Article(id=1297571053878932220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260135, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1770912000000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-13, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1775145600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-03, onlineDate=1787294646948, onlineDateStr=2026-08-21, pubDate=1785772800000, pubDateStr=2026-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787294646948, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787294646948, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787294646948, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297570992835023717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='8', pageStart='3681', pageEnd='4288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785772800000', pubDateStr='2026-08-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787294632395, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787294931551, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4061, endPage=4075, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297571054080258813, articleId=1297571053878932220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Screening of yeast mutants for activating the mammalian immune system, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Yeast β-glucan is a well-established immunomodulatory agent. Studies have demonstrated that compared with vegetative yeast cells, β-glucan exposed on the surface of mutant yeast spores exhibits enhanced immunostimulatory effects. [Objective] To screen and identify yeast mutants with enhanced ability to activate the mammalian immune system. [Methods] Two yeast mutants (osw1Δ and mum3Δ) exposing β-glucan on the spore wall were constructed, and their immunostimulatory activity was evaluated via the macrophage stimulation assay and a mouse model. The role of the Dectin-1 signaling pathway was verified through small interfering RNA-mediated gene knockdown experiments. [Results] The spore lysates of osw1Δ and mum3Δ induced the production of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in macrophages. Their immune activation was mainly dependent on the Dectin-1-mediated signaling pathway. In vivo studies showed that after oral administration of the osw1Δ spore lysate, the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the mouse serum increased by 1.8-fold and 1.7-fold, respectively, compared with those after oral administration of the wild-type spore lysate. Moreover, the osw1Δ spore lysate exerted a significant tumor-suppressive effect. [Conclusion] The spores of osw1Δ exhibit strong immune-activating effects. This mutant could be a candidate for the development of novel immunomodulators.

, authors=Jia CHEN, Yuqing LI, Yibo LIU, Hideki Nakanishi, authorsList=Jia CHEN, Yuqing LI, Yibo LIU, Hideki Nakanishi, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hideki Nakanishi, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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酵母β-葡聚糖是一种公认的免疫调节剂。与营养体细胞相比,酵母突变体孢子表面暴露的β-葡聚糖展现出更强的免疫刺激效应。 【目的】 筛选并鉴定具有增强哺乳动物免疫系统激活能力的酵母突变体。 【方法】 构建2株孢子壁β-葡聚糖暴露的酵母突变体(osw1Δ和mum3Δ),采用体外巨噬细胞刺激实验与体内小鼠模型评价其孢子裂解物的免疫刺激潜能;通过小干扰RNA (small interfering RNA, siRNA)介导的基因敲低实验验证C型凝集素1 (Dectin-1)受体信号通路的作用。 【结果】 osw1Δ和mum3Δ突变体孢子裂解物可诱导哺乳动物巨噬细胞产生白细胞介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)等炎症细胞因子,二者的免疫激活作用均主要依赖于Dectin-1介导的信号通路。体内研究表明,口服osw1Δ突变体孢子裂解物后,小鼠血清中IL-6和TNF-α水平较口服野生型孢子裂解物组分别升高1.8倍和1.7倍。同时,osw1Δ突变体孢子裂解物表现出显著的抑瘤效应。 【结论】 本研究发现,osw1Δ突变体孢子裂解物具有显著的免疫激活效应,该突变体有望成为新型免疫调节剂研发的候选菌株。

, authors=谌佳, 李雨晴, 刘意博, 中西秀树, authorsList=谌佳, 李雨晴, 刘意博, 中西秀树, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=中西秀树, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

谌佳:收集实验原始数据、图片绘制及数据分析,论文撰写及修改;李雨晴:辅助动物实验;刘意博:辅助动物实验及数据收集;中西秀树:指导本研究及论文修改,数据核查,提供资金支持。

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Nature Communications, 2022, 13: 110., articleTitle=Yeast-derived nanoparticles remodel the immunosuppressive microenvironment in tumor and tumor-draining lymph nodes to suppress tumor growth, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1297571064566018925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=122, issue=24, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Pradhan A, Nev AO, Leaves I, Nev AO, Ma Q, Milne G, Patterson G, Netea GM, Erwig PL, Farrer R, Brown G, Berg AH, Gow NAR, Brown AJ, journalName=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pradhan A, Nev AO, Leaves I, Nev AO, Ma Q, Milne G, Patterson G, Netea GM, Erwig PL, Farrer R, Brown G, Berg AH, Gow NAR, Brown AJ. Protein kinase A signaling regulates immune evasion by shaving and concealing fungal β-1,3-glucan[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2025, 122(24): e2423864122., articleTitle=Protein kinase A signaling regulates immune evasion by shaving and concealing fungal β-1,3-glucan, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1297571059725792068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, awardId=32071467, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071467), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1297571059792900933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, awardId=32071467, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32071467), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1297571055682482957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571055686677262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, companyId=1297571055682482957, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1297571055695065871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, companyId=1297571055682482957, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=江南大学 生物工程学院,江苏 无锡)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1297571058140345136, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Analysis of growth and sporulation rate of wild-type and mutant yeasts. A: Growth curves of yeast cells in YPAD medium at 30 ℃; B: Growth curves of yeast cells in YPAD medium containing 5% ethanol at 30 ℃; C: Comparison of sporulation efficiencies between wild-type and mutants (osw1Δ, mum3Δ, ssp2Δ, and chs3Δ). *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ns: No significant difference., figureFileSmall=cW57yCAOOonmNMG6jtJxTg==, figureFileBig=gt9gVSY6FsYz+eDFf0aB3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571058211648305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, language=CN, label=图1, caption=野生型及突变体酵母的生长曲线与产孢率, figureFileSmall=cW57yCAOOonmNMG6jtJxTg==, figureFileBig=gt9gVSY6FsYz+eDFf0aB3w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571058392003378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Effects of spore and vegetative-cell lysates on inflammatory cytokine production by mouse macrophages. A: ELISA analysis of IL-6 secretion levels in RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated by different samples; B: ELISA analysis of TNF-α secretion levels in RAW264.7 macrophages stimulated by different samples. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***P<0.001; ns: No significant difference., figureFileSmall=SwalQ5Kk8/RH85MBV5ny5Q==, figureFileBig=cvGlqGdY6EC6PQqgDwmhGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571058450723635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, language=CN, label=图2, caption=孢子和酵母营养细胞对小鼠巨噬细胞分泌炎症细胞因子的影响, figureFileSmall=SwalQ5Kk8/RH85MBV5ny5Q==, figureFileBig=cvGlqGdY6EC6PQqgDwmhGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571058517832500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Stimulation of mouse primary macrophages by spore lysates. A: ELISA analysis of IL-6 secretion by mouse primary macrophages stimulated in vitro with various spore lysates; B: ELISA analysis of TNF-α secretion by mouse primary macrophages stimulated in vitro with various spore lysates. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001; ns: No significant difference., figureFileSmall=3kM295XNvATOKKXr+6Du9g==, figureFileBig=CF2Jl1KDjNrejdvKiuyjww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571058572358453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, language=CN, label=图3, caption=孢子裂解物刺激小鼠原代巨噬细胞, figureFileSmall=3kM295XNvATOKKXr+6Du9g==, figureFileBig=CF2Jl1KDjNrejdvKiuyjww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571058652050230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Yeast spore lysate-induced immune responses in murine macrophages are mainly mediated by Dectin-1. A: Relative expression level of Dectin-1 mRNA; B: ELISA analysis of IL-6 secretion level in Dectin-1 gene (Clec7a)-knockdown primary macrophages stimulated by osw1Δ spore lysate; C: ELISA analysis of TNF-α secretion level in Dectin-1 gene-knockdown primary macrophages stimulated by osw1Δ spore lysate; D: ELISA analysis of IL-6 secretion level in Dectin-1 gene-knockdown primary macrophages stimulated by mum3Δ spore lysate; E: ELISA analysis of TNF-α secretion level in Dectin-1 gene-knockdown primary macrophages stimulated by mum3Δ spore lysate. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=M855aJuQhXqiJSr98KDERw==, figureFileBig=bjN0LjjbqvAbwdHqHdBWuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571058723353399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, language=CN, label=图4, caption=酵母孢子裂解物诱导的鼠源巨噬细胞免疫应答主要由Dectin-1介导, figureFileSmall=M855aJuQhXqiJSr98KDERw==, figureFileBig=bjN0LjjbqvAbwdHqHdBWuw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571058798850872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Effects of spore lysates in vivo. A: Mice were orally administered yeast-derived samples for 7 days, and their body weights were measured; B: IL-6 level in mouse serum detected by ELISA; C: TNF-α level in mouse serum detected by ELISA; D: IL-6 level in the supernatant of mouse primary macrophages detected by ELISA; E: TNF-α level in the supernatant of mouse primary macrophages detected by ELISA. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=uYTOORMnmlgvKyrNP9xbuw==, figureFileBig=nTMXNCfAnPGI/sMNKZZUmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571058857571129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, language=CN, label=图5, caption=孢子裂解物对小鼠体内免疫应答的影响, figureFileSmall=uYTOORMnmlgvKyrNP9xbuw==, figureFileBig=nTMXNCfAnPGI/sMNKZZUmw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571058937262906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Immune response effects induced by different concentrations of spore lysates. A, C: ELISA analysis of IL-6 levels in mouse primary macrophages stimulated by osw1Δ spore lysate at various concentrations; B, D: ELISA analysis of TNF-α levels in mouse primary macrophages stimulated by osw1Δ spore lysate at various concentrations. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ns: No significant difference., figureFileSmall=b9Zie9ooCtrw9vqmFAV1aw==, figureFileBig=Lunh1ZN3oVK2LwtGKk11Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571059004371771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同孢子裂解物浓度产生的免疫应答效果, figureFileSmall=b9Zie9ooCtrw9vqmFAV1aw==, figureFileBig=Lunh1ZN3oVK2LwtGKk11Eg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571059105035068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=The effect of spore lysate on melanoma in mice. A: Volume of mouse melanoma grown in mice administrated with or without spores; B: Weight of mouse melanoma grown in mice administrated with or without spores; C: Images of melanoma grown in mice administrated with or without spores; D: Survival rate of mice administrated with or without spores; E: Body weight of mice 16 days after melanoma inoculation. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001; ****: P<0.000 1; ns: No significant difference., figureFileSmall=qg1EtrH8FJsI+sOux0IY7g==, figureFileBig=kcQfNpAYgvxT8YsyZOmaag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571059180532541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, language=CN, label=图7, caption=孢子裂解物对小鼠黑色素瘤的影响, figureFileSmall=qg1EtrH8FJsI+sOux0IY7g==, figureFileBig=kcQfNpAYgvxT8YsyZOmaag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571059256030014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Strains used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsGenotypeSource
AN120

MATα/MATa trp1::hisG/trp1::hisG ARG4/arg4-NspI ura3/ura3

ho::LYS2/ho::LYS2 leu2/leu2 lys2/lys2 RME1/rme1::LEU2

his3ΔSK/his3ΔSK

[28]
AN117-4BMATa ho::LYS2 rme1::LEU2 ura3 leu2 trp1 his3ΔSK arg4-NspI lys2[29]
AN117-16DMATa his3ΔSK lys2 ho::LYS2 ura3 leu2 trp1[29]
AN262 (chs3Δ)MATα/MATa ARG4/arg4-NspI his3ΔSK/his3ΔSK ho::LYS2/ho::LYS2 leu2/leu2 lys2/lys2RME1/rme1::LEU2 trp1::hisG/trp1::hisG ura3/ura3 chs3Δ::his5+ /chs3Δ::his5+[29]
ssp2ΔMATα/MATa ARG4/arg4-NspI his3ΔSK/his3ΔSK ho::LYS2/ho::LYS2 leu2/leu2 lys2/lys2RME1/rme1::LEU2 trp1::hisG/trp1::hisG ura3/ura3 ssp2Δ::his5+ /ssp2Δ::his5+[29]
osw1ΔMATα/MATa ARG4/arg4-NspI his3ΔSK/his3ΔSK ho::LYS2/ho::LYS2 leu2/leu2 lys2/lys2RME1/rme1::LEU2 trp1::hisG/trp1::hisG ura3/ura3 osw1Δ::his5+ /osw1Δ::his5+This study
mum3ΔMATα/MATa ARG4/arg4-NspI his3ΔSK/his3ΔSK ho::LYS2/ho::LYS2 leu2/leu2 lys2/lys2RME1/rme1::LEU2 trp1::hisG/trp1::hisG ura3/ura3 mum3Δ::his5+ /mum3Δ::his5+This study
), ArticleFig(id=1297571059339916095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用菌株

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsGenotypeSource
AN120

MATα/MATa trp1::hisG/trp1::hisG ARG4/arg4-NspI ura3/ura3

ho::LYS2/ho::LYS2 leu2/leu2 lys2/lys2 RME1/rme1::LEU2

his3ΔSK/his3ΔSK

[28]
AN117-4BMATa ho::LYS2 rme1::LEU2 ura3 leu2 trp1 his3ΔSK arg4-NspI lys2[29]
AN117-16DMATa his3ΔSK lys2 ho::LYS2 ura3 leu2 trp1[29]
AN262 (chs3Δ)MATα/MATa ARG4/arg4-NspI his3ΔSK/his3ΔSK ho::LYS2/ho::LYS2 leu2/leu2 lys2/lys2RME1/rme1::LEU2 trp1::hisG/trp1::hisG ura3/ura3 chs3Δ::his5+ /chs3Δ::his5+[29]
ssp2ΔMATα/MATa ARG4/arg4-NspI his3ΔSK/his3ΔSK ho::LYS2/ho::LYS2 leu2/leu2 lys2/lys2RME1/rme1::LEU2 trp1::hisG/trp1::hisG ura3/ura3 ssp2Δ::his5+ /ssp2Δ::his5+[29]
osw1ΔMATα/MATa ARG4/arg4-NspI his3ΔSK/his3ΔSK ho::LYS2/ho::LYS2 leu2/leu2 lys2/lys2RME1/rme1::LEU2 trp1::hisG/trp1::hisG ura3/ura3 osw1Δ::his5+ /osw1Δ::his5+This study
mum3ΔMATα/MATa ARG4/arg4-NspI his3ΔSK/his3ΔSK ho::LYS2/ho::LYS2 leu2/leu2 lys2/lys2RME1/rme1::LEU2 trp1::hisG/trp1::hisG ura3/ura3 mum3Δ::his5+ /mum3Δ::his5+This study
), ArticleFig(id=1297571059411219264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Double-stranded siRNA sequences[29]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NamesiRNA sequences (5′→3′)
Dectin-1 siRNA (mouse)

F: GCUGUUACCUAUUUAGCUUdTdT

R: AAGCUAAAUAGGUAACAGCdTdT

Control siRNA (mouse)

F: UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUtt

R: ACGUGACACGUUCGGAGAAtt

GAPDH siRNA (mouse)

F: CACUCAAGAUUGUCAGCAAdTdT

R: UUGCUGACAAUCUUGAGUGdTdT

), ArticleFig(id=1297571059474133825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

双链siRNA序列[29]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NamesiRNA sequences (5′→3′)
Dectin-1 siRNA (mouse)

F: GCUGUUACCUAUUUAGCUUdTdT

R: AAGCUAAAUAGGUAACAGCdTdT

Control siRNA (mouse)

F: UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGUtt

R: ACGUGACACGUUCGGAGAAtt

GAPDH siRNA (mouse)

F: CACUCAAGAUUGUCAGCAAdTdT

R: UUGCUGACAAUCUUGAGUGdTdT

), ArticleFig(id=1297571059537048386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Target gene primer sequences[29]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)
mRNA-M-GAPDH-FGCCAAAAGGGTCATCATCTC
mRNA-M-GAPDH-RGTAGAGGCAGGGATGATGTTC
mRNA-M-Dectin-1-FGACTTCAGCACTCAAGACATCC
mRNA-M-Dectin-1-RTTGTGTCGCCAAAATGCTAGG
mRNA-M-β-actin-FGGCTGTATTCCCCTCCATCG
mRNA-M-β-actin-RCCAGTTGGTAACAATGCCATGT
), ArticleFig(id=1297571059625128771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571053878932220, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

目的基因引物序列[29]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)
mRNA-M-GAPDH-FGCCAAAAGGGTCATCATCTC
mRNA-M-GAPDH-RGTAGAGGCAGGGATGATGTTC
mRNA-M-Dectin-1-FGACTTCAGCACTCAAGACATCC
mRNA-M-Dectin-1-RTTGTGTCGCCAAAATGCTAGG
mRNA-M-β-actin-FGGCTGTATTCCCCTCCATCG
mRNA-M-β-actin-RCCAGTTGGTAACAATGCCATGT
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激活哺乳动物免疫系统的酵母突变体筛选
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谌佳 , 李雨晴 , 刘意博 , 中西秀树
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(8): 4061-4075
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (8) : 4061 -4075
激活哺乳动物免疫系统的酵母突变体筛选
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谌佳, 李雨晴, 刘意博, 中西秀树
作者信息
  • 江南大学 生物工程学院,江苏 无锡
通讯作者:
中西秀树
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

谌佳:收集实验原始数据、图片绘制及数据分析,论文撰写及修改;李雨晴:辅助动物实验;刘意博:辅助动物实验及数据收集;中西秀树:指导本研究及论文修改,数据核查,提供资金支持。

Screening of yeast mutants for activating the mammalian immune system
Jia CHEN, Yuqing LI, Yibo LIU, Hideki Nakanishi
Affiliations
  • School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260135
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酵母β-葡聚糖是一种公认的免疫调节剂。与营养体细胞相比,酵母突变体孢子表面暴露的β-葡聚糖展现出更强的免疫刺激效应。 【目的】 筛选并鉴定具有增强哺乳动物免疫系统激活能力的酵母突变体。 【方法】 构建2株孢子壁β-葡聚糖暴露的酵母突变体(osw1Δ和mum3Δ),采用体外巨噬细胞刺激实验与体内小鼠模型评价其孢子裂解物的免疫刺激潜能;通过小干扰RNA (small interfering RNA, siRNA)介导的基因敲低实验验证C型凝集素1 (Dectin-1)受体信号通路的作用。 【结果】 osw1Δ和mum3Δ突变体孢子裂解物可诱导哺乳动物巨噬细胞产生白细胞介素-6 (interleukin-6, IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-α, TNF-α)等炎症细胞因子,二者的免疫激活作用均主要依赖于Dectin-1介导的信号通路。体内研究表明,口服osw1Δ突变体孢子裂解物后,小鼠血清中IL-6和TNF-α水平较口服野生型孢子裂解物组分别升高1.8倍和1.7倍。同时,osw1Δ突变体孢子裂解物表现出显著的抑瘤效应。 【结论】 本研究发现,osw1Δ突变体孢子裂解物具有显著的免疫激活效应,该突变体有望成为新型免疫调节剂研发的候选菌株。

酿酒酵母  /  孢子  /  OSW1  /  免疫激活  /  β-葡聚糖  /  C型凝集素1

Yeast β-glucan is a well-established immunomodulatory agent. Studies have demonstrated that compared with vegetative yeast cells, β-glucan exposed on the surface of mutant yeast spores exhibits enhanced immunostimulatory effects. [Objective] To screen and identify yeast mutants with enhanced ability to activate the mammalian immune system. [Methods] Two yeast mutants (osw1Δ and mum3Δ) exposing β-glucan on the spore wall were constructed, and their immunostimulatory activity was evaluated via the macrophage stimulation assay and a mouse model. The role of the Dectin-1 signaling pathway was verified through small interfering RNA-mediated gene knockdown experiments. [Results] The spore lysates of osw1Δ and mum3Δ induced the production of inflammatory cytokines including interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in macrophages. Their immune activation was mainly dependent on the Dectin-1-mediated signaling pathway. In vivo studies showed that after oral administration of the osw1Δ spore lysate, the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the mouse serum increased by 1.8-fold and 1.7-fold, respectively, compared with those after oral administration of the wild-type spore lysate. Moreover, the osw1Δ spore lysate exerted a significant tumor-suppressive effect. [Conclusion] The spores of osw1Δ exhibit strong immune-activating effects. This mutant could be a candidate for the development of novel immunomodulators.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae  /  spore  /  OSW1  /  immune activation  /  β-glucan  /  Dectin-1
谌佳, 李雨晴, 刘意博, 中西秀树. 激活哺乳动物免疫系统的酵母突变体筛选. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (8) : 4061 -4075 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260135
Jia CHEN, Yuqing LI, Yibo LIU, Hideki Nakanishi. Screening of yeast mutants for activating the mammalian immune system[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (8) : 4061 -4075 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260135
β-葡聚糖是一类由β-D-葡萄糖单体通过β-1,3和β-1,6糖苷键连接形成的多糖[1-2]。在自然界中,这类多糖主要分布于微生物与植物的细胞壁中[3]。β-葡聚糖因具备抗氧化、免疫激活、抗肿瘤等多种生物学活性,现已被广泛应用于药物及食品添加剂领域[4-6]
β-葡聚糖能够结合细胞表面受体,并以此介导免疫刺激效应[7]。C型凝集素1 (Dectin-1)在巨噬细胞和树突状细胞中表达,该受体可特异性识别β-1,3-葡聚糖;Dectin-1的激活可诱导细胞吞噬,并促进炎症因子的分泌[8-10]。β-葡聚糖进入小肠后,含有β-葡聚糖的颗粒或细胞可通过派尔集合淋巴结中的微皱褶细胞(M细胞)从肠腔转运至淋巴组织,该区域富含巨噬细胞、树突状细胞等免疫细胞[11-12]。因此,口服β-葡聚糖可通过Dectin-1通路产生免疫刺激效应。
酿酒酵母是一种公认安全的微生物,其菌体本身或从中提取的β-葡聚糖均已被用作膳食补充剂[13-14]。此外,由于其遗传背景清晰、代谢调控机制明确,在微生物学、生物技术及免疫学等多个领域均具有重要研究价值与应用前景[15-16]。在酵母细胞壁中,β-葡聚糖的主链骨架主要由β-1,3-糖苷键连接而成,而侧链分支则通过β-1,6-糖苷键形成[17]。酵母细胞壁除β-葡聚糖外,还含有甘露聚糖和几丁质。这些成分共同构成细胞壁的分层结构,其中β-葡聚糖层位于内侧,并被甘露聚糖层所包被[18-19]
在营养供给不足的环境下,酿酒酵母的二倍体细胞可经分化过程转变为休眠状态的孢子[20]。在孢子形成阶段,减数分裂产生的4个单倍体细胞核各自被孢子质膜与孢子壁包被;这一系列过程均在母细胞内部完成,最终母细胞发育为含有4个孢子的子囊[21]。酵母孢子的细胞壁由内至外依次排列为:甘露聚糖层、β-葡聚糖层、壳聚糖层以及二酪氨酸层。孢子壁由内向外逐层合成[22]。由于壳聚糖的合成是二酪氨酸层形成的前提条件[23],因此壳聚糖合成缺陷型突变体(如chs3Δ突变体)的孢子壁中壳聚糖层和二酪氨酸层均缺失[24-25]。值得注意的是,孢子壁中的甘露聚糖层位于β-葡聚糖层内侧,因此chs3Δ突变体的孢子表面会直接暴露β-葡聚糖层;研究发现,chs3Δ孢子诱导的促炎反应强度显著高于酵母营养体细胞[26]
chs3Δ突变体外,还有多种酵母突变体的孢子壁β-葡聚糖层可暴露于孢子表面,ssp2Δ突变体即为其中之一。尽管ssp2Δ突变体无法形成形态可辨的成熟孢子,但其可产生含有β-葡聚糖层、形态不可见的未成熟孢子。研究表明,ssp2Δ突变体孢子表面同样暴露β-葡聚糖,并具有免疫刺激作用,ssp2Δ孢子诱导的免疫应答强度高于chs3Δ孢子[26]。目前Ssp2蛋白的功能尚不明确,ssp2Δ孢子免疫刺激活性增强的分子机制也有待解析,但该结果为筛选其他具有免疫激活能力的酵母孢子壁突变体提供了重要线索。现有研究显示,mum3Δ和osw1Δ突变体均可形成有活力的孢子,细胞学检测结果证实,与chs3Δ孢子壁结构相似,这2种突变体的孢子壁β-葡聚糖层均发生暴露,但Mum3和Osw1蛋白的功能目前仍未明确[27]。因此,本研究对mum3Δosw1Δ突变体进行了分析。综上所述,本研究比较了osw1Δ、mum3Δ、ssp2Δ及chs3Δ突变体孢子裂解物的免疫刺激活性,并探究了小鼠口服osw1Δ突变体孢子裂解物对黑色素瘤的干预作用,以筛选免疫激活活性更强的酿酒酵母突变体。
YPAD培养基(g/L):酵母提取物10.00,蛋白胨20.00,D-葡萄糖20.00,腺嘌呤0.03。先将不含葡萄糖的YPA基础培养基121 ℃灭菌20 min,待其降至室温后,加入已单独灭菌的D-葡萄糖溶液,充分混匀。YPAce培养基(g/L):酵母提取物10.00,蛋白胨20.00,醋酸钾20.00,腺嘌呤0.03。Kac培养基(g/L):醋酸钾20.00。
本研究所用酵母菌株为酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) SK1 (高产孢型)背景的AN120 (双倍体)、AN117-4B (单倍体)、AN117-16D (单倍体)[28],详细信息见表1。利用同源重组技术,将带有标记基因his5+的DNA序列分别替代OSW1基因和MUM3基因的完整开放阅读框,获得osw1Δ与mum3Δ 2种突变体菌株[30]。酵母产孢参照文献[31]的方法制备:从YPAD固体培养基上挑取生长状态正常的酿酒酵母单菌落,接种于5 mL YPAD液体培养基中,于30 ℃、220 r/min培养12 h。随后按1:50的比例将菌液转接至YPAce培养基中,在相同条件下继续振荡培养22 h。培养结束后,以7 000×g离心1 min或在室温下静置30 min的方式去除上清液,保留菌体沉淀。接着,选用适宜体积的三角瓶,按相同比例加入Kac培养基重悬菌体,30 ℃、220 r/min培养24 h以诱导孢子形成。产孢完成后,再次以7 000×g离心1 min收集孢子沉淀,用无菌水洗涤2次,最后于4 ℃保存备用。
准确称取湿重约0.5 g的孢子,置于50 mL离心管中,加入5 mL破壁酶缓冲液,反复吹打混匀。随后向管内加入5 μL酵母破壁酶,于37 ℃、220 r/min条件下孵育1-2 h,其间吸取2 μL悬液在显微镜下观察,以确认子囊壁被充分裂解。孵育完成后,将样品置于4 ℃、7 000×g离心2 min,收集沉淀[29]
产孢结束后,吸取适量培养液进行显微镜观察,选取3个视野进行孢子计数,每个视野计数100-150个细胞,若孢子数过多可进行适量稀释,产孢率计算如公式(1)所示。
产孢率=含四分体的子囊数/细胞总数×100%
将适量纯化后的孢子置于50 mL离心管中,加入无菌水重悬并放置于冰上。使用超声破碎仪以48%功率、间歇模式处理,具体设置为超声5 s、间歇2 s,总处理时间为5 min。超声结束后,将样品于-80 ℃冷冻24 h,随后进行冷冻干燥,制成冻干粉末。最终将粉末密封于-20 ℃保存备用。
本研究选用中国科学院细胞库提供的鼠源巨噬细胞RAW264.7作为实验细胞[32]。具体操作步骤如下:将-80 ℃冻存的细胞复苏,连续传代培养3代后用于后续实验。将细胞密度调整至1×106个/mL,接种于12孔细胞培养板中。在显微镜下确认细胞已充分贴壁后,更换为含血清的新鲜DMEM培养基。随后加入终浓度为7.2 mg/mL[29]的裂解物以进行刺激处理,于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中孵育24 h。细胞上清用于检测IL-6、TNF-α的分泌水平。
采用ELISA试剂盒检测巨噬细胞上清及小鼠血清中的细胞因子水平:(1) 经超声破碎及冻干处理的孢子裂解物刺激后,检测小鼠RAW264.7巨噬细胞与原代腹腔巨噬细胞培养上清中TNF-α与IL-6的分泌水平;(2) 经上述孢子裂解物灌胃干预后,检测小鼠血清中上述2种炎症因子的水平。所有操作步骤均严格按照试剂盒说明书的要求执行。
依据Dectin-1基因的全长序列,利用DSIR (http://biodev.extra.cea.fr/DSIR/DSIR.html)设计并筛选出一条长度为22 nt的靶向siRNA序列,用于特异性敲低目标基因的表达,具体序列信息参见表2。在转染操作前,将巨噬细胞以7×105个/mL的密度接种于12孔板中,待细胞汇合度达到约80%时进行后续转染。转染操作按照Lipo8000TM转染试剂说明书进行,将形成的复合物逐滴加入细胞培养液中。培养结束后,提取细胞总RNA,于-20 ℃保存备用[29]
采用实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR,RT-qPCR)技术分析哺乳动物细胞中目标基因mRNA的相对表达水平。RNA的提取步骤与具体操作流程参考文献[29]。在NCBI网站(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)上检索小鼠来源的目标基因序列,并据此设计相应引物,委托苏州金唯智生物科技有限公司合成。引物详细资料见表3。qPCR反应体系(10 μL):2×Universal SYBR Green Fast qPCR Mix 5 μL,cDNA 1.5 μL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各0.4 μL,ddH2O 2.7 μL。qPCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性3 min;95 ℃变性5 s,60 ℃退火30-34 s,共45个循环。
本研究以6周龄、体重为17-22 g的雌性C57BL/6J小鼠为实验对象,购自斯贝福(北京)生物技术有限公司。所有动物实验方案及操作过程均经江南大学伦理与动物福利审查委员会批准,编号为JN.NO20251112C068181。实验期间,小鼠自由饮水和摄食。饲养条件为:温度26 ℃,相对湿度40%-70%,噪声水平不超过60 dB,光照强度15-20 lx。
小鼠在适应性饲养1周后,采用1.5%异氟醚吸入麻醉联合颈椎脱臼法实施安乐死。用剪刀小心剪开小鼠腹部皮肤及腹膜,向腹腔注入1 mL预冷PBS缓冲液并反复冲洗3次,收集腹腔灌洗液并分装于2 mL离心管中;于4 ℃、1 500×g离心5 min,获得原代腹腔巨噬细胞。使用含血清的DMEM培养基将细胞重悬,接种至24孔板中,置于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱内静置培养2 h。待细胞贴壁后更换为完全培养基,随即开始刺激处理。每孔分别加入终浓度均为7.2 mg/mL的商业β‑葡聚糖、酵母营养细胞、野生型孢子裂解物,以及osw1Δ、mum3Δ、ssp2Δ、chs3Δ突变株来源的孢子裂解物,轻轻混匀后继续在相同条件下刺激24 h。刺激结束后,收集细胞上清用于炎症因子检测。
小鼠在适应性饲养1周后,随机分为对照组和若干实验组。对照组每日通过灌胃给予0.9%生理盐水;各实验组分别灌胃给予野生型酵母孢子裂解物,以及osw1Δ、mum3Δ、ssp2Δ、chs3Δ突变株来源的孢子裂解物,裂解物灌胃剂量为12 mg/kg[29]。每日固定时间灌胃,连续1周后,采用眼球取血法采集血液。血液置于离心管中静置1-1.5 h (避免振荡,以免发生溶血),随后于4 ℃、3 000×g离心10-15 min,上清即为血清,将血清分装后于-80 ℃保存备用。与此同时,分离小鼠腹腔原代巨噬细胞,后续操作与1.10.2节一致。
小鼠经1周适应性饲养后随机分为对照组与若干实验组。对照组每日灌胃给予0.9%生理盐水;实验组则分别灌胃给予酵母营养细胞裂解物、野生型酵母孢子裂解物、chs3Δ孢子裂解物以及osw1Δ孢子裂解物。各组在连续干预1周后,通过皮下注射5×105个B16细胞构建皮下黑色素瘤模型。
所有实验均设置3次独立生物学重复,结果以平均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示。采用GraphPad Prism 10.6.0软件进行数据统计分析与图表绘制,多组间差异比较采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)。统计学显著性判定标准:P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
为比较osw1Δ、mum3Δ突变体与野生型酵母营养细胞的生长差异,本研究测定了各菌株的生长曲线。如图1A所示,在YPAD培养基中各菌株的生长无明显差异;如图1B所示,在含5%乙醇的YPAD培养基中各菌株的生长也无明显差异。此外,本研究对各突变体菌株的产孢率进行了测定(图1C)。正常培养条件下,野生型菌株的产孢率约为95%,与osw1Δ突变体无显著性差异;而mum3Δ、ssp2Δ及chs3Δ突变体的产孢率则显著低于osw1Δ突变体(P<0.01)。结果表明,osw1Δ突变体的产孢效率优于其他3种突变体。
本研究比较了商业纯β-葡聚糖、酵母营养细胞、野生型孢子裂解物、osw1Δ孢子裂解物以及mum3Δ孢子裂解物对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7的免疫刺激作用。如图2A2B所示,与野生型酵母营养细胞相比,孢子裂解物的刺激作用更强。此外,本研究比较了野生型孢子裂解物与osw1Δ、mum3Δ、ssp2Δ、chs3Δ等4种孢子裂解物的刺激效果差异。研究表明,ssp2Δ和chs3Δ孢子裂解物也可诱导小鼠巨噬细胞产生免疫应答,因此本研究将osw1Δ、mum3Δ与ssp2Δ、chs3Δ进行比较。突变体osw1Δ孢子裂解物诱导的免疫应答显著强于野生型酵母孢子裂解物(P<0.01),且其刺激作用也显著强于mum3Δ、ssp2Δ以及chs3Δ孢子裂解物(P<0.05)。同时,本研究对比了商业可溶性纯β-葡聚糖与osw1Δ孢子裂解物的效果差异[已上传ScienceDB数据库(www.scidb.cn),CSTR编号为31253.11.sciencedb.j00231.00077],发现两组诱导的炎症因子分泌水平无显著性差异。其潜在机制可能与osw1Δ突变体孢子壁的特殊组成密切相关。一方面,osw1Δ孢子壁的结构可能更适宜与免疫细胞表面的Dectin-1受体特异性结合,从而高效启动下游免疫激活信号。另一方面,osw1Δ孢子中残留的壳聚糖或二酪氨酸等结构成分也可能通过其他模式识别受体途径,进一步协同激活机体天然免疫应答,从而共同介导较营养细胞更强的免疫调节效应。上述结果表明,酵母孢子裂解物的刺激作用强于酵母营养细胞,osw1Δ孢子裂解物的刺激作用强于mum3Δ、ssp2Δ和chs3Δ孢子裂解物,且osw1Δ的整体效果优于商业β-葡聚糖。
本研究进一步分离了小鼠原代巨噬细胞,以上述突变体孢子裂解物进行体外刺激,并检测细胞因子分泌水平。如图3A3B所示,osw1Δ、mum3Δ、ssp2Δ、chs3Δ突变体孢子裂解物刺激小鼠原代巨噬细胞产生的免疫应答强度显著高于对照组和野生型酵母孢子裂解物组(P<0.05);其中,osw1Δ突变体孢子裂解物的免疫刺激作用最强,其诱导的免疫应答强度显著高于其他突变体裂解物(P<0.05)。该结果与前述RAW264.7细胞体外检测结果一致,并在后续小鼠体内实验中得到进一步验证。
Dectin-1是β-葡聚糖的特异性受体,降低Dectin-1表达可减弱β-葡聚糖介导的免疫效应。因此,本研究采用siRNA降低Dectin-1 (小鼠Clec7a基因)的mRNA表达量以减少Dectin-1的合成。如图4A所示,经Dectin-1特异性siRNA处理后,细胞Dectin-1的mRNA表达水平与对照组相比显著降低(P<0.01)。Dectin-1表达减少后,分别采用osw1Δ和mum3Δ孢子裂解物刺激转染后的鼠源巨噬细胞,通过检测细胞因子的分泌水平验证Dectin-1是否介导其免疫激活作用。结果显示,对照组细胞因子水平显著高于Dectin-1敲低组(P<0.05);同时,经osw1Δ、mum3Δ孢子裂解物刺激后的细胞因子水平也显著高于未刺激组(P<0.05) (图4B-4E)。图4B结果表明,Dectin-1参与osw1Δ孢子裂解物诱导的巨噬细胞免疫应答。然而,在Dectin-1表达敲低的鼠源巨噬细胞中,经osw1Δ孢子裂解物刺激后,细胞上清中IL-6的分泌水平较未刺激组仍有所升高。结合未敲低Dectin-1的巨噬细胞实验结果,该现象提示osw1Δ孢子裂解物对巨噬细胞炎症因子分泌的调控作用并非仅依赖Dectin-1信号通路,还可能通过Dectin-1非依赖性的天然免疫识别途径协同调控IL-6分泌,即osw1Δ孢子裂解物还可能激活其他信号通路。综合上述实验结果可知,突变体孢子裂解物中的β-葡聚糖可通过Dectin-1信号通路对小鼠巨噬细胞的免疫应答发挥重要作用。
为评价上述突变体孢子裂解物对小鼠体内免疫应答的影响,本研究以C57BL/6J品系小鼠为实验对象,通过灌胃方式给予干预。结果显示(图5A),与生理盐水对照组相比,灌胃给予不同酵母突变体孢子裂解物后,各组小鼠体重变化差异无统计学意义,提示所试突变体孢子裂解物未明显影响小鼠体重。为进一步评价其免疫激活效应,采用ELISA法检测了各组小鼠血清中炎症因子水平,如图5B5C所示。数据显示,在osw1Δ、mum3Δ、ssp2Δ及chs3Δ突变体处理组中,小鼠血清TNF-α和IL-6水平均显著升高(P<0.05),且osw1Δ组的细胞因子分泌水平显著高于其他突变体组(P<0.05)。随后检测小鼠原代巨噬细胞上清的细胞因子水平,结果显示出相同趋势(图5D5E)。上述现象的可能机制在于,osw1Δ突变体孢子壁中暴露的β-葡聚糖可在小鼠体内诱导较强的免疫应答。综上所述,本研究证实所试突变体孢子裂解物可作为免疫刺激剂激活小鼠机体免疫应答,其中以osw1Δ孢子裂解物的免疫激活效应最为显著。
在黑色素瘤和膀胱癌的体内小鼠模型中,采用β-葡聚糖制剂预处理小鼠可显著抑制肿瘤生长;而当摄入的孢子裂解物浓度达到一定阈值时,其β-葡聚糖摄入量可达到诱导免疫应答的阈值,可有效诱导小鼠产生免疫应答[33]
为明确osw1Δ孢子裂解物诱导小鼠产生免疫应答的最低有效浓度阈值,并将该阈值浓度应用于后续肿瘤相关研究,以筛选出具有较强抗肿瘤免疫活性的突变体,本研究开展了2轮孢子裂解物的浓度梯度筛选。第1轮设置多组不同浓度的osw1Δ孢子裂解物进行初筛,ELISA检测小鼠血清炎症因子水平的结果显示(图6A6B),当孢子裂解物浓度为15 mg/kg时,与12 mg/kg的灌胃浓度引起的免疫应答效果相比无显著性差异,表明在较高浓度刺激下小鼠免疫应答已趋饱和;当孢子裂解物给药浓度为6 mg/kg时,小鼠血清中炎症因子水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05),提示该浓度可有效触发小鼠免疫应答,但尚不能确定其是否为最低有效浓度。为进一步确定最低有效浓度,避免浓度过高导致免疫过度激活而影响后续肿瘤研究中突变体免疫活性筛选的准确性,本研究开展第2轮细化浓度梯度验证。结果显示(图6C6D),当孢子裂解物浓度为0.5 mg/kg时,小鼠血清炎症因子水平与对照组无显著性差异,说明该浓度未达到免疫应答诱导阈值;当浓度为1.5 mg/kg时,血清中炎症因子水平显著高于对照组(P<0.05),表明1.5 mg/kg为本实验条件下osw1Δ孢子裂解物诱导小鼠产生免疫应答的最低有效浓度。综上所述,本研究确定1.5 mg/kg为osw1Δ孢子裂解物的最低有效给药浓度,可将其应用于后续肿瘤免疫相关研究。
研究表明,酵母营养细胞对黑色素瘤具有抑制作用[34]。当灌胃浓度为12 mg/kg时,chs3Δ孢子裂解物和酵母营养细胞裂解物均可抑制小鼠黑色素瘤生长,但二者间无显著性差异。这可能是由于chs3Δ孢子裂解物的免疫激活作用在低剂量时即已达到饱和[29]。因此,本研究首先确定了能引起小鼠免疫应答的孢子裂解物最低有效给药浓度,随后采用该浓度对小鼠进行灌胃干预,将小鼠分为对照组、野生型酵母细胞裂解物组、野生型酵母孢子裂解物组、chs3Δ孢子裂解物组和osw1Δ孢子裂解物组。如图7A所示,经过16 d,各组小鼠黑色素瘤体积均呈增长趋势,且osw1Δ孢子裂解物组的肿瘤体积显著低于其他4组(P<0.001),其余4组间肿瘤体积差异无统计学意义。对剥离的肿瘤称重并拍照(图7B7C),osw1Δ孢子裂解物组的肿瘤重量显著低于其他4组(P<0.05),其余4组间肿瘤重量无显著性差异。此外,本研究分析了5组小鼠的生存情况(图7D),osw1Δ孢子裂解物组的小鼠存活率显著高于其他4组(P<0.05)。接种肿瘤后,各组小鼠体重变化无显著性差异(图7E)。上述结果表明,在裂解物浓度最低时,osw1Δ孢子裂解物所产生的免疫刺激效果最佳,可诱导小鼠产生抗肿瘤免疫应答。
本研究发现,β-葡聚糖暴露于孢子壁外层后可显著增强免疫刺激效果,其中osw1Δ孢子裂解物的免疫激活作用最强。研究证实,osw1Δ孢子壁中的β-葡聚糖部分暴露于孢子表面,OSW1基因缺失可使孢子壁外层结构松散、不完整,导致β-葡聚糖层因失去外层屏蔽而暴露,但孢子壁上仍有微量壳聚糖及二酪氨酸残留[27],暴露的β-葡聚糖被宿主免疫细胞表面的Dectin-1等C型凝集素受体识别,启动促炎信号[9],而野生型酵母孢子因外层甘露糖蛋白层遮挡,β-葡聚糖难以被识别,免疫激活较弱[35]。此外,osw1Δ的产孢效率与野生型酵母相比无显著性差异,且显著优于mum3Δ、ssp2Δ和chs3Δ (P<0.05)。本研究还发现,同等用量的商业β-葡聚糖与osw1Δ孢子裂解物在诱导免疫应答方面表现出相当的活性。这一结果值得关注,因为osw1Δ孢子裂解物中β-葡聚糖的实际含量有限。据此推测,osw1Δ孢子壁中的β-葡聚糖可能具有更利于激活Dectin-1受体的特殊结构;残留在osw1Δ孢子壁上的壳聚糖或二酪氨酸也可能通过其他受体途径协同激活免疫系统。Dectin-1受体机制研究显示,siRNA介导的Dectin-1敲低使细胞因子分泌显著降低(P<0.01),表明“β-葡聚糖-Dectin-1”信号轴是主要激活途径,但Dectin-1敲低后IL-6水平仍有所升高,提示可能存在其他信号通路参与炎症因子分泌调控,相关机制仍需进一步研究。体外研究结果显示,osw1Δ孢子裂解物刺激原代巨噬细胞产生的TNF-α达野生型孢子裂解物组的3.7倍(P<0.001)。体内灌胃结果进一步验证其系统性免疫激活能力:osw1Δ组血清IL-6水平较野生型组升高1.8倍(P<0.001),且显著优于其他突变体(P<0.05)。各突变体处理组与对照组小鼠体重变化差异无统计学意义。
研究表明,酵母营养细胞具有黑色素瘤抑制作用[34],在较高灌胃浓度下,酵母营养细胞裂解物与chs3Δ孢子裂解物均能激活小鼠免疫应答并抑制黑色素瘤生长[29],但二者间无显著性差异,因此本研究通过浓度梯度筛选与功能验证明确了酵母突变体孢子裂解物诱导小鼠产生免疫应答的最低有效浓度为1.5 mg/kg。在该最低有效浓度下,进一步比较了酵母营养细胞裂解物、野生型酵母孢子裂解物、chs3Δ孢子裂解物及osw1Δ孢子裂解物对黑色素瘤生长的影响。结果显示,osw1Δ孢子裂解物对小鼠黑色素瘤的抑制效果最为显著,其肿瘤体积和质量均显著低于其他4组(分别为P<0.001和P<0.05),且该组小鼠存活率显著高于其余4组(P<0.05)。综上所述,osw1Δ突变体孢子裂解物在最低有效剂量(1.5 mg/kg)下即具有较强的免疫刺激活性,可有效诱导小鼠产生抗肿瘤免疫应答,对黑色素瘤发挥显著抑制作用,是具有潜力的肿瘤免疫调控候选制剂。然而,本研究仅在小鼠黑色素瘤模型中验证了酵母突变体孢子裂解物的抑瘤效应,未在肺癌、结肠癌等其他常见肿瘤模型中开展有效性验证,其抗肿瘤作用的适用范围有待进一步验证;同时,本研究未与临床化疗或免疫检查点抑制剂等药物开展联合用药或疗效比较,难以直接评价其在临床治疗体系中的应用潜力。
本研究证实osw1Δ突变体具有较强的免疫刺激作用,同时揭示了通过工程化改造孢子壁可调控免疫反应强度。本研究还确定了酵母突变体孢子裂解物诱导小鼠免疫应答的最低有效剂量,为后续剂量标准化、安全性评价及剂量优化提供了参考。此外,本研究表明osw1Δ突变体孢子裂解物在最低有效剂量下可显著抑制黑色素瘤,为肿瘤免疫治疗提供了新的候选制剂。与传统β-葡聚糖制剂相比,酵母孢子裂解物来源广泛、制备工艺相对简单,且osw1Δ突变体的筛选进一步提高了免疫活性,具有潜在应用价值。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32071467)
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2026年第66卷第8期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260135
  • 接收时间:2026-02-13
  • 首发时间:2026-08-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-13
  • 录用日期:2026-04-03
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32071467)
国家自然科学基金(32071467)
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    江南大学 生物工程学院,江苏 无锡

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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