Article(id=1297571137140056535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260068, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1769184000000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1773676800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineDate=1787294666799, onlineDateStr=2026-08-21, pubDate=1785772800000, pubDateStr=2026-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787294666799, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787294666799, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787294666799, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297570992835023717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='8', pageStart='3681', pageEnd='4288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785772800000', pubDateStr='2026-08-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787294632395, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787294931551, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4184, endPage=4198, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297571137383326168, articleId=1297571137140056535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Seasonal variations of the gut microbiota in the plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi), columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] The gut microbiota plays crucial roles in host energy metabolism, immune regulation, and environmental adaptation. However, seasonal variations in the structure, function, and assembly mechanisms of the gut microbiota in the plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi) remain poorly understood. [Methods] This study employed Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology to perform 16S rRNA (V3-V4 region) sequencing on 17 gastrointestinal content samples of plateau zokors, thus investigating the effects of season (spring vs. winter) on the diversity, function, and assembly processes of the gut microbiota. [Results] The alpha diversity and richness of the gut microbiota in plateau zokors were higher in spring than in winter (P<0.05), and the gut microbiota structure in winter exhibited extremely significant differences (P<0.001). At the phylum and genus levels, the relative abundance of certain dominant microbial taxa differed between seasons (P<0.05). PICRUSt functional prediction revealed that at Level 1, metabolism was the dominant pathway, with the genetic information processing, environmental information processing, human diseases, and organismal systems pathways being enriched in the spring group compared with the winter group (P<0.05). Further analysis of metabolic pathways at Level 2 indicated that pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, lipid metabolism, metabolism of other amino acids, and metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides were higher in spring than in winter (P<0.05). The neutral community model (NCM) showed more extensive dispersal of the gut microbiota among individuals in winter (Nm=228.75) than in spring (Nm=216.68). The normalized stochasticity ratio (NST) was less than 0.5 in the spring group, indicating dominance by deterministic processes, while it was greater than 0.5 in the winter group, suggesting dominance by stochastic processes, with significant differences between groups (P<0.001). Further iCAMP analysis revealed that drift and dispersal limitation were the primary ecological processes governing microbial community assembly in both seasons, and the relative contributions of these ecological processes differed between spring and winter (P<0.001). [Conclusion] Season significantly affects the structure, composition, function, and assembly mechanisms of the gut microbiota in plateau zokors. During winter, plateau zokors may save energy by reducing the metabolic activity and information-processing functions of the gut microbiota. In addition, plateau zokors may adjust taxa abundance of the gut microbiota to cope with environmental changes and maintain intestinal homeostasis. These findings provide important insights into the mechanisms by which wild plateau rodents adapt to high-altitude and cold environments from the gut microbiota.

, authors=Lei SI1, Chengbo LIANG2, Guiping LU3, Wenrui JIAO3, Daoxin LIU3, authorsList=Lei SI, Chengbo LIANG, Guiping LU, Wenrui JIAO, Daoxin LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Daoxin LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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【目的】 肠道微生物群在动物的能量代谢、免疫调控及环境适应中具有重要作用。然而,目前关于高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)肠道微生物群在不同季节间的结构、功能及组装机制的变化尚不明确。 【方法】 采用Illumina测序技术对17份高原鼢鼠肠胃内容物样品的16S rRNA基因V3-V4区进行高通量测序,探究春冬季节变化对肠道菌群多样性、功能及组装过程的影响。 【结果】 春季高原鼢鼠肠道微生物多样性和丰富度显著高于冬季(P<0.05),春冬两季间肠道菌群群落结构差异极显著(P<0.001);门、属水平部分优势菌群的丰度存在显著季节差异(P<0.05)。PICRUSt功能预测表明,在level 1水平,新陈代谢为关键通路,春季组的遗传信息处理、环境信息处理、人类疾病及生物体系统相关通路均显著高于冬季组(P<0.05)。进一步对level 2水平的新陈代谢通路分析发现,春季组的碳水化合物、氨基酸、核苷酸、脂质、其他氨基酸及萜类和多酮类代谢通路丰度均显著高于冬季组(P<0.05)。中性群落模型(neutral community model, NCM)结果显示,冬季个体间肠道微生物扩散更为广泛(冬季Nm=228.75,春季Nm=216.68)。春季组的标准化随机率(normalized stochasticity ratio, NST)值小于0.5,表明确定性过程占主导地位;冬季组NST值大于0.5,表明随机性过程占主导地位,组间差异极显著(P<0.001)。iCAMP分析进一步揭示,漂变和扩散限制是春冬季高原鼢鼠肠道微生物组装的主要过程,且不同生态过程在季节间的差异极显著(P<0.001)。 【结论】 季节变化显著影响高原鼢鼠肠道微生物的结构、组成、功能及组装机制。冬季高原鼢鼠通过降低肠道微生物代谢活性和信息处理功能以适应宿主的节能策略,并可能通过调节肠道菌群丰度适应环境变化、维持肠道稳态。本研究结果对于从肠道菌群角度解释野生高原啮齿类动物适应高寒环境的机制具有重要意义。

, authors=司磊1, 梁程博2, 卢贵平3, 焦文睿3, 刘道鑫3, authorsList=司磊, 梁程博, 卢贵平, 焦文睿, 刘道鑫, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=刘道鑫, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

司磊:论文撰写和修改,数据整理与可视化;梁程博:样品采集与数据整理;卢贵平:数据整理与分析;焦文睿:参与论文讨论;刘道鑫:样品采集,论文审阅、校正与终审。

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Oikos, 2014, 123(12): 1420-1430., articleTitle=Assessing the relative importance of neutral stochasticity in ecological communities, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571155209118321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571137140056535, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=11, issue=1, pageStart=176, pageEnd=185, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=65, authorNames=Evans S, Martiny JBH, Allison SD, journalName=The ISME Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Evans S, Martiny JBH, Allison SD. Effects of dispersal and selection on stochastic assembly in microbial communities[J]. 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A: LEfSe analysis of gut microbiota of plateau zokors in spring and winter; B: Differences in dominant bacterial groups at the phylum level; C: Differences in dominant bacterial groups at the genus level. *: 0.01<P≤0.05, indicate significant difference; **: 0.001<P≤0.01, indicate extremely significant difference; ***: P≤0.001, indicate extremely significant difference., figureFileSmall=1znyMdWTBWxv3VcjSn629g==, figureFileBig=L3XYFne8Vl3LK+3jfmLJ7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571145860014629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571137140056535, language=CN, label=图6, caption=春冬季高原鼢鼠肠道微生物组间差异分析, figureFileSmall=1znyMdWTBWxv3VcjSn629g==, figureFileBig=L3XYFne8Vl3LK+3jfmLJ7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571145939706406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571137140056535, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Differences in the gut microbiota functions of plateau zokors in spring and winter. A: KEGG level 1; B: KEGG level 2. *: 0.01<P≤0.05, indicate significant difference; **: 0.001<P≤0.01, indicate extremely significant difference; ***: P≤0.001, indicate extremely significant difference., figureFileSmall=4nDip84ik8YIkWOthU0/NA==, figureFileBig=aGTt6jTRFdOkmebmyfEjKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571146019398183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571137140056535, language=CN, label=图7, caption=春冬季高原鼢鼠肠道微生物功能差异, figureFileSmall=4nDip84ik8YIkWOthU0/NA==, figureFileBig=aGTt6jTRFdOkmebmyfEjKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571146124255784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571137140056535, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Differences in gut microbiota assembly processes in plateau zokor between spring and winter. A: Neutral community model (NCM) fitting analysis of the gut microbiota of plateau zokors in spring and winter; B: Box plot of standardized randomization rate (NST) for the gut microbiota of plateau zokors in spring and winter; C: Box plot of different ecological processes in the gut microbiota of plateau zokors in spring and winter. ***: P≤0.001, indicate extremely significant difference. The blue solid line represents the best fit of the neutral community model. The blue dotted line represents the 95% interval around the model prediction. The ASVs appearing in the prediction range are represented by black dots. The ASVs with a frequency higher or lower than the prediction interval are represented by different colors. R2 represents the degree of fitting of the model, and Nm represents the product of community size and migration times., figureFileSmall=IJgTJhPkyoDsMkIL16kJiA==, figureFileBig=oLncwHtSMjFbG30WVy5HVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571146191364649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571137140056535, language=CN, label=图8, caption=春冬季高原鼢鼠肠道微生物组装过程差异分析, figureFileSmall=IJgTJhPkyoDsMkIL16kJiA==, figureFileBig=oLncwHtSMjFbG30WVy5HVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571146275250730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571137140056535, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Alpha diversity indices of summer group and winter group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SeasonShannonSimpsonACEChao1Coverage
Summer5.7540.007695.089697.5540.999
Winter5.1910.019535.380535.5880.999
P0.0020.0120.0030.0030.007
), ArticleFig(id=1297571146359136811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571137140056535, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

春季组和冬季组α多样性指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SeasonShannonSimpsonACEChao1Coverage
Summer5.7540.007695.089697.5540.999
Winter5.1910.019535.380535.5880.999
P0.0020.0120.0030.0030.007
), ArticleFig(id=1297571146451411500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571137140056535, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of the number of different microbial taxa between S group and W group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpeciesASVs
S9122637941593 283
W9132741911311 951
Total101632471101854 107
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春季组与冬季组不同微生物分类单元的数量比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpeciesASVs
S9122637941593 283
W9132741911311 951
Total101632471101854 107
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高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)肠道微生物受季节性变化影响
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司磊 1 , 梁程博 2 , 卢贵平 3 , 焦文睿 3 , 刘道鑫 3
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(8): 4184-4198
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (8) : 4184 -4198
高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)肠道微生物受季节性变化影响
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司磊1, 梁程博2, 卢贵平3, 焦文睿3, 刘道鑫3
作者信息
  • 1.青海大学 生态环境工程学院,青海 西宁
  • 2.中国科学院西北高原生物研究所,青海省动物生态基因组学重点实验室,青海 西宁
  • 3.青海大学 农牧学院,青海 西宁
通讯作者:
刘道鑫
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

司磊:论文撰写和修改,数据整理与可视化;梁程博:样品采集与数据整理;卢贵平:数据整理与分析;焦文睿:参与论文讨论;刘道鑫:样品采集,论文审阅、校正与终审。

Seasonal variations of the gut microbiota in the plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi)
Lei SI1, Chengbo LIANG2, Guiping LU3, Wenrui JIAO3, Daoxin LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Ecological and Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
  • 2.Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Ecological Genomics, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai, China
  • 3.College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260068
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【目的】 肠道微生物群在动物的能量代谢、免疫调控及环境适应中具有重要作用。然而,目前关于高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)肠道微生物群在不同季节间的结构、功能及组装机制的变化尚不明确。 【方法】 采用Illumina测序技术对17份高原鼢鼠肠胃内容物样品的16S rRNA基因V3-V4区进行高通量测序,探究春冬季节变化对肠道菌群多样性、功能及组装过程的影响。 【结果】 春季高原鼢鼠肠道微生物多样性和丰富度显著高于冬季(P<0.05),春冬两季间肠道菌群群落结构差异极显著(P<0.001);门、属水平部分优势菌群的丰度存在显著季节差异(P<0.05)。PICRUSt功能预测表明,在level 1水平,新陈代谢为关键通路,春季组的遗传信息处理、环境信息处理、人类疾病及生物体系统相关通路均显著高于冬季组(P<0.05)。进一步对level 2水平的新陈代谢通路分析发现,春季组的碳水化合物、氨基酸、核苷酸、脂质、其他氨基酸及萜类和多酮类代谢通路丰度均显著高于冬季组(P<0.05)。中性群落模型(neutral community model, NCM)结果显示,冬季个体间肠道微生物扩散更为广泛(冬季Nm=228.75,春季Nm=216.68)。春季组的标准化随机率(normalized stochasticity ratio, NST)值小于0.5,表明确定性过程占主导地位;冬季组NST值大于0.5,表明随机性过程占主导地位,组间差异极显著(P<0.001)。iCAMP分析进一步揭示,漂变和扩散限制是春冬季高原鼢鼠肠道微生物组装的主要过程,且不同生态过程在季节间的差异极显著(P<0.001)。 【结论】 季节变化显著影响高原鼢鼠肠道微生物的结构、组成、功能及组装机制。冬季高原鼢鼠通过降低肠道微生物代谢活性和信息处理功能以适应宿主的节能策略,并可能通过调节肠道菌群丰度适应环境变化、维持肠道稳态。本研究结果对于从肠道菌群角度解释野生高原啮齿类动物适应高寒环境的机制具有重要意义。

高原鼢鼠  /  肠道菌群  /  16S rRNA基因  /  功能预测  /  组装机制

[Objective] The gut microbiota plays crucial roles in host energy metabolism, immune regulation, and environmental adaptation. However, seasonal variations in the structure, function, and assembly mechanisms of the gut microbiota in the plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi) remain poorly understood. [Methods] This study employed Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology to perform 16S rRNA (V3-V4 region) sequencing on 17 gastrointestinal content samples of plateau zokors, thus investigating the effects of season (spring vs. winter) on the diversity, function, and assembly processes of the gut microbiota. [Results] The alpha diversity and richness of the gut microbiota in plateau zokors were higher in spring than in winter (P<0.05), and the gut microbiota structure in winter exhibited extremely significant differences (P<0.001). At the phylum and genus levels, the relative abundance of certain dominant microbial taxa differed between seasons (P<0.05). PICRUSt functional prediction revealed that at Level 1, metabolism was the dominant pathway, with the genetic information processing, environmental information processing, human diseases, and organismal systems pathways being enriched in the spring group compared with the winter group (P<0.05). Further analysis of metabolic pathways at Level 2 indicated that pathways related to carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, lipid metabolism, metabolism of other amino acids, and metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides were higher in spring than in winter (P<0.05). The neutral community model (NCM) showed more extensive dispersal of the gut microbiota among individuals in winter (Nm=228.75) than in spring (Nm=216.68). The normalized stochasticity ratio (NST) was less than 0.5 in the spring group, indicating dominance by deterministic processes, while it was greater than 0.5 in the winter group, suggesting dominance by stochastic processes, with significant differences between groups (P<0.001). Further iCAMP analysis revealed that drift and dispersal limitation were the primary ecological processes governing microbial community assembly in both seasons, and the relative contributions of these ecological processes differed between spring and winter (P<0.001). [Conclusion] Season significantly affects the structure, composition, function, and assembly mechanisms of the gut microbiota in plateau zokors. During winter, plateau zokors may save energy by reducing the metabolic activity and information-processing functions of the gut microbiota. In addition, plateau zokors may adjust taxa abundance of the gut microbiota to cope with environmental changes and maintain intestinal homeostasis. These findings provide important insights into the mechanisms by which wild plateau rodents adapt to high-altitude and cold environments from the gut microbiota.

plateau zokor  /  gut microbiota  /  16S rRNA gene  /  functional prediction  /  assembly mechanism
司磊, 梁程博, 卢贵平, 焦文睿, 刘道鑫. 高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)肠道微生物受季节性变化影响. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (8) : 4184 -4198 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260068
Lei SI, Chengbo LIANG, Guiping LU, Wenrui JIAO, Daoxin LIU. Seasonal variations of the gut microbiota in the plateau zokor (Eospalax baileyi)[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (8) : 4184 -4198 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260068
肠道菌群是存在于动物肠道中的一种复杂微生物群落,其组成和结构与宿主协同进化,微生物与宿主之间建立了长期的相互作用与协同进化机制[1]。肠道微生物群在动物的能量代谢、营养吸收、免疫调控及环境适应中发挥着关键作用,其组成和功能常受到宿主遗传、环境条件和饮食习性的显著影响[2-7]。同一物种的肠道菌群在不同时空尺度上具有显著变化,这种变化可通过影响宿主能量代谢等途径帮助宿主适应周围环境[8]。季节变化是影响野生动物肠道菌群结构的重要因素[9]。在藏羊[10]、帕米尔盘羊[11]、白唇鹿[12]等大型哺乳动物的研究中发现,肠道菌群结构和功能具有明显的季节差异;在麝香鼠[8]、达乌尔黄鼠[13]和甘肃鼢鼠[14]等小型啮齿目动物中也存在类似差异。肠道菌群的结构和功能与动物生活史特征密切相关,在提高宿主环境适应性方面发挥着重要作用[15-17]。对于生活在极端环境中的动物而言,肠道微生物不仅是维持机体稳态的重要因子,也是适应恶劣环境的潜在机制之一。
青藏高原拥有世界上海拔最高的高寒草地生态系统,平均海拔为4 000-5 000 m[18]。由于其特殊的地貌形态和气候特征形成了独特的高寒生态系统。高原鼢鼠(Eospalax baileyi)是青藏高原特有的地下啮齿类动物,隶属于啮齿目(Rodentia)鼠形亚目(Myomorpha)鼹形鼠科(Spalacidae)鼢鼠亚科(Myospalacinae)凸颅鼢鼠属(Eospalax),主要栖息于青藏高原及周边高海拔地区的高寒草甸、高寒灌丛和高山草原,分布于海拔2 800-4 200 m[19-21]。高原鼢鼠是青藏高原优势地下啮齿动物,其采食、挖掘洞道及推土造丘行为促进了草地生态系统的能量流动和物质循环,被誉为“高寒草地生态系统工程师”[22-23]。然而,当高原鼢鼠种群密度超过环境容量时,其活动会造成草地生产力下降和生物多样性丧失,严重影响草地生态系统平衡[24-25]。已有研究表明,肠道微生物群和代谢物共同促进高原鼢鼠对高原环境的适应[26],但目前关于高原鼢鼠肠道微生物群在不同季节的结构、功能及组装机制的变化研究仍较为有限。
本研究以高原鼢鼠为研究对象,通过比较分析春季与冬季肠道微生物群落的多样性、功能预测及组装过程,探讨其肠道微生物群在不同季节条件下的动态变化,旨在揭示高原鼢鼠如何通过调节肠道微生物群落以适应高原环境的季节性变化。本研究通过探究高原鼢鼠肠道微生物群落的季节性动态变化规律,有助于进一步理解其对高原环境的适应机制,为揭示高原啮齿类动物适应高寒环境的机制提供重要理论依据。
为减小遗传背景差异对本研究的影响,分别于2020年5月和10月在青海省大通县青林乡(37°8′20″N,101°15′1″E,海拔3 111 m)共捕获17只高原鼢鼠,所有个体捕获位点间距不超过0.5 km。捕获后转移至临时野外站点,立即采用二氧化碳吸入法对每只动物进行深度麻醉。待足趾反射消失确认动物进入麻醉期后,立即采用颈椎脱臼法实施安乐死,确认死亡后行腹部手术,无菌采集目标肠段内容物样本至冻存管中,立即于液氮中速冻,用于后续微生物分析。该采样方案旨在最大限度地减少动物应激,并获得青海大学动物伦理委员会批准(批准号为IACUC:SL-2023044)。为避免雌性妊娠期的影响,本研究用于肠道微生物多样性分析的盲肠内容物样品均来自雄性个体。青藏高原季节差异显著,冬季为10月至次年3月,春季为4月至6月[27]。大通县青林乡位于青藏高原东北缘,因此将采集样品分为春季组和冬季组。其中,春季组(S)共10只,编号分别为cQL001S、cQL002S、cQL003S、cQL004S、cQL005S、cQL006S、cQL007S、cQL008S、cQL009S、cQL0010S;冬季组(W)共7只,编号分别为cQL011W、cQL012W、cQL013W、cQL014W、cQL015W、cQL016W、cQL017W。高原鼢鼠胃肠道内容物总DNA提取参照E.Z.N.A.® Soil DNA Kit (Omega Bio-Tek公司)说明书进行。
本研究选用通用引物338F (5′-ACTCCTAC GGGAGGCAGCAG-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTACH VGGGTWTCTAAT-3′)对16S rRNA基因V3-V4区进行扩增。PCR反应体系(20 μL):5×TransStart FastPfu缓冲液(全式金生物技术有限公司) 4 μL,dNTPs (2.5 mmol/L) 2 μL,上、下游引物(5 µmol/L)各0.8 μL,TransStart FastPfu DNA聚合酶(全式金生物技术有限公司,2.5 U/μL) 0.4 μL,模板DNA 10 ng,ddH2O补至20 μL。每个样本设3个重复。PCR反应程序:95 ℃预变性3 min;95 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,共27个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min;4 ℃保存。
使用NEXTFLEX Rapid DNA-Seq Kit (Bioo Scientific公司)进行建库,步骤如下:(1) 接头连接;(2) 使用磁珠筛选去除接头自连片段;(3) 利用PCR扩增富集文库模板;(4) 磁珠回收PCR产物,获得最终文库。利用MiSeq测序平台(Illumina公司)进行测序。测序所得原始数据存在一定干扰序列,为确保分析结果的准确性与可靠性,首先使用fastp软件对原始序列进行质控,随后使用FLASH软件进行拼接和过滤,并通过QIIME 2流程中的DADA2对测序数据进行降噪处理,获得扩增子序列变体(amplicon sequence variant, ASV)。为降低测序深度对后续α多样性和β多样性等分析结果的影响,将每个样本降噪后的序列数按最小样本序列数(n=18 511)进行抽平处理。最后,基于Silva 16S rRNA基因数据库(v138),使用QIIME 2中的BLAST对ASV进行物种分类学注释。文库构建和测序由上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司完成。中性群落模型分析使用R语言(v4.5.2) ggplot2包、minpack.lm包、Hmisc包和grid包,其余数据分析在上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司多样性云分析平台(http://www.majorbio.com)完成。
利用Illumina MiSeq PE300测序平台对春季和冬季高原鼢鼠肠道微生物16S rRNA基因V3-V4区进行扩增测序,17个样本共获得有效序列314 687条,各样本有效序列均为18 511条。17个样本共检出4 107个ASV,其中春季组3 283个,冬季组1 951个。由Rank-abundance曲线和物种稀释曲线(图1)可知,随着测序量的增加,曲线均趋于平坦,表明本研究测序量和测序深度合理,绝大多数物种已被检出,继续增加测序量仅能检出少量新物种。
春季组与冬季组的肠道菌群共有ASVs 1 082个,春季组特有ASVs 2 156个,冬季组特有ASVs 869个。春季组肠道微生物种类较冬季组更为丰富,春季组和冬季组的微生物种类分别占两组总微生物种类的79.94%和47.50% (图2)。
Coverage值越高,表明样本中序列被完全检出的概率越大,春季组和冬季组的Coverage值分别为99.89%和99.95%,说明两组样本中未被检出的序列占比极低,测序质量较高。本研究采用Shannon、Simpson、ACE和Chao1指数评估两组α多样性。其中,ACE指数和Chao1指数用于衡量群落丰富度,数值越大表明物种数越多;Shannon指数和Simpson指数用于评估群落多样性,Shannon指数越大表明多样性越高,Simpson指数则与多样性呈负相关,数值越大表明多样性越低。由图3表1可知,春季组肠道微生物的多样性和丰富度均显著高于冬季组,ACE指数、Chao1指数和Shannon指数差异极显著(P<0.01),Simpson指数差异显著(P<0.05)。
非加权组平均法(unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean, UPGMA)聚类分析结果显示,春季组与冬季组样本在UPGMA聚类树中分为两大支(图4A),表明两组间存在明显差异。β多样性组间差异分析结果显示,春季组与冬季组肠道之间菌群结构差异极显著(P<0.001),且冬季组内差异大于春季组(图4B)。非度量多维尺度分析(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS) (图4C)和主坐标分析(principal coordinate analysis, PCoA) (图4D)结果分析显示,春季组与冬季组样本完全分离,组间差异极显著(P<0.001),且冬季组样本分布更为分散,组内差异更大。
除未分类外,所有已鉴定的ASVs可划分为10门15纲33目49科110属185种。对春季组和冬季组不同微生物分类单元的数量进行比较发现,在门、纲、目、科水平,春季组肠道菌群的物种数目少于冬季组;在属、种水平,春季组肠道菌群的物种数目多于冬季组(表2)。
图5A所示,春季组高原鼢鼠肠道微生物由9个门组成,主要菌群包括芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota, 90.16%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota, 6.07%)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota, 3.17%);冬季组由10个门组成,主要菌群包括芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota, 67.06%)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota, 16.28%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota, 13.88%)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota, 1.90%)。在门水平上,两组主要菌群的相对丰度均存在差异。
图5B所示,春季组高原鼢鼠肠道微生物由94个属组成,主要菌群包括unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae (34.07%)、unclassified_f__Oscillospiraceae (9.28%)、瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus, 6.06%)、norank_f__Muribaculaceae (5.93%)、Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group (4.26%)、norank_f__Christensenellaceae (3.99%)、Eubacterium_siraeum_group (3.96%)、norank_f__norank_o__Clostridia_vadinBB60_group (3.89%)、NK4A214_group (3.51%)、脱硫菌属(Desulfovibrio, 3.17%)、norank_f__Oscillospiraceae (2.75%)、Cellulosilyticum (1.78%)、Colidextribacter (1.43%)、norank_f__norank_o__Clostridia_UCG-014 (1.01%),其优势菌群为unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae、unclassified_f__OscillospiraceaeRuminococcus;冬季组由91个属组成,主要菌群包括脱硫菌属(Desulfovibrio, 16.20%)、norank_f__Christensenellaceae (14.68%)、norank_f__Muribaculaceae (13.07%)、unclassified_f__Lachnospiraceae (11.98%)、Eubacterium_siraeum_group (10.34%)、瘤胃球菌属(Ruminococcus, 4.52%)、unclassified_f__Oscillospiraceae (4.49%)、Cellulosilyticum (3.78%)、norank_f__norank_o__Clostridia_vadinBB60_group (3.20%)、norank_f__Oscillospiraceae (1.95%)、NK4A214_group (1.93%)、norank_f__norank_o__Clostridia_UCG-014 (1.37%)、Monoglobus (1.22%),其优势菌群为Desulfovibrio、norank_f__Christensenellaceae、norank_f__Muribaculaceae、unclassified_f__LachnospiraceaeEubacterium_siraeum_group。在属水平上,两组优势菌群虽有重叠,但相对丰度存在明显差异。
LEfSe分析结果显示,以LDA>4.0为阈值,春季组和冬季肠组道微生物在门、纲、目、科、属水平均存在差异微生物,分别鉴定出8个和11个(图6A)。春季组的8个差异微生物,分别为毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae)、Lachnospirales、Bacillota、梭菌纲(Clostridia)、颤螺菌科(Oscillospiraceae)、norank_o__OscillospiralesLachnospiraceae_NK4A136_groupFamily_XIII_AD3011_group;冬季组的11个差异微生物,分别为Pseudomonadota、Desulfovibrio、脱硫弧菌科(Desulfovibrionaceae)、德尔塔变形菌纲(Deltaproteobacteria)、脱硫弧菌目(Desulfovibrionales)、克里斯滕森氏菌科(Christensenellaceae)、真杆菌目(Eubacteriales)、norank_f__Christensenellaceae、拟杆菌纲(Bacteroidia)、Bacteroidota和拟杆菌目(Bacteroidales)。
对春季组与冬季组门水平(图6B)和属水平(图6C)优势菌群进行差异分析,选取丰度前5的差异菌。结果表明,在门水平,Bacillota在冬季显著低于春季(P<0.001),BacteroidotaPseudomonadotaActinomycetotaPatescibacteria在冬季显著高于春季(P<0.05);在属水平,Desulfovibrio和norank_f__Christensenellaceae、在冬季显著高于春季,NK4A214_group、Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_groupColidextribacter在冬季显著低于春季。上述结果表明,与春季相比,冬季高原鼢鼠肠道微生物中部分菌的丰度发生了显著变化。
KEGG pathway数据库将代谢通路一级功能划分为6大类,包括生物体系统(organismal systems)、环境信息处理(environmental information processing)、新陈代谢(metabolism)、细胞过程(cellular processes)、遗传信息过程(genetic information processing)和人类疾病(human diseases)。使用PICRUSt (v2.2.0-b)软件比对KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)数据库,在一级功能的6类功能通路中,新陈代谢为关键通路,且春季组的遗传信息过程、环境信息处理、人类疾病和生物体系统通路均显著高于冬季组(图7A)。
进一步对春冬季肠道微生物新陈代谢通路进行二级功能差异分析,共有6条代谢通路在两组间存在显著差异(图7B)。春季组的碳水化合物代谢(carbohydrate metabolism)、氨基酸代谢(amino acid metabolism)、核苷酸代谢(nucleotide metabolism)、脂质代谢(lipid metabolism)、其他氨基酸代谢(metabolism of other amino acids)和萜类和多酮类代谢(metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides)通路均显著高于冬季组。
中性群落模型(neutral community model, NCM)量化了中性过程对群落组装的贡献。结果显示,冬季组肠道微生物群群的Nm值高于春季组(图8A),表明冬季肠道微生物的物种扩散较春季更为广泛。春冬季肠道微生物群落的拟合度均较低(R2< 0.3),表明群落组装中随机过程的贡献有限,确定性过程和随机性过程共同驱动高原鼢鼠肠道微生物群落的形成。
标准化随机率(normalized stochasticity ratio, NST)用于量化随机过程与确定性过程对群落组装的相对重要性[28]。结果显示,两组间NST值差异极显著(P<0.001)。春季组NST值低于50%,表明确定性过程占主导地位;冬季组NST值高于50%,表明随机性过程占主导地位(图8B)。
基于系统发育bin的零模型分析(infer community assembly mechanisms by phylogenetic-bin-based null model analysis, iCAMP)将群落组装过程进一步划分为不同的生态过程,以评估各过程的相对重要性[29]。结果表明,春冬季高原鼢鼠肠道微生物群落的组装机制以漂变(drift, DR)和扩散限制(dispersal limitation, DL)为主,其次为同质选择(homogeneous selection, HoS)、同质扩散(homogenizing dispersal, HD)和异质选择(heterogeneous selection, HeS),且不同生态过程在两组间差异极显著(图8C)。春季组的扩散限制、同质扩散和异质选择显著高于冬季组(P<0.001),漂变和同质选择显著低于冬季组(P<0.001),表明春冬季高原鼢鼠肠道微生物群落组装均以漂变和扩散限制为主导。
相关研究表明,肠道菌群多样性具有季节差异,肠道菌群可帮助宿主度过食物匮乏季节[7]。本研究中,不同季节高原鼢鼠肠道菌群结构组成差异显著。α多样性分析结果表明,春季高原鼢鼠肠道微生物的多样性和丰富度均显著高于冬季。α多样性指数的升高表明肠道微生物群落结构趋于稳定[30],而食物对宿主肠道微生物多样性具有显著影响[31]。春季为植物返青期,杂草类植物地下生物量和营养物质含量较高[32],食物资源丰富,推测高原鼢鼠在春季取食范围相对集中、取食种类较为固定,这种稳定的摄食模式可能有助于促进肠道微生物群落的稳定性,从而提高了其多样性水平。冬季肠道微生物多样性的降低可能是由于环境温度下降和食物短缺,高原鼢鼠面对多变的环境条件导致肠道微生物结构不稳定,最终表现为多样性下降。β多样性分析进一步显示,春冬季高原鼢鼠肠道菌群结构存在显著差异,且冬季组内差异大于春季。相关研究表明,高原鼢鼠的挖掘活动在草枯黄期明显高于草返青期[32],冬季高原鼢鼠通过大量挖掘活动摄食以储备能量应对寒冷环境,个体间取食资源差异增大,从而导致其肠道菌群结构在个体水平上出现较大差异。本研究结果与杨静等[14]关于甘肃鼢鼠的研究一致,该研究也发现秋季食物资源丰富会引起肠道微生物多样性和群落结构与春季出现显著差异,进一步支持了食物资源季节性变化对肠道微生物组成的重要影响。
春冬季高原鼢鼠肠道优势菌群在门、属水平上均有重叠,且部分优势菌群丰度差异显著。在门水平上,高原鼢鼠肠道主要菌群为BacillotaPseudomonadotaBacteroidotaBacillota可将纤维素分解为可利用的挥发性脂肪酸,参与宿主消化与代谢,尤其是复杂碳水化合物的降解,以此产生能量供宿主利用[33-34]。春季组Bacillota丰度显著高于冬季,LEfSe分析显示,Bacillota下的ClostridiaOscillospiraceae均在春季组富集,这可能是由于高原鼢鼠在春季多取食植物地下部分,需要更多Bacillota参与复杂碳水化合物的代谢。本研究KEGG二级功能的碳水化合物代谢通路在春季组显著高于冬季组,也证实了这一结果。Bacteroidota是重要的多糖降解利用菌,能够降解非纤维物质,并参与糖代谢、碳水化合物代谢等过程,提高宿主对营养物质的吸收能力和利用率[35-38],增强其免疫功能,维持肠道菌群平衡。LEfSe分析显示,BacteroidiaBacteroidales均在冬季组富集。冬季高原鼢鼠肠道微生物Bacteroidota显著升高的原因可能与温度降低有关,冬季高原鼢鼠需提高吸收效率以获取更多能量抵御寒冷,这与张丽娇等[39]关于盘羊冷暖季肠道微生物组成差异的研究结果一致。在属水平上,高原鼢鼠肠道主要菌群为Desulfovibrio、norank_f__Christensenellaceae、norank_f__Muribaculaceae、unclassified_f__LachnospiraceaeEubacterium_siraeum_group,且部分优势菌群丰度差异显著。Desulfovibrio是一种常见的条件致病菌,一方面可将硫酸盐还原为硫化物,对肠上皮细胞产生毒害作用,诱导上皮细胞异常增殖和代谢[40];另一方面,可通过抑制丁酸氧化破坏肠屏障功能,其丰度增加还可诱导或加重肠道炎症[41-42]。相关研究表明,食用高蛋白和高硫食物可使肠道Desulfovibrio丰度显著上升[43]。本研究中,Desulfovibrio在冬季组显著富集,可能是由于冬季高原鼢鼠取食的植物中富含蛋白质或硫类次生代谢物质,导致Desulfovibrio丰度上升,进而诱发肠道炎症。norank_f__ChristensenellaceaeLachnospiraceae均为丁酸产生菌[44]。相关研究表明,丁酸可恢复肠黏膜完整性[45]。Hu等[26]研究发现,高原鼢鼠肠道内富集Lachnospiraceae有助于适应高海拔密闭洞穴环境引起的组织损伤和免疫反应。在本研究中,Lachnospiraceae在春季组显著富集,可能是为了适应越冬期间地下活动引起的组织损伤和免疫反应;norank_f__Christensenellaceae在冬季组显著富集,可能是通过产生丁酸以补偿Desulfovibrio的抑制作用,减缓肠道炎症,Lachnospiraceae和norank_f__Christensenellaceae共同作用,维持高原鼢鼠胃肠内环境稳态。
在KEGG一级功能水平上,高原鼢鼠肠道微生物的遗传信息过程、环境信息处理、人类疾病和生物体系统通路在冬季均显著降低,表明菌群在冬季整体代谢活动减弱。进一步分析二级功能的新陈代谢通路发现,碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢、核苷酸代谢、脂质代谢、其他氨基酸代谢和萜类与多酮类代谢通路在冬季均显著降低,表明冬季高原鼢鼠肠道微生物的代谢活动水平下降。这可能是由于冬季环境温度降低及食物资源变化,高原鼢鼠肠道微生物丰富度和多样性显著降低,从而导致其代谢活动也随之产生相应变化。麝香鼠[8]、达乌尔黄鼠[13]等的碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢通路也呈现显著的季节性差异。因此推测,高原鼢鼠通过降低肠道微生物代谢活动和信息处理功能以适应宿主的节能策略。
微生物群落组装过程是塑造微生物群落多样性、功能和分布的重要机制,也是影响肠道微生物群的主要因素[46]。大量研究表明,确定性过程和随机过程在微生物群落组装中相互作用,而非相互排斥[47-48]。本研究中,NCM分析表明,确定性过程和随机过程均在高原鼢鼠肠道微生物群落形成中发挥作用,且冬季组个体间肠道微生物的物种扩散较春季组更为广泛,这可能与冬季高原鼢鼠活动范围较大有关,从而使肠道微生物更易在个体间传播。NST分析表明,春季高原鼢鼠群落组装以确定性过程为主,冬季则以随机过程为主。iCAMP分析显示,漂变和扩散限制为春冬季高原鼢鼠肠道微生物群落的主要组装过程,这与Zou等[49]关于食草动物细菌群落构建的研究结论一致。冬季漂变过程显著高于春季,这可能是驱动肠道微生物组装过程中随机过程占主导地位的原因。相关研究表明,生物量和丰富度较低的群落更易发生漂变或奠基者效应[50-51]。本研究中,冬季组肠道微生物的多样性和丰富度均低于春季组,从而使高原鼢鼠肠道微生物在冬季更易发生漂变。春季组扩散限制过程显著高于冬季组,该结果与β多样性分析一致,也进一步验证了NCM分析的结论。
综上所述,季节变化显著影响高原鼢鼠肠道微生物的结构、组成、功能及组装机制。春季高原鼢鼠肠道微生物多样性和丰富度显著高于冬季,春冬季肠道菌群群落结构差异极显著。在门、属水平上,春冬季部分共有优势菌群丰度差异显著,高原鼢鼠通过调节肠道菌群丰度以适应环境变化并维持肠道稳态。冬季高原鼢鼠通过降低肠道微生物代谢活性和信息处理功能以适应宿主的节能策略。随季节变化,肠道微生物群落组装过程的主导地位由确定性过程转变为随机性过程,漂变和扩散限制是影响肠道微生物群落变化的主要生态过程。本研究结果为深入探讨高原鼢鼠季节性适应机制与其肠道微生物群落之间的关系奠定了理论基础,通过揭示肠道微生物在不同季节的变化规律加深了对高原鼢鼠适应多变环境机制的理解,并为未来高原啮齿类动物适应性机制研究提供了新思路。
  • 中国科学院青海省人民政府三江源国家公园联合研究专项(LHZX-2023-02)
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2026年第66卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260068
  • 接收时间:2026-01-24
  • 首发时间:2026-08-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-24
  • 录用日期:2026-03-17
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Joint Grant from Chinese Academy of Sciences-People’s Government of Qinghai Province on Sanjiangyuan National Park(LHZX-2023-02)
中国科学院青海省人民政府三江源国家公园联合研究专项(LHZX-2023-02)
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    1.青海大学 生态环境工程学院,青海 西宁
    2.中国科学院西北高原生物研究所,青海省动物生态基因组学重点实验室,青海 西宁
    3.青海大学 农牧学院,青海 西宁

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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