Article(id=1304366168433775237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260461, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1780416000000, receivedDateStr=2026-06-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1783008000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-07-03, onlineDate=1788914728506, onlineDateStr=2026-09-09, pubDate=1788451200000, pubDateStr=2026-09-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1788914728506, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1788914728506, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1788914728506, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304366133864321404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='9', pageStart='4291', pageEnd='4651', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1788451200000', pubDateStr='2026-09-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1788914720263, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1788914779113, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1304366380803974113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1304366380803974114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1304366133864321404, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4443, endPage=4455, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304366168811262598, articleId=1304366168433775237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research advances in design and microbial implementation of artificial carbon fixation pathways, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

One-carbon (C1) compounds, including CO2, methanol, and formate, are regarded as promising feedstocks for sustainable biomanufacturing. Diverse natural carbon fixation pathways, such as the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle, the reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle, and the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (WLP), have been extensively investigated. However, their inherent limitations in energy efficiency and carbon fixation rate have constrained the development of efficient C1 biomanufacturing systems, thereby motivating the rapid development of artificial C1 assimilation pathways. In recent years, a variety of artificial C1 assimilation pathways have been designed for the utilization of CO2, methanol, and formate, and their functions have been validated in both in vitro and in vivo systems, providing new approaches for the construction of efficient C1-based biomanufacturing platforms. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in artificial C1 assimilation pathways using CO2, methanol, and formate as substrates, with a particular focus on pathway design, the engineering and optimization of key enzymatic components, and the construction and application of artificial pathways in microbial chassis. In addition, this paper discusses the future perspectives on artificial carbon fixation, providing guidance and insights for the development of efficient and sustainable C1 biomanufacturing systems.

, authors=Liwen FAN, Yan HUANG, Yu WANG*, authorsList=Liwen FAN, Yan HUANG, Yu WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yu WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
*E-mail:
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一碳化合物(CO2、甲醇和甲酸等)被认为是未来可持续生物制造的重要原料。多样的天然固碳途径(如卡尔文循环、还原性三羧酸循环及伍德-永达尔途径等)已被系统研究,但其在能量效率、固碳速率等方面的局限性凸显,阻碍了高效一碳生物制造体系的构建与应用,推动了人工一碳同化途径的快速发展。近年来,研究者针对CO2、甲醇和甲酸等一碳化合物设计了多种人工同化途径,并在体外和体内开展了功能验证,为构建高效的一碳生物制造体系提供了新的技术路径。本文系统综述了以CO2、甲醇和甲酸为底物的人工一碳同化途径的研究进展,重点介绍了一碳同化途径的设计、关键酶元件的创制改造,以及人工途径在微生物底盘中的构建与应用。此外,本文还展望了人工固碳领域的发展方向,为构建高效、可持续的一碳生物制造体系提供参考与启示。

, authors=凡立稳, 黄妍, 王钰*, authorsList=凡立稳, 黄妍, 王钰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王钰, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

凡立稳:文章撰写,图表绘制;黄妍:协助文章撰写,文字润色与格式校对;王钰:整体构思,文章审阅与修改。

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Chemical Engineering Journal, 2025, 516: 164002., articleTitle=Scavenging intracellular reactive oxygen species to boost methanol assimilation, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1304388990040302220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366168433775237, awardId=2024YFA0918100, language=EN, fundingSource=the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFA0918100), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1304388990107411085, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366168433775237, awardId=2024YFA0918100, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2024YFA0918100), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1304388990178714254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366168433775237, awardId=32300071, language=EN, fundingSource=the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32300071), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1304388990250017423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366168433775237, awardId=32300071, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32300071), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1304388990325514896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366168433775237, awardId=32470057, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32470057), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1304388990438761105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366168433775237, awardId=24JCJQJC00010, language=EN, fundingSource=the Tianjin Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(24JCJQJC00010), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1304388990547813010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366168433775237, awardId=24JCJQJC00010, language=CN, fundingSource=天津市杰出青年科学基金(24JCJQJC00010), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1304388986244457065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366168433775237, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304388986252845674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366168433775237, companyId=1304388986244457065, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304388986265428587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366168433775237, companyId=1304388986244457065, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所,低碳合成工程生物学全国重点实验室,天津)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1304388988299666054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366168433775237, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Artificial methanol assimilation pathways. Adapted and redrawn from reference[27]., figureFileSmall=kTsDP2q6tboaLsSS1mycgw==, figureFileBig=tVqcTCK8fnVUB5FYN5/7Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304388988404523655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366168433775237, language=CN, label=图1, caption=人工甲醇代谢途径, figureFileSmall=kTsDP2q6tboaLsSS1mycgw==, figureFileBig=tVqcTCK8fnVUB5FYN5/7Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304388988492604040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366168433775237, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Artificial formate assimilation pathways., figureFileSmall=YDN2s4u8Oqb0Q8sBTJJSRQ==, figureFileBig=ARuAmzjbdkdKCQQBEiwQrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304388989713146505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366168433775237, language=CN, label=图2, caption=人工甲酸同化途径, figureFileSmall=YDN2s4u8Oqb0Q8sBTJJSRQ==, figureFileBig=ARuAmzjbdkdKCQQBEiwQrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304388989797032586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366168433775237, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Artificial CO2 fixation pathways

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PathwayCO2 acceptorProductIn vitro/in vivoPathway architectureReferences
CETCHAcryloyl-CoA, crotonyl-CoAGlyoxylateIn vitroCyclic[14]
HOPACAcetyl-CoA, acryloyl-CoAGlyoxylateIn vitroCyclic[15]
rGPS-MCGCrotonyl-CoA, phosphoenolpyruvateAcetyl-CoA and other C2, C3, and C4 compoundsIn vitroCyclic[16]
THETACrotonyl-CoA, phosphoenolpyruvateAcetyl-CoAEscherichia coliCyclic[17]
POAPAcetyl-CoA, pyruvateOxalateIn vitroCyclic[18]
Acetyl-CoA bi-cycleAcetyl-CoA, pyruvateAcetyl-CoAClostridium ljungdahliiCyclic[19]
HWLS-DHAPE. coliLinear[20]
GEDRibulose 5-phosphateCentral metabolic intermediates (e.g., pyruvate)E. coliCyclic[21]
LATCHPhosphoenolpyruvate, glycolyl-CoAAcetyl-CoAIn vitroCyclic[22]
), ArticleFig(id=1304388989864141451, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1304366168433775237, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CO2 人工固定途径

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PathwayCO2 acceptorProductIn vitro/in vivoPathway architectureReferences
CETCHAcryloyl-CoA, crotonyl-CoAGlyoxylateIn vitroCyclic[14]
HOPACAcetyl-CoA, acryloyl-CoAGlyoxylateIn vitroCyclic[15]
rGPS-MCGCrotonyl-CoA, phosphoenolpyruvateAcetyl-CoA and other C2, C3, and C4 compoundsIn vitroCyclic[16]
THETACrotonyl-CoA, phosphoenolpyruvateAcetyl-CoAEscherichia coliCyclic[17]
POAPAcetyl-CoA, pyruvateOxalateIn vitroCyclic[18]
Acetyl-CoA bi-cycleAcetyl-CoA, pyruvateAcetyl-CoAClostridium ljungdahliiCyclic[19]
HWLS-DHAPE. coliLinear[20]
GEDRibulose 5-phosphateCentral metabolic intermediates (e.g., pyruvate)E. coliCyclic[21]
LATCHPhosphoenolpyruvate, glycolyl-CoAAcetyl-CoAIn vitroCyclic[22]
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人工固碳途径的设计及在微生物底盘中的适配研究进展
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凡立稳 , 黄妍 , 王钰 *
微生物学报 | 综述 2026,66(9): 4443-4455
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微生物学报 |综述 2026 , 66 (9) : 4443 -4455
人工固碳途径的设计及在微生物底盘中的适配研究进展
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凡立稳, 黄妍, 王钰*
作者信息
  • 中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所,低碳合成工程生物学全国重点实验室,天津
通讯作者:
王钰
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

凡立稳:文章撰写,图表绘制;黄妍:协助文章撰写,文字润色与格式校对;王钰:整体构思,文章审阅与修改。

Research advances in design and microbial implementation of artificial carbon fixation pathways
Liwen FAN, Yan HUANG, Yu WANG*
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Engineering Biology for Low-Carbon Manufacturing, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-09-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260461
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一碳化合物(CO2、甲醇和甲酸等)被认为是未来可持续生物制造的重要原料。多样的天然固碳途径(如卡尔文循环、还原性三羧酸循环及伍德-永达尔途径等)已被系统研究,但其在能量效率、固碳速率等方面的局限性凸显,阻碍了高效一碳生物制造体系的构建与应用,推动了人工一碳同化途径的快速发展。近年来,研究者针对CO2、甲醇和甲酸等一碳化合物设计了多种人工同化途径,并在体外和体内开展了功能验证,为构建高效的一碳生物制造体系提供了新的技术路径。本文系统综述了以CO2、甲醇和甲酸为底物的人工一碳同化途径的研究进展,重点介绍了一碳同化途径的设计、关键酶元件的创制改造,以及人工途径在微生物底盘中的构建与应用。此外,本文还展望了人工固碳领域的发展方向,为构建高效、可持续的一碳生物制造体系提供参考与启示。

CO2  /  甲醇  /  甲酸  /  人工途径  /  一碳生物制造

One-carbon (C1) compounds, including CO2, methanol, and formate, are regarded as promising feedstocks for sustainable biomanufacturing. Diverse natural carbon fixation pathways, such as the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle, the reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle, and the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (WLP), have been extensively investigated. However, their inherent limitations in energy efficiency and carbon fixation rate have constrained the development of efficient C1 biomanufacturing systems, thereby motivating the rapid development of artificial C1 assimilation pathways. In recent years, a variety of artificial C1 assimilation pathways have been designed for the utilization of CO2, methanol, and formate, and their functions have been validated in both in vitro and in vivo systems, providing new approaches for the construction of efficient C1-based biomanufacturing platforms. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in artificial C1 assimilation pathways using CO2, methanol, and formate as substrates, with a particular focus on pathway design, the engineering and optimization of key enzymatic components, and the construction and application of artificial pathways in microbial chassis. In addition, this paper discusses the future perspectives on artificial carbon fixation, providing guidance and insights for the development of efficient and sustainable C1 biomanufacturing systems.

CO2  /  methanol  /  formate  /  artificial pathway  /  one-carbon biomanufacturing
凡立稳, 黄妍, 王钰. 人工固碳途径的设计及在微生物底盘中的适配研究进展. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (9) : 4443 -4455 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260461
Liwen FAN, Yan HUANG, Yu WANG. Research advances in design and microbial implementation of artificial carbon fixation pathways[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (9) : 4443 -4455 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260461
全球气候变化加剧与化石资源日益枯竭已成为制约人类社会可持续发展的核心问题。全球年均能源消耗量已超百亿吨(以石油当量计数),其中化石能源消耗超过3/4[1],过度依赖传统化石能源不仅推动碳排放持续攀升,也进一步增加了能源供给与环境承载的双重压力。大量化石燃料的开发与利用导致二氧化碳(carbon dioxide, CO2)等温室气体持续排放,使大气中CO2浓度不断升高,加剧了全球变暖和生态环境问题[2-3]。与此同时,当前的传统生物制造产业仍高度依赖葡萄糖等糖基原料,不仅面临与人争粮的资源困境,还存在原料成本高、供应链稳定性不足等问题,难以满足未来生物制造产业的规模化、可持续发展的战略需求。
在此背景下,以CO2、甲醇和甲酸为代表的一碳化合物,凭借来源广泛、储量丰富、价格低廉与可再生的优势,被认为是下一代绿色生物制造的重要原料[4-6]。其中,CO2可从工业尾气及大气中直接捕获;甲醇、甲酸等可由电催化或热催化CO2还原制备,也可依托工业尾气中的碳资源进行转化生产,有助于实现温室气体减排与可再生碳资源循环利用[7-8]。尽管天然微生物已经演化出多种一碳代谢途径,但天然宿主通常存在遗传背景不清晰、遗传操作工具有限等问题;而将天然一碳同化途径导入大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)等模式底盘菌株后仍普遍存在碳源利用效率低、生长缓慢及代谢调控复杂等问题,难以满足工业生物制造需求[9-10]。因此,利用合成生物学与代谢工程手段设计和构建高效的人工一碳同化途径,实现CO2、甲醇和甲酸等一碳原料向高附加值化学品、燃料、材料及食品蛋白等产品的高效转化,已成为绿色生物制造领域的重要研究方向。
基于此,本文围绕CO2、甲醇和甲酸这3种代表性一碳原料,系统梳理近年来人工一碳同化体系的研究进展,重点介绍人工同化途径的设计与优化,以及在微生物底盘中的构建与应用。此外,本文还对当前人工一碳同化体系面临的关键挑战进行分析,并对未来人工一碳代谢网络设计、宿主适配优化及高效生物制造的发展方向进行展望,旨在为一碳生物制造新技术的发展提供理论参考与思路借鉴。
近年来,随着合成生物学与代谢工程技术的快速发展,人工设计一碳代谢网络已成为提高CO2利用效率的重要研究方向。CO2生物固定与转化是规模化实现碳减排、碳利用的核心手段。目前,自然界已发现7种CO2同化途径,如卡尔文循环(Calvin-Benson-Bassham, CBB)、还原性三羧酸循环(the reductive tricarboxylic acid, rTCA)、伍德-永达尔途径(Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, WLP)、3-羟基丙酸循环(3-hydroxypropionate bi-cycle, 3-HP)及还原性甘氨酸途径(reductive glycine pathway, rGlyP)等[11-12]。然而,天然固碳途径通常存在催化效率有限、能量消耗较高等问题。如光合生物的CO2转化速率只有微生物发酵葡萄糖等有机碳源的1%,固碳效率难以满足工业应用需求[13]。因此,研究者围绕CO2固定反应、代谢网络及能量代谢开展人工设计,相继开发了多条人工CO2固定途径(表1),并不断通过酶工程、热力学优化及模块化设计提高人工固碳体系的性能。
针对天然CO2固定途径中关键羧化酶催化效率受限的问题,Schwander等[14]首先系统比较了不同类型羧化酶的催化性能,以对氧不敏感且催化效率较高的烯酰-CoA羧化/还原酶(enoyl-CoA carboxylases/reductase, Ecrs)介导的CO2固定为核心设计多条CO2固定路径,并结合热力学与能量消耗分析筛选出更优方案。随后,通过数据库挖掘与酶筛选构建了一条用于体外连续固定CO2的人工途径——巴豆酰-CoA/乙基丙二酰-CoA/羟基丁酰-CoA循环(crotonyl-CoA/ethylmalonyl-CoA/hydroxybutyryl-CoA cycle, CETCH);该循环以巴豆酰-CoA羧化/还原酶(crotonyl-CoA carboxylase/reductase, Ccr)驱动的高效羧化反应为核心,并通过一系列CoA衍生物之间的转化等反应形成闭环碳代谢网络,实现CO2向乙醛酸的转化;经过多轮迭代优化后,最终得到的CETCH 5.4由17种来自9个物种的酶组成,在体外实现约5 nmol CO2/(min·mg核心循环蛋白)的固定速率,较初始版本提升近20倍,其催化效率达到已报道的细胞提取液中CBB循环的活性[约1-3 nmol CO2/(min·mg CBB循环蛋白),按照蛋白组中CBB循环相关酶约占总蛋白30%估算][14]。CETCH循环验证了人工设计CO2固定代谢网络的可行性,且具有较高的催化潜力,为后续人工CO2固定途径的设计提供了重要参考。该团队先前设计了多条基于Ecr催化的新型人工CO2固定途径,这些理论设计在能量经济性方面均优于天然CBB循环。为了进一步验证其他理论设计的可行性,McLean等[15]在2023年成功构建羟基丙酰-CoA/丙烯酰- CoA循环(HydrOxyPropionyl-CoA/Acrylyl-CoA, HOPAC),该循环由来自6种不同生物的11种酶组成,整体结构类似于天然3-HP循环,但在关键羧化反应上采用了不同策略:HOPAC采用还原羧化反应直接将丙烯酰-CoA转化为(2S)-甲基丙二酰-CoA,替代了天然3-HP循环中“丙烯酰-CoA还原+ATP依赖性羧化”的两步过程;因此较天然3-HP循环相比,HOPAC循环所需ATP由3个减少至2个,ATP利用效率提高约33%;研究人员通过多轮理性设计与机器学习辅助优化,显著提升了CO2固定效率,将体系优化至HOPACCcr 4.0,其乙醇酸产量达到约1 500 μmol/L,CO2固定速率达到2.4 nmol/(min·mg蛋白)。该研究为其进一步开展体外催化及体内应用研究奠定了基础。
随着人工CO2固定途径逐渐由概念验证走向性能优化,研究重点开始转向提升体系的持续运行能力和CO2固定效率。Luo等[16]在2022年构建了一套高效、耐氧且具有自我补充能力的无细胞CO2固定系统——rGPS-MCG循环,该系统由还原性乙醛酸合成途径(reductive glyoxylate synthesis, rGS)、还原性丙酮酸合成途径(reductive pyruvate synthesis, rPS)以及苹果酰CoA-甘油酸途径(malyl-CoA-glycerate, MCG)组成;rGPS-MCG循环通过固定2分子CO2可生成乙酰-CoA,并进一步输出C3 (丙酮酸)和C4 (苹果酸)化合物;经优化后使该体系能够稳定运行6 h,CO2固定速率达到0.55 mmol/(L·h),单位核心蛋白的CO2固定速率达到28.5 nmol/(min·mg);该体系在复杂无细胞CO2人工固定体系中实现了较高的稳态CO2固定效率,其蛋白催化效率高于此前报道的CETCH 5.4循环。该研究为构建高效、可持续运行的人工固碳体系提供了新的思路。针对天然CO2固定途径在效率与正交性上的局限,Luo等[17]在2023年进一步构建了还原性三羧酸分支/4-羟基丁酰-CoA/乙基丙二酰- CoA/乙酰-CoA循环(reductive tricarboxylic acid branch/4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA/ethylmalonyl-CoA/acetyl-CoA, THETA),该途径通过整合来自9种生物的17个酶,以磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, Ppc)和巴豆酰-CoA羧化/还原酶这2种天然催化效率最高的CO2固定酶为核心固碳节点,实现CO2向中心代谢中间体乙酰-CoA的转化;THETA 3.0体系的CO2固定速率达到2.7 nmol/(min·mg蛋白),该水平已经接近细胞提取物中CBB循环的CO2固定速率以及其他人工碳固定路径的体外效率;进一步结合机器学习辅助优化流程,将该循环的乙酰-CoA产量在THETA 3.0基础上提高约5倍,相较于初始的THETA 1.0提高了约135倍;随后,利用宿主代谢网络的可塑性,成功将该复杂循环解耦为3个功能模块(模块1:丙酮酸→琥珀酸;模块2:琥珀酸→巴豆酰-CoA;模块3:巴豆酰-CoA→丙酮酸与乙酰-CoA),并分别在不同类型营养缺陷型大肠埃希氏菌中实现模块化植入与功能验证,并通过生长依赖筛选结合13C标记证实了各模块在大肠埃希氏菌中的功能活性。这表明复杂的人工CO2固定途径可以模块化方式实现体内构建与功能验证,为后续完整THETA循环在活细胞中的构建、优化与进化奠定了基础。
在提升CO2固定效率的同时,进一步简化人工固碳体系、降低体系复杂度也是人工固碳途径发展的重要方向。Xiao等[18]构建了一条极简的人工CO2固定途径——PYC-OAH-ACS-PFOR (POAP)循环,该循环仅由4步反应就可实现CO2固定;该循环由丙酮酸羧化酶(pyruvate carboxylase, Pyc)、草酰乙酸乙酰水解酶(oxaloacetate acetylhydrolase, Oah)、乙酸-CoA连接酶(acetate-CoA ligase, Acs)以及丙酮酸:铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶(pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, PfoR)组成;通过筛选嗜热来源关键酶并优化反应体系,POAP循环在50 ℃厌氧条件下的CO2固定速率达到8.0 nmol/(min·mg固碳酶)。该研究以极简的酶促体系实现了高效CO2固定,为构建低复杂度、易于工程化改造的人工固碳体系提供了新的设计方向。
除了设计完整人工固碳循环外,研究者也开始探索利用天然代谢模块重构实现CO2固定。Wu等[19]构建了乙酰-CoA双循环(acetyl-CoA bi-cycle),该循环由CO2固定、糖异生和非氧化糖酵解3个功能模块串联组成;通过模块间的协同作用可实现2分子CO2当量转化为1分子乙酰-CoA;进一步在永达尔氏梭菌(Clostridium ljungdahlii)中异源表达磷酸酮解酶(phosphoketolase, Pk),并与宿主内源代谢酶协同工作,在体内成功重构了乙酰-CoA双循环,并能够独立于WLP途径实现对H2和CO2的利用与转化。在人工固碳模块化构建的基础上,研究者进一步关注人工固碳途径与宿主中心代谢及能量供应体系的协同优化。Hu等[20]设计了一条由甲酸脱氢酶、甲酰基四氢叶酸环水解酶、亚甲基四氢叶酸脱氢酶、亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶、甲醛缩合酶(formolase, Fls)以及二羟基丙酮激酶共6个酶组成的线性CO2固定途径——半伍德-永达尔-甲醛缩合酶途径(half-Wood-Ljungdahl-formolase, HWLS);HWLS通过将CO2依次转化为甲酸、甲醛并最终生成磷酸二羟基丙酮(dihydroxyacetone phosphate, DHAP),直接接入糖酵解,从而实现低酶数量、热力学可行且与中心代谢高度耦合的碳输入通路;研究者进一步将该途径引入大肠埃希氏菌中并与自组装CdS纳米捕光系统进行整合,再结合蓝细菌转录因子NdhR介导的动态调控以及引入基于视紫红质蛋白的光驱动ATP再生系统;最终大肠埃希氏菌的CO2封存效率显著提升,L-苹果酸和丁酸的产率达到理论最大值。
研究者还尝试充分挖掘宿主天然代谢网络的固碳潜力,Satanowski等[21]基于大肠埃希氏菌的基因组尺度代谢模型,假设所有代谢反应均为可逆反应,对所有可能仅由内源酶组成且在热力学上可行的碳固定途径进行了系统搜索,筛选出一条具有较高热力学驱动力、能够将CO2固定并转化为中心代谢中间体(如丙酮酸)的Gnd-Entner-Doudoroff (GED)循环;该路径的关键在于将通常被认为是不可逆脱羧酶的6-磷酸葡萄糖酸脱氢酶(6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, Gnd)作为在较高浓度CO2条件下可催化还原羧化反应的碳固定起始酶,并与Entner-Doudoroff (ED)途径、糖异生和磷酸戊糖途径耦合,从而实现CO2固定;研究者进一步在多种基因缺失菌株中表达Gnd、ED途径关键酶等,并结合13C同位素标记实验证实CO2可被固定并流入多种中心代谢产物。该研究证明,仅依赖宿主天然酶体系也可实现人工固碳功能,该研究为降低外源代谢负担和提升宿主适配性提供了新的实现路径。此外,Yang等[22]构建了一种新人工固碳途径——线性自催化的碳捕获循环(linear autocatalytic cycle tailored for carbon harvesting, LATCH),该途径将丝氨酸循环(serine cycle)、MCG循环及TaCo模块重新整合,实现HCO3⁻向乙酰-CoA的转化;同时,研究者结合动力学和热力学建模的分析表明,该途径规避了传统固碳途径的动力学陷阱和热力学障碍。
相较于直接固定CO2所需较高的能量输入,甲醇具有更高的还原程度和能量密度;同时,作为液态一碳底物,其还具备来源广泛、易于储存和运输等优势[23],被认为是绿色生物制造中极具潜力的新一代非粮可再生原料。天然甲基营养微生物广泛存在于自然界,具有多样化的一碳代谢途径,如核酮糖单磷酸途径(ribulose monophosphate pathway, RuMP)[24]、木酮糖单磷酸途径(xylulose monophosphate pathway, XuMP)[25]以及丝氨酸循环[26]等,为人工甲醇同化途径的设计提供了丰富的代谢元件和理论基础,也推动了人工甲基营养体系的快速发展。然而,天然甲醇代谢途径普遍存在反应步骤多、能量消耗大等问题,为提升甲醇的生物转化效率并突破天然代谢途径的限制,研究人员近年来设计并构建了多种人工甲醇同化途径,如甲醇缩合循环(methanol condensation cycle, MCC)、修饰丝氨酸循环(modified serine cycle, MSC)、高丝氨酸循环(homoserine cycle)、羟酰辅酶A裂解酶途径(2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase, HCAL)和赤藓糖单磷酸循环(erythrulose monophosphate, EuMP)等(图1)。
研究者首先围绕天然甲醇同化途径开展人工重构,通过优化碳重排、简化代谢步骤及重新设计关键反应,提高甲醇同化效率。Bogorad等[28]构建了一种结合RuMP循环与非氧化性糖酵解的人工甲醇同化途径——MCC,以实现甲醇向乙酰-CoA的高效转化;该通路中甲醇首先被甲醇脱氢酶(methanol dehydrogenase, Mdh)氧化生成甲醛,甲醛继而被RuMP循环同化并异构生成果糖-6-磷酸(fructose-6-phosphate, F6P);一部分F6P经F6P-磷酸酮解酶(fructose-6-phosphate phosphoketolase, Fpk)催化生成乙酰磷酸,另一部分F6P通过碳重排生成木酮糖-5-磷酸(xylulose-5-phosphate, Xu5P),随后由Xu5P-磷酸酮解酶(xylulose-5-phosphate phosphoketolase, Xpk)催化生成乙酰磷酸;最后经磷酸乙酰转移酶(phosphate acetyltransferase, Pta)催化形成乙酰-CoA。MCC途径避免了丙酮酸脱羧生成乙酰-CoA过程中CO2的释放,提高了甲醇的碳转化率。Wang等[29]在大肠埃希氏菌中构建了MCC途径,并异源表达聚-3-羟基丁酸(poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, PHB)合成相关基因,且敲除frmA (编码甲醛脱氢酶)基因以减少甲醛流失;最终采用全细胞催化方式实现甲醇向PHB的合成,PHB含量最高达到细胞干重的6.19%,验证了MCC在体内的应用潜力。除RuMP循环外,天然丝氨酸循环也是人工改造的重要对象。2018年,Yu等[30]在大肠埃希氏菌中构建了MSC途径,该途径主要通过简化天然丝氨酸循环中甲醇到甲酸的氧化步骤、并引入丙氨酸-乙醛酸转氨酶(alanine-glyoxylate transaminase, Agt),用丙氨酸作为氨基供体将乙醛酸直接转化为甘氨酸,绕开羟基丙酮酸还原酶副反应活性带来的不利影响;最后,13C同位素标记结果进一步证明,甲醇来源的碳可进入丙酮酸、苹果酸及乙酸,并实现了甲醇向乙醇的生物转化。He等[31]也基于天然丝氨酸循环提出了一种新型人工甲醇同化途径——高丝氨酸循环,该循环以甲醇氧化为甲醛为起点,甲醛与甘氨酸在丝氨酸醛缩酶催化下生成丝氨酸;随后,丝氨酸在丝氨酸脱氨酶作用下脱氨生成丙酮酸;丙酮酸在4-羟基-2-氧代丁酸醛缩酶(4-hydroxy-2-oxobutanoate aldolase, Hal)催化下与甲醛缩合生成4-羟基-2-氧代丁酸(4-hydroxy-2-oxobutanoate, HOB),并进一步经转氨反应生成高丝氨酸;高丝氨酸依次经高丝氨酸激酶和苏氨酸合成酶转化为苏氨酸;苏氨酸再由苏氨酸醛缩酶裂解生成甘氨酸和乙醛;最终,乙醛被氧化生成乙酰-CoA进入中心代谢或用于产物合成;此外,研究者通过构建不同营养缺陷型菌株,将高丝氨酸循环拆分为“丝氨酸生成模块”和“高丝氨酸生成模块”,证明关键反应在体内具有可行性;进一步结合13C甲醇标记实验,确认甲醇可以进入丝氨酸、高丝氨酸及苏氨酸等下游产物。与天然丝氨酸循环相比,该循环直接利用甲醛缩合反应替代羧化反应,简化了碳同化过程;同时,该途径完全依赖大肠埃希氏菌内源酶,无需引入大量异源代谢模块。
除对天然甲醇代谢途径进行改造外,研究者还开始探索新的甲醛同化反应,以拓展人工甲醇同化途径的设计空间。Chou等[32]基于参与哺乳动物α-氧化的关键酶——2-羟酰基-CoA裂解酶(2-hydroxyacyl CoA lyase, HacL)构建了HACL途径,在该途径中甲醛首先由酰基-CoA还原酶(acyl-CoA reductase, Acr)催化转化为甲酰-CoA;随后,甲醛与甲酰-CoA在HacL作用下发生缩合反应,生成乙醇酰-CoA中间体;该中间体进一步经Acr还原生成乙醇醛,随后乙醇醛在醛脱氢酶(aldehyde dehydrogenase, AldA)催化下变成乙醇酸;研究者在工程化大肠埃希氏菌中共表达HacL、Acr及AldA,并敲除甲醛、甲酸及乙醇酸相关竞争代谢途径;最终结合全细胞催化,实现20 mmol/L甲醛向6.6 mmol/L乙醇酸的转化(产率约67%)。Wu等[33]基于DHAP和甲醛的缩合反应构建了EuMP循环,该循环首先由赤藓酮糖-1-磷酸合酶(erythrulose 1-phosphate synthase, Eps)催化甲醛与DHAP缩合生成D型或L型赤藓酮糖-1-磷酸(Eu1P),D-Eu1P随后经一系列异构化反应转化为赤藓糖-4-磷酸(E4P);E4P通过非氧化磷酸戊糖途径和糖酵解途径完成碳重排与C6糖裂解,再生甘油醛-3-磷酸和DHAP,完成整个循环;研究者将EuMP循环拆分为4个模块,并采用逐步构建策略,以肌氨酸作为甲醛来源,验证了各模块在大肠埃希氏菌内具有可行性。该研究通过模块化验证证实了EuMP循环关键反应能够在体内运行,为后续完整EuMP循环的实现奠定了基础。Meng等[34]理性设计构建了一条人工甲醇同化途径(synthetic methanol assimilation, SMA),该途径由6个酶组成,通过甲醇氧化、甲醛固定和碳重排这3个功能模块将甲醇最终转化为乙酰-CoA;首先,甲醇经Mdh氧化为甲醛;随后,乙醇醛合酶(glycolaldehyde synthase, GalS)催化2分子甲醛缩合生成乙醇醛,己糖-6-磷酸醛缩酶(hexose-6-phosphate aldolase, Hsa)进一步将乙醇醛与E4P缩合生成6-磷酸己糖(hexose-6-phosphate, H6P),H6P经磷酸己糖异构酶(hexose phosphate isomerase, Phi)转化为F6P;最后经过Fpk和Pta裂解并转化为乙酰-CoA,同时再生E4P进入下一轮循环;SMA途径无需消耗ATP和NAD(P)H,理论上无碳损失,具有路径短、热力学驱动力强和碳利用效率高等特点;研究人员不仅在体外利用纯酶体系验证了甲醇向乙酰-CoA的转化,还将该途径导入大肠埃希氏菌,通过代谢工程改造和长期适应性进化获得了能够以甲醇为唯一碳源生长的合成甲基营养菌,并利用13C标记实验验证了甲醇碳流能够进入中心代谢和生物量合成。该研究不仅实现了人工甲醇同化途径在体内的稳定运行,还结合适应性进化和调控机制解析显著提升了合成甲基营养菌的生长性能,使其倍增时间接近天然甲基营养菌,进一步验证了人工设计代谢网络在构建合成甲基营养菌中的可行性。
甲酸是一种液态一碳化合物,兼具环境友好性与经济优势,不仅可作为化学品与能源载体,还可作为生物制造的重要碳源。随着电催化、光催化与生物催化等技术的发展,CO2制取甲酸降低了原料成本,甲酸在生物制造领域逐渐成为重要的一碳底物[35-38]。天然甲酸同化途径主要包括丝氨酸循环[39]、还原性乙酰-CoA途径[40]、rGlyP途径[41]、CBB循环[42]以及乙醛酸-苏氨酸型丝氨酸循环(glyoxylate and threonine-based serine pathway, gSer-tSer bicycle)[43],这些途径广泛存在于产乙酸菌、产甲烷菌、解脂耶氏酵母等微生物中。尽管这些天然途径能够实现甲酸利用,但普遍存在代谢效率有限、碳损失较大、代谢调控复杂等问题。因此,对天然甲酸代谢途径进行优化改造,并结合计算机辅助设计构建高效人工同化途径已成为当前研究的热点方向。代表途径主要包括Fls途径、合成乙酰-CoA (synthetic acetyl-CoA, SACA)途径等(图2)。
FLS途径是一种通过计算机辅助设计与蛋白质工程构建的人工一碳同化途径,其核心目标是将一碳化合物高效转化为C3中心代谢中间体[44]。该途径首先将甲酸通过乙酰-CoA合成酶和酰化醛脱氢酶依次转化为甲酰-CoA、甲醛,随后通过人工设计酶Fls催化3分子甲醛缩合生成二羟基丙酮,并进一步生成DHAP进入中心碳代谢。Wang等[45]通过将Fls与甲醇脱氢酶在大肠埃希氏菌中共表达构建了人工线性甲醇同化途径,并通过13C标记实验验证了甲醇能够被同化进入生物量。Fls途径具有线性代谢结构、热力学驱动力强、碳利用率高等优势,被认为是一种极具潜力的人工一碳同化途径。然而,该途径仍存在甲醛毒性、关键酶催化效率有限等问题,目前尚未实现完全高效的甲酸营养型生长。
SACA途径是一种基于蛋白质工程与理性设计从头设计的人工甲酸利用途径[46]。该途径中甲酸也以甲醛的形式进入,2分子甲醛在GalS作用下缩合生成乙醇醛,随后乙醇醛在乙酰磷酸合成酶(acetyl-phosphate synthase, AcpS)作用下转化为乙酰磷酸,最终由Pta催化生成乙酰- CoA。与天然途径相比,SACA途径具有代谢流简洁、热力学有利等优势,在催化效率和生物量产率方面展现出较大潜力。然而,目前该途径仍受到甲醛对关键酶活性抑制等问题限制,整体效率仍有较大提升空间。
Chou等[47]构建了一种与宿主代谢网络相对独立的人工一碳转化途径——甲酰-CoA延伸途径(formyl-CoA elongation pathway, FORCE)。该途径以甲酰-CoA为碳链延伸单元,利用HacL催化其与醛类缩合,通过醛糖延伸(aldose elongation)、α-还原(α-reduction)和醛延伸(aldehyde elongation)这3种模式实现碳链逐步增长,最终实现将甲酸、甲醛和甲醇转化为多碳化合物;其中,甲酸首先在辅酶A转移酶作用下被活化为甲酰-CoA,进入FORCE途径后在HacL催化下与醛类受体发生碳链延长反应,并在酰基-CoA还原酶(acyl-CoA reductase, Acr)等还原模块协同作用下生成乙醇酸、乙二醇、乙醇等多种多碳产物;研究者首先在体外利用纯酶体系重构FORCE途径,验证了以甲酰-CoA为碳链延伸单元实现一碳向多碳化合物转化的可行性;随后,在大肠埃希氏菌中表达相关模块,以甲酸、甲醛和甲醇为底物实现乙醇酸、乙二醇等多种产物合成,并通过13C同位素标记证实碳源来自一碳底物,从而在体内外共同验证了该途径的有效性。Landwehr等[48]也基于甲酰- CoA为中间体构建了一条合成还原性甲酸途径(reductive formate pathway, ReForm),该途径包含6个步骤,由5个催化非天然反应的工程化酶组成,能将甲酸转化为乙酰-CoA;首先,甲酸通过酰基-CoA合成酶(acyl-CoA synthetase, Acs)变成甲酰-CoA,随后在Acr作用下被还原为甲醛;甲醛和甲酰-CoA通过草酰-CoA脱羧酶(oxalyl-CoA decarboxylase, Oxc)和Acr进而被转化为乙醇醛;乙醇醛在磷酸酮解酶作用下发生脱水并磷酸化生成乙酰磷酸;最后,Pta将CoA转移至乙酰磷酸,生成乙酰-CoA。Landwehr等[48]对来源于原核和真核生物的66种候选酶进行筛选,并测试评估3 173个具有明确序列信息的酶突变体,最终获得了构建ReForm通路所需的4种关键酶;此外,通过对酶添加量与辅因子浓度进行系统优化,并构建NADH、ATP及甲酰磷酸循环再生体系,最终提升了ReForm通路的效率,使ReForm体系以甲酸为底物合成苹果酸的能力较初始体系提升约3个数量级,最终苹果酸产量达到(318±3) μmol/L;此外,研究者进一步将电化学CO2还原获得的粗甲酸直接作为ReForm体系的底物,在24 h内实现了8 mmol/L甲酸向(606±23) μmol/L苹果酸的转化。ReForm具有线性代谢结构、与宿主中心代谢网络重叠度低等特点,并兼容甲酸、甲醛和甲醇等多种一碳底物,为人工甲酸同化体系的体内构建及多底物利用提供了良好的工程基础。
一碳化合物具有来源广泛、成本低廉等优势,使之成为生物制造的新一代原料。此外,一碳原料的生物转化利用对于“双碳”目标实施具有重要意义。随着合成生物学、蛋白质工程的发展,人工一碳利用途径正从概念验证逐步迈向功能化应用。体外人工CO2固定途径CETCH循环的提出,突破了自然界已知的CO2固定体系,为人工碳固定路径设计提供了重要参考。在此基础上,THETA循环、HOPAC循环等新型体外固碳途径进一步丰富了人工CO2固定网络的设计多样性。尽管这些人工固碳体系在拓展碳代谢网络方面取得了重要进展,但目前多数人工CO2固定途径仍主要停留于体外验证阶段。例如,目前报道的rGPS-MCG循环实现了约0.55 mmol/(L·h)的稳态CO2固定速率,其蛋白催化效率达到28.5 nmol/(min·mg核心循环蛋白),但该体系仍依赖复杂的多酶级联反应,在酶稳定性、辅因子再生及体系长期运行等方面仍存在诸多挑战;此外,以集胞藻(Synechocystis sp.)为例,在CBB循环相关蛋白约占细胞干重3%的条件下,天然CBB循环的最大CO2固定速率约为65 mmol/(h·g CBB循环蛋白)[16]。由此可见,与天然CBB循环相比,人工CO2固定体系在催化效率方面仍存在较大差距,距离高效稳定运行及工业化应用仍有较长距离。因此,未来人工固碳途径的发展仍需从以下多个层面进行系统优化。
在新途径设计方面,在人工智能的辅助下,人工固碳途径的设计有望由传统环状循环逐渐向线性化、分支更少、碳流更直接的代谢网络发展。这样的设计可减少碳骨架重排带来的复杂性,让整体通量更加清晰可控。另一方面,基于宿主内源代谢网络、利用内源酶进行路径重构与再编排,也是一种具有潜力的途径设计策略。例如Satanowski等[21]利用大肠埃希氏菌的内源酶成功构建了GED循环。该策略通过利用宿主已有的酶学基础与调控体系可显著降低异源表达负担与代谢不兼容风险,从而提升途径在体内运行的可行性与稳定性。此外,当前设计所依赖的核心反应化学类型仍较为有限,主要基于自然界中已知的反应机制,从而在一定程度上限制了合成途径的设计空间。未来随着更多非天然反应类型与合成化学策略的引入,有望进一步拓展新型代谢路径的可设计空间。
在新元件设计方面,人工固碳途径的关键瓶颈逐渐从“路径是否可行”转向“催化元件是否足够高效”。目前,羧化酶、甲醛缩合酶等核心酶的催化效率、底物专一性等仍是限制碳固定效率和途径通量的重要因素。例如,羧化反应通常是人工CO2固定途径中能量消耗最高且速率限制最明显的步骤,而甲醇同化过程中甲醇脱氢酶动力学性能不足、甲醛缩合酶催化效率有限[2]。同时,人工途径通常涉及多种异源酶的协同表达,而异源酶在宿主中的表达水平、折叠效率及催化活性通常难以达到理想状态,进一步制约了途径性能。未来可结合定向进化、理性设计以及人工智能辅助蛋白质工程等策略,对关键酶进行系统优化,突破天然酶催化效率和底物适应性的限制,为构建高效人工固碳体系提供核心元件支撑。
在宿主适配性方面,尽管许多人工固碳途径已在体外体系中得到验证,但如何在细胞内实现长期稳定运行仍是限制其实际应用的重要瓶颈。一方面,多酶系统之间复杂的相互作用及其与宿主代谢网络的耦合机制尚未被充分解析;另一方面,外源途径的引入往往会打破宿主原有的代谢平衡,导致代谢串扰、副产物积累以及中间体毒性等问题。高浓度甲醇会破坏细胞膜的流动性和膜功能[49]。此外,其在代谢过程中被氧化生成甲醛,甲醛具有较强细胞毒性,可与蛋白质和核酸发生反应,影响宿主生长[50]。已有研究表明,在大肠埃希氏菌和谷氨酸棒杆菌等模式底盘菌株中,约1.00-1.25 mmol/L甲醛即可显著抑制细胞生长[50-51]。此外,甲酸则会干扰胞内酸碱稳态及能量代谢。因此,如何在提高一碳同化效率的同时降低一碳原料及其代谢中间体的毒性,是未来人工一碳代谢网络优化的重要方向。
总体而言,人工一碳生物转化途径已在多种一碳底物的利用方面取得了重要进展。但在实际构建和应用过程中,宿主适配性、通路稳定性以及代谢负担等问题仍是制约其进一步发展的关键因素。随着合成与系统生物学、蛋白质工程与人工智能的持续发展,人工一碳代谢网络的设计、优化与应用有望实现新的突破,为CO2、甲醇、甲酸等一碳原料的资源化和高值化利用提供新的技术路径,并为绿色低碳生物制造和“双碳”目标实施提供重要支撑。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2024YFA0918100)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32300071)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32470057)
  • 天津市杰出青年科学基金(24JCJQJC00010)
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2026年第66卷第9期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260461
  • 接收时间:2026-06-03
  • 首发时间:2026-09-09
  • 出版时间:2026-09-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-06-03
  • 录用日期:2026-07-03
基金
the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFA0918100)
国家重点研发计划(2024YFA0918100)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32300071)
国家自然科学基金(32300071)
国家自然科学基金(32470057)
the Tianjin Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(24JCJQJC00010)
天津市杰出青年科学基金(24JCJQJC00010)
作者信息
    中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所,低碳合成工程生物学全国重点实验室,天津

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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