Article(id=1297571110661415233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260385, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1778169600000, receivedDateStr=2026-05-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1779638400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-05-25, onlineDate=1787294660487, onlineDateStr=2026-08-21, pubDate=1785772800000, pubDateStr=2026-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787294660487, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787294660487, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787294660487, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297570992835023717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='8', pageStart='3681', pageEnd='4288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785772800000', pubDateStr='2026-08-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787294632395, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787294931551, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4242, endPage=4259, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297571110896296258, articleId=1297571110661415233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Development pattern and problems of the microbial fertilizer industry based on fertilizer registration certificate data, columnId=1226195546256356225, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Special Section, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Microbial fertilizers are an important component of green agricultural inputs, playing a key role in reducing chemical fertilizer use, improving arable land quality, and mitigating agricultural emissions. Using the registration certificate data of microbial fertilizers in China from 2000 to 2025, this paper systematically analyzes the structural characteristics and regional patterns of China’s microbial fertilizer industry and takes Guangdong Province as a case to examine the development bottlenecks of this industry in Guangdong. The study finds that China’s microbial fertilizer industry has gone through three stages: slow start, steady growth, and explosive expansion, forming a clustered pattern centered on Shandong, Hebei, Heilongjiang, and Henan provinces. However, three major structural contradictions are becoming increasingly prominent. Specifically, the products are highly concentrated in microbial inoculants, bioorganic fertilizers, and compound microbial fertilizers; microbial strain resources are highly homogenized; and enterprises are scattered, small, and weak. The number of registration certificates in Guangdong Province (334) accounts for only 2.83% of the national total (11 813) and is merely 13.82% of that of Shandong Province (2 416), which ranks first in China. Nearly 40% of enterprises are in a state of one certificate for one product, indicating a severe mismatch between the industrial scale and Guangdong’s status as a major agricultural province. In response to the above problems, this paper proposes recommendations from six aspects: elevating the policy position of microbial fertilizers, mining and protecting microbial strain resources, reforming registration management, optimizing the enterprise ecosystem, bridging the gap in technology transfer, and exploring the paths tailored for Guangdong, aiming to provide a reference for the high-quality development of the microbial fertilizer industry in China and especially Guangdong Province.

, authors=Zengwei FENG1, Yang ZHOU1, Guojian YE1, Meng CHEN2, Xiaolin XIE1, Qing YAO2, Ming-Rong DENG1, Honghui ZHU1, authorsList=Zengwei FENG, Yang ZHOU, Guojian YE, Meng CHEN, Xiaolin XIE, Qing YAO, Ming-Rong DENG, Honghui ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Ming-Rong DENG, Honghui ZHU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail: ZHU Honghui, ;
DENG Ming-Rong,
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微生物肥料是农业绿色投入品的重要组成部分,在化肥减量、耕地质量提升和农业减排中发挥着关键作用。本文基于2000-2025年全国微生物肥料登记证数据,系统分析了我国微生物肥料产业的结构特征与区域格局,并重点以广东省为案例,剖析了该省产业的发展瓶颈。研究发现,我国微生物肥料产业经历了缓慢起步、稳步增长和爆发式扩张3个阶段,已形成以山东、河北、黑龙江、河南四省为核心的集聚格局;但三大结构性矛盾日益突出——产品高度集中于微生物菌剂、生物有机肥和复合微生物肥料,菌种资源高度同质化,企业“散小弱”特征明显。广东省登记证数量(334件)仅占全国的2.83% (11 813件)和排名第一的山东省的13.82% (2 416件);近4成企业处于“一品一证”状态,产业规模与农业大省地位严重倒挂。针对上述问题,本文从提升政策位势、挖掘与保护菌种资源、优化登记管理、改善企业生态、打通成果转化堵点以及探索广东差异化路径等方面提出建议,以期为我国特别是广东省微生物肥料产业的高质量发展提供参考。

, authors=冯曾威1, 周杨1, 叶国健1, 陈猛2, 谢小林1, 姚青2, 邓名荣1, 朱红惠1, authorsList=冯曾威, 周杨, 叶国健, 陈猛, 谢小林, 姚青, 邓名荣, 朱红惠, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=邓名荣, 朱红惠, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

冯曾威:研究构思和设计、数据收集和处理、论文撰写和修改、基金获取与项目管理;周杨:研究构思和设计、参与论文讨论、论文撰写和修改;叶国健:数据收集和处理;陈猛、谢小林:参与论文讨论;姚青:参与论文讨论、论文撰写和修改;邓名荣:论文撰写和修改、基金获取与项目管理;朱红惠:研究构思和设计、论文撰写和修改、基金获取与项目管理。

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基于登记证数据的微生物肥料产业发展格局与问题
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冯曾威 1 , 周杨 1 , 叶国健 1 , 陈猛 2 , 谢小林 1 , 姚青 2 , 邓名荣 1 , 朱红惠 1
微生物学报 | 专论 2026,66(8): 4242-4259
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微生物学报 |专论 2026 , 66 (8) : 4242 -4259
基于登记证数据的微生物肥料产业发展格局与问题
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冯曾威1, 周杨1, 叶国健1, 陈猛2, 谢小林1, 姚青2, 邓名荣1 , 朱红惠1
作者信息
  • 1.广东省科学院微生物研究所,华南应用微生物国家重点实验室,农业农村部农业微生物组学与精准应用重点实验室,农业农村部农业微生物组学重点实验室,广东省微生物菌种保藏中心,广东省国家地理标志农产品产地生态系统微生物野外科学观测研究站,广东 广州
  • 2.华南农业大学 园艺学院,广东 广州
通讯作者:
邓名荣, 朱红惠
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

冯曾威:研究构思和设计、数据收集和处理、论文撰写和修改、基金获取与项目管理;周杨:研究构思和设计、参与论文讨论、论文撰写和修改;叶国健:数据收集和处理;陈猛、谢小林:参与论文讨论;姚青:参与论文讨论、论文撰写和修改;邓名荣:论文撰写和修改、基金获取与项目管理;朱红惠:研究构思和设计、论文撰写和修改、基金获取与项目管理。

Development pattern and problems of the microbial fertilizer industry based on fertilizer registration certificate data
Zengwei FENG1, Yang ZHOU1, Guojian YE1, Meng CHEN2, Xiaolin XIE1, Qing YAO2, Ming-Rong DENG1 , Honghui ZHU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Guangdong Microbial Culture Collection Center, Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Microbial Science of the Ecosystems of Origin for Geographical Indication Agricultural Products, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiomics and Precision Application (MARA), Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiome (MARA), State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
  • 2.College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    E-mail: ZHU Honghui, ;
    DENG Ming-Rong,
出版时间: 2026-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260385
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微生物肥料是农业绿色投入品的重要组成部分,在化肥减量、耕地质量提升和农业减排中发挥着关键作用。本文基于2000-2025年全国微生物肥料登记证数据,系统分析了我国微生物肥料产业的结构特征与区域格局,并重点以广东省为案例,剖析了该省产业的发展瓶颈。研究发现,我国微生物肥料产业经历了缓慢起步、稳步增长和爆发式扩张3个阶段,已形成以山东、河北、黑龙江、河南四省为核心的集聚格局;但三大结构性矛盾日益突出——产品高度集中于微生物菌剂、生物有机肥和复合微生物肥料,菌种资源高度同质化,企业“散小弱”特征明显。广东省登记证数量(334件)仅占全国的2.83% (11 813件)和排名第一的山东省的13.82% (2 416件);近4成企业处于“一品一证”状态,产业规模与农业大省地位严重倒挂。针对上述问题,本文从提升政策位势、挖掘与保护菌种资源、优化登记管理、改善企业生态、打通成果转化堵点以及探索广东差异化路径等方面提出建议,以期为我国特别是广东省微生物肥料产业的高质量发展提供参考。

微生物肥料  /  肥料登记证  /  产业格局  /  菌种同质化  /  政策建议

Microbial fertilizers are an important component of green agricultural inputs, playing a key role in reducing chemical fertilizer use, improving arable land quality, and mitigating agricultural emissions. Using the registration certificate data of microbial fertilizers in China from 2000 to 2025, this paper systematically analyzes the structural characteristics and regional patterns of China’s microbial fertilizer industry and takes Guangdong Province as a case to examine the development bottlenecks of this industry in Guangdong. The study finds that China’s microbial fertilizer industry has gone through three stages: slow start, steady growth, and explosive expansion, forming a clustered pattern centered on Shandong, Hebei, Heilongjiang, and Henan provinces. However, three major structural contradictions are becoming increasingly prominent. Specifically, the products are highly concentrated in microbial inoculants, bioorganic fertilizers, and compound microbial fertilizers; microbial strain resources are highly homogenized; and enterprises are scattered, small, and weak. The number of registration certificates in Guangdong Province (334) accounts for only 2.83% of the national total (11 813) and is merely 13.82% of that of Shandong Province (2 416), which ranks first in China. Nearly 40% of enterprises are in a state of one certificate for one product, indicating a severe mismatch between the industrial scale and Guangdong’s status as a major agricultural province. In response to the above problems, this paper proposes recommendations from six aspects: elevating the policy position of microbial fertilizers, mining and protecting microbial strain resources, reforming registration management, optimizing the enterprise ecosystem, bridging the gap in technology transfer, and exploring the paths tailored for Guangdong, aiming to provide a reference for the high-quality development of the microbial fertilizer industry in China and especially Guangdong Province.

microbial fertilizer  /  fertilizer registration certificate  /  industrial pattern  /  strain homogenization  /  policy recommendation
冯曾威, 周杨, 叶国健, 陈猛, 谢小林, 姚青, 邓名荣, 朱红惠. 基于登记证数据的微生物肥料产业发展格局与问题. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (8) : 4242 -4259 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260385
Zengwei FENG, Yang ZHOU, Guojian YE, Meng CHEN, Xiaolin XIE, Qing YAO, Ming-Rong DENG, Honghui ZHU. Development pattern and problems of the microbial fertilizer industry based on fertilizer registration certificate data[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (8) : 4242 -4259 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260385
微生物肥料是一类含有特定功能微生物活体的制品[1],主要包括农用微生物菌剂(即微生物接种剂)[2]、生物有机肥、复合微生物肥料等10个品种。这类产品的核心特征在于“活”——其功能有效性主要依赖于功能微生物在土壤、根际或植物体内的定殖能力及代谢活性。从作用机制来看,微生物肥料通过功能微生物的生命活动可发挥六方面功效:养分转化(固氮、溶磷、解钾)、生长调控(分泌赤霉素、吲哚乙酸等活性物质)、土壤改良(改善团聚结构、降低重金属活性)、有机物料腐熟、品质改善及生防抗逆(抑制土传病原菌、缓解连作障碍)[2-3]。这些功能可在作物根际环境中协同发挥,使微生物肥料成为连接土壤健康、植物营养与生态循环的重要纽带。在应对当前我国种植业面临的资源与环境挑战中微生物肥料展现出不可替代的应用价值[3]
我国是全球最大的农业生产国,以占全球约9%的耕地[4-5]养活了全球近20%的人口(14.08亿)[6],种植业在国民经济体系中具有基础性战略地位。然而,长期以产量为导向的集约化生产模式过度依赖化肥、农药等农资高投入,已引发严峻的资源环境压力。据统计,2024年我国农用化肥施用折纯量为4 988.19万t (其中氮肥1 563.90万t、磷肥517.23万t、钾肥468.36万t、复合肥2 438.70万t),较近20年施用峰值的2015年减少1 034.41万t,降幅达17.18%[7]。即便如此,我国化肥绝对施用总量仍处于高位[8]。2025年我国三大粮食作物(小麦、玉米、水稻)化肥利用率达43.3%,虽已进入40%-50%的国际中上水平区间[9],但仍有近6成的养分未被作物吸收,大量流失进入环境,成为土壤退化、水体富营养化的重要诱因。由此可见,单纯推进化肥减量虽为必要举措,却难以在保障粮食产能与修复生态环境之间实现根本性平衡。在此背景下,兼具“减量替代”与“提质增效”双重属性的微生物肥料逐步成为破解该现实困境的关键技术路径。它可在稳定作物产量的前提下,有效降低化肥施用量,同步改善土壤微生态健康状态[10-11]。其核心价值体现为:依托微生物的生命活动提升化肥利用效率,以生物调控方式消解集约化生产引发的环境负效应,为农业绿色高质量发展提供兼具生态效益与经济效益的可行方案[8,10]
微生物肥料是农业绿色投入品的核心组成部分,也是实现化肥农药“双减”目标、提升耕地质量的关键抓手[10-11]。其产业规模与结构特征直接映射我国农业绿色转型的技术路径与现实选择。在产业发展进程中,微生物肥料登记证制度承担双重功能:既是产业发展的制度通道,也是科研成果走向应用的关键节点。登记证数据记录了产业20余年的发展历程,产品结构、菌种利用、企业布局、技术方向等信息蕴含其中。基于此,本文以2000-2025年全国微生物肥料登记证数据为基础,系统分析了我国微生物肥料产业的结构特征与区域格局。同时,以广东省为案例,深入剖析其产业特点与发展瓶颈,以期为产业高质量发展提供决策参考。
本文分析所用原始数据于2026年3月19日从农业农村部微生物肥料和食用菌菌种质量检验测试中心官方网站(http://www.biofertilizer95. cn/wsw_djcp/index.htm)下载获取[12]。该平台完整收录了2000年以来获批的全部微生物肥料登记证信息,为精准覆盖2000-2025年的研究时段,仅保留登记证号以“微生物肥(2000)”至“微生物肥(2025)”为前缀的产品信息。
下载得到的原始数据集共包含8个字段:企业名称、通用名、商品名、形态、有效菌种、技术指标(有效成分及含量)、适用作物/区域、登记证号,数据处理步骤如下。
依托登记证所载企业主体名称,通过国家企业信用信息公示系统(https://shiming.gsxt.gov.cn/index.html)逐一核验企业工商注册地址,精准划定其所属省级行政区域。
针对“有效菌种”字段内的微生物命名信息,参照国际权威分类学数据库[如已定名的原核生物名录(List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature, LPSN)]及国家标准《微生物肥料质量安全评价通用准则》(GB/T 41728—2022)[13]完成统一校正与更新,保障后续菌种统计结果的准确性与横向可比性。
依据登记证号内置的年份标识提取产品获批时间,该类登记证统一采用“微生物肥(年份)准字(编号)号”的编码规则,括号内的4位阿拉伯数字即为对应产品的正式获批年份。
2000-2025年,我国现存有效微生物肥料登记证共11 813件,而登记证累计编号已推进至“微生物肥(2025)准字(15966)号”,说明累计已有4 153件登记证未成功续展或已被撤销。现存有效登记证的数量变化可分为3个阶段(图1A1B)。
第一阶段(2000-2010年)为缓慢起步期。该时段全国累计获批登记证148件,年均新增不足15件,仅占总数量的1.25%。这一时期微生物肥料作为新型农用投入品,市场认知度偏低,配套登记管理制度尚在完善阶段,行业准入门槛相对较高。
第二阶段(2011-2017年)为稳步增长期。2011年全国登记量跃升至79件,同比增幅达426.67%;2013年首次突破百件(126件),2017年达251件。7年累计824件,占总数量的6.98%。增长动力主要来自3个方面:(1) 国家层面开始重视农业面源污染治理,化肥减量增效成为政策导向[14-15];(2) 微生物肥料技术逐步成熟,应用效果获得市场认可[16-17];(3) 2015年肥料登记制度改革优化了审批程序,降低了企业成本[18-19]。其中,2015年“化肥零增长”行动方案的出台为产业发展提供了重要的政策窗口[14-15]
第三阶段(2018-2025年)为爆发式增长与高位波动期。2018年登记证数量骤增至2 485件,较上年增长近9倍,占26年总量的21.04%。此后年登记量虽有所回落,但始终保持在700件以上,2021年(1 495件)和2025年(1 475件)均超过1 400件。8年累计登记10 841件,占总量的91.77%,产业进入规模化扩张阶段。2018年的爆发式增长得益于2017年《肥料登记管理办法》修订,简化了登记程序并明确了微生物肥料要求,政策红利集中释放[20];同时,“化肥零增长”行动进入攻坚期,各地对绿色投入品的需求大幅增加[21];2018年农业农村部加强了对标准体系的宣贯培训,企业申报能力提升。2019年登记量回落至705件,既是对前一年集中申报的消化,也与审核标准趋严有关。2020-2025年,年登记量稳定在1 000-1 500件区间,产业步入平稳发展轨道。
与全国走势相比,广东的演变轨迹既有相似之处,也呈现3个地域特点(图1C1D)。(1)起步更晚、基数更低。2000-2017年的18年间,广东累计登记证仅34件,年均不足2件,占全省26年总量的10.18% (总数为334件),长期低于全国平均水平。(2) 爆发滞后且后劲不足。全国2018年爆发式增长时,广东当年升至65件,但此后未能延续增长趋势。2018-2025年,广东登记量累计300件,占全省总量的89.82%。2025年登记量达57件,创历史新高,却仅占全国同年登记量的3.86%。(3) 政策驱动特征明显。2018年的跃升主要受益于全国登记政策调整的溢出效应。2025年1月,广东省人民政府发布《广东省加快建设生物制造产业创新高地行动方案》,明确提出“实施化肥减量增效和有机肥替代利用行动,大力推广新型农用微生物菌剂、复合微生物肥料、功能性生物有机肥和微生物土壤改良产品”[22],这一政策信号有望为后续登记量增长提供新的动力。
从空间分布看,我国微生物肥料登记证高度集中于少数省份,广东的产业规模与其农业大省地位之间落差明显。截至2025年底,全国累计登记11 813件,分布极不均衡。排名前10的省份合计8 864件,占全国总量的75.04%,形成产业核心区(图2A)。其中,山东(2 416件)、河北(1 343件)、黑龙江(1 214件)、河南(1 045件)四省合计占50.94%,撑起了微生物肥料登记证的“半壁江山” (图2A2B)。仅山东一省就超过全国1/5,其产业规模相当于第2至第4名之和。这种格局与农业资源禀赋直接相关——四省均是粮食主产区,化肥减量的需求最为迫切。
广东以334件位列全国第9,占2.83% (图2),这一排名与其农业大省地位不相匹配。2024年,广东GDP连续36年居全国首位,农林牧渔业总产值达9 718.61亿元,其中农林产值为5 309.72亿元,位居全国前列[23]。广东是全国重要的水果(荔枝、柑橘、龙眼)、蔬菜、花卉及南药生产基地,经济作物种植面积广阔。理论上,这类高附加值作物对微生物肥料的需求更大——提升果实品质、减轻连作障碍、改良酸化土壤,微生物肥料正好适用。然而,广东的登记量仅为山东的13.82%、河北的24.87%、黑龙江的27.51%。即使与同为经济作物主产区的广西(328件,全国第10)和云南(179件,全国第16)相比,广东也无明显优势。这种“产业规模与农业地位不匹配”的现象折射出广东微生物肥料发展面临的结构性制约。
从企业数量的省域分布看(图3A3B),我国微生物肥料生产企业也高度集中,但与登记证的空间格局有所不同。截至2025年底,全国拥有登记证的企业共3 756家(不含境外23家),前10省份合计2 687家,占全国的71.10%。黑龙江以488家企业居首(占12.91%),山东(417家企业,占11.03%)、河北(390家企业,占10.32%)、河南(388家企业,占10.27%)紧随其后,4省合计1 683家,占全国的44.54%。值得注意的一个反差是:黑龙江的企业数量虽超过山东,但其登记证总量(1 214件)仅为山东(2 416件)的一半。这说明两省产业结构差异明显——黑龙江以大量中小企业为主,而山东的企业规模更大、产品线更丰富。广东有119家企业,居全国第12位,占3.15%,与登记证总量排名(第9位)基本匹配,但企业数量不足黑龙江的1/4,产业主体培育还有不小空间。
企业平均持有登记证数量(图3C)可反映区域产业集中度和企业规模化水平。全国平均每家企业持有约3.13件。山东遥遥领先,达5.79件/家,北京(5.24件/家)、天津(5.20件/家)、上海(4.77件/家)等直辖市紧随其后,这些地方研发和登记能力较强。湖北(3.86件/家)、河北(3.44件/家)、江苏(3.43件/家)也高于全国均值。相比之下,广东平均每家企业持有2.81件,略低于全国水平,在31个省区中排第12位。这一数值与黑龙江(2.49件/家)、广西(2.43件/家)、辽宁(2.42件/家)等相近,说明广东微生物肥料企业以中小企业为主体,单品线较单一,尚未形成像山东、北京那样的龙头企业引领格局。云南(1.72件/家)、浙江(1.80件/家)等省份平均持证数不足2件,这种“小而散”的问题更为突出。总体来看,山东、北京、天津等地已形成较强的企业梯队,而广东、黑龙江等地则呈现较弱的特征,产业集约化水平有待提高。
从地级市层面看,广东的微生物肥料产业呈现“省会引领、多地发展”的格局,企业规模和产品开发能力之间分化明显(图4A4B)。(1)广州是绝对中心,共有19家企业(占全省15.97%),持有74件登记证(占22.16%),企业平均持证数达3.89件,远高于全省均值(2.81件)。作为省会,广州在科研、政策、资本方面的优势支撑了头部企业的快速扩张。(2)珠三角核心区和农业主产区形成双轮驱动,除广州外,深圳(5家企业,23件)、东莞(10家企业,25件)、佛山(9家企业,22件)、珠海(2家企业,16件)等珠三角城市合计企业45家、登记证160件,分别占全省的37.82%和47.90%。这些城市依托制造业和资本优势,培育了慕恩(广州)生物科技有限公司(31件)、广东植物龙生物技术股份有限公司(14件)、深圳市芭田生态工程股份有限公司(11件)等骨干企业。与此同时,韶关(9家企业,33件)、湛江(11家企业,28件)、惠州(11家企业,23件)等农业主产区也形成集聚,反映出微生物肥料与本地种植业需求的紧密结合。
分析各地级市企业平均持证数,发现珠海以8.00件/家居首(主要依托广东植物龙生物技术股份有限公司),深圳为4.60件/家,广州为3.89件/家;河源、江门、茂名、阳江、清远、梅州和汕尾等市不足2.00件/家(图4A4B)。这表明,广东微生物肥料产业已形成“头部引领和尾部分散”的企业生态。慕恩(广州)生物科技有限公司、广东植物龙生物技术股份有限公司、深圳市芭田生态工程股份有限公司3家头部企业合计持证56件,占全省的16.77% (图4C);而全省119家企业中持证超过5件的仅18家(占15.13%),持证仅1件的却有46家(占38.66%)。大量企业仍然处于“一品一证”的初级发展阶段,产品线单一,研发和登记投入不足,已成为制约广东微生物肥料产业整体竞争力的重要问题。
从通用名类型统计数据来看(图5A),我国微生物肥料产品高度集中于三大类:微生物菌剂(5 661件,占48.16%)、生物有机肥(3 618件,占30.78%)和复合微生物肥料(1 834件,占15.60%),三者合计占94.55%。其余如有机物料腐熟剂(2.89%)、土壤修复菌剂(1.34%)、根瘤菌菌剂(0.66%)等占比极低。这一产品结构反映出我国微生物肥料产业当前以“广谱功能型”产品为主导,针对特定作物(如豆科作物根瘤菌)或特定应用场景(如土壤修复、秸秆腐熟)的专用型产品开发仍显不足。值得关注的是,内生菌根菌剂[即丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF)]虽当前登记证总量仍处于低位,但近5年登记量增长4.75倍。这类功能多元的新型菌剂市场前景广阔,有望成为未来微生物肥料产业的重要技术突破口[24]
从产品剂型统计数据来看(图5B),粉剂(5 194件,43.97%)和颗粒剂(4 089件,34.61%)占据主导地位,液体剂型(2 530件,21.42%)占比相对偏低。粉剂与颗粒剂便于运输、储存和机械施用,可直接适配大田常规施肥作业;部分粉剂产品正向全水溶方向迭代升级,市场竞争优势进一步凸显。液体剂型虽在滴灌、叶面喷施等水肥一体化场景中具备天然适配性,但对生产工艺精度与产品活菌保存稳定性要求更高,当前市场普及度仍有待提升。
从有效菌种数量统计结果来看(图5C),我国微生物肥料产品以单菌种、双菌种复配为主:单一菌种产品共5 867件(占49.67%);双菌种复配产品共4 456件(占37.72%),二者合计占比达87.39%。3种及以上菌种复配的产品仅占12.61%,其中4种菌种以上的产品占比不足2.21%。这表明当前产业主流仍倾向于采用简化配方设计,多菌种协同增效的复合产品开发尚处于起步阶段。当前微生物合成群落技术已是领域内主流研究方向,但产业端产品仍长期停留在单菌种或双菌种的简单配方阶段,二者形成鲜明反差,直接反映出前沿技术研发与产业落地应用之间存在明显脱节——学术研究已深入探索多菌种功能协同机制,甚至真菌-细菌跨界合成群落构建技术[8,25-27],但实际市场化产品的菌种配方设计仍较为初级。
从菌种类型统计数据来看(图5D),登记证涉及的有效菌种以细菌类为主导(117种,占67.63%),真菌类次之(49种,28.32%),藻类菌种占比极低(7种,4.05%)。细菌类菌种成为绝对主力,一方面源于其培养门槛低、环境定殖能力强、功能覆盖场景广的特性;另一方面现行登记制度对产品有效活菌数设置明确准入门槛,细菌类菌种更易达标。相比之下,真菌类菌种(如木霉、曲霉、白僵菌等)在生物防治、有机物料降解等场景中具备独特功能优势,但产业应用占比明显偏低。
从有效菌种使用频次统计数据来看(图5E),枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)以8 628件(占登记证总数量的73.04%)高居榜首,远超其他菌种。其后依次为地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus licheniformis;2 869件,24.29%)、胶胨样类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus mucilaginosus;1 769件,14.98%)、解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens;1 658件,14.04%)、贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis;641件,5.43%)。前5种菌种的累计使用频次占所有菌种总使用频次的一半以上。排名第6的是巨大普里斯特氏菌(Priestia megaterium;624件,5.28%)和第7的是侧孢短芽孢杆菌(Brevibacillus laterosporus;565件,4.78%)。整体来看,芽孢杆菌属菌种在微生物肥料登记证中占据压倒性优势。直接暴露出产业菌种资源高度集中、同质化严重的核心问题:B. subtilis “一菌独大”,而具有固氮、解磷、生防等特定功能的其他菌种(如根瘤菌、固氮螺菌、假单胞菌、AMF等)的产业应用频率极低。这一现象很大程度上源于芽孢杆菌属菌种在生态适应性、功能覆盖度、生产工艺成熟度、产品货架期稳定性、成本控制等方面的显著优势[8],使其成为企业产品开发的首选。例如,B. subtilis广泛分布于土壤、植物根际等自然生境,兼具产芽孢、耐逆性强、发酵培养难度低等生物学特性,是微生物肥料菌种筛选过程中最易获取、最易实现产业化的菌种之一[8,28]。此外,现行登记管理制度中免做毒理学试验的菌种目录将该菌种列为代表[13],进一步降低了企业的登记申报成本,多重因素共同推动B. subtilis在登记产品中占比居高不下。然而,菌种多样性不足必然会限制产品功能向差异化、精细化方向发展,不利于产业长期核心竞争力的提升。
在通用名类型、产品剂型、有效菌种数量、菌种类型、有效菌种使用频次5个方面,广东的微生物肥料登记证呈现出与全国整体相似的发展趋势和共性问题,部分结构性矛盾甚至更为突出。以有效菌种数量维度为例,广东微生物肥料产品以单菌种、双菌种复配配方为主:单一菌种产品共206件(占61.68%),双菌种复配产品共101件(占30.24%),二者合计占比达91.92%,略高于全国平均水平(87.39%)。其中单一菌种产品占比(61.68%)远高于全国平均水平(49.67%),且全省尚未出现5种及以上菌种复配的产品,而全国范围内4种菌种以上的登记证已达50件。在有效菌种使用频次方面,B. subtilis以199件(占广东登记证总数量的59.58%)高居榜首,远超其他菌种。上述数据表明,我国微生物肥料产业存在的产品广谱化、菌种同质化、菌种成分简单化等结构性矛盾具有普遍性,广东的产业现状正是全国产业共性问题的区域缩影。突破这一瓶颈,既需要国家层面完善顶层制度设计,也需要地方结合自身农业资源特色探索差异化发展路径。
综合2000-2025年全国及广东微生物肥料登记证数据来看,我国微生物肥料产业历经20余年发展,已实现从起步探索到规模化扩张的历史性跨越,登记证总量突破1.18万件,持证企业数量近3 800家,产业整体规模位居世界前列。然而,在繁荣发展的表象之下,三大结构性矛盾日益凸显:产品层面“广谱适配有余、场景专用不足”,菌种层面“资源高度同质、特色功能菌株匮乏”,企业层面“散小弱”特征突出,超三成企业仅持有1件登记证。广东的产业短板更为鲜明——全省农林牧渔业总产值稳居全国第一梯队,但微生物肥料登记证总量仅位列全国第9,不足山东省登记量的13.82%,省内市场大量微生物肥料产品依赖外省输入。这一现状充分说明,微生物肥料产业的高质量发展,并非仅由市场需求单一驱动,更离不开产业基础、政策环境、推广体系的系统性协同配套。针对上述产业痛点,从以下6个方面提出针对性发展建议。
2026年相关文件已将微生物肥料列入国家主推的五大核心农业技术之一,与生物有机肥、缓控释肥等绿色肥料产品精准对接黑土地保护、盐碱地综合利用、酸化耕地治理三大国家级耕地改良工程;农业农村部配套文件也明确将其纳入全国绿色高效农业投入品推广体系[29];广东[22]、湖北[30]等地已率先出台生物制造或农业微生物产业专项扶持方案。然而,从实际落地执行情况来看,当前多数政策仍将微生物肥料定位为化肥减量增效的辅助性配套手段,尚未赋予其独立的战略定位与刚性制度安排——既未在耕地地力保护补贴、高标准农田建设等核心涉农政策中设置微生物肥料施用的相关门槛,也未出台国家层面的微生物肥料产业专项发展规划。当前“十五五”农业发展规划已对农业绿色转型作出系统部署,正处于全面落地实施的关键阶段,建议在规划推进过程中将微生物肥料从配套技术工具升级为独立的战略性农业投入品。具体落地路径包括:(1) 在耕地地力保护补贴发放环节,将规范施用微生物肥料作为约束性申领条件,推动政策导向从“鼓励使用”向“引导必要施用”转变;(2) 在高标准农田建设现行标准中增设微生物肥料施用专项环节,并将其纳入项目竣工验收的核心考核指标;(3) 参照湖北设立10亿元农业微生物产业专项基金的做法[30],在国家绿色农业产业基金框架下增设农业微生物专项子基金,引导社会资本向核心菌种研发与产业化环节集聚。
登记数据所反映的产品同质化、菌种高度集中问题,是功能菌株供给不足、登记管理制度不完善、企业市场化理性选择三方面因素共同作用的结果。破解这一困局,首先要从菌种资源端发力,为产业储备更多优质、多样的特色功能菌株。我国农业微生物种质资源保藏总量虽位居世界前列,但种质资源“家底不清”的问题依然突出[31-32]。农业农村部已分三批公告认定国家农业微生物种质资源库,初步构建起全国层面的种质资源保护体系[33],但现有资源库仍以静态保藏功能为主,面向产业实际需求的定向功能菌株挖掘工作尚不充分。建议以第三次全国农业种质资源普查为契机,重点加强固氮、解磷、解钾、生防、极端环境抗逆等特色功能菌株的系统性分离筛选,依托高通量筛选、合成生物学等前沿技术发掘新型功能菌种资源。具体到广东省域层面,可依托广东省科学院微生物研究所、国家农业环境微生物种质资源库(广东)等核心平台,建立覆盖全省主要农业生态类型及荔枝、柑橘等特色农业产业的种质资源收集网络,支持广东建设国家农业微生物种质资源华南区域中心;同时结合本地特色高值作物产区布局,系统开展根际专属功能菌株的定向分离与功能评价,为“一品一肥”专用型产品开发提供菌种储备。
在菌种资源供给得到保障的基础上,需同步优化微生物肥料登记管理制度,降低企业使用新菌种的制度性成本,从登记审批源头环节缓解菌种同质化困局,具体优化路径包括3点。(1) 动态修订免做毒理学试验的菌种目录。现行《微生物肥料质量安全评价通用准则》(GB/T 41728—2022)中,第一级免做毒理学试验的菌种仅不到110种[13],但近10年国内外研究已证实具备促生、抗逆等功能的新菌种数以百计,目录更新滞后导致企业使用目录外新菌种时,需额外承担高额毒理学试验费用与时间成本。在缺乏正向激励的前提下,企业自然倾向于选择目录内的成熟菌种。建议建立菌种目录动态更新机制,设立跨领域专家委员会定期开展评估,依据国内外高水平权威研究成果及时将安全有效的新菌种纳入免试目录,同步缩短目录修订周期。(2) 实行差异化的有效活菌数管控标准。现行统一标准中,液体剂型与粉剂剂型要求有效活菌数≥2.0亿/g (mL),颗粒剂剂型要求≥1.0亿/g——芽孢杆菌类菌种极易达标,但木霉等真菌类菌种很难满足该活菌数门槛,即便企业有意开发这类特色产品,也难以通过登记审核。建议以实际功能为核心导向,由专家委员会按不同菌种类群制定差异化标准:真菌类菌种可适当下调活菌数门槛,同步增加孢子萌发率(如≥85%)或菌丝活力等活性指标作为补充考核项;放线菌、藻类等特殊菌种也需配套制定适配性的指标体系。(3) 推行菌株功能标签制度。芽孢杆菌类菌种在功能普适性、货架期稳定性、生产成本控制等方面具备天然优势,企业优先选择这类菌种属于理性市场行为,不宜通过行政手段简单限制其应用。破解同质化问题的核心并非“去芽孢杆菌化”,而是在现有菌种应用基础上引导功能差异化发展。已有多项研究证实,B. subtilis的不同菌株之间功能存在显著分化[34-35]。因此建议针对B. subtilis等高频应用菌种,不再仅以通用菌种名称作为登记标识,要求企业明确标注对应菌株的核心特色功能(如耐盐、耐酸、高效解磷等),并在产品包装标签上向农户明示;评审环节对具备明确专属功能标签的产品给予优先审批,引导市场从“通用菌种选型”向“专属功能菌株应用”转型。
当前全国约33.47%的持证企业仅持有1件登记证,广东省这一占比更是达到38.66%,产业规模扩张主要依靠企业数量堆砌,而非核心企业的做强做大。建议从2个方面引导产业升级:(1) 将企业持证数量与省级农业扶持项目挂钩。将“企业平均持证数”“年度新增产品登记数”纳入行业常态化监测指标,对累计持证超过10件或年均新增登记证3件以上的企业,在省级农业龙头企业认定、现代农业产业园项目申报等环节给予政策加分,通过政策杠杆引导企业从单纯的生产端投入转向研发创新端布局。(2) 将微生物肥料企业纳入省级“专精特新”企业认定范畴。获得认定的企业可在“专精特新”专项扶持政策中享受融资担保、贷款贴息等定向支持,引导中小微生物肥料企业走“小而专、专而精”的特色化发展路径。
当前学术研究已深入多菌种合成群落、真菌-细菌跨界复配等前沿方向[8,25-27],但全国登记数据显示,多菌种复配产品占比仅为12.61%。这一显著反差的背后,是中试放大与产业化转化环节的长期瓶颈——实验室阶段完成的菌种组合与功能验证通常难以跨越稳定、可控、低成本的规模化生产工艺阶段。建议从两方面破解堵点:(1) 在重点农业高校和科研院所设立“微生物肥料技术转移中心”,依托行业优势单位建设专业化中试转化平台。该中心专职承担菌种筛选、生产工艺优化、登记申报辅导等公共服务职能,推动科研人员实验室产出的“论文菌种”转化为企业可落地的“登记菌种”。在此基础上,优先在产业与研究基础较好的地区建设功能微生物菌剂生物制造中试平台,重点突破农业微生物菌剂从实验室到产业化的共性技术瓶颈,构建“菌种资源筛选→功能验证评价→生产工艺放大→制剂产品开发→田间生态评估”的全链条公共服务体系,系统性解决中试放大过程中菌株活性稳定性下降、发酵效率不足、生产成本失控、产品货架期活性难以保持等行业共性难题。以广东省为例,广东省科学院微生物研究所是华南地区微生物资源保藏与产业化利用的核心机构,在菌种资源储备、功能挖掘、发酵工艺开发等方面具备深厚积累。在广东省政府的支持下,该所已率先启动功能微生物菌剂生物制造中试平台建设,目前已在全省微生物肥料产业发展中发挥核心引领作用。该平台立足广东、辐射华南,致力于打造国内微生物肥料领域中试转化的标杆载体,对推动广东省乃至全国微生物肥料技术从实验室走向大规模产业化具有重大先导意义。(2) 设立国家层面的“微生物肥料产学研协同创新专项”。专项要求由企业牵头或联合申报,企业配套资金占比不低于政府资助额度的30% (中小微企业可放宽至20%),重点攻克3项行业共性技术难题:多菌种协同复配工艺(当前全国87.39%的产品仍停留在单菌种或双菌种的简单配方阶段)、液体剂型长期保藏稳定性技术(当前液体剂型占比仅为21.42%,市场普及度不足)、AMF的规模化扩繁技术(近5年登记量虽增长4.75倍,但绝对存量仍处于低位)。这3项技术短板均直接来源于登记数据的实证分析结果,率先实现技术突破的省份将在后续全国产业竞争中占据先发优势。
广东省农业经济体量庞大,高附加值经济作物种类丰富,微生物领域科研资源集聚,但微生物肥料产业发展相对滞后。全省119家持证企业中,46家仅持有1件登记证,且这类企业主要集中在河源、江门、茂名、阳江、清远、梅州、汕尾等农业主产区。针对这一产业现状,提出3条针对性建议。
由省农业农村厅牵头,组织广东省科学院微生物研究所、华南农业大学、广东省农业科学院等单位的技术专家,以科技特派员身份为持证数量少、有技术升级需求的企业提供线上线下结合的免费技术咨询服务,帮助企业筛选差异化产品开发方向,重点围绕本地荔枝、柑橘、茶叶、特色蔬菜等优势作物开发专属专用菌剂产品。同时将企业有效登记证持有数量与省级农业项目申报资格适度挂钩——申报省级现代农业产业园、省级农业龙头企业等项目的主体,须持有2件以上有效微生物肥料登记证。该举措属于引导性约束,核心目的是激励企业主动拓展产品线布局。
韶关、湛江、惠州、江门、清远等种植业大市的微生物肥料登记证总量偏少,而珠三角核心区域(广州、深圳、珠海、东莞)集中了全省主要的研发型龙头企业与顶尖科研资源。建议在现有“广东省农业科技成果转化服务平台”中增设微生物肥料专项对接板块,常态化开展线上技术供需对接活动,促成珠三角研发主体与粤东西北生产企业以技术许可、合作开发、委托贴牌生产等低成本方式开展产业协作。同时加大对粤东西北农业主产区内已有一定发展基础的微生物肥料企业的培育力度,对云浮市广东锐丰肥业有限公司、韶关市广东博沃特生物技术有限公司、湛江市广东九九生物科技有限公司等具备发展潜力的本土企业,在登记申报辅导、生产工艺升级、市场渠道拓展等方面给予定向政策支持,推动其快速成长,形成本地化产业支撑力量。
针对荔枝、柑橘、龙眼、特色蔬菜、茶叶等全省优势经济作物,由广东省科学院微生物研究所、华南农业大学、广东省农业科学院等单位梳理适配的功能菌种与成熟配方,形成官方推荐目录向全行业发布。企业按照目录开发专属专用型产品并取得登记证的,优先纳入省级“农业主推技术”名录与“绿色农业投入品推荐名录”,在全省农技推广系统内进行免费宣传推介。同时依托全省乡镇农技站服务网络,在各特色作物主产县选择2-3家种植大户或专业合作社建立免费示范田,由企业提供菌剂产品,基层农技人员全程配套技术指导,示范效果通过田间现场观摩会、短视频科普传播等方式扩大辐射范围,快速培育本地特色产品市场。
过去20余年,我国微生物肥料产业完成了从起步探索到规模化扩张的跨越,登记证总存量突破1.1万件,持证企业数量接近3 800家。然而,登记证数据的深度分析也揭示出产业深层结构性矛盾:产品整体偏于广谱通用,菌种资源高度同质化,企业群体呈现“散小弱”特征。这些正是产业从“量的积累”转向“质的提升”阶段必须跨越的核心障碍。破局的关键在于制度端、科研端、市场端的协同发力:登记管理体系需进一步优化,降低新菌种进入市场的制度门槛;政策支持需从鼓励性引导转向约束性制度安排,推动微生物肥料成为农业绿色投入品的必选项;企业培育需聚焦细分特色赛道,引导中小微企业走“专精特新”特色发展路径。
广东省的产业案例极具典型参考价值。作为全国农业大省,其微生物肥料登记总量仅为山东省的13.82%,近四成企业仅持有1件登记证,省内市场大量产品依赖外省供应。这一反差充分表明,产业规模与农业大省地位并非自然匹配,需要系统化的政策设计与全链条产业培育。广东省具备充足的资源条件,也有责任在微生物肥料产业高质量发展进程中走在全国前列,探索出“农业大省”与“产业强省”协同发展的全新路径。
上述所有探索努力,最终都要回归到核心评判标准:微生物肥料能否真正实现部分化肥的有效替代、持续改善土壤健康水平、稳步提升农产品品质。这是我国微生物肥料产业从规模扩张走向核心竞争力提升的根本标尺,也是衡量产业“质的提升”是否真正落地的最终
  • 国家重点研发计划(2024YFD1200200)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32300093)
  • 中国工程科技发展战略广东研究院战略研究与咨询项目(2025-GD-13)
  • “广东特支计划”青年拔尖人才项目(2024TQ08N551)
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2026年第66卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260385
  • 接收时间:2026-05-08
  • 首发时间:2026-08-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-05-08
  • 录用日期:2026-05-25
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFD1200200)
国家重点研发计划(2024YFD1200200)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32300093)
国家自然科学基金(32300093)
Strategic Research and Consulting Project of the Guangdong Research Institute of China Engineering Science and Technology Development Strategy(2025-GD-13)
中国工程科技发展战略广东研究院战略研究与咨询项目(2025-GD-13)
Guangdong Special Support Program(2024TQ08N551)
“广东特支计划”青年拔尖人才项目(2024TQ08N551)
作者信息
    1.广东省科学院微生物研究所,华南应用微生物国家重点实验室,农业农村部农业微生物组学与精准应用重点实验室,农业农村部农业微生物组学重点实验室,广东省微生物菌种保藏中心,广东省国家地理标志农产品产地生态系统微生物野外科学观测研究站,广东 广州
    2.华南农业大学 园艺学院,广东 广州

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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