Article(id=1297571141577625611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260139, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1770998400000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1775836800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-11, onlineDate=1787294667857, onlineDateStr=2026-08-21, pubDate=1785772800000, pubDateStr=2026-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787294667857, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787294667857, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787294667857, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297570992835023717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='8', pageStart='3681', pageEnd='4288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785772800000', pubDateStr='2026-08-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787294632395, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787294931551, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3745, endPage=3770, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297571141799923724, articleId=1297571141577625611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research progress on classification characteristics, metabolic mechanisms and engineering applications of desulfurization microorganisms, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The increasing emission of sulfur-containing compounds has become a critical factor restricting ecological and environmental security and the sustainable resource utilization. Biological desulfurization technology, relying on the sulfur metabolic pathways of desulfurization microorganisms, enables the efficient conversion of sulfur-containing pollutants and the recovery of sulfur resources under mild conditions, offering both environmental benefits and economic potential. This review systematically summarized the classification and functional characteristics of desulfurization microorganisms, with emphasis on the 4S pathway, the Kodama pathway, and related metabolic modes of organic sulfur-desulfurizing bacteria, as well as the sulfate reduction and sulfur oxidation mechanisms of inorganic sulfur-desulfurizing bacteria. On this basis, the advances in engineering applications in the fields of industrial gas purification, sludge and wastewater treatment, livestock and poultry manure management, domestic waste and agriculture were summarized, and the key environmental factors and carbon source regulation mechanisms affecting desulfurization efficiency were analyzed. Furthermore, the main bottlenecks currently faced by biological desulfurization technology were summarized from the aspects of strain performance, reaction kinetics, mass transfer enhancement, and process stability, and research directions for system enhancement through functional microbial community construction, reactor optimization, and intelligent regulation were proposed. This review aims to provide theoretical references and technical insights for the deepening of biological desulfurization mechanisms and efficient engineering applications.

, authors=Jiaxin MA1, 2, Guanbo WANG1, 2, Dingxian XU1, 2, Shuai LIANG1, 2, Wenyan YANG1, 2, Yanan LU1, 2, Yuting CONG1, 2, Li WANG1, 2, Lianshun WANG1, 2, Guojun YANG1, 2, Hua WANG1, 2, authorsList=Jiaxin MA, Guanbo WANG, Dingxian XU, Shuai LIANG, Wenyan YANG, Yanan LU, Yuting CONG, Li WANG, Lianshun WANG, Guojun YANG, Hua WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Lianshun WANG, Guojun YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail: WANG Lianshun, ;
YANG Guojun,
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含硫化合物的大量排放已成为制约生态环境安全与资源可持续利用的重要因素。生物脱硫技术依托脱硫微生物的硫代谢途径,在温和条件下实现含硫污染物的高效转化与硫资源回收,兼具环境效益与经济潜力。本文系统梳理了脱硫微生物的分类与功能特征,重点综述有机硫脱硫菌的4S途径、科达玛途径(Kodama途径)及相关代谢模式,以及无机硫脱硫菌的硫酸盐还原与硫氧化机制;在此基础上,总结了工业气体净化、污泥污水治理、畜禽粪污处理及生活废弃物处理与农业领域的工程应用进展,分析了影响脱硫效率的关键环境因子与碳源调控机制。进一步从菌种性能、反应动力学、传质强化及工艺稳定性等方面归纳当前生物脱硫技术面临的主要瓶颈,并提出通过功能菌群构建、反应器优化及智能调控实现系统强化的研究方向。本文旨在为生物脱硫机制的深入研究与工程化高效应用提供理论参考与技术思路。

, authors=马佳欣1, 2, 王冠博1, 2, 徐鼎咸1, 2, 梁帅1, 2, 杨文妍1, 2, 卢亚楠1, 2, 丛玉婷1, 2, 王丽1, 2, 王连顺1, 2, 杨国军1, 2, 王华1, 2, authorsList=马佳欣, 王冠博, 徐鼎咸, 梁帅, 杨文妍, 卢亚楠, 丛玉婷, 王丽, 王连顺, 杨国军, 王华, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王连顺, 杨国军, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

马佳欣:研究构思和设计、图表制作,撰写主体内容,总体修改;王冠博:文献调研;徐鼎咸:后期图表修改,初稿撰写,参考文献引用与修改;梁帅:协助格式校对;杨文妍:参与内容校对;卢亚楠:文献核查;丛玉婷:完善文章细节,图片指导;王丽:表格内容指导;王连顺:论文内容监督修改与校稿;杨国军:前期方向选择,内容梳理,审查,监督,后期修改和研究资金获取;王华:全文内容审核。

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Guangzhou: South China University of Technology, 2024 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571163929071819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571141577625611, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=70, authorNames=彭安安, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=彭安安. 嗜酸硫氧化细菌元素硫活化氧化机制研究[D]. 长沙: 中南大学, 2012., articleTitle=嗜酸硫氧化细菌元素硫活化氧化机制研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571164017152204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571141577625611, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=71, authorNames=Peng AA, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Peng AA. 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Catalytic characterizations of dibenzothiophene monooxygenase and its application in catalyzing indole to indigoids[D]. Jinan: Shandong University, 2008 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571164465942738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571141577625611, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=77, authorNames=刘世恒, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘世恒. 对苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶PnpCD和二苯并噻吩单加氧酶Ds z C的结构与功能研究[D]. 济南: 山东大学, 2014., articleTitle=对苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶PnpCD和二苯并噻吩单加氧酶Ds z C的结构与功能研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571164604354771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571141577625611, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=78, authorNames=Liu SH, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu SH. Structural and functional studies on hydroquinone 1,2-dioxygenase PnpCD and dibenzothiophene monooxygenase Ds z C[D]. Jinan: Shandong University, 2014 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571164679852244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571141577625611, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=436, issue=null, pageStart=133012, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=79, authorNames=Hervás-Martínez R, Oliver N, Montoya T, Sempere F, journalName=Bioresource Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hervás-Martínez R, Oliver N, Montoya T, Sempere F. Fostering nature-based solutions and circular approaches in biogas purification: validation of digestate centrate nitrified by intensified multi-stage constructed wetlands as electron acceptor in anoxic biodesulphurisation[J]. 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Tianjin: Tianjin University, 2010 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571166521151704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571141577625611, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=29, issue=6, pageStart=69, pageEnd=73, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=83, authorNames=石立娜, 韩振为, journalName=化学工业与工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=石立娜, 韩振为. 红球菌H-412生长细胞脱除正十六烷中的有机硫[J]. 化学工业与工程, 2012, 29(6): 69-73, 79., articleTitle=红球菌H-412生长细胞脱除正十六烷中的有机硫, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571166592454873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571141577625611, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=29, issue=6, pageStart=69, pageEnd=73, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=84, authorNames=Shi LN, Han ZW, journalName=Chemical Industry and Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shi LN, Han ZW. 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Transformation of coal and sulfur-containing model compounds biodegradation study[D]. Huainan: Anhui University of Science & Technology, 2016 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571166797975772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571141577625611, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=87, authorNames=陈水泉, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈水泉. 高效脱硫菌的筛选及其柴油脱硫性能研究[D]. 东营: 中国石油大学(华东), 2019., articleTitle=高效脱硫菌的筛选及其柴油脱硫性能研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571166898639069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571141577625611, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=88, authorNames=Chen SQ, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen SQ. Study on isolation of efficient biodesulfurization bacterium and its desulfurization capacity of diesel oil[D]. Dongying: China University of Petroleum (Huadong), 2019 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571166999302366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571141577625611, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=54, issue=4, pageStart=890, pageEnd=898, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=89, authorNames=黄斯乔, 籍国东, journalName=北京大学学报(自然科学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄斯乔, 籍国东. 不同温度下环渤海典型湿地沉积物中二苯并噻吩降解率与功能基因响应关系研究[J]. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 2018, 54(4): 890-898., articleTitle=不同温度下环渤海典型湿地沉积物中二苯并噻吩降解率与功能基因响应关系研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571167083188447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571141577625611, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=54, issue=4, pageStart=890, pageEnd=898, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=90, authorNames=Huang SQ, Ji GD, journalName=Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang SQ, Ji GD. A study on the response relationships between degradation rate and degradation functional genes of dibenzothiophene in Bohai rim typical wetland sediments at different temperatures[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 2018, 54(4): 890-898 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571167183851744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571141577625611, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=76, issue=null, pageStart=217, pageEnd=226, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=91, authorNames=Wang L, Ji GD, Huang SQ, journalName=Journal of Environmental Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang L, Ji GD, Huang SQ. Contribution of the Kodama and 4S pathways to the dibenzothiophene biodegradation in different coastal wetlands under different C/N ratios[J]. 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Research progress on the degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by Gordonia [J]. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology, 2022, 44(6): 21-25 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571167397761251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571141577625611, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=47, issue=null, pageStart=21, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=94, authorNames=Sar T, Ozturk M, Stark BC, Akbas MY, journalName=Biotechnology Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sar T, Ozturk M, Stark BC, Akbas MY. Enhancement of reduction of biodesulfurization end products by Paenibacillus strains[J]. 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Degradation of dibenzothiophene by some newly isolated bacterial strains[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2011 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571167599087846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571141577625611, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=97, authorNames=李爱涛, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李爱涛. 硫醚单加氧酶产生菌的筛选及其应用方法研究[D]. 上海: 华东理工大学, 2011., articleTitle=硫醚单加氧酶产生菌的筛选及其应用方法研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571167662002407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571141577625611, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=98, authorNames=Li AT, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li AT. Screening and utilization of sulfide monooxygenase producting strains[D]. Shanghai: East China University of Science and Technology, 2011 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571167733305576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571141577625611, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=99, authorNames=孙一鸣, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孙一鸣. 典型有机硫(VOSCs)降解菌筛选、降解机理及其处理有机废气研究[D]. 杭州: 浙江工业大学, 2016., articleTitle=典型有机硫(VOSCs)降解菌筛选、降解机理及其处理有机废气研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571167800414441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571141577625611, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=100, authorNames=Sun YM, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sun YM. 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Research progress in oil desulfurization microorganism[J]. 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Characteristics and application comparison of main organic desulfurization bacteria[25-27]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
BacteriaMetabolic typeElectron donorPrimary productApplication field
PseudomonasAerobic/facultative anaerobicOrganosulfur compoundsSulfatePetroleum desulfurization, fuel oil processing
Rhodococcus sp. DQ-07AerobicSulfur-containing organic compoundsSO42-Petroleum coke desulfurization
CatenibacteriumObligate anaerobicLactic acid, pyruvic acidSulfateOrganosulfur-contaminated site remediation
Gordonia sp. SC-10AerobicSulfur-containing organic compoundsSO42-Biodesulfurization of diesel oil
Escherichia sp.AerobicDBTSulfateDesulfurization and recycling of waste tires
Rhodopseudomonas sp. AS-21AerobicDBTSulfatePetroleum biodesulfurization
RhodopseudomonasAnoxygenic phototrophic/oxygenic phototrophicOrganosulfur compoundsSulfateCoal bioleaching desulfurization
), ArticleFig(id=1297571153460088952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571141577625611, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

主要有机脱硫菌的特性及其应用对比[25-27]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
BacteriaMetabolic typeElectron donorPrimary productApplication field
PseudomonasAerobic/facultative anaerobicOrganosulfur compoundsSulfatePetroleum desulfurization, fuel oil processing
Rhodococcus sp. DQ-07AerobicSulfur-containing organic compoundsSO42-Petroleum coke desulfurization
CatenibacteriumObligate anaerobicLactic acid, pyruvic acidSulfateOrganosulfur-contaminated site remediation
Gordonia sp. SC-10AerobicSulfur-containing organic compoundsSO42-Biodesulfurization of diesel oil
Escherichia sp.AerobicDBTSulfateDesulfurization and recycling of waste tires
Rhodopseudomonas sp. AS-21AerobicDBTSulfatePetroleum biodesulfurization
RhodopseudomonasAnoxygenic phototrophic/oxygenic phototrophicOrganosulfur compoundsSulfateCoal bioleaching desulfurization
), ArticleFig(id=1297571153531392121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571141577625611, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Characteristics and comparative applications of major inorganic desulfurizing bacteria[30-41]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
BacteriaMetabolic typeElectron donorPrimary productApplication field
DesulfovibrioObligate anaerobicLactic acid, pyruvic acidHydrogen sulfideRemediation of heavy metal contamination, acidic wastewater treatment
DesulfotomaculumObligate anaerobicLactic acid, pyruvic acidHydrogen sulfideGroundwater and soil remediation, sulfate reduction
Purple sulfur bacteriaAnoxygenic phototrophicHydrogen sulfide, sulfate, thiosulfateSulfateAquaculture water quality management
Purple non-sulfur bacteriaAnoxygenic phototrophicHydrogen sulfideSulfateAquaculture water quality management
Colorless desulfurizing bacteriaFacultative anaerobicFe3+Elemental sulfurBiological treatment of sulfide-containing wastewater
Green sulfur bacteriaAnoxygenic phototrophicReduced sulfidesElemental sulfurLow-concentration gaseous pollutants
Burkholderia gladioliAerobicSodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3)SO42-Promote seed germination, tomato growth, and plant element absorption
Pantoea endophyticaAerobicNa2S2O3SO42-Promote seed germination, tomato growth, and plant element absorption
Priestia aryabhattaiAerobicNa2S2O3SO42-Promote seed germination, tomato growth, and plant element absorption
Halothiobacillus diazotrophicus LS2AerobicSulfide, elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, tetrathionate, sulfiteThiosulfate ion S2O32-, SO42-Application and related processes of sulfur-containing wastewater treatment
Pseudomonas sp. CN2AerobicThiosulfate ion (S2O32-)SO42-Resource utilization of livestock and poultry manure
Pseudomonas sp. C27AerobicSulfideThiosulfateTreatment of sulfur-containing organic wastewater
Thiobacillus denitrificansAnaerobicH2S, S0SO42-Treatment of wastewater with low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidansAerobicS2O32-S0, SO32-Treatment of acid mine drainage
Bacillus sp. LZB5-6AerobicS0S4O62-Biometallurgical environmental remediation
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteriaAerobicHS-Elemental sulfur, sulfuric acid, SO42-Biological sulfur resource utilization

Thiomonas

sp. DCM-2

AerobicNa2S2O3, H2SulfateTreatment of wastewater containing reductive sulfides
Desulfovibrio sp.AnaerobicOrganic matterS2-Heavy metal pollution remediation
ThiobacillusAnaerobic/aerobicHydrogen sulfide, sulfate, thiosulfateSulfateBiodesulfurization of coal, acidic wastewater treatment
), ArticleFig(id=1297571153619472506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571141577625611, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

主要无机脱硫菌的特性及其应用对比[30-41]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
BacteriaMetabolic typeElectron donorPrimary productApplication field
DesulfovibrioObligate anaerobicLactic acid, pyruvic acidHydrogen sulfideRemediation of heavy metal contamination, acidic wastewater treatment
DesulfotomaculumObligate anaerobicLactic acid, pyruvic acidHydrogen sulfideGroundwater and soil remediation, sulfate reduction
Purple sulfur bacteriaAnoxygenic phototrophicHydrogen sulfide, sulfate, thiosulfateSulfateAquaculture water quality management
Purple non-sulfur bacteriaAnoxygenic phototrophicHydrogen sulfideSulfateAquaculture water quality management
Colorless desulfurizing bacteriaFacultative anaerobicFe3+Elemental sulfurBiological treatment of sulfide-containing wastewater
Green sulfur bacteriaAnoxygenic phototrophicReduced sulfidesElemental sulfurLow-concentration gaseous pollutants
Burkholderia gladioliAerobicSodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3)SO42-Promote seed germination, tomato growth, and plant element absorption
Pantoea endophyticaAerobicNa2S2O3SO42-Promote seed germination, tomato growth, and plant element absorption
Priestia aryabhattaiAerobicNa2S2O3SO42-Promote seed germination, tomato growth, and plant element absorption
Halothiobacillus diazotrophicus LS2AerobicSulfide, elemental sulfur, thiosulfate, tetrathionate, sulfiteThiosulfate ion S2O32-, SO42-Application and related processes of sulfur-containing wastewater treatment
Pseudomonas sp. CN2AerobicThiosulfate ion (S2O32-)SO42-Resource utilization of livestock and poultry manure
Pseudomonas sp. C27AerobicSulfideThiosulfateTreatment of sulfur-containing organic wastewater
Thiobacillus denitrificansAnaerobicH2S, S0SO42-Treatment of wastewater with low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio
Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidansAerobicS2O32-S0, SO32-Treatment of acid mine drainage
Bacillus sp. LZB5-6AerobicS0S4O62-Biometallurgical environmental remediation
Sulfur-oxidizing bacteriaAerobicHS-Elemental sulfur, sulfuric acid, SO42-Biological sulfur resource utilization

Thiomonas

sp. DCM-2

AerobicNa2S2O3, H2SulfateTreatment of wastewater containing reductive sulfides
Desulfovibrio sp.AnaerobicOrganic matterS2-Heavy metal pollution remediation
ThiobacillusAnaerobic/aerobicHydrogen sulfide, sulfate, thiosulfateSulfateBiodesulfurization of coal, acidic wastewater treatment
), ArticleFig(id=1297571153703358587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571141577625611, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Similarities and differences between organic desulfurization bacteria and inorganic desulfurization bacteria[64-65]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Properties and functionsOrganic sulfur-removing bacteriaInorganic sulfur-removing bacteria
Electronic donorDBT, sulfur-containing organic compounds, lactic acid, pyruvate acidH2S, S0, Na2S2O3, lactic acid, pyruvate acid
Metabolic typeChemoheterotrophyPredominantly chemolithoautotrophic, photolithoautotrophic
Oxygen requirementPredominantly aerobic, with a minority being facultative anaerobicStrictly anaerobic, phototrophic anaerobic, facultative anaerobic
Metabolic pathway4S pathway, Kodama pathway, DBT oxidative degradation pathway, thioether asymmetric oxidation pathwaySulfate reduction pathway, sulfur oxidation pathway
Main productSulfateH2S, sulfate
Fields of applicationPetroleum desulfurization, fuel processing, organosulfur-contaminated site remediationAquaculture water quality regulation, sulfide wastewater treatment, heavy metal pollution remediation
Representative bacterial generaPseudomonas, CatenibacteriumDesulfovibrio, purple sulfur bacteria, purple non-sulfur bacteria, Bacillus velezensis, Citrobacter, Halothiobacillus
CommonalityEngage synergistically in the oxidative and reductive phases of the sulfur biogeochemical cycle, the system facilitated sulfur speciation transformation, with all strains harboring key sulfur-metabolizing enzymes; delivered cost-saving synergies when deployed in co-treatment of sulfur-laden biosludge and combustion exhaust gases; these acidophilic, alkaliphilic, and halophilic microorganisms exhibit extreme environment adaptability. They significantly reduce desulfurization costs compared to physicochemical methods, while offering lower toxicity and enhanced environmental sustainability
), ArticleFig(id=1297571153774661756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571141577625611, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

有机脱硫菌与无机脱硫菌的异同点[64-65]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Properties and functionsOrganic sulfur-removing bacteriaInorganic sulfur-removing bacteria
Electronic donorDBT, sulfur-containing organic compounds, lactic acid, pyruvate acidH2S, S0, Na2S2O3, lactic acid, pyruvate acid
Metabolic typeChemoheterotrophyPredominantly chemolithoautotrophic, photolithoautotrophic
Oxygen requirementPredominantly aerobic, with a minority being facultative anaerobicStrictly anaerobic, phototrophic anaerobic, facultative anaerobic
Metabolic pathway4S pathway, Kodama pathway, DBT oxidative degradation pathway, thioether asymmetric oxidation pathwaySulfate reduction pathway, sulfur oxidation pathway
Main productSulfateH2S, sulfate
Fields of applicationPetroleum desulfurization, fuel processing, organosulfur-contaminated site remediationAquaculture water quality regulation, sulfide wastewater treatment, heavy metal pollution remediation
Representative bacterial generaPseudomonas, CatenibacteriumDesulfovibrio, purple sulfur bacteria, purple non-sulfur bacteria, Bacillus velezensis, Citrobacter, Halothiobacillus
CommonalityEngage synergistically in the oxidative and reductive phases of the sulfur biogeochemical cycle, the system facilitated sulfur speciation transformation, with all strains harboring key sulfur-metabolizing enzymes; delivered cost-saving synergies when deployed in co-treatment of sulfur-laden biosludge and combustion exhaust gases; these acidophilic, alkaliphilic, and halophilic microorganisms exhibit extreme environment adaptability. They significantly reduce desulfurization costs compared to physicochemical methods, while offering lower toxicity and enhanced environmental sustainability
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脱硫微生物的分类特征、代谢机制及工程应用研究进展
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马佳欣 1, 2 , 王冠博 1, 2 , 徐鼎咸 1, 2 , 梁帅 1, 2 , 杨文妍 1, 2 , 卢亚楠 1, 2 , 丛玉婷 1, 2 , 王丽 1, 2 , 王连顺 1, 2 , 杨国军 1, 2 , 王华 1, 2
微生物学报 | 综述 2026,66(8): 3745-3770
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微生物学报 |综述 2026 , 66 (8) : 3745 -3770
脱硫微生物的分类特征、代谢机制及工程应用研究进展
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马佳欣1, 2, 王冠博1, 2, 徐鼎咸1, 2, 梁帅1, 2, 杨文妍1, 2, 卢亚楠1, 2, 丛玉婷1, 2, 王丽1, 2, 王连顺1, 2 , 杨国军1, 2 , 王华1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.大连海洋大学 水产与生命学院,设施渔业教育部重点实验室,辽宁 大连
  • 2.大连海洋大学 水产与生命学院,农业农村部北方海水增养殖重点实验室,辽宁 大连
通讯作者:
王连顺, 杨国军
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

马佳欣:研究构思和设计、图表制作,撰写主体内容,总体修改;王冠博:文献调研;徐鼎咸:后期图表修改,初稿撰写,参考文献引用与修改;梁帅:协助格式校对;杨文妍:参与内容校对;卢亚楠:文献核查;丛玉婷:完善文章细节,图片指导;王丽:表格内容指导;王连顺:论文内容监督修改与校稿;杨国军:前期方向选择,内容梳理,审查,监督,后期修改和研究资金获取;王华:全文内容审核。

Research progress on classification characteristics, metabolic mechanisms and engineering applications of desulfurization microorganisms
Jiaxin MA1, 2, Guanbo WANG1, 2, Dingxian XU1, 2, Shuai LIANG1, 2, Wenyan YANG1, 2, Yanan LU1, 2, Yuting CONG1, 2, Li WANG1, 2, Lianshun WANG1, 2 , Guojun YANG1, 2 , Hua WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
  • 2.Key Laboratory of Mariculture and Stock Enhancement in North China’s Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    E-mail: WANG Lianshun, ;
    YANG Guojun,
出版时间: 2026-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260139
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含硫化合物的大量排放已成为制约生态环境安全与资源可持续利用的重要因素。生物脱硫技术依托脱硫微生物的硫代谢途径,在温和条件下实现含硫污染物的高效转化与硫资源回收,兼具环境效益与经济潜力。本文系统梳理了脱硫微生物的分类与功能特征,重点综述有机硫脱硫菌的4S途径、科达玛途径(Kodama途径)及相关代谢模式,以及无机硫脱硫菌的硫酸盐还原与硫氧化机制;在此基础上,总结了工业气体净化、污泥污水治理、畜禽粪污处理及生活废弃物处理与农业领域的工程应用进展,分析了影响脱硫效率的关键环境因子与碳源调控机制。进一步从菌种性能、反应动力学、传质强化及工艺稳定性等方面归纳当前生物脱硫技术面临的主要瓶颈,并提出通过功能菌群构建、反应器优化及智能调控实现系统强化的研究方向。本文旨在为生物脱硫机制的深入研究与工程化高效应用提供理论参考与技术思路。

生物脱硫  /  脱硫菌  /  硫代谢途径  /  硫氧化菌  /  硫酸盐还原菌  /  工程应用

The increasing emission of sulfur-containing compounds has become a critical factor restricting ecological and environmental security and the sustainable resource utilization. Biological desulfurization technology, relying on the sulfur metabolic pathways of desulfurization microorganisms, enables the efficient conversion of sulfur-containing pollutants and the recovery of sulfur resources under mild conditions, offering both environmental benefits and economic potential. This review systematically summarized the classification and functional characteristics of desulfurization microorganisms, with emphasis on the 4S pathway, the Kodama pathway, and related metabolic modes of organic sulfur-desulfurizing bacteria, as well as the sulfate reduction and sulfur oxidation mechanisms of inorganic sulfur-desulfurizing bacteria. On this basis, the advances in engineering applications in the fields of industrial gas purification, sludge and wastewater treatment, livestock and poultry manure management, domestic waste and agriculture were summarized, and the key environmental factors and carbon source regulation mechanisms affecting desulfurization efficiency were analyzed. Furthermore, the main bottlenecks currently faced by biological desulfurization technology were summarized from the aspects of strain performance, reaction kinetics, mass transfer enhancement, and process stability, and research directions for system enhancement through functional microbial community construction, reactor optimization, and intelligent regulation were proposed. This review aims to provide theoretical references and technical insights for the deepening of biological desulfurization mechanisms and efficient engineering applications.

biological desulfurization  /  desulfurizing microorganisms  /  sulfur metabolic pathway  /  sulfur-oxidizing bacteria  /  sulfate-reducing bacteria  /  engineering applications
马佳欣, 王冠博, 徐鼎咸, 梁帅, 杨文妍, 卢亚楠, 丛玉婷, 王丽, 王连顺, 杨国军, 王华. 脱硫微生物的分类特征、代谢机制及工程应用研究进展. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (8) : 3745 -3770 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260139
Jiaxin MA, Guanbo WANG, Dingxian XU, Shuai LIANG, Wenyan YANG, Yanan LU, Yuting CONG, Li WANG, Lianshun WANG, Guojun YANG, Hua WANG. Research progress on classification characteristics, metabolic mechanisms and engineering applications of desulfurization microorganisms[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (8) : 3745 -3770 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260139
随着工业化与城市化进程的加速推进,含硫化合物的排放量持续上升,由此引发的大气、水体及土壤污染问题日益突出;硫化物[如硫化氢(H2S)、二氧化硫(SO2)等]是酸雨和区域性大气污染的重要前体物质,也是水体富营养化与生态退化的重要诱因之一,硫化物引起的污染问题已成为全球环境治理领域关注的热点问题[1]。环境中含硫污染物主要分为有机硫化物和无机硫化物两大类[2]:有机硫化物是指含有碳硫键(C-S)的含硫化合物,如噻吩、硫醇[3]、硫醚、硫代硫酸盐、含硫氨基酸及含硫氨基酸衍生物等;无机硫化物主要以硫的无机形式存在,包括硫化氢、硫酸盐(如SO42-)、亚硫酸盐(SO32-)和黄铁矿硫等,其中黄铁矿硫可热解生成二氧化硫等[4]。上述物质对外界环境及生物体均会产生一系列不利影响,具体危害如下。二苯并噻吩(dibenzothiophene, DBT)是具有多芳香环结构的含硫杂环化合物[5],作为有害物质普遍存在于石油和煤炭中;DBT燃烧时会生成硫氧化物,不仅污染空气,还会形成酸雨,严重影响人类生活与生态环境[6]。在水产饲料领域,甲硫醇、甲硫醚等硫化物会产生恶臭的刺激性鱼腥异味,这种异味会导致人体产生头晕、头痛、失眠、恶心、食欲不振等负面症状,严重影响居民的生活质量[7];同时加剧气体污染,对鱼粉饲料生产的绿色可持续发展与环境建设构成直接威胁,上述环境问题已引起社会广泛关注[8]。工业生产过程中会产生硫代硫酸盐废水,若直接排放,会严重污染水体。河流中的部分微生物在氧化硫代硫酸盐时会消耗溶解氧,导致水体生化需氧量(biochemical oxygen demand, BOD)升高,并生成硫酸使水体pH值下降,破坏水生态平衡;高浓度硫代硫酸盐还会抑制微生物活性,产生恶臭、提高化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand, COD),增大污染物降解难度[9]。含硫氨基酸是剩余污泥中有机硫的重要组成形式,主要来源于含硫蛋白质的水解产物,其中以甲硫氨酸和半胱氨酸为主;在污泥厌氧消化过程中,含硫氨基酸的降解转化是硫化氢产生的主要来源硫,硫化氢会严重腐蚀管道、仪表等设备,影响沼气的安全运输与资源化利用[10]。研究表明,二氧化硫在大气中可经氧化反应生成硫酸类物质,损伤呼吸系统并降低肺功能;硫化氢具有较强毒性,即使在低浓度下也可引发头痛、恶心等症状,高浓度暴露甚至危及生命;同时,二氧化硫作为酸雨的主要来源,对土壤结构、植被生长及水体生态系统具有显著破坏作用,严重影响农业生产与水资源安全[11]。当污水中硫酸盐浓度过高时,硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate-reducing bacteria, SRB)会优先进行异化还原作用,生成硫化氢并抑制产甲烷菌(methane producing bacteria, MPB)的活性,降低有机物的降解率与甲烷产率[12];硫化氢的毒性主要来自非离子态的游离H2S,高浓度下可穿透细菌细胞壁,进而损伤细胞代谢功能。此外,硫化物会直接降低厌氧系统的COD去除率[13]。硫化物广泛存在于石油、天然气及煤炭等能源的开采、加工与利用过程中,其排放会进一步加剧环境负荷。因此,开发高效、绿色、可持续的脱硫技术对于缓解环境压力与实现资源循环利用具有重要意义。
目前,传统脱硫技术主要包括物理吸附法和化学氧化法。物理吸附法通常利用活性炭等吸附材料去除含硫化合物,但该方法存在吸附容量有限、再生成本较高等问题;化学氧化法则通过强氧化剂(如过氧化氢)将含硫化合物氧化为硫酸盐等形态,但该方法药剂消耗大、运行成本较高,且易产生二次污染[14-15]。与上述2种方法相比,生物脱硫技术依托微生物的代谢活动实现含硫化合物的转化与去除,具有反应条件温和、能耗较低等优势,还可在一定程度上实现硫资源的回收利用,因而被认为是一种兼具环境效益与经济潜力的绿色技术路线[16]
脱硫菌是实现生物脱硫过程的功能核心,通常包括具有同化性硫酸盐还原作用、硫氧化作用、异化性硫酸盐还原作用以及异化性硫还原作用的微生物类群,是能够通过氧化还原代谢途径将环境中多种含硫化合物转化为无害或可利用形态的功能微生物总称[17]。近年来,随着分子生物学与组学技术的发展,脱硫菌在分类学地位、基因组结构、代谢通路及调控机制等方面的研究不断深入,其在烟气脱硫、沼气净化及石油脱硫等领域的应用也逐步拓展并取得实际进展[18]。然而,现阶段脱硫菌的工业化应用仍面临若干关键瓶颈:一方面,部分功能菌株生长速率较慢、代谢效率受限,难以满足高负荷、连续化处理的需求;另一方面,菌株对高温、高盐、高毒性底物等复杂环境条件的耐受能力不足,限制了其在多样化场景中的推广应用[19]
总体而言,脱硫菌作为生物脱硫体系的核心功能单元,在环境污染控制与硫资源化利用中具有重要的研究价值与应用前景。系统梳理脱硫菌的代谢类型、分子机制及工程应用进展,对于深化其作用机理认知、优化生物脱硫工艺并突破应用瓶颈具有重要意义。基于此,本文围绕脱硫菌的分类与功能特征、关键代谢通路及其工程应用现状进行综述,旨在为生物脱硫技术的理论完善与高效应用提供参考。
硫元素以多种价态和形态广泛存在于自然界中,主要包括有机硫化物与无机硫化物两大类。其中,有机硫多来源于煤炭、石油及生物体组织,典型代表为二苯并噻吩等含芳香骨架的硫有机物;无机硫则包括硫化氢、单质硫(S0)、硫酸盐(SO42-)等多种形态。硫循环是全球生物地球化学循环的重要组成部分,微生物通过一系列氧化还原反应驱动硫元素在不同价态之间转化,是硫迁移与归宿调控的核心生物因子[20]
依据脱硫底物类型及代谢途径差异,脱硫微生物可分为有机硫脱硫菌和无机硫脱硫菌两大类。有机硫脱硫菌主要作用于含碳骨架的有机硫化合物,通过断裂碳-硫(C-S)键实现选择性脱硫;无机硫脱硫菌则主要参与无机硫化物的氧化或还原过程,经细胞内酶促反应将硫化物转化为单质硫或硫酸盐等无毒或低毒形态;在无机硫脱硫微生物中,硫酸盐还原菌和硫氧化菌(sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, SOB)是最具代表性的功能类群[21]
在应用层面,有机硫脱硫菌主要用于燃料油及煤中顽固有机硫组分的去除,可弥补传统加氢脱硫技术对二苯并噻吩类难降解化合物处理效率不足的局限;无机硫脱硫菌则在多种环境治理场景中展现出显著优势;SRB通过生成难溶性金属硫化物沉淀,可有效固定水体中的重金属离子,在重金属污染修复中具有重要应用价值;SOB广泛应用于含硫化氢废气处理及酸性矿山废水治理,有助于缓解硫污染和酸性水体形成风险。在煤炭脱硫过程中,无机硫脱硫菌主要靶向黄铁矿硫,而有机硫脱硫菌可进一步去除煤中有机硫组分,两类微生物的协同作用有望实现煤炭全硫的高效脱除[22]
有机硫脱硫菌是指能够选择性代谢含碳骨架有机硫化合物的微生物类群,其核心特征在于通过特异性酶催化体系切断碳-硫(C-S)键,释放硫元素,同时保持底物碳骨架结构相对完整;该代谢特性使其在石油精炼、燃料油深度脱硫及煤中有机硫去除等领域具有重要应用潜力,可在尽可能保持燃料热值和碳结构稳定性的前提下实现高效脱硫[23]
目前报道的有机硫脱硫代谢途径主要包括科达玛途径(Kodama途径)[24]、4S途径(sulfur-specific pathway)、碳骨架破坏途径及厌氧脱硫途径。Kodama途径以氧化反应为主,将底物转化为可溶性硫酸盐,实现脱硫过程;4S途径则通过4步酶促氧化反应,将DBT转化为2-羟基联苯(2-hydroxybiphenyl, 2-HBP)并释放硫酸盐,在不破坏芳环结构的条件下完成硫的选择性去除,具有底物专一性强和反应选择性高等优势,是当前研究与应用最为广泛的途径。相比之下,碳骨架破坏途径虽可实现DBT完全矿化,但会导致燃料热值损失;厌氧脱硫途径反应速率较慢,且常伴随硫化氢等有毒气体生成,限制了其工程应用[25]。因此,近年来研究重点集中于Kodama途径与4S途径的代谢机制解析及其工程优化。
表1所示,多数有机硫脱硫菌为兼性厌氧菌,既可在有氧条件下完成硫氧化反应,也可在缺氧环境中以硝酸盐等为电子受体维持代谢活动,体现出较强的生态适应能力与工艺灵活性。目前,该类微生物已广泛应用于燃料油深度脱硫、石化废水处理及有机硫污染修复等领域。与传统加氢脱硫技术相比,生物脱硫过程具有反应条件温和、能耗较低和选择性高等优势,尤其对DBT及其衍生物具有显著去除效果,被认为是推动燃料清洁化和绿色能源转型的重要技术方向之一。
无机硫脱硫菌在自然界硫循环过程中发挥核心作用,主要参与无机硫化合物在不同价态之间的转化。依据硫化物在代谢过程中发生的氧化还原方向,可将其分为硫酸盐还原菌和硫氧化菌两类;SRB以硫酸盐或其他氧化态硫化合物为电子受体进行厌氧呼吸,生成硫化氢[28];SOB则以还原态硫化合物为电子供体,通过氧化反应生成单质硫或硫酸盐[29]。这两类微生物代谢方向相反,但在生态系统物质循环及环境工程中均具有重要作用。
表2所示,SRB为典型的严格厌氧微生物,以硫酸盐(SO42-)、亚硫酸盐(SO32-)及硫代硫酸盐(S2O32-)等为电子受体,通过厌氧呼吸将其还原为硫化氢(H2S)或单质硫(S0)。其电子供体来源广泛,包括乳酸、丙酮酸、挥发性脂肪酸及氢气等[30],因而具有较强的生态适应性。在自然环境中,SRB不仅驱动硫循环,还与碳循环和金属循环密切耦合。其代谢产物硫化氢具有毒性和腐蚀性,可能导致金属腐蚀、水体恶臭,引发生态风险;但在环境工程中,该还原过程可通过硫化沉淀机制固定重金属离子,实现对锌、铜、镉等污染水体的有效修复。
与SRB相对应,SOB以H2S、S0、S2O32⁻等还原态硫化合物为电子供体,通过硫氧化反应获取能量。根据能量来源不同,SOB可分为化能自养型和光能自养型。化能自养SOB通常以CO2为碳源,通过硫氧化反应合成细胞物质;光能自养硫细菌(如紫色硫细菌和绿色硫细菌)则利用光能驱动硫化物氧化过程[31]。SOB广泛分布于沉积物界面、硫化物富集环境及腐殖质沉积区,在氧化硫化氢、防止硫污染累积及维持硫循环平衡方面发挥重要作用,并在酸性矿山废水治理、臭气控制及环境修复等领域具有重要工程应用价值[32]
硫代谢是脱硫微生物获取能量并参与生物地球化学循环的核心生化过程,主要包括有机硫代谢与无机硫代谢两大类型。前者通过断裂有机硫化合物中的碳-硫(C-S)键实现硫元素的选择性去除或彻底矿化,后者则通过硫化物氧化或硫酸盐还原等反应实现硫在不同氧化态之间的转化。本节重点介绍有机硫代谢中的4S途径[42]与Kodama途径,以及若干其他典型代谢方式,以期为深入理解微生物硫循环机制及其工程应用奠定基础。
4S途径是目前研究最为系统和深入的有机硫选择性脱除代谢途径。该途径可特异性地裂解C-S键,其显著特征是在不破坏底物碳氢骨架的前提下仅去除硫原子,因此被认为是燃料生物脱硫领域中最具应用潜力的代谢模式。该途径通常以二苯并噻吩(DBT)为模型底物,在好氧条件下进行,由连续4步氧化与脱硫反应构成,最终生成亚硫酸盐和2-羟基联苯[43]
图1所示,4S脱硫途径由二苯并噻吩脱硫酶系(dibenzothiophene desulfurization enzyme complex,Dsz酶系)催化。第一步,DBT在二苯并噻吩单加氧酶(dibenzothiophene monooxygenase, DszC)[44]作用下经2次连续催化,依次被氧化为DBT亚砜(dibenzothiophene sulfoxide, DBTO)和DBT砜(dibenzothiophene sulfone, DBTO2)[45]。该过程需消耗还原型辅酶Ⅰ (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, NADH)并伴随氧气参与,是整个代谢通路的关键限速步骤之一[46]。随后,二苯并噻吩砜单加氧酶(dibenzothiophene sulfone monooxygenase, DszA)进一步催化DBT砜的氧化裂解,实现C-S键断裂并形成亚磺酸盐中间体;末端反应由二苯并噻吩亚磺酸盐脱硫酶(aromatic sulfinic acid hydrolase, DszB)完成,DszB通过水解作用将中间体中的亚磺酸基团转化为无机亚硫酸盐,同时生成最终有机产物2-HBP[47]
在该途径中,DszB具有高度底物特异性,是维持4S途径选择性脱硫特征的关键酶。整个4S代谢过程依赖于协同作用的黄素单加氧酶体系,DszC和DszA需在黄素蛋白介导的电子传递体系中完成连续氧化反应;由于该途径不破坏芳香环结构,燃料热值得以保留,使其在石油加工和清洁燃料生产领域具有明显优势。红城红球菌(Rhodococcus erythropolis) H-412[48]可通过该途径将DBT氧化为DBTO和DBTO2[49];黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)也表现出对DBT等含硫模型化合物的降解能力[50];嗜温脱硫菌戈登氏菌属(Gordonia sp.) SC-10在30 ℃、pH 7.5条件下通过该途径实现了较高的脱硫效率[51]
与4S途径保持芳香环结构完整的代谢模式不同,Kodama途径选择性地断裂C-C键而保留C-S键,将DBT转化为可溶于水的小分子有机硫化物,硫元素保留在该途径的产物3-羟基-2-甲酰基-苯并噻吩中,并未被脱除,因此该途径也被称为DBT的上游代谢途径[52]。该途径不依赖高度保守的专一酶系,其具体反应步骤可能因菌株及底物类型不同而存在差异,但共同特征是以芳香环开环反应为起始步骤[47]
Kodama途径通常由关键加氧反应启动,该反应多由非特异性双加氧酶催化,将分子氧直接引入DBT类似芳香环结构中,引发芳香环裂解。这一环裂解步骤构成Kodama途径与4S途径的本质差异:前者主动破坏碳骨架,后者则保持芳环结构。芳香环裂解后生成的水溶性含硫开环产物(如磺基羧酸类中间体)可进入微生物中心代谢通路,进一步通过类似脂肪酸β-氧化或三羧酸循环(tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA)的途径继续降解。Kodama途径第一步是在初始双加氧酶基因(initial dioxygenase genes, DoxABD)编码的起始双加氧酶作用下将DBT转化为顺式二氢二醇产物,该起始酶由铁氧化还原蛋白还原酶、铁氧化还原蛋白及铁硫蛋白构成的复合蛋白结构。顺式二氢二醇产物在脱氢酶(cis-dihydrodiol dehydrogenase, DoxE)作用下脱去氢原子,生成1,2-二羟基二苯并噻吩;外二醇双加氧酶(dioxygenase, DoxG)将苯环开环;最后在水合醛缩酶(hydrating aldolase bifunctional enzyme, DoxJ)和异构酶(isomerization catalytic turnover enzyme, DoxI)作用下,形成3-羟基-2-甲酰基-苯并噻吩(3-hydroxy-2-formyl-benzothiophene, HFBT)和可进入三羧酸循环的有机酸,如图2所示。Kodama途径是DBT代谢的上游过程,在Dox酶系作用下,DBT从多环结构转变为开环结构,继而经过异构及脱氢降解过程形成水杨酸;DBT代谢的下游过程为水杨酸在水杨酸羟化酶催化下形成邻苯二酚,邻苯二酚经开环裂解,在邻苯二酚1,2-双加氧酶基因(catechol 1,2-dioxygenase gene, CatA)和儿茶酚2,3-双加氧酶基因(catechol 2,3-dioxygenase gene, C23O)作用下形成TCA循环的中间产物,实现经C-S键断裂,硫元素以硫酸根形式释放,最终所有碳骨架通过TCA循环被彻底氧化为CO2和H2O,实现DBT的完全降解[53]。拜叶林克氏菌属(Beijerinckia)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)等多种微生物均可通过该途径实现生物脱硫[54]
在该降解过程中,硫原子随碳骨架分解逐步释放,其终产物形式包括亚硫酸盐、硫酸盐或硫化氢等[55]。由于碳骨架被完全氧化为CO2,微生物可通过底物水平磷酸化和氧化磷酸化获得大量腺苷三磷酸(adenosine triphosphate, ATP),从而支持细胞生长。采用Kodama途径的微生物能够从有机硫化合物中获取较为完整的营养与能量,实现彻底降解。该途径在有机硫污染土壤和水体修复中具有重要意义,但在石油炼制领域由于会造成燃料碳氢结构破坏和热值损失,其应用相对受限[25]
除4S途径和Kodama途径外,还存在可实现DBT彻底氧化降解的代谢方式。宋静[56]报道了一种DBT氧化降解途径,以苏黎士克洛诺斯杆菌(Cronobacter turicensis)为代表菌株;该菌首先将DBT中的杂环硫氧化为硫酸根,实现初步脱硫;随后在好氧条件下对芳香环进行加氢并开环,形成链状烷烃类中间体,进一步代谢为正十二烷、4,5-二甲基辛烷等产物,最终将超过80%的DBT氧化为CO2和H2O;该途径实现了DBT中硫元素与碳组分的同步彻底去除,为环境修复提供了新的思路。
除针对DBT的典型脱硫途径外,还存在一些特异性硫化物转化路径。例如,红球菌(Rhodococcus sp.) ECU0066可通过“硫醚不对称氧化途径”实现硫醚类化合物的高选择性氧化[57]。该菌通过硫醚向亚砜及亚砜向砜的两步氧化反应,将苯甲硫醚等底物转化为手性亚砜产物。该途径不仅可实现硫化物去除,还可将廉价硫醚转化为具有药用价值的手性中间体,显示出生物脱硫技术在精细化学品合成领域的潜在应用价值。
产碱菌(Alcaligenes sp.) SY1能够以甲硫醚为唯一碳源生长,其代谢过程中SO42-持续累积[58];在该途径中,甲硫醚在甲基转移酶催化下脱去一个甲基生成硫醇,硫醇在有氧条件下易发生自氧化反应生成二甲基二硫醚(dimethyl disulfide, DMDS);随后DMDS可进一步脱去一个甲基,并经自氧化过程生成二甲基三硫醚(dimethyl trisulfide, DMTS);该代谢途径揭示了挥发性有机硫化合物在微生物体系中的转化规律。
在厌氧消化体系中,污泥中的硫元素主要以硫化物、有机硫及硫酸盐等形式存在,其中有机硫多以含硫蛋白质形式存在;含硫蛋白质经水解后产生含硫氨基酸(如甲硫氨酸和半胱氨酸),这些氨基酸在厌氧条件下可进一步生成H2S。胡悦[10]从污水处理厂剩余污泥中分离得到粪热杆菌(Coprothermobacter sp.),研究表明以半胱氨酸为底物时该菌水解释放的巯基(-SH)可直接转化为硫化物;而甲硫氨酸水解生成的甲巯基(-S-CH3)则不能被该菌直接转化为硫化物,需进一步脱甲基并参与产甲烷过程。上述差异表明,不同含硫氨基酸在厌氧条件下的降解机制存在显著差别。深入研究含硫氨基酸的代谢路径对于调控厌氧消化体系中硫化氢的生成具有重要意义。
硫酸盐还原途径是硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)的核心能量代谢方式,也是地球上最古老的生物代谢过程之一,在全球硫循环与有机碳矿化过程中发挥着关键作用;该途径以硫酸盐为终端电子受体,在缺氧条件下通过氧化有机底物(如乳酸、丙酮酸等)实现厌氧呼吸,从而维持细胞生长与能量供给[59]
图3所示,硫酸盐还原过程首先经历硫酸盐的活化。由于硫酸根离子化学性质稳定,需在硫酸盐活化酶作用下消耗ATP,将其转化为腺苷-5′-磷酰硫酸(adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate, APS),以赋予其反应活性;随后,在APS还原酶催化下,APS被还原生成亚硫酸盐和腺苷一磷酸(adenosine monophosphate, AMP);亚硫酸盐是该途径中的关键中间体,在亚硫酸盐还原酶作用下,经多步电子传递与中间产物转化,最终生成硫化氢;整个还原链涉及多种酶复合体及特异电子载体(如细胞色素c3、铁氧还蛋白等),电子最终来源于有机底物的氧化过程;从能量学角度分析,尽管硫酸盐还原各步骤的氧化还原电位整体有利,但初始硫酸盐活化需消耗2个高能磷酸键,因此该过程净能量产量相对有限,每还原1 mol硫酸盐约生成1-4 mol ATP;尽管能量效率不高,在缺乏氧气、硝酸盐等更优电子受体的厌氧生态位中,SRB仍凭借该代谢策略获得竞争优势;其终产物硫化氢虽具有一定毒性,但可与金属离子形成难溶性金属硫化物沉淀,同时也可作为化能自养硫氧化菌的底物被重新氧化,从而在自然界硫循环中形成紧密耦合的氧化-还原循环[30]
硫氧化途径是化能自养微生物氧化还原性无机硫化合物,并将氧化过程中释放的化学能用于CO2固定与有机物合成的代谢方式。该途径具有显著的多样性,可在好氧或厌氧条件下进行[60]
图4所示,在好氧条件下,H2S通常作为起始底物,在细胞周质空间内经硫氧化酶(sulfur oxidase)催化生成元素硫,释放的电子直接进入呼吸链,形成质子动力势并驱动ATP合成。随后,生成的元素硫颗粒被转运至细胞内,在硫双加氧酶(sulfur dioxygenase)作用下进一步氧化为亚硫酸盐[61]
亚硫酸盐氧化是硫氧化过程中的关键环节,主要包括2条代谢路径:(1)在细胞色素c氧化还原酶作用下,亚硫酸盐被直接氧化为硫酸盐,电子传递至细胞色素c并进入典型呼吸链末端氧化酶系统,从而高效合成ATP;(2)逆向硫酸盐还原途径,即亚硫酸盐在APS还原酶的逆反应作用下生成APS,随后在ATP还原酶催化下转化为硫酸盐并伴随ATP生成。该过程属于部分硫氧化菌(SOB)的底物水平磷酸化方式,是其在低氧环境中获取能量的重要策略。
在厌氧条件下,光合细菌与非光合细菌的硫氧化机制存在显著差异。如图5所示,光合硫细菌以光能为驱动,以硫化物或单质硫为电子供体进行不产氧光合作用,其硫氧化过程与光系统I和光系统Ⅱ密切偶联。光合中心吸收光能后释放高能电子,驱动电子传递链运行,同时该菌特异酶系将H2S氧化为S0或SO42-。在该过程中产生的电子持续补充电子传递链,实现能量获取与还原力生成。光合细菌通常以CO2为碳源,能够实现自养生长;在无光条件下,则可通过厌氧呼吸或硝酸盐还原等方式维持电子传递链的运行[62]
对于部分非光合细菌,在缺氧条件下可利用硝酸盐或亚硝酸盐作为终端电子受体,表现为硫驱动反硝化代谢。该类细菌通过多种酶系将硫化物氧化为SO42-或S0,释放的电子进入厌氧电子传递链,在末端由硝酸盐还原酶和亚硝酸盐还原酶催化,将硝酸盐逐级还原为氮气[63]。该代谢模式在含硫废水处理与自然水体氮-硫耦合循环中具有重要的生态与工程意义。
综上所述,有机脱硫菌与无机脱硫菌是生物脱硫系统中2类核心功能微生物,二者在自然界硫循环过程中均发挥着关键作用,共同参与硫形态的转化与去除,在环境治理和生物脱硫等领域具有相似的功能目标。虽然二者的最终作用效果相近,但在营养代谢方式、底物利用、生长特性及环境适应性等方面存在差异。有机脱硫菌主要为化能异养型,可脱除有机硫化合物中的硫元素;无机脱硫菌则多为化能自养型,通常将无机硫化物氧化为单质硫或硫酸盐。尽管2类菌株的代谢途径和底物类型不同,但在生物脱硫过程中共同构成了较为完整的微生物体系基础。为更直观地呈现这2种脱硫菌的异同点,现将关键特征进行整理,如表3所示。
脱硫菌的代谢活性与反应体系的物理化学条件密切相关。温度是影响菌体酶活性的关键环境参数。一般而言,大多数脱硫菌的最适生长温度为30-40 ℃;温度过高易导致蛋白质变性失活,而低温则显著降低代谢速率与电子传递效率;pH也是重要调控因子,当体系pH维持在6.5-7.5范围内时,脱硫菌生长与代谢活性较为稳定;酸性条件可破坏细胞膜结构,碱性环境则可能抑制硫氧化酶活性[66]
底物特性及体系组成直接决定脱硫菌对特定含硫化合物的降解能力。在工程应用中,脱硫菌常与载体或辅助介质复配形成生物脱硫剂,其化学组成需满足菌体的代谢需求。例如,亚铁氧化酸硫杆状菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)依赖Fe2+作为电子供体,而多数硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)则需有机物作为碳源与电子供体。脱硫剂粒径通常控制在微米级以提高比表面积。研究表明,粒径小于250目的石灰石可显著提升脱硫效率[67]。底物复杂性也显著影响菌群结构与功能表达。对于含苯并噻吩等复杂硫醚组分的烟气体系,通常需要菌群协同代谢方可实现高效脱硫,单一菌种难以适应多组分底物环境[68]
脱硫效率不仅取决于菌体代谢活性,还与碳源类型、营养供给策略及代谢副产物调控密切相关。碳源作为能量与还原力的核心来源,直接影响生长速率、电子传递链运行效率及硫氧化途径选择。不同碳源通过调节代谢通量对脱硫速率产生显著影响。葡萄糖作为速效碳源,可经糖酵解迅速提供ATP,但过量葡萄糖易导致丙酮酸积累并抑制硫氧化酶活性。研究表明,当葡萄糖浓度超过一定阈值时,脱硫弧菌的脱硫效率显著下降,其原因与副产物引起的胞内pH变化有关[69-70]。乳酸作为短链有机酸,可经三羧酸循环转化为乙酰辅酶A,其代谢产物可进一步参与硫酸盐还原,实现碳-硫代谢耦合;实验显示,乙酸作为短链脂肪酸可直接进入乙酰辅酶A合成途径,从而避免糖酵解中间产物的反馈抑制;但当乙酸浓度过高时,会破坏细胞膜脂质双层结构,提高菌体死亡率[71]
碳源代谢副产物对脱硫过程具有双重效应。H2S既是脱硫终产物,也是潜在毒性物质。当其浓度过高时,可与金属离子形成沉淀,堵塞菌体表面的脱硫相关酶或通道蛋白[72];而在低浓度条件下,H2S可诱导硫氧化相关基因表达,通过反馈调节提升脱硫效率。与此同时,有机酸积累会降低体系pH,从而抑制相关代谢酶活性。例如,乳酸脱氢酶的最适pH为6.8-7.2,当体系pH降至6.0时,其活性显著下降,进而影响碳源代谢效率[73]。气体扩散限制也是影响因素之一,乙酸代谢产生的CO2若不能及时逸出,将降低气液传质效率并限制脱硫反应速率[74]
碳源供给需与氮源、微量元素及电子受体协同调控,以构建稳定的代谢网络。氮源选择直接影响菌体生物量积累与C/N平衡。NH4+作为常用氮源,有利于维持适宜的C/N比。当C/N比低于10:1时,菌体优先分解碳源而非进行硫氧化;当C/N比高于25:1时,氮源受限将抑制菌体生长[75]
在微量元素方面,Fe3+与Mo6+为多种脱硫酶的重要辅因子。Fe3+浓度一般需维持在0.1-0.5 mmol/L范围,以保障细胞色素c的氧化还原功能;Mo6+缺乏则可能导致脱硫效率下降[76]。电子受体匹配也不可忽视,当以SO42-为终端电子受体时应与碳源氧化产生的电子供体保持化学计量平衡,避免电子传递链过载或能量利用效率下降[77]
脱硫菌在实际应用中常受到重金属、抗生素等抑制性物质的干扰。重金属可通过破坏细胞结构、抑制关键酶活性及诱导氧化应激等多重机制影响菌体代谢功能。Cd2+、Cu2+等离子可与细胞膜磷脂结合,改变膜流动性并增加通透性,导致胞内物质泄漏。研究表明,当Cd2+浓度超过3.5 mg/L时,脱硫弧菌细胞膜完整性显著受损,ATP合成效率明显下降[78]
此外,重金属可与酶活性中心巯基结合或改变蛋白构象,从而抑制硫氧化酶、脱氢酶等关键代谢酶活性。例如,Cu2+在1 mg/L条件下即可使脱硫单胞菌的硫氧化速率降低35%,该现象与细胞色素c氧化酶失活密切相关[79]。部分重金属还可通过Fenton反应产生活性氧,超出菌体抗氧化系统的清除能力。实验显示,在Cr6+胁迫下,脱硫菌超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性下降60%,脂质过氧化产物含量增加2.5倍[80]
抗生素也可通过干扰蛋白质合成、破坏膜结构及抑制代谢通路影响脱硫菌功能。四环素类抗生素通过与核糖体亚基结合,阻断信使RNA (messenger RNA, mRNA)与转运RNA (transfer RNA, tRNA)配对,抑制肽链延伸。研究表明,盐酸土霉素在10 mg/L浓度下可显著降低脱硫菌蛋白合成速率[81]。部分阳离子抗生素可嵌入细胞膜磷脂层形成孔洞,导致胞内离子泄漏。例如,新霉素B可使脱硫菌胞内K+流失速率增加3倍,从而破坏跨膜质子梯度[82]。磺胺类药物通过竞争性抑制二氢叶酸合成酶,阻断四氢叶酸生成,进而影响电子传递链运行。实验表明,磺胺甲噁唑在50 mg/L条件下可使脱硫菌SO42-还原效率降低50%[83]
生物脱硫技术在工业领域的应用已展现出显著的科学价值与工程效益,其核心在于利用特定脱硫微生物的代谢作用将含硫化合物转化为单质硫或硫酸盐,从而实现污染控制与资源回收。
天然气净化方面,鞠庆玲等[84]提出,强化生物滴滤塔可显著缩短反应器启动与驯化周期(约减少60%),并在极端酸性条件(pH≤1.5)下保持长期稳定运行;该工艺实现了H2S深度去除,缩短了完全去除时间并减少了设备占地(30%-50%),体现出生物法在低药耗与装置小型化方面的优势。相关工程路径通常为含硫天然气在生物反应器/滤池中与硫氧化菌或硫还原菌充分接触,分别将H2S转化为硫/硫酸盐或硫/硫化物,该生物滤塔通过填充生物填料可有效去除H2S,循环喷淋水的pH值最终保持在1.0-1.5,硫氧化菌为嗜酸菌,能够在酸性条件下去除H2S,该途径为硫氧化途径[85]
钢铁焦炉煤气治理中,上海梅山钢铁股份有限公司通过“高分子铁化合物(仿血红蛋白)-脱硫特种菌”协同体系,将入口H2S稳定控制在2 mg/Nm3以下,并实现有机硫30%-50%的脱除,应用脱硫脱氰(desulfurization and decyanation sorbent, DDS)技术,经吸收-再生-生化降解实现硫的转化与回收,使出口总硫<185 mg/Nm³、H2S<5 mg/Nm³,有机硫脱除率最高达50%,降低了副盐生成与堵塞风险,表明“催化剂辅助+生物转化”可兼顾深度净化与协同去除需求[86]。该应用中的脱硫菌具有转化无机与有机硫化物的能力,能够在催化剂和氧气的作用下降解H2S和有机硫,使其以硫元素的形态释放,减少硫酸盐含量;无机硫降解涉及硫酸盐还原途径与硫氧化途径。
热电与化工联合场景下,江苏国信协联燃气热电有限公司应用帕克公司生物脱硫工艺处理柠檬酸废水衍生沼气,将H2S由14 000 mg/Nm3降至200 mg/Nm3并回收高纯度单质硫,运行成本较石灰石法降低30%以上,突出了资源化回收与降本优势[87]。餐厨/厨余等沼气治理中,陈伟民等[88]基于嗜酸性菌种与填料构建生物脱硫塔,使H2S由1 500 mg/L降至16.8 mg/L,稳定去除率达98.88%;该菌嗜酸且能够降解无机硫,为硫氧化途径。张亦弛等[89]通过分区构型与气体置换优化,将H2S由1 043-1 112 mg/L降至42 mg/L,脱硫率>96%;该除硫工艺原理为生物过滤塔氧化沼气中具有臭鸡蛋气味的H2S,属无机脱硫途径的硫氧化过程。针对更大规模污泥消化沼气,侯盾等[90]提出“碱再生生物洗涤+同步再生干法脱硫”组合工艺,在进气H2S为4 125-7 425 mg/m3时出气<27 mg/m3、去除率达99%,该工艺中生物反应器液相含有硫杆菌,可将硫化物氧化,主要生成单质硫,该途径为硫氧化途径。Torres-Herrera等[91]在填埋场沼气中实现了最高95.3%的去除率。工业化代表壳牌-帕克(Shell-Paques)工艺[92]在pH 8.0-9.0下可实现近100%脱硫,并以硫氧化再生OH-,体现了闭路循环优势。国内工程对比显示,生物脱硫-氧化铁组合最高脱除率可达96%,而单纯氧化铁脱硫虽达94%但运行费用更高;该生物脱硫采用脱氮硫杆菌(Thiobacillus denitrificans)在弱碱性条件下吸收H2S,将H2S氧化为元素硫,为硫氧化途径[93]。总体上,沼气生物脱硫的主要瓶颈集中在负荷波动、硫沉积/堵塞与盐分累积,工程上倾向于采用分区强化、再生与回收优化及多工艺耦合。
煤化工酸性气治理中,刘洋等[94]构建了吸收塔、生物反应器、沉降/熔硫等单元装置,该装置中酸性气里的H2S和C2O经碱液吸收分别生成HS⁻、CO32-和HCO3,其中HS⁻在硫磺杆菌及氧气作用下转化为硫元素,硫氧化实现了H2S近100%脱除并回收硫磺,且排放满足《恶臭污染物排放标准》,体现了达标排放与资源回收并重。克劳斯尾气方面,中石化南京化工研究院有限公司提出加氢还原-生物脱硫耦合工艺并筛选诱变硫磺杆菌,硫磺杆菌与液相中的H2S结合,经吸收塔和生物反应器将H2S中的硫以硫元素的形式释放,接近实现硫“零”排放,较克劳斯尾气处理工艺(Shell Claus off-gas treating, SCOT)流程硫回收更直接高效[95]
针对甲硫醚引发的恶臭问题,薛晓斌[96]选用竹炭为填充介质构建了生物过滤塔装置,过滤塔中优势菌种为假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)和浮霉状菌门(Planctomycetes),甲硫醚进气浓度为10-11 g/m3、风量为15 L/min时,二级生物过滤塔对甲硫醚的去除率最高可达97.6%;在该过滤塔中,甲硫醚先转化为甲硫醇,然后部分氧化为CO2和H2S,最后硫元素以硫酸根离子的形态转移至滤液中。材料-微生物耦合方面,姜丽等[97]将克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella sp.)与多孔碳材料构建复合体系,用于H2S废气处理(生物再生效率48.55%,S2-饱和吸附量118.85 mg/g);刘启凯等[98]筛选克雷伯氏菌属并在优化条件下获得75.87%脱硫率,为菌种资源与参数优化提供了依据,克雷伯氏菌能有效地将S2-转化为SO42-,以此完成硫化物的代谢去除。极端工况下,张海林等[99]筛得耐盐菌盐硫小杆菌属(Halothiobacillus) ZTLH,高盐条件下S2-去除速率最高达20 mmol/(L·h),提示了耐受型菌资源的重要性;其工艺为先在吸收塔内利用碱性液体收集H2S,再将富硫吸收液引入反应器进行生物氧化,最终产物以单质硫为主,由于脱硫微生物氧化低价硫元素(S2-)过程中,普遍同时存在氧化产物为单质硫的辅酶Q途径和氧化产物为S2O32-、SO42-的细胞色素途径,因此伴有S2O32-、SO42-的生成。固相底物方面,胡晓宇[100]提出“光催化氧化预处理+微生物脱硫”协同策略,使石油焦脱硫率达50.11%,说明预处理提升底物可利用性有助于强化微生物脱硫,红球菌(Rhodococcus sp.) DQ-07是一株DBT耐受降解菌株,该菌能够将DBT的C-S键特异性断开,分解为2-羟基联苯(2-HBP)和硫酸根离子,因此为4S途径。
综上所述,工业生物脱硫技术已由单一生物单元逐步发展为“吸收-再生-回收”闭路循环及物化-生物耦合模式。未来提升工程稳定性与经济性的关键在于强化传质过程、构建抗冲击稳定菌群并控制盐分累积,同时优化硫资源化回收路径。
在污水处理体系中,沼气生物脱硫是实现臭气控制与能源利用协同优化的重要方向。王之敏等[101]构建了由洗涤塔、生物反应器、沉淀罐及换热系统等组成的工程化脱硫装置,γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)属于硫氧化菌,在该脱硫体系中丰度最高可达62.58%,发挥主导作用,该脱硫过程由硫氧化途径主导,该装置年处理沼气9 844 620 Nm3,H2S浓度稳定降至200 mg/L,单质硫回收量达28 702.41 kg;体现了“吸收-生物氧化-硫回收”一体化模式在实际运行中的可行性与稳定性。针对油田污水中硫酸盐还原菌代谢生成硫化物导致体系黏度下降的问题,郭省学等[102]提出生物脱硫保黏技术,使硫化物由2.0-4.0 mg/L降至0.2 mg/L以下,降幅超过90%,通过培养脱硫功能菌假单胞菌竞争性地抑制硫酸盐还原菌的生长达到抑制新的H2S生成并氧化有害硫化物的作用,拓展了生物脱硫在功能调控领域的应用。
在城镇污水处理厂恶臭治理方面,尹彩月[103]通过生物滴滤塔与洗涤塔小试研究发现,短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)、硫单胞菌属(Thiomonas)及硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)等菌属在硫化物去除中具有优势作用,好氧条件下硫氧化菌通过硫氧化途径去除H2S;当循环液停留时间为48 h时,H2S去除率可稳定在80%以上。丁炼[104]将嗜酸性亚铁氧化酸硫杆状菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)与富铁生物炭吸附单元耦合,填料床上的脱硫菌通过催化氧化SO2为SO42-实现污染气体中SO2的脱除;A. ferrooxidans通过氧化作用进行脱硫,硫脱除率接近100%,体现了吸附-生物协同强化效应。潘俊等[105]将硫氧化菌固定于净水污泥、绿沸石与活性炭载体上,其中净水污泥组对酸可挥发性硫化物去除效果最佳,同时可抑制SRB生长,说明固定化与载体选择对体系稳定性具有重要影响。
在畜禽养殖污水与沉积物治理方面,于淑豪等[106]筛选获得盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)高效异养硫氧化菌,在优化条件下对S2-去除率接近100%,为高盐污水体系H2S控制提供了菌种基础。解维俊[107]从海洋网箱养殖区沉积物中分离出微小杆菌(Exiguobacterium sp.) DS2与枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis) DS5,这2种硫氧化菌通过氧化Na2S2O3实现脱硫,主要产物为SO42-,按1:2比例构建复合制剂,可用于黑臭底泥或水体修复,拓展了生物脱硫在水产生态治理中的应用范围。杨国军等[108]筛选获得乙酰微小杆菌(Exiguobacterium acetylicum) C-1,在硫化物浓度40-150 mg/L条件下,24 h内脱硫率可达96%,48 h去除率超过98%,表现出较强的异养好氧脱硫能力;并构建了由巨大普里斯特氏菌(Priestia megaterium) A-1与乙酰微小杆菌(E. acetylicum)组成的复合菌系,48 h内对废水中硫化物去除率达99%以上,显示复合菌群协同代谢可显著提升脱硫效率[16]
综上所述,污泥污水领域的生物脱硫技术已由单菌应用向复合菌群构建、固定化强化及吸附-生物耦合方向发展。未来需重点关注菌群稳定性、硫沉积与盐分累积控制以及传质效率提升等问题,以实现污水体系中硫循环调控的长期稳定运行。
畜禽粪便在厌氧发酵与堆肥过程中易产生高浓度H2S及氨气,是制约资源化利用与环境安全的重要因素。工程实践表明,生物脱硫技术在规模化养殖废弃物处理中的应用已取得一定进展。山东民和牧业股份有限公司在鸡粪沼气发电工程中采用2座脱硫塔并联运行,使H2S由(3 000-5 000)×10-6降至200×10-6以下,且运行成本低于化学脱硫[109],沼气净化过程中,脱硫生物将H2S氧化为H2SO3或S0,显示出生物法在高负荷沼气净化中的经济优势。
在功能菌筛选方面,李玥等[110]从鸡粪中分离获得具有除臭功能的芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.) MS03、贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis) MS07及变异棒杆菌(Corynebacterium variabile) MS82,构建复合菌系后综合除臭率达60%;25 ℃培养14 d后,单菌H2S去除率均达60%以上。刘旭等[111]分离获得硫氧化菌假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.) CN2,可通过氧化作用将S2O32-氧化为SO42-,从而降低鸡粪尤其在高温条件下的H2S释放。赵晨曦等[112]筛选出5株具有除臭功能且耐高温嗜粪菌株,在鸡粪处理中可减少54.44%的H2S释放。徐庆贤[113]从养鸡床垫料中分离出5株脱硫菌芽孢杆菌(Bacillus sp.),其中潮滩硝酸盐还原菌(Nitratireductor aestuarii) Td-55菌株96 h内H2S去除率达78%。上述研究表明,来源于粪便生态位的优势菌株在复杂有机质和高氨环境中具有较强适应性。
在生物转化体系中,阮传清等[114]从黑水虻虫砂中筛选获得了具有除臭功能的产碱菌(Alcaligenes sp.)、亮杆菌(Leucobacter sp.)和假苍白杆菌(Pseudochrobactru sp.)等菌株,H2S去除率为59.34%-70.01%。周东兴等[115]与徐明明[116]分别从蚯蚓粪中构建复合脱硫菌系,该菌系在有氧条件下通过自身代谢作用对发臭物质H2S等进行氧化分解,H2S释放降低幅度分别达71.53%和72.55%,且复合菌效果显著优于单菌,显示协同代谢对提升除臭效率具有重要作用。
在猪场臭气治理方面,叶芬霞等[117]构建复合微生物吸附除臭剂,在最优载体生物量条件下对猪、鸡、牛粪中H2S去除率超过65%,现场应用中NH3、H2S和恶臭浓度分别降低78.4%、66.7%和83.3%。刘雪纯等[118]从规模化猪场粪便污水中分离出地衣芽孢杆菌与粪产碱杆菌,均属于异养型硫氧化菌,可将粪便中有毒的还原态硫化物S2-和H2S通过硫氧化作用逐步转化为无毒的SO42-,脱硫率分别为84.02%和86.12%。董晴等[119]筛选获得贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis) S12,该菌可有效降解粪便中的有机成分并减少有害气体及细菌的生长,通过自身代谢将H2S转化为S0和SO42-,实现了有害气体的去除,培养48 h对H2S去除率达86.86%,在羊粪处理中H2S去除率为82.87%。
综上所述,畜禽粪便处理领域的生物脱硫研究已由单一菌株筛选向复合菌群构建与工程应用拓展。未来应围绕高温高氨环境下菌群稳定性、底物复杂性及规模化应用中传质与持续作用时间等关键问题,加强耐受型功能菌的筛选与协同体系优化,以提升生物脱硫在畜禽粪污资源化利用中的稳定性与可推广性。
生活废弃物在回收与资源化过程中易释放含硫污染物,生物脱硫为其绿色处理提供了新的技术路径。针对废弃轮胎橡胶(tire rubber, TR)含硫问题,陆瑶[120]从轮胎表面分离获得埃希氏菌(Escherichia sp.),在外源DBT诱导及过表达转录因子作用下提高了该菌4S脱硫基因的表达能力,进而显著降低了TR中的硫含量,由2.34%降至1.10%,表明通过诱导强化可提升难降解固体基质中有机硫的生物转化效率。
在厨余垃圾处理过程中,H2S释放是主要臭气来源。王晓莉等[121]从餐厨废弃物中筛选获得芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus) KW6和根瘤菌属(Rhizobium) KSW8,在30 ℃和35 ℃条件下H2S去除率分别达83.5%和85.8%,该芽孢杆菌通过氧化作用对有害硫化物进行脱硫,说明来源于腐殖环境的本土菌株在复杂有机质条件下具有较好适应性。
生活废弃物领域的生物脱硫研究仍以功能菌筛选与条件优化为主。未来应加强固体基质中硫组分生物可利用性与传质过程的机制研究,并结合预处理或复合菌群构建,提高技术稳定性与规模化应用水平。
在农业生态系统中,硫元素供应不足会影响作物生长与品质。陈艳等[122]从油菜根际土壤中筛选获得唐菖蒲伯克霍尔德氏菌(Burkholderia gladioli) YNK-FB0053、内生泛菌(Pantoea endophytica) YNK-FB0056和阿氏普里斯特氏菌YNK-FB0057,兼具硫氧化能力与促生功能,硫氧化能力最高达66.54 mg/L,并可促进番茄种子萌发与生长。该研究表明,硫氧化微生物在调控土壤硫循环与提升养分有效性方面具有应用潜力。农业领域的生物脱硫研究正由单一硫转化功能向“硫循环调控-植物促生协同”方向拓展。未来需进一步关注功能菌在土壤中的定殖稳定性及其与根际微生物群落的互作机制,以提升生物硫转化技术在农业生产中的持续效益。
尽管生物脱硫技术具有环境友好和硫资源可回收等优势,但在工业化推广过程中仍面临多方面限制,主要体现在菌种性能、反应速率、工艺稳定性及原料适应性等方面。
首先,菌种功能局限性是制约生物脱硫效率提升的核心问题。生物脱硫依赖特定酶系催化硫化物转化,但多数菌株对有机硫化合物,尤其是噻吩类化合物的选择性脱硫能力有限。例如,噻吩类降解依赖4S途径,但实际应用中常发生碳骨架破坏性代谢,不仅降低燃料热值,还生成副产物干扰后续工艺[123]。此外,高效工程菌的筛选与改造仍以传统诱变和培养优化为主,现代基因编辑和合成生物学技术在工业脱硫菌株中的系统应用尚不成熟,限制了其在高温、高盐及高硫负荷条件下的适应能力。
其次,生物脱硫反应速率偏低,是规模化应用的重要瓶颈。微生物氧化H2S的速率受酶动力学参数制约,如硫氧化酶米氏常数较高,反应达到平衡需较长时间,在高压天然气处理条件下,气升式反应器H2S最大负荷约为0.246 kg/(m3·h),低于工业化学脱硫的硫容水平[124]。同时,气-液-固三相传质阻力构成多级限制,H2S需经历溶解、扩散及生物膜传递等过程,尤其在高流量或高黏度体系中传质受限更为显著。
再次,生物脱硫系统对环境参数高度敏感,增加了工艺调控的复杂性。菌群通常需在30-40 ℃、pH 7.0-8.0范围内保持稳定活性,偏离该区间易导致脱硫效率下降。例如,低温显著抑制脱氮硫杆菌的代谢活性,而酸性条件需持续投加NaOH调节,不仅提高运行成本,还可能引发盐分累积问题[125]。氧气供给也需精确控制,理想氧硫物质的量比一般为0.5-1.0;氧气过量可能影响气体成分稳定性,氧气不足则导致硫产物过度氧化为硫酸盐,降低硫磺回收率。当前自动化与智能控制技术尚未完全成熟,限制了系统的长期稳定运行。
此外,原料组分波动及微量杂质对生物系统具有显著影响[126-127]。H2S浓度通常需维持在0.1%-2.0%范围内,过高易抑制菌群活性,过低则影响系统负荷与经济性。沼气及工业废气中常含有硅氧烷及其他微量毒性物质,不仅可能毒害微生物,还易造成填料堵塞与传质受阻,进一步降低运行效率。
综上所述,生物脱硫技术的瓶颈主要集中于菌种性能提升、反应动力学强化、环境参数精准调控及复杂原料适应性增强等方面。结合本研究团队在功能菌筛选与复合菌群构建方面的工作基础,未来应加强定向菌株改造与多菌协同机制研究,优化反应器结构以强化传质效率,并引入在线监测与智能调控手段,实现生物脱硫系统在复杂工况下的稳定高效运行。
生物脱硫以脱硫微生物的硫代谢为核心,在温和条件下实现含硫化合物的转化与去除,并具备硫资源回收潜力,是兼具环境效益与资源化价值的绿色脱硫途径。现有研究与工程实践表明,该技术已在天然气净化、焦炉煤气处理、沼气提纯及石油相关体系等场景形成代表性应用,并呈现由单一生物单元向“吸收-生物转化-产物回收”闭路循环及物化-生物耦合模式发展的趋势。机制层面,有机硫脱硫菌主要通过4S途径与Kodama途径介导含碳骨架硫化物的转化,无机硫脱硫菌则依托硫酸盐还原与硫氧化途径驱动硫在不同价态间循环;底物组成、碳源与营养条件等关键因子通过调控代谢通量与电子传递效率,决定脱硫速率与稳定性。尽管如此,生物脱硫由“可用”走向“可持续规模化”仍面临突出瓶颈:菌群活性对温度、pH、溶解氧及原料波动敏感,复杂杂质冲击易引发群落失稳;反应动力学与气-液-固多相传质受限,处理负荷与放大效应仍受制约;单质硫沉积分离、生物残渣处置及硫酸盐累积导致的盐分管理与废水处理成本影响连续运行与经济性。未来研究与工程优化可重点聚焦以下方向:面向复杂工况的耐受型功能菌与复合菌群构建,提升抗冲击能力与长期稳定性;以传质强化与抗堵塞为目标的反应器与载体优化,实现高负荷稳定运行;结合在线监测与模型化控制,提升氧硫比、pH与负荷的动态调节能力;将硫回收与副产盐管理纳入全流程协同优化,建立“效率-回收-成本”一体化评价体系。总体而言,生物脱硫的关键方向在于机制认知深化基础上的工艺集成与系统优化,预计将在更多高负荷、复杂组分场景中实现更高稳定性与更优经济性,为绿色低碳工业提供重要技术支撑。
  • 辽宁省科技厅面上项目(2025-MS-179)
  • 辽宁省属本科高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2024JBYBZ011)
  • 辽宁省科技特派行动专项计划(2024JH5/10400057)
  • 大连市科技创新基金(2025JJ13GX035)
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2026年第66卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260139
  • 接收时间:2026-02-14
  • 首发时间:2026-08-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-14
  • 录用日期:2026-04-11
基金
General Project of Liaoning Provincial Department of Science and Technology(2025-MS-179)
辽宁省科技厅面上项目(2025-MS-179)
Special Funds for Basic Scientific Research in Undergraduate Institutions of Liaoning Province(2024JBYBZ011)
辽宁省属本科高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2024JBYBZ011)
Liaoning Provincial Science and Technology Mission Project(2024JH5/10400057)
辽宁省科技特派行动专项计划(2024JH5/10400057)
Dalian Science and Technology Innovation Fund(2025JJ13GX035)
大连市科技创新基金(2025JJ13GX035)
作者信息
    1.大连海洋大学 水产与生命学院,设施渔业教育部重点实验室,辽宁 大连
    2.大连海洋大学 水产与生命学院,农业农村部北方海水增养殖重点实验室,辽宁 大连

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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