Article(id=1297571058056455039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260154, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1772035200000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1774886400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-31, onlineDate=1787294647945, onlineDateStr=2026-08-21, pubDate=1785772800000, pubDateStr=2026-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787294647945, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787294647945, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787294647945, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297570992835023717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='8', pageStart='3681', pageEnd='4288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785772800000', pubDateStr='2026-08-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787294632395, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787294931551, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4030, endPage=4041, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297571058261975936, articleId=1297571058056455039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Dissecting the ability of enterovirus A71 to traverse and retrogradely disrupt the blood-brain barrier and induce central nervous system inflammatory responses using an invitro blood-brain barrier-human cerebral organoid co-culture model, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To investigate the ability of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) to traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and infect human cerebral organoids, as well as the impact of EV-A71 on BBB integrity following retrograde invasion into the central nervous system via neural routes, and to characterize the infection profiles of EV-A71 in the BBB and human cerebral organoids and the associated inflammatory responses. [Methods] An invitro BBB model was established by seeding human brain microvascular endothelial cells, brain vascular pericytes, and astrocytes into a Transwell system. Human cerebral organoids were generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), and a BBB-human cerebral organoid co-culture model was subsequently established. EV-A71 at three titers (102, 104, and 106 TCID50) was used to infect each cell type of the BBB to evaluate viral replication kinetics and cytopathic effects (CPE) across different cell types. Subsequently, the BBB-human cerebral organoid co-culture model was infected with 104 TCID50 EV-A71 using two distinct routes: (1) an apical inoculation strategy, in which EV-A71 was directly applied to the human brain microvascular endothelial cell layer; and (2) a retrograde infection strategy, in which human cerebral organoids were first infected and subsequently co-cultured with the BBB model. Viral RNA copy numbers in culture supernatants and cells were quantified by RT-qPCR. BBB integrity was assessed by measuring transendothelial electrical resistance, and inflammatory responses were evaluated by determining the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in human cerebral organoids using RT-qPCR. [Results] EV-A71 efficiently replicated in human brain microvascular endothelial cells, brain vascular pericytes, and astrocytes, inducing pronounced CPE. Among these cell types, astrocytes were the most susceptible to EV-A71 infection, showing the most rapid progression of cytopathic changes, followed by brain vascular pericytes. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells were relatively less susceptible, requiring higher viral titers to establish effective infection. Under apical inoculation conditions, EV-A71 replicated within the BBB, compromised BBB integrity, traversed the barrier to infect human cerebral organoids, and significantly activated inflammatory responses. In the retrograde infection model, EV-A71 replicated within human cerebral organoids, preferentially targeted neurons and astrocytes, triggered cellular inflammatory responses, and subsequently invaded the BBB in a retrograde manner, resulting in compromised structural integrity of the BBB. [Conclusion] EV-A71 can traverse the BBB to infect human cerebral organoids and activate inflammatory responses, and can also infect human cerebral organoids first and subsequently disrupt BBB integrity in a retrograde manner. This study systematically characterizes the infection dynamics of EV-A71 in an invitro BBB-human cerebral organoid model, provides a robust experimental model for in-depth analysis of the mechanisms underlying EV-A71 invasion of the central nervous system, and lays a research foundation for future investigations into viral pathogenesis and antiviral therapeutic development.

, authors=Juntong LIU, Weibang HUO, Roujian LU, Yao DENG, Jianfang ZHOU, Baoying HUANG, Wenjie TAN, authorsList=Juntong LIU, Weibang HUO, Roujian LU, Yao DENG, Jianfang ZHOU, Baoying HUANG, Wenjie TAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenjie TAN, authorNote=

These authors contributed equally to this work.

, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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【目的】 探究肠道病毒A71型(enterovirus A71, EV-A71)突破血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier, BBB)感染人脑类器官的能力,以及EV-A71经神经途径逆行侵入中枢神经系统后对BBB完整性的影响,明确EV-A71在BBB及人脑类器官中的感染特征及其诱导的炎症反应。 【方法】 将人脑微血管内皮细胞、脑血管周细胞及星形胶质细胞接种于Transwell体系,构建体外BBB模型;使用人诱导多能干细胞诱导分化形成人脑类器官,建立BBB-人脑类器官共培养模型。以102、104、106 TCID50 3种滴度EV-A71分别感染BBB各主要组成细胞,明确病毒在不同细胞类型中的复制动力学及细胞病变效应(cytopathic effect, CPE)。随后以104 TCID50 EV-A71通过2种方式感染BBB-人脑类器官共培养模型:(1)顶端接种法,直接感染人脑微血管内皮细胞侧;(2)反向感染法,先感染人脑类器官,再与BBB共培养。采用实时荧光定量逆转录PCR (real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR, RT-qPCR)检测细胞培养上清及细胞内病毒核酸拷贝数,检测跨内皮电阻以评估BBB完整性,并以RT-qPCR检测人脑类器官中炎症因子的表达水平以评价炎症反应。 【结果】 EV-A71可在人脑微血管内皮细胞、脑血管周细胞及星形胶质细胞中复制并诱导明显CPE。其中星形胶质细胞对EV-A71最为敏感,病变进程最快;脑血管周细胞次之;人脑微血管内皮细胞相对不易感,需较高病毒滴度方可建立有效感染。顶端接种法结果显示,EV-A71可在BBB中复制,破坏BBB完整性,穿越屏障感染人脑类器官并显著激活炎症反应。反向感染法结果显示,EV-A71可在人脑类器官中复制,靶向感染神经元与星形胶质细胞,激活细胞炎症反应,并可进一步逆向侵袭BBB,导致其结构完整性受损。 【结论】 EV-A71可穿越血脑屏障感染人脑类器官并激活炎症反应,也可先感染人脑类器官后逆向破坏血脑屏障结构。本研究系统阐明了EV-A71对体外BBB及人脑类器官的感染特征,为深入解析EV-A71入侵中枢神经系统的感染及致病机制提供了有效的研究模型,并为后续致病机制的探索及抗病毒药物研发奠定了研究基础。

, authors=刘俊彤, 霍威邦, 陆柔剑, 邓瑶, 周剑芳, 黄保英, 谭文杰, authorsList=刘俊彤, 霍威邦, 陆柔剑, 邓瑶, 周剑芳, 黄保英, 谭文杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=谭文杰, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

刘俊彤:方案设计、实验操作、数据整理与分析、初稿写作;霍威邦:方案设计、实验操作、数据整理与分析、初稿修改;陆柔剑:提供材料、实验操作;邓瑶:提供材料、实验操作;周剑芳:提供材料、实验操作;黄保英:提供材料、实验操作、初稿修改;谭文杰:方案设计、项目管理、提供资源与经费资助、监督指导、文稿审查修订。

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Brain Research, 2020, 1730: 146647., articleTitle=Inflammatory stress induced by a combination of cytokines (IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α) leads to a loss of integrity on bEnd.3 endothelial cells in vitro BBB model, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1297571065136440258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571058056455039, awardId=82061138008, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China-International (Regional) Cooperation and Exchange Project(82061138008), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1297571065203549123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571058056455039, awardId=82061138008, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金-国际(地区)合作与交流项目(82061138008), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1297571059537044362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571058056455039, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571059545432971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571058056455039, companyId=1297571059537044362, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571059558015884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571058056455039, companyId=1297571059537044362, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,国家卫生健康委员会生物安全重点实验室,北京)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1297571064440185786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571058056455039, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Replication kinetics and cytopathic effects of EV-A71 in the main cellular components of the BBB. A: Viral RNA copy numbers in culture supernatants of hBMECs infected with EV-A71 at titers of 104 and 106 TCID50; B: Viral RNA copy numbers in culture supernatants of HBVPs infected with EV-A71 at titers of 102 and 104 TCID50; C: Viral RNA copy numbers in culture supernatants of astrocytes infected with EV-A71 at titers of 102 and 104 TCID50; D-F: CPE were observed and recorded every 24 h under an optical microscope., figureFileSmall=s5RFv0+u263B9WvuO9M22A==, figureFileBig=RrzRp9wXzk2e6JZLNHlaUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571064528266171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571058056455039, language=CN, label=图1, caption=EV-A71BBB的主要组成细胞中的复制动力学及细胞病变效应, figureFileSmall=s5RFv0+u263B9WvuO9M22A==, figureFileBig=RrzRp9wXzk2e6JZLNHlaUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571064708621244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571058056455039, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=EV-A71 infects human cerebral organoids and disrupts BBB integrity. A: Schematic illustration of the EV-A71 infection procedure in the BBB-human cerebral organoid co-culture model; B: Viral RNA copy numbers in the apical and basolateral culture supernatants after EV-A71 infection of the co-culture model; C: TEER of the co-culture model after EV-A71 infection; D: Viral RNA copy numbers in human brain microvascular endothelial cells in the BBB model; E: Viral RNA copy numbers in brain pericytes and astrocytes in the BBB model; F: Viral RNA copy numbers in human cerebral organoids. ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=/hAdSAzNZgF9q4o6IaX41w==, figureFileBig=aG6uUCySqvaAYUxdN2hdhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571064784118717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571058056455039, language=CN, label=图2, caption=EV-A71感染人脑类器官并破坏血脑屏障完整性, figureFileSmall=/hAdSAzNZgF9q4o6IaX41w==, figureFileBig=aG6uUCySqvaAYUxdN2hdhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571064851227582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571058056455039, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=EV-A71 infection of neurons (A) and astrocytes (B) in human cerebral organoids., figureFileSmall=vXYYZLaVB4Lwy2UkeZuHxg==, figureFileBig=5FkymiunoxPDxi/dHLZBmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571064922530751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571058056455039, language=CN, label=图3, caption=EV-A71感染人脑类器官中神经元(A)与星形胶质细胞(B), figureFileSmall=vXYYZLaVB4Lwy2UkeZuHxg==, figureFileBig=5FkymiunoxPDxi/dHLZBmQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571064985445312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571058056455039, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=EV-A71 infection of human cerebral organoids induces increased mRNA expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, IL-12, and MCP-1. **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=ulrKqBqRFClnQeKYGVOAoQ==, figureFileBig=60OgUZ1vF1w7BurEBoZkRw==, 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基于体外血脑屏障-人脑类器官共培养模型揭示肠道病毒A71型跨越与逆向破坏血脑屏障并诱导中枢炎症反应
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刘俊彤 , 霍威邦 , 陆柔剑 , 邓瑶 , 周剑芳 , 黄保英 , 谭文杰
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(8): 4030-4041
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (8) : 4030 -4041
基于体外血脑屏障-人脑类器官共培养模型揭示肠道病毒A71型跨越与逆向破坏血脑屏障并诱导中枢炎症反应
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刘俊彤, 霍威邦, 陆柔剑, 邓瑶, 周剑芳, 黄保英, 谭文杰
作者信息
  • 中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,国家卫生健康委员会生物安全重点实验室,北京
通讯作者:
谭文杰
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

刘俊彤:方案设计、实验操作、数据整理与分析、初稿写作;霍威邦:方案设计、实验操作、数据整理与分析、初稿修改;陆柔剑:提供材料、实验操作;邓瑶:提供材料、实验操作;周剑芳:提供材料、实验操作;黄保英:提供材料、实验操作、初稿修改;谭文杰:方案设计、项目管理、提供资源与经费资助、监督指导、文稿审查修订。

Dissecting the ability of enterovirus A71 to traverse and retrogradely disrupt the blood-brain barrier and induce central nervous system inflammatory responses using an invitro blood-brain barrier-human cerebral organoid co-culture model
Juntong LIU, Weibang HUO, Roujian LU, Yao DENG, Jianfang ZHOU, Baoying HUANG, Wenjie TAN
Affiliations
  • National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260154
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【目的】 探究肠道病毒A71型(enterovirus A71, EV-A71)突破血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier, BBB)感染人脑类器官的能力,以及EV-A71经神经途径逆行侵入中枢神经系统后对BBB完整性的影响,明确EV-A71在BBB及人脑类器官中的感染特征及其诱导的炎症反应。 【方法】 将人脑微血管内皮细胞、脑血管周细胞及星形胶质细胞接种于Transwell体系,构建体外BBB模型;使用人诱导多能干细胞诱导分化形成人脑类器官,建立BBB-人脑类器官共培养模型。以102、104、106 TCID50 3种滴度EV-A71分别感染BBB各主要组成细胞,明确病毒在不同细胞类型中的复制动力学及细胞病变效应(cytopathic effect, CPE)。随后以104 TCID50 EV-A71通过2种方式感染BBB-人脑类器官共培养模型:(1)顶端接种法,直接感染人脑微血管内皮细胞侧;(2)反向感染法,先感染人脑类器官,再与BBB共培养。采用实时荧光定量逆转录PCR (real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR, RT-qPCR)检测细胞培养上清及细胞内病毒核酸拷贝数,检测跨内皮电阻以评估BBB完整性,并以RT-qPCR检测人脑类器官中炎症因子的表达水平以评价炎症反应。 【结果】 EV-A71可在人脑微血管内皮细胞、脑血管周细胞及星形胶质细胞中复制并诱导明显CPE。其中星形胶质细胞对EV-A71最为敏感,病变进程最快;脑血管周细胞次之;人脑微血管内皮细胞相对不易感,需较高病毒滴度方可建立有效感染。顶端接种法结果显示,EV-A71可在BBB中复制,破坏BBB完整性,穿越屏障感染人脑类器官并显著激活炎症反应。反向感染法结果显示,EV-A71可在人脑类器官中复制,靶向感染神经元与星形胶质细胞,激活细胞炎症反应,并可进一步逆向侵袭BBB,导致其结构完整性受损。 【结论】 EV-A71可穿越血脑屏障感染人脑类器官并激活炎症反应,也可先感染人脑类器官后逆向破坏血脑屏障结构。本研究系统阐明了EV-A71对体外BBB及人脑类器官的感染特征,为深入解析EV-A71入侵中枢神经系统的感染及致病机制提供了有效的研究模型,并为后续致病机制的探索及抗病毒药物研发奠定了研究基础。

肠道病毒A71型  /  血脑屏障  /  人脑类器官  /  共培养模型  /  炎症反应

[Objective] To investigate the ability of enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) to traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and infect human cerebral organoids, as well as the impact of EV-A71 on BBB integrity following retrograde invasion into the central nervous system via neural routes, and to characterize the infection profiles of EV-A71 in the BBB and human cerebral organoids and the associated inflammatory responses. [Methods] An invitro BBB model was established by seeding human brain microvascular endothelial cells, brain vascular pericytes, and astrocytes into a Transwell system. Human cerebral organoids were generated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), and a BBB-human cerebral organoid co-culture model was subsequently established. EV-A71 at three titers (102, 104, and 106 TCID50) was used to infect each cell type of the BBB to evaluate viral replication kinetics and cytopathic effects (CPE) across different cell types. Subsequently, the BBB-human cerebral organoid co-culture model was infected with 104 TCID50 EV-A71 using two distinct routes: (1) an apical inoculation strategy, in which EV-A71 was directly applied to the human brain microvascular endothelial cell layer; and (2) a retrograde infection strategy, in which human cerebral organoids were first infected and subsequently co-cultured with the BBB model. Viral RNA copy numbers in culture supernatants and cells were quantified by RT-qPCR. BBB integrity was assessed by measuring transendothelial electrical resistance, and inflammatory responses were evaluated by determining the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in human cerebral organoids using RT-qPCR. [Results] EV-A71 efficiently replicated in human brain microvascular endothelial cells, brain vascular pericytes, and astrocytes, inducing pronounced CPE. Among these cell types, astrocytes were the most susceptible to EV-A71 infection, showing the most rapid progression of cytopathic changes, followed by brain vascular pericytes. Human brain microvascular endothelial cells were relatively less susceptible, requiring higher viral titers to establish effective infection. Under apical inoculation conditions, EV-A71 replicated within the BBB, compromised BBB integrity, traversed the barrier to infect human cerebral organoids, and significantly activated inflammatory responses. In the retrograde infection model, EV-A71 replicated within human cerebral organoids, preferentially targeted neurons and astrocytes, triggered cellular inflammatory responses, and subsequently invaded the BBB in a retrograde manner, resulting in compromised structural integrity of the BBB. [Conclusion] EV-A71 can traverse the BBB to infect human cerebral organoids and activate inflammatory responses, and can also infect human cerebral organoids first and subsequently disrupt BBB integrity in a retrograde manner. This study systematically characterizes the infection dynamics of EV-A71 in an invitro BBB-human cerebral organoid model, provides a robust experimental model for in-depth analysis of the mechanisms underlying EV-A71 invasion of the central nervous system, and lays a research foundation for future investigations into viral pathogenesis and antiviral therapeutic development.

enterovirus A71  /  blood-brain barrier  /  human cerebral organoids  /  co-culture model  /  inflammatory response
刘俊彤, 霍威邦, 陆柔剑, 邓瑶, 周剑芳, 黄保英, 谭文杰. 基于体外血脑屏障-人脑类器官共培养模型揭示肠道病毒A71型跨越与逆向破坏血脑屏障并诱导中枢炎症反应. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (8) : 4030 -4041 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260154
Juntong LIU, Weibang HUO, Roujian LU, Yao DENG, Jianfang ZHOU, Baoying HUANG, Wenjie TAN. Dissecting the ability of enterovirus A71 to traverse and retrogradely disrupt the blood-brain barrier and induce central nervous system inflammatory responses using an invitro blood-brain barrier-human cerebral organoid co-culture model[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (8) : 4030 -4041 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260154
肠道病毒(enteroviruses, EVs)是人类常见的感染病毒之一,属于肠道病毒属(Enterovirus),小RNA病毒科(Picornaviridae),具有多种血清型[1]。肠道病毒A71型(enterovirus A71, EV-A71)是引起手足口病的主要病原体之一,在婴幼儿中最为常见,其感染可导致严重的神经系统并发症,包括脑炎、脑膜炎、脊髓灰质炎样综合征、脑脊髓炎等,严重者可伴有长期后遗症甚至危及生命[2-4]。尽管EV-A71相关的中枢神经系统(central nervous system, CNS)并发症比例在不同队列研究中有所差异,但已有研究显示约20%的儿童感染者会出现CNS并发症,这一比例明显高于其他常见手足口病病原体[5]。然而,目前EV-A71入侵中枢神经系统的途径及不同感染途径所引发的血脑屏障与中枢神经系统病变的分子机制尚不完全清晰[6-7]
近年来,多项研究表明EV-A71可通过多种途径侵入CNS。动物模型显示,EV-A71可感染树鼩鼠脑微血管内皮细胞及星形胶质细胞,导致血脑屏障(blood-brain barrier, BBB)通透性增加[8]。体外研究采用人脑微血管内皮细胞与星形胶质细胞Transwell共培养BBB模型证实,EV-A71可利用小型细胞外囊泡或微囊泡经转胞吞作用或内吞途径穿越BBB,进而诱发脑损伤[9-10]。此外,研究还发现EV-A71可利用周围神经的逆行轴突运输至CNS[11-12]。以上研究表明EV-A71具有入侵中枢神经系统的能力。血脑屏障是由脑微血管内皮细胞、基底膜、周细胞以及星形胶质细胞组成的高度选择性屏障,对于维持CNS稳态及防御外源性病原体具有关键作用[13]。然而,目前的研究主要采用单一的细胞模型或动物模型,这2种实验模型均存在一定的局限性。二维细胞培养缺乏组织结构、细胞间相互作用和细胞类型的复杂性[14-15]。此外,实验动物与人类的神经结构和功能存在显著差异,难以模拟人源BBB及CNS的生理和病理特征,因而限制了其在解析EV-A71侵袭过程中BBB与CNS复杂相互作用机制方面的应用价值[16]
人脑类器官是由人诱导多能干细胞(human induced pluripotent stem cells, hiPSCs)经体外模拟胚胎发育过程诱导分化形成的三维神经球体结构。相较于传统二维细胞培养模型及动物模型,人脑类器官因其包含多样化的神经细胞类型、具有层级化的组织结构和特定的发育时序特征,能够更为真实地模拟人脑的发育过程及功能特点[17]。在病毒学研究领域,人脑类器官有效克服了物种特异性限制,可准确反映人源细胞对特定病毒的易感性,为研究病毒的细胞嗜性及其感染所必需的受体分子提供了理想模型[18-19]。因此,本研究在体外构建由人脑微血管内皮细胞、星形胶质细胞及脑血管周细胞组成的BBB-人脑类器官共培养模型,系统探究EV-A71直接感染BBB后病毒在BBB及人脑类器官中的感染特性;同时模拟EV-A71经外周神经途径逆行侵入中枢神经系统后,对人脑类器官的感染特征、炎症反应诱导及BBB完整性的影响。本研究旨在为EV-A71致病机制的深入探索及抗病毒干预策略的开发提供良好的研究模型。
本研究所用细胞均由中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所应急技术中心保存。hiPSCs购自柏寿生物科技有限公司;人脑微血管内皮细胞(human brain microvascular endothelial cells, hBMECs)与人星形胶质瘤细胞购自美国典型培养物保藏中心(ATCC);人脑血管周细胞(human brain vascular pericytes, HBVPs)购自iXCells Biotechnologies公司。EV-A71/FY0805由中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所周剑芳研究员惠赠,本科室保存[20]
将hiPSCs接种于经10 μg/µL Vitronectin XFTM (STEMCELL Technologies公司)包被的6孔板中,使用mTeSRTM Plus培养基(STEMCELL Technologies公司) 37 ℃维持培养。每日更换新鲜培养基,每4-5 d采用温和细胞解离试剂(STEMCELL Technologies公司)处理后进行传代。
参照Lancaster等[17]及STEMCELL Technologies公司建立的方法进行hiPSCs向脑类器官的分化诱导。首先,采用温和细胞解离试剂将hiPSCs消化为单细胞悬液,以每孔9 000个细胞的密度接种于96孔板中,每孔加入100 μL添加Supplement A的STEMdiff脑类器官基础培养基及20 μmol/L ROCK抑制剂。培养第2天和第4天各补充100 μL添加Supplement A的STEMdiff脑类器官基础培养基(STEMCELL Technologies公司);第5天更换为添加Supplement B的STEMdiff脑类器官基础培养基;第7天将类胚体包埋于Matrigel基质胶(Corning公司)中,加入添加Supplement C和D的STEMdiff脑类器官基础培养基继续培养3 d;第10天更换为添加Supplement E的STEMdiff脑类器官成熟培养基,于37 ℃、75 r/min培养,每3-4 d更换培养基1次。
本研究参照Malik等[21]和Stone等[22]建立的方案构建血脑屏障模型,于特定时间点分别接种不同类型细胞。Transwell培养第10天时,将人脑类器官与Transwell体系进行共培养,建立BBB-人脑类器官共培养模型。
将hBMECs、HBVPs及星形胶质细胞接种于12孔板中,待细胞培养至90%的汇合度后,将病毒以102、104、106 TCID50 3种滴度分别接种至单层细胞中,37 ℃吸附2 h,PBS清洗1次,加入1 mL新鲜培养基,每日收取细胞上清液并记录细胞病变效应(cytopathic effect, CPE) (判定标准:细胞皱缩、变圆、脱落)。
对各实验组及时间点分别进行RNA提取与实时荧光定量逆转录PCR (real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR, RT-qPCR)分析。人脑类器官细胞内总RNA采用TRIZOL法提取。以500 ng-1 μg总RNA为模板,使用SuperScript Ⅲ逆转录酶及引物进行cDNA合成。采用TB Green Premix Ex Taq Ⅱ试剂盒(TaKaRa公司)检测白细胞介素-1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β)、白细胞介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)、白细胞介素-8 (interleukin-8, IL-8)、白细胞介素-12 (interleukin-12, IL-12)及单核细胞趋化蛋白-1 (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MCP-1)的相对表达水平,操作严格按试剂说明书进行。以β-actin为内参基因计算ΔCt值,以未处理组为校准样本计算ΔΔCt值,采用2-ΔΔCt法计算相对表达倍数。
细胞培养上清中病毒核酸采用全自动核酸提取仪(西安天隆科技有限公司)进行提取。实验体系中,hBMECs位于Transwell上室,星形胶质细胞与HBVPs位于基底侧(背侧),脑类器官悬浮培养于Transwell外室与12孔板之间。分别刮取各部位细胞后,使用TRIzol法提取总RNA;按照一步法Primescript RT-PCR试剂盒(TaKaRa公司)说明书配制反应体系并设置反应程序。每个样本设置3个复孔,通过标准曲线lg copies/μL=-0.297 7Ct+9.740 1计算病毒核酸拷贝数,每组实验重复3次。
将病毒感染后的人脑类器官置于4%多聚甲醛溶液中固定,室温静置24 h。经石蜡包埋后制备厚度为5 μm的切片,60 ℃烘烤1 h,依次经二甲苯Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ各脱蜡5 min,无水乙醇Ⅰ、Ⅱ各水化2 min,70%乙醇水化2 min,双蒸水浸泡5 min。将切片置于pH 6.0或9.0的抗原修复液中,90 ℃以上修复10 min,自然冷却至室温。杜氏磷酸缓冲盐溶液(Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline, DPBS)洗涤1次后,0.2% Triton X-100透化处理10 min,5%牛血清白蛋白(Bovine serum albumin, BSA)封闭1 h,加入以1% BSA稀释的一抗,4 ℃孵育过夜。一抗包括:抗MAP2 (Abcam公司)、抗S100B (Abcam公司)及抗Enterovirus Pan Monoclonal (Invitrogen公司)。次日DPBS洗涤5次,每次5 min,加入以1% BSA稀释的荧光二抗及DAPI,室温避光孵育1 h。二抗包括:驴抗大鼠Alexa Fluor 488 (Invitrogen公司)、驴抗兔Alexa Fluor 555 (Invitrogen公司)、DAPI (Invitrogen公司)。DPBS洗涤5次,每次5 min,滴加50 μL抗荧光淬灭封片剂封片,采用激光共聚焦显微镜(Leica公司)采集图像。
数据以均数±标准差(mean±SD)表示,并标注各测量值的散点分布。两组间比较采用独立样本t检验(unpaired t-test),3组及以上比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)。以P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。所有统计分析及作图均采用GraphPad Prism 9.5软件完成。
为探究EV-A71对BBB的感染及侵袭能力,本研究采用不同滴度EV-A71分别感染BBB的主要组成细胞——hBMECs、HBVPs及星形胶质细胞,并系统评估其复制动力学与CPE。以104 TCID50和106 TCID50滴度感染hBMECs后,病毒均能有效复制(图1A)。光镜观察显示,104 TCID50组于感染后第3天出现明显CPE,第5-6天细胞完全病变(图1B);106 TCID50组感染后第1天即观察到明显CPE,第3天细胞完全病变(图1B)。102 TCID50滴度感染组未检测到病毒复制,且无明显CPE。以102 TCID50和104 TCID50滴度感染HBVPs后病毒均能有效复制(图1C)。光镜观察显示,102 TCID50组于感染后第4天出现明显CPE,第6-7天细胞完全病变(图1E);104 TCID50组感染后第2天出现明显CPE,第4-5天细胞完全病变(图1E)。以102 TCID50和104 TCID50滴度感染星形胶质细胞后病毒均能有效复制(图1C)。光镜观察显示,102 TCID50组于感染后第2天出现明显CPE,第3-4天细胞完全病变(图1F);104 TCID50组感染后第1天即出现明显CPE,第2-3天细胞完全病变(图1F)。综上所述,EV-A71可在BBB 3种主要细胞类型中复制并诱导显著CPE。3种细胞的易感性存在差异:星形胶质细胞对EV-A71最为敏感,细胞病变进程最快;HBVPs次之;hBMECs相对不易感,需较高病毒载量方可建立有效感染。
为深入探究EV-A71对BBB及人脑类器官的感染特性,采用滴度为104 TCID50的EV-A71对BBB-人脑类器官共培养模型进行感染实验。实验设置2种感染模式:(1) 顶端接种法,EV-A71直接感染hBMECs侧;(2) 反向感染法,先将EV-A71感染人脑类器官,再与BBB进行共培养(图2A)。实验结果显示,在顶端接种模式下,hBMECs上层培养上清中病毒核酸拷贝数呈时间依赖性递增;感染后第4天在下层培养上清中首次检出病毒核酸,并随时间推移持续升高(图2B)。在反向感染模式下,下层培养上清中病毒核酸拷贝数同样呈时间依赖性增长;感染后第3天在上层培养上清中检测到病毒核酸,随后拷贝数持续上升(图2B)。跨内皮电阻(transendothelial electrical resistance, TEER)检测表明,2种感染模式均导致BBB电阻值显著下降(图2C),提示EV-A71感染导致屏障功能受损。此外,2种感染模式下hBMECs、HBVPs、星形胶质细胞及人脑类器官中均检测到较高水平的病毒核酸(图2D-2F)。上述结果表明,EV-A71可在BBB及人脑类器官中高效复制;该病毒既能突破BBB感染人脑类器官,也可先感染人脑类器官后逆向侵袭BBB,最终导致BBB结构完整性受损。
为进一步明确EV-A71感染人脑类器官的靶细胞类型,本研究采用免疫荧光染色法对病毒结构蛋白VP3与细胞特异性标志物进行共定位分析。结果显示,VP3蛋白与神经元标志物微管相关蛋白2 (microtubule-associated protein 2, MAP2) (图3A)及星形胶质细胞标志物S100钙结合蛋白B (S100 calcium-binding protein B, S100B) (图3B)均存在明显共定位,表明EV-A71可靶向感染人脑类器官中的神经元与星形胶质细胞。
为进一步探究EV-A71感染对人脑类器官炎症反应的影响,本研究采用RT-qPCR技术检测2种感染模式下关键炎症因子mRNA的表达水平。结果显示,相较于对照组,2种感染方式下人脑类器官中IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、IL-8、IL-12及MCP-1的mRNA表达水平均显著上调(图4)。上述结果表明,EV-A71感染可显著激活人脑类器官的炎症反应。
本研究基于体外构建的人BBB-人脑类器官共培养模型解析了EV-A71在BBB各组成细胞及人脑类器官中的感染特征、复制动力学及其对BBB完整性与炎症反应的影响。结果表明,EV-A71不仅能够直接感染并破坏BBB、跨越屏障感染人脑类器官并激活炎症反应,还可在先感染人脑类器官后有效复制并激活炎症反应,进而逆向侵袭BBB并导致其完整性受损。
BBB由脑微血管内皮细胞、基底膜、周细胞及星形胶质细胞组成。为探索EV-A71对BBB的感染特征,本研究使用不同滴度的EV-A71分别感染人脑微血管内皮细胞、脑血管周细胞及星形胶质细胞。结果显示,EV-A71在3种细胞中均可复制并诱导明显的CPE,其中星形胶质细胞最为敏感,CPE出现最快;脑血管周细胞次之;脑微血管内皮细胞则需较高的感染滴度方可建立有效感染。此外,本研究还发现人脑类器官中的星形胶质细胞也可被EV-A71靶向感染。星形胶质细胞是大脑中数量最多的胶质细胞,其足突与脑血管外层基底膜紧密接触,是维持BBB结构与功能的重要组成部分[23]。在病毒感染过程中,星形胶质细胞在神经炎症期间发挥多重作用,也可能促进病毒的复制与扩散[24]。树鼩鼠及体外细胞模型的研究结果同样表明,EV-A71能够感染星形胶质细胞并影响血脑屏障的结构与功能[8,25]。上述结果进一步证实了星形胶质细胞对EV-A71的高易感性,提示其可能是EV-A71感染后破坏BBB微环境及诱发神经炎症的关键靶细胞。
在顶端感染模型中,本研究发现EV-A71可在BBB中复制,伴随TEER值降低,下层人脑类器官被感染,表明EV-A71可直接感染BBB、破坏其完整性并进一步感染中枢神经系统。这与已有研究结果一致,即EV-A71感染脑微血管内皮细胞可降低细胞紧密连接蛋白的表达[8-10]。本研究结果进一步支持了EV-A71通过“直接跨越BBB”途径侵入CNS的假说。除经典的“血源性入脑”途径外,本研究还模拟了EV-A71经神经途径逆行入侵脑组织的感染方式,即先感染人脑类器官,再与BBB模型进行共培养。结果显示,EV-A71可在人脑类器官中高效复制,并优先靶向神经元与星形胶质细胞。以往关于EV-A71神经病变机制的研究主要依赖实验动物模型,尤其是新生小鼠和表达人源受体的转基因小鼠[26-27]。这些模型研究表明,EV-A71具有较强的神经趋向性,能够侵入中枢神经系统并导致脑干和脊髓的神经元损伤,本研究中EV-A71的神经嗜性结果与上述发现一致[28-29]。此外,已有研究表明EV-A71可沿外周神经轴突逆行运输至脊髓和脑干[30-31],从而引发瘫痪和脑炎等神经系统并发症,但其入脑后能否反向作用于BBB并加重屏障损伤尚不明确。本研究表明,EV-A71感染人脑类器官后可进一步损伤BBB,为该过程的机制研究提供了新的理论依据。与传统动物模型相比,这种基于人源细胞的实验体系能够直接研究EV-A71与人血脑屏障及中枢神经系统之间的相互作用,减少病毒感染过程中宿主物种差异带来的偏倚,并揭示感染过程中血脑屏障与中枢神经系统的双向交互作用。
EV-A71感染中枢神经系统后诱导释放的炎症因子及趋化因子可直接或间接影响疾病的严重程度[32]。本研究结果显示,EV-A71感染人脑类器官后可显著上调IL-6、TNF-α、IL-8、IL-12和MCP-1等多种炎症因子mRNA的表达水平。临床病例报道也显示,EV-A71感染患儿脑脊液中IL-6、IL-8等促炎因子的平均浓度显著升高,且与神经系统损伤程度密切相关[33]。研究表明,IL-6、TNF-α等炎症因子联合引发的炎症应激可导致体外BBB模型的紧密连接蛋白表达降低、BBB通透性增加[34]。结合本研究结果,提示炎症因子可能是介导逆向屏障破坏的重要分子基础。
本研究仍存在一定的局限性。首先,在研究模型方面,体外BBB模型缺乏血流剪切力、免疫细胞参与及基底膜复杂成分等因素,无法完全再现体内微血管微环境;人脑类器官在成熟度和区域特异性方面与真实人脑仍存在差异。其次,目前研究仅限于EV-A71对BBB及人脑类器官感染特征的描述,缺乏对BBB功能损伤的深入验证及具体分子机制的探讨。后续研究可通过以下策略进一步验证炎症因子在屏障功能损伤中的关键作用:(1) 单独或联合外源性补充特定炎症因子,模拟炎症微环境;(2) 在病毒感染背景下,应用炎症因子受体拮抗剂进行干预,明确炎症在BBB屏障功能受损中的具体作用。此外,还可在该模型基础上引入免疫细胞,深入探索BBB的结构与功能改变及相关分子机制。
综上所述,本研究通过BBB-人脑类器官共培养体系系统证明了EV-A71既可通过直接破坏BBB实现跨屏障入侵中枢神经系统,也可在感染脑组织后逆向损伤BBB并诱导显著的神经炎症反应,为后续深入解析关键分子通路及开发靶向干预策略提供了重要的实验基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金-国际(地区)合作与交流项目(82061138008)
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2026年第66卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260154
  • 接收时间:2026-02-26
  • 首发时间:2026-08-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-26
  • 录用日期:2026-03-31
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China-International (Regional) Cooperation and Exchange Project(82061138008)
国家自然科学基金-国际(地区)合作与交流项目(82061138008)
作者信息
    中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,国家卫生健康委员会生物安全重点实验室,北京

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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