第9期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260101
  • 接收时间:2026-02-02
  • 首发时间:2026-09-09
  • 出版时间:2026-09-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-02
  • 录用日期:2026-03-18
基金
the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDC0120200)
中国科学院战略性先导科技专项(XDC0120200)
the Tianjin Major Science and Technology Project and Engineering Project(25ZXWCSY00230)
天津市科技重大专项与工程项目(25ZXWCSY00230)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32471548)
国家自然科学基金(32471548)
作者信息
    1.天津中医药大学,天津
    2.中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所,低碳合成工程生物学全国重点实验室,天津

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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