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Eumelanin, a natural biological pigment formed by the polymerization of 5,6-dihydroxyindole and its carboxylic acid derivatives, is ubiquitous in animals and microorganisms. Its highly conjugated molecular structure confers multiple functional properties, including broad-spectrum light absorption, antioxidant activity, free radical scavenging, and metal ion chelation, making it a promising material for applications in biomedicine, functional coatings, and environmental remediation. The conventional production of eumelanin relies largely on extraction from animal tissue or chemical synthesis, which are constrained by limited raw materials and uncontrollable product structures. Recently, microbial cell factory-based biosynthesis of eumelanin has attracted increasing attention due to its environmental sustainability and structural controllability. This review comprehensively summarizes the biosynthetic pathways, strategies for metabolic engineering and genetic engineering, analysis and characterization methods for eumelanin, and discusses future perspectives for the application and development of microbial eumelanin production.
, authors=Xiaobing YANG
1, Jing ZHANG
1, Haijun GAO
2, authorsList=Xiaobing YANG, Jing ZHANG, Haijun GAO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jing ZHANG, Haijun GAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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真黑素是由5,6-二羟基吲哚及其羧酸衍生物聚合形成的天然生物色素,广泛存在于动物和微生物中。其高度共轭的分子结构赋予了宽谱光吸收、抗氧化、自由基清除及金属离子螯合等多重功能特性,在生物医学材料、功能涂层和环境修复等领域显示出重要的应用潜力。传统真黑素制备主要依赖动物组织提取或化学合成,但存在原料来源受限和产物结构不可控等问题。近年来,基于微生物细胞工厂的真黑素生物合成技术因其绿色可持续性和结构可控性而受到广泛关注。本文系统综述了真黑素的生物合成途径、代谢工程和基因工程策略以及分析与表征方法,并探讨了微生物真黑素生产的应用前景和未来发展。
, authors=杨晓冰
1, 张静
1, 高海军
2, authorsList=杨晓冰, 张静, 高海军, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张静, 高海军, authorNote=
作者贡献声明
杨晓冰:提出概念,撰写论文;张静:修改论文,审阅;高海军:修改论文,审阅。
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1.郑州大学 化工学院,河南 郑州)])]), Author(id=1297571112603374431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571108979495749, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=hj_gao@bit.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1297571112691454817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571108979495749, authorId=1297571112603374431, language=EN, stringName=Haijun GAO, firstName=Haijun, middleName=null, lastName=GAO, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
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International Journal of Molecular Sciences,
2016,
17(5): 746., articleTitle=“Fifty shades” of black and red or how carboxyl groups fine tune eumelanin and pheomelanin properties, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1297571110413947726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571108979495749, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571110422336335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571108979495749, companyId=1297571110413947726, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1.School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571110430724944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571108979495749, companyId=1297571110413947726, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1.郑州大学 化工学院,河南 郑州)]), AuthorCompany(id=1297571110497833809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571108979495749, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571110506222418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571108979495749, companyId=1297571110497833809, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2.School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571110514611027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571108979495749, companyId=1297571110497833809, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
2.北京理工大学 生命学院,北京)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1297571113459012459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571108979495749, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=
Synthesis pathways of natural eumelanin and polydopamine. Tyr: Tyrosine; TYR: Tyrosinase; DOPA: 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine; DA: Dopamine; DQ: Dopaquinone; DAQ: Daquinone; LDQ: Leucodopachrome; IQCA: 5,6-indolequinone-2-carboxylic acid; IQ: Indole-5,6-quinone; DHICA: 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid; DHI: 5,6-dihydroxyindole; TRP-1: Tyrosinase-related protein 1; TRP-2: Tyrosinase-related protein 2; PDA: Polydopamine., figureFileSmall=AkMxXbnmQ7nmFeM06mlsRg==, figureFileBig=wNHn+2wGi2jewS8gLD8w9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571113521927020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571108979495749, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
天然真黑素和聚多巴胺的合成路径, figureFileSmall=AkMxXbnmQ7nmFeM06mlsRg==, figureFileBig=wNHn+2wGi2jewS8gLD8w9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571113702282093, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571108979495749, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=
Metabolic pathway of engineered Escherichia coli for eumelanin synthesis. Glu: Glucose; GalP: Galactose permease; GlK: Glucose kinase; PTS: Phosphotransferase system; PtsG: Glucose-specific PTS transporter; TktA: Transketolase I; TalB: Transaldolase; PykF: Pyruvate kinase; AroGfbr: Feedback-resistant variant of 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase; AroB: 3-dehydroquinate synthase; AroD: 3-dehydroquinate dehydratase; AroE: Shikimate dehydrogenase; AroK: Shikimate kinase; AroA: 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; AroL: Shikimate kinase; TyrR: Tyrosine transcriptional repressor; PheAfbr: Feedback-resistant variant of chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydratase; TyrAfbr: Feedback-resistant variant of chorismate mutase/prephenate dehydrogenase; TyrB: Aromatic amino acid aminotransferase; TrpE: Anthranilate synthase component I; TYR: Tyrosinase; TCA: Tricarboxylic acid cycle; PEP: Phosphoenolpyruvate; E4P: Erythrose-4-phosphate; G6P: Glucose-6-phosphate; F6P: Fructose-6-phosphate; FBP: Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; GAP: Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate; Ru5P: Ribulose-5-phosphate; X5P: Xylulose-5-phosphate; S7P: Sedoheptulose-7-phosphate; DAHP: 3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptulosonate-7-phosphate; SA: Shikimate; CHA: Chorismate; PRE: Prephenate; PPA: Phenylpyruvate; 4HPPA: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate; Phe: Phenylalanine; Tyr: Tyrosine; Trp: Tryptophan., figureFileSmall=4keSeujxM2usGE5gUnGpPA==, figureFileBig=p5ncRnYILDEDWVROOQeiOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571113769390958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571108979495749, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
重组大肠埃希氏菌合成真黑素的代谢路径, figureFileSmall=4keSeujxM2usGE5gUnGpPA==, figureFileBig=p5ncRnYILDEDWVROOQeiOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571113857471343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571108979495749, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=
Application of eumelanin., figureFileSmall=9Ml7PegMxkOKcRVOAVtSgA==, figureFileBig=LlkuPPH14z8jddnZoHGH6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571113920385904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571108979495749, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
真黑素的应用, figureFileSmall=9Ml7PegMxkOKcRVOAVtSgA==, figureFileBig=LlkuPPH14z8jddnZoHGH6w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571113991689073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571108979495749, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Microbial synthesis of eumelanin
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Microorganism | Medium | Extra addition of tyrosine | Cultivation time/d | Production/(g/L) | References |
|---|
| Stachybotrys sp. HSS-1 | Tyrosine fermentation medium | Yes | 7 | 11.56 | [4] |
| Streptomyces lasalocidi NTB 42 | Tyrosine agar medium | Yes | 14 | 0.14 | [20] |
| Streptomyces lasalocidi NTB 42 | Liquid medium containing tyrosine | Yes | 10 | 3.74 | [21] |
| Corynebacterium glutamicum expressing gene tyrRs | Corynebacterium glutamicum medium Ⅻ without 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid | No | 3 | 1.03 | [22] |
| Escherichia coli expressing gene melA | M9 medium | No | 5 | 3.22 | [23] |
| Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) expressing gene melC | M9 medium | Yes | 0.5 | 0.12 | [24] |
| Escherichia coli expressing gene tyr1 | M9 glucose medium | No | 1 | 7.57 | [25] |
| Gluconacetobacter tumulisoli FBFS 97 | Glucose-yeast extract fermentation media | Yes | 16 | Not reported | [26] |
| Pseudomonas koreensis UIS 19 | Molasses waste medium | Yes | 3 | 5.50 | [27] |
| Pseudomonas stutzeri SGM-1 | DOPA-containing liquid medium | Yes (DOPA) | 1 | 0.12 | [28] |
| Streptomyces nashvillensis | Glucose elemental medium version Ⅲ nitrogen-modified medium | No | 4 | 7.90 | [29] |
), ArticleFig(id=1297571114062992242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571108979495749, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
微生物合成真黑素
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Microorganism | Medium | Extra addition of tyrosine | Cultivation time/d | Production/(g/L) | References |
|---|
| Stachybotrys sp. HSS-1 | Tyrosine fermentation medium | Yes | 7 | 11.56 | [4] |
| Streptomyces lasalocidi NTB 42 | Tyrosine agar medium | Yes | 14 | 0.14 | [20] |
| Streptomyces lasalocidi NTB 42 | Liquid medium containing tyrosine | Yes | 10 | 3.74 | [21] |
| Corynebacterium glutamicum expressing gene tyrRs | Corynebacterium glutamicum medium Ⅻ without 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid | No | 3 | 1.03 | [22] |
| Escherichia coli expressing gene melA | M9 medium | No | 5 | 3.22 | [23] |
| Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) expressing gene melC | M9 medium | Yes | 0.5 | 0.12 | [24] |
| Escherichia coli expressing gene tyr1 | M9 glucose medium | No | 1 | 7.57 | [25] |
| Gluconacetobacter tumulisoli FBFS 97 | Glucose-yeast extract fermentation media | Yes | 16 | Not reported | [26] |
| Pseudomonas koreensis UIS 19 | Molasses waste medium | Yes | 3 | 5.50 | [27] |
| Pseudomonas stutzeri SGM-1 | DOPA-containing liquid medium | Yes (DOPA) | 1 | 0.12 | [28] |
| Streptomyces nashvillensis | Glucose elemental medium version Ⅲ nitrogen-modified medium | No | 4 | 7.90 | [29] |
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