Article(id=1297571042357178962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260140, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1771084800000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1775577600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-08, onlineDate=1787294644202, onlineDateStr=2026-08-21, pubDate=1785772800000, pubDateStr=2026-08-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1787294644202, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-08-21, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1787294644202, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1787294644202, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1297570992835023717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='8', pageStart='3681', pageEnd='4288', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1785772800000', pubDateStr='2026-08-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1787294632395, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1787294931551, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1297572247670124784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1297570992835023717, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=4008, endPage=4029, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1297571042554311251, articleId=1297571042357178962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Isolation, identification, and infection characterization of a tick-borne parainfluenza virus type 5 in Yunnan, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

[Objective] To investigate the genomic phylogeny as well as the in vivo and in vitro infection and replication characteristics of the tick-borne parainfluenza virus type 5 (strain PIV5-JC12) recently isolated from Yunnan Province. [Methods] The strain PIV5-JC12 was identified through cytopathic effect (CPE) observation, negative staining electron microscopy, and an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) based on the P protein. We determined its optimal culture temperature by comparing viral proliferation efficiency at 33 ℃ and 37 ℃ in Vero cells. A phylogenetic tree based on the whole genome was constructed via the maximum likelihood method to elucidate the molecular evolutionary characteristics of this strain. After infection of six representative cell lines of different origins (Vero, MDCK, HeLa, Huh7.5, MRC-5, and BHK-21), CPE observation, RT-qPCR, and tissue culture infectious dose 50% (TCID50) assays were employed to evaluate the virus replication kinetics. The in vivo pathogenicity of PIV5-JC12 was evaluated in Kunming (KM) and C57BL/6J mice. Mice were infected intranasally with high and low doses (2×107 TCID50 and 2×106 TCID50) and monitored for body weight and survival rate. The viral loads in various tissue and organ samples were measured at the time points of 1, 4, 7, and 10 days post-infection (dpi), and histopathological changes were examined. [Results] PIV5-JC12 induced CPEs, as manifested by the rounding and detachment of Vero cells. Irregular spherical particles with diameters of 50-200 nm were observed, and the specific P protein was identified by immunofluorescence. The tick-borne strain PIV5-JC12 showed the highest sequence identity with the tiger-borne strain PIV5 (OQ236149.1). Viral replication and proliferation in Vero cells were more efficient at 37 ℃ than at 33 ℃. PIV5-JC12 infected all the six cell lines of human, murine, simian, and canine origins. However, the CPEs varied among the cell lines, being more pronounced in Vero, MDCK and BHK-21 cells. Higher RNA replication efficiency was observed in Vero, MDCK, and HeLa cells. In vivo infection studies revealed differential susceptibility of KM and C57BL/6J mice to PIV5-JC12. The body weight loss (5%) was only observed in the high-dose infected C57BL/6J mice at 10 dpi. Lung viral loads in both mouse lines reached 104-105 copies/g, while no infectious virus was detected in the lung tissue at any of the time points examined. Histopathological staining analysis of lung tissue at the early stage (4 dpi) and late stage (10 dpi) of infection showed no significant pathological damage. [Conclusion] PIV5-JC12 isolated from tick samples from Yunnan Province shows broad cellular tropism and low pathogenicity in mice. The findings provide a basis for research on the pathogenic characteristics of PIV5 and its potential application as a vaccine vector.

, authors=Yue ZHANG1, 2, Nan LI3, Changcheng WU2, Xiaohui ZOU2, Dongmei WANG4, Yawei WANG2, Zhaoqing LI1, 2, Shiyuan LIU2, Guanya LIU2, Baoying HUANG2, Jinglin WANG3, 5, Wenjie TAN1, 2, authorsList=Yue ZHANG, Nan LI, Changcheng WU, Xiaohui ZOU, Dongmei WANG, Yawei WANG, Zhaoqing LI, Shiyuan LIU, Guanya LIU, Baoying HUANG, Jinglin WANG, Wenjie TAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jinglin WANG, Wenjie TAN, authorNote=

These authors contributed equally to this work.

, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail: WANG Jinglin, ;
TAN Wenjie,
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【目的】 系统阐明近期分离自云南省的蜱源副流感病毒5型(parainfluenza virus type 5, PIV5) JC12株的全基因组进化特征,并深入探讨其在体内外模型中的感染及复制特性。 【方法】 通过显微镜病变观察、电镜负染及间接免疫荧光对PIV5-JC12株进行分离与初步鉴定;通过比较33 ℃与37 ℃条件下的病毒增殖效率确定其最适培养温度;采用极大似然法(maximum likelihood method, ML)构建全基因组系统发育树,阐明该毒株的分子演化特征。随后,通过感染不同来源的6种代表性细胞系(Vero, MDCK, HeLa, Huh7.5, MRC-5, BHK-21),结合细胞病变效应(cytopathic effect, CPE)、实时定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR, RT-qPCR)及病毒半数组织培养感染剂量(tissue culture infectious dose 50%, TCID50)测定,评价PIV5-JC12株的跨物种感染能力及体外复制动力学特征。最后,选用昆明(KM)和C57BL/6J 2种品系小鼠,设置高、低2个剂量(2×107 TCID50和2×106 TCID50)滴鼻感染,通过体重、存活率及感染后1、4、7、10 d各脏器病毒载量和肺部病理变化分析PIV5-JC12的体内致病性。 【结果】 PIV5-JC12株感染Vero细胞后可导致细胞变圆脱落,电镜下可观察到直径约50-200 nm的不规则球形颗粒,免疫荧光可检测到特异性P蛋白表达。本研究蜱源分离株PIV5-JC12与前期报道的虎源PIV5 (OQ236149.1)同源性最高。PIV5-JC12感染Vero细胞后,37 ℃条件下的病毒增殖效率优于33 ℃,且可感染人、鼠、猴、犬等来源的6种细胞系;其中Vero、MDCK及BHK-21细胞的CPE较为明显,且在Vero、MDCK及HeLa 3种细胞中的核酸增殖效率更高。体内感染特性结果表明,KM与C57BL/6J小鼠对PIV5-JC12株的敏感性不同,仅C57BL/6J高剂量组在感染后10 d体重下降5%左右;2种品系小鼠感染后1、4、7、10 d肺部病毒载量均可达104-105 copies/g,但均未检测到感染性病毒;感染早期(4 d)与晚期(10 d)肺组织未观察到明显病理损伤。 【结论】 从云南蜱虫样本中分离获得PIV5-JC12株,该病毒具有较广的易感细胞谱,但对小鼠致病性低,为进一步研究PIV5感染特性及疫苗载体应用提供依据。

, authors=张越1, 2, 李楠3, 吴长城2, 邹小辉2, 王冬梅4, 王亚伟2, 李兆卿1, 2, 刘士元2, 刘冠雅2, 黄保英2, 王静林3, 5, 谭文杰1, 2, authorsList=张越, 李楠, 吴长城, 邹小辉, 王冬梅, 王亚伟, 李兆卿, 刘士元, 刘冠雅, 黄保英, 王静林, 谭文杰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王静林, 谭文杰, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

张越:方案设计、实验操作、数据管理、初稿写作、图片绘制;李楠:病毒分离;吴长城:图片绘制,初稿写作,数据整理;邹小辉:提供资源,数据整理;王冬梅:样本采集;王亚伟:实验操作,初稿写作;李兆卿:实验操作;刘士元:实验操作,提供材料;刘冠雅:提供材料;黄保英:方案设计、数据管理、提供资源、审查和写作;王静林:提供资源,审查和写作;谭文杰:方案设计、项目管理、提供资源、监督指导、基金资助、审查和编辑写作。

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articleId=1297571042357178962, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Identification of the PIV5-JC12 isolate. A: Cytopathic effect induced by the PIV5-JC12 strain; B: Electron micrograph of PIV5-JC12 virus particles; C: Indirect immunofluorescence assay of the PIV5-JC12 strain., figureFileSmall=OHbur+uxnFMEKhN/5SlZeg==, figureFileBig=L2M2FP4cGeVLZGeqUp+eNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571048774464187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571042357178962, language=CN, label=图1, caption=PIV5-JC12分离株的初步鉴定, figureFileSmall=OHbur+uxnFMEKhN/5SlZeg==, figureFileBig=L2M2FP4cGeVLZGeqUp+eNQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571048950624956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571042357178962, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Genomic structure and evolutionary characteristics of the tick-borne PIV5-JC12 isolate. A: Genomic structure and encoded proteins of the PIV5-JC12 strain; B: Phylogenetic tree based on the complete genome of the PIV5-JC12 strain; C: Phylogenetic tree based on the NP gene of the PIV5-JC12 strain; D: Phylogenetic tree based on the F gene of the PIV5-JC12 strain. Each sequence in the phylogenetic tree is annotated sequentially with accession number and strain name; Accession numbers are from the NCBI database., figureFileSmall=XSES1YQH0u5KqAB9ekz6QQ==, figureFileBig=wmdo2G6Y46V9+A9Xvdot8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571049021928125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571042357178962, language=CN, label=图2, caption=PIV5-JC12蜱来源分离株基因组结构及进化特征, figureFileSmall=XSES1YQH0u5KqAB9ekz6QQ==, figureFileBig=wmdo2G6Y46V9+A9Xvdot8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571049105814206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571042357178962, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Key mutation sites of PIV5-JC12, PMV/GD/ZAK2044, and HLJ/Tick/2019. 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A: Cytopathic effect; B: Virus replication kinetics according to nucleic acid; C: Virus replication kinetics according to TCID50 titer., figureFileSmall=aXiSfrSqPrBg1W91DvC2Zw==, figureFileBig=B37IYnWikJh+dH9bkfRJlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571049445552835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571042357178962, language=CN, label=图5, caption=0.01 MOI剂量PIV5-JC12感染6种细胞的细胞病变效应及复制动力学, figureFileSmall=aXiSfrSqPrBg1W91DvC2Zw==, figureFileBig=B37IYnWikJh+dH9bkfRJlw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571049516856004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571042357178962, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=In vivo biological characterization of PIV5-JC12. A: Schematic diagram of the group and experimental procedure for the PIV5-JC12 in vivo infection model; B: Body weight changes in mice following infection with the PIV5-JC12 strain; C: Viral load and infectious virus titration in lung tissues., figureFileSmall=SM4EKnYvVz3KWWq9m/jKuQ==, figureFileBig=PcecBGo4xJRTBukZF/EkMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571049617519301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571042357178962, language=CN, label=图6, caption=PIV5-JC12株体内生物学鉴定, figureFileSmall=SM4EKnYvVz3KWWq9m/jKuQ==, figureFileBig=PcecBGo4xJRTBukZF/EkMw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571049705599686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571042357178962, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Histopathological findings of H&E staining in the lungs of the PIV5-JC12 strain infected mice., figureFileSmall=OA+RNtJQFGoMJ3AWUbVO7g==, figureFileBig=0KKDxGaz81cCLCssdJzHVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571049776902855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571042357178962, language=CN, label=图7, caption=PIV5-JC12株感染小鼠肺部H&E染色病理结果, figureFileSmall=OA+RNtJQFGoMJ3AWUbVO7g==, figureFileBig=0KKDxGaz81cCLCssdJzHVg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1297571049844011720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571042357178962, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sequence comparison of PIV5-JC12, tiger-origin PMV/GD/ZAK2044, and tick-origin HLJ/Tick/2019

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RegionPIV5-JC12 length/ntPMV/GD/ZAK2044HLJ/Tick/2019
Length/ntaa/%Length/ntaa/%
Whole genome15 24615 20499.7415 24698.85
NP1 5301 53099.401 53099.01
V66966999.0966997.70
P1 1791 17999.491 17997.64
M1 1341 13499.471 13498.38
F1 6561 65699.811 65698.46
SH135135100.0013587.18
HN1 6981 69899.821 69898.01
L6 7686 76899.336 76899.33
), ArticleFig(id=1297571049923703497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571042357178962, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

PIV5-JC12、虎来源PMV/GD/ZAK2044及蜱来源HLJ/Tick/2019序列比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RegionPIV5-JC12 length/ntPMV/GD/ZAK2044HLJ/Tick/2019
Length/ntaa/%Length/ntaa/%
Whole genome15 24615 20499.7415 24698.85
NP1 5301 53099.401 53099.01
V66966999.0966997.70
P1 1791 17999.491 17997.64
M1 1341 13499.471 13498.38
F1 6561 65699.811 65698.46
SH135135100.0013587.18
HN1 6981 69899.821 69898.01
L6 7686 76899.336 76899.33
), ArticleFig(id=1297571050003395274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571042357178962, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Characteristics of PIV5-JC12 strain infected six cell lines

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cell linesSourceMorphologyRNATCID50CPE
Peak/(copies/mL)t/hPeak/(TCID50/mL)t/h
VeroAfrican monkey kidney cellEpithelial like4.16×109722.82×107120Rounding, shrinking, sloughing
MDCKCanine kidney epithelial cellsEpithelial like9.43×108961.84×10648Rounding clumping, sloughing
HeLaHuman cervical cancer cellsEpithelial like9.34×109722.82×106120Not obvious
Huh7.5Human hepatoma cellsEpithelial like20.00×109726.30×105120Not obvious
BHK-21Baby hamster syrian kidneyFibroblast like2.46×1091201.85×10472Rounding
MRC-5Human embryo lung cellFibroblast like8.30×1071202.82×10696Not obvious
), ArticleFig(id=1297571050066309835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1297571042357178962, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

PIV5-JC12株在6株细胞系中的感染特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Cell linesSourceMorphologyRNATCID50CPE
Peak/(copies/mL)t/hPeak/(TCID50/mL)t/h
VeroAfrican monkey kidney cellEpithelial like4.16×109722.82×107120Rounding, shrinking, sloughing
MDCKCanine kidney epithelial cellsEpithelial like9.43×108961.84×10648Rounding clumping, sloughing
HeLaHuman cervical cancer cellsEpithelial like9.34×109722.82×106120Not obvious
Huh7.5Human hepatoma cellsEpithelial like20.00×109726.30×105120Not obvious
BHK-21Baby hamster syrian kidneyFibroblast like2.46×1091201.85×10472Rounding
MRC-5Human embryo lung cellFibroblast like8.30×1071202.82×10696Not obvious
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云南地区蜱中副流感病毒5型毒株的分离鉴定及感染特性分析
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张越 1, 2 , 李楠 3 , 吴长城 2 , 邹小辉 2 , 王冬梅 4 , 王亚伟 2 , 李兆卿 1, 2 , 刘士元 2 , 刘冠雅 2 , 黄保英 2 , 王静林 3, 5 , 谭文杰 1, 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(8): 4008-4029
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (8) : 4008 -4029
云南地区蜱中副流感病毒5型毒株的分离鉴定及感染特性分析
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张越1, 2, 李楠3, 吴长城2, 邹小辉2, 王冬梅4, 王亚伟2, 李兆卿1, 2, 刘士元2, 刘冠雅2, 黄保英2, 王静林3, 5 , 谭文杰1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古科技大学包头医学院 公共卫生学院,内蒙古 包头
  • 2.中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,国家卫生健康委员会生物安全重点实验室,北京
  • 3.云南省畜牧兽医科学院兽医所,云南省热带亚热带动物病毒病重点实验室,云南 昆明
  • 4.江城哈尼族彝族自治县动物疫病预防控制中心,云南 江城
  • 5.昆明医科大学 公共卫生学院,云南省跨境传染病防控与新药创制重点实验室,云南 昆明
通讯作者:
王静林, 谭文杰
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

张越:方案设计、实验操作、数据管理、初稿写作、图片绘制;李楠:病毒分离;吴长城:图片绘制,初稿写作,数据整理;邹小辉:提供资源,数据整理;王冬梅:样本采集;王亚伟:实验操作,初稿写作;李兆卿:实验操作;刘士元:实验操作,提供材料;刘冠雅:提供材料;黄保英:方案设计、数据管理、提供资源、审查和写作;王静林:提供资源,审查和写作;谭文杰:方案设计、项目管理、提供资源、监督指导、基金资助、审查和编辑写作。

Isolation, identification, and infection characterization of a tick-borne parainfluenza virus type 5 in Yunnan
Yue ZHANG1, 2, Nan LI3, Changcheng WU2, Xiaohui ZOU2, Dongmei WANG4, Yawei WANG2, Zhaoqing LI1, 2, Shiyuan LIU2, Guanya LIU2, Baoying HUANG2, Jinglin WANG3, 5 , Wenjie TAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
  • 3.Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Diseases Key Laboratory, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
  • 4.Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Jiangcheng, Yunnan, China
  • 5.Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Cross-Border Infectious Disease Control and New Drug Development, School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
  • Corresponding Author:
    E-mail: WANG Jinglin, ;
出版时间: 2026-08-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260140
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【目的】 系统阐明近期分离自云南省的蜱源副流感病毒5型(parainfluenza virus type 5, PIV5) JC12株的全基因组进化特征,并深入探讨其在体内外模型中的感染及复制特性。 【方法】 通过显微镜病变观察、电镜负染及间接免疫荧光对PIV5-JC12株进行分离与初步鉴定;通过比较33 ℃与37 ℃条件下的病毒增殖效率确定其最适培养温度;采用极大似然法(maximum likelihood method, ML)构建全基因组系统发育树,阐明该毒株的分子演化特征。随后,通过感染不同来源的6种代表性细胞系(Vero, MDCK, HeLa, Huh7.5, MRC-5, BHK-21),结合细胞病变效应(cytopathic effect, CPE)、实时定量逆转录聚合酶链式反应(reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR, RT-qPCR)及病毒半数组织培养感染剂量(tissue culture infectious dose 50%, TCID50)测定,评价PIV5-JC12株的跨物种感染能力及体外复制动力学特征。最后,选用昆明(KM)和C57BL/6J 2种品系小鼠,设置高、低2个剂量(2×107 TCID50和2×106 TCID50)滴鼻感染,通过体重、存活率及感染后1、4、7、10 d各脏器病毒载量和肺部病理变化分析PIV5-JC12的体内致病性。 【结果】 PIV5-JC12株感染Vero细胞后可导致细胞变圆脱落,电镜下可观察到直径约50-200 nm的不规则球形颗粒,免疫荧光可检测到特异性P蛋白表达。本研究蜱源分离株PIV5-JC12与前期报道的虎源PIV5 (OQ236149.1)同源性最高。PIV5-JC12感染Vero细胞后,37 ℃条件下的病毒增殖效率优于33 ℃,且可感染人、鼠、猴、犬等来源的6种细胞系;其中Vero、MDCK及BHK-21细胞的CPE较为明显,且在Vero、MDCK及HeLa 3种细胞中的核酸增殖效率更高。体内感染特性结果表明,KM与C57BL/6J小鼠对PIV5-JC12株的敏感性不同,仅C57BL/6J高剂量组在感染后10 d体重下降5%左右;2种品系小鼠感染后1、4、7、10 d肺部病毒载量均可达104-105 copies/g,但均未检测到感染性病毒;感染早期(4 d)与晚期(10 d)肺组织未观察到明显病理损伤。 【结论】 从云南蜱虫样本中分离获得PIV5-JC12株,该病毒具有较广的易感细胞谱,但对小鼠致病性低,为进一步研究PIV5感染特性及疫苗载体应用提供依据。

副流感病毒5型  /  细胞病变效应  /  复制动力学  /  体内致病性

[Objective] To investigate the genomic phylogeny as well as the in vivo and in vitro infection and replication characteristics of the tick-borne parainfluenza virus type 5 (strain PIV5-JC12) recently isolated from Yunnan Province. [Methods] The strain PIV5-JC12 was identified through cytopathic effect (CPE) observation, negative staining electron microscopy, and an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) based on the P protein. We determined its optimal culture temperature by comparing viral proliferation efficiency at 33 ℃ and 37 ℃ in Vero cells. A phylogenetic tree based on the whole genome was constructed via the maximum likelihood method to elucidate the molecular evolutionary characteristics of this strain. After infection of six representative cell lines of different origins (Vero, MDCK, HeLa, Huh7.5, MRC-5, and BHK-21), CPE observation, RT-qPCR, and tissue culture infectious dose 50% (TCID50) assays were employed to evaluate the virus replication kinetics. The in vivo pathogenicity of PIV5-JC12 was evaluated in Kunming (KM) and C57BL/6J mice. Mice were infected intranasally with high and low doses (2×107 TCID50 and 2×106 TCID50) and monitored for body weight and survival rate. The viral loads in various tissue and organ samples were measured at the time points of 1, 4, 7, and 10 days post-infection (dpi), and histopathological changes were examined. [Results] PIV5-JC12 induced CPEs, as manifested by the rounding and detachment of Vero cells. Irregular spherical particles with diameters of 50-200 nm were observed, and the specific P protein was identified by immunofluorescence. The tick-borne strain PIV5-JC12 showed the highest sequence identity with the tiger-borne strain PIV5 (OQ236149.1). Viral replication and proliferation in Vero cells were more efficient at 37 ℃ than at 33 ℃. PIV5-JC12 infected all the six cell lines of human, murine, simian, and canine origins. However, the CPEs varied among the cell lines, being more pronounced in Vero, MDCK and BHK-21 cells. Higher RNA replication efficiency was observed in Vero, MDCK, and HeLa cells. In vivo infection studies revealed differential susceptibility of KM and C57BL/6J mice to PIV5-JC12. The body weight loss (5%) was only observed in the high-dose infected C57BL/6J mice at 10 dpi. Lung viral loads in both mouse lines reached 104-105 copies/g, while no infectious virus was detected in the lung tissue at any of the time points examined. Histopathological staining analysis of lung tissue at the early stage (4 dpi) and late stage (10 dpi) of infection showed no significant pathological damage. [Conclusion] PIV5-JC12 isolated from tick samples from Yunnan Province shows broad cellular tropism and low pathogenicity in mice. The findings provide a basis for research on the pathogenic characteristics of PIV5 and its potential application as a vaccine vector.

parainfluenza virus type 5  /  cytopathic effect  /  replication kinetics  /  in vivo pathogenicity
张越, 李楠, 吴长城, 邹小辉, 王冬梅, 王亚伟, 李兆卿, 刘士元, 刘冠雅, 黄保英, 王静林, 谭文杰. 云南地区蜱中副流感病毒5型毒株的分离鉴定及感染特性分析. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (8) : 4008 -4029 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260140
Yue ZHANG, Nan LI, Changcheng WU, Xiaohui ZOU, Dongmei WANG, Yawei WANG, Zhaoqing LI, Shiyuan LIU, Guanya LIU, Baoying HUANG, Jinglin WANG, Wenjie TAN. Isolation, identification, and infection characterization of a tick-borne parainfluenza virus type 5 in Yunnan[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (8) : 4008 -4029 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260140
副流感病毒5型(parainfluenza virus type 5, PIV5)于1956年首次从猴肾细胞中分离获得[1],属于副粘病毒科(Paramyxoviridae)正腮红病毒属(Orthorubulavirus)[2]。副粘病毒不仅能引发呼吸系统疾病,还具有侵袭中枢神经系统导致脑炎的风险,是一种重要的人畜共患病原体,对公共卫生和畜牧安全均构成威胁[3-4]
PIV5是一种有包膜的单股负链RNA病毒,基因组全长15 246 nt[5]。其基因组包含7个基因,共编码8种蛋白,基因排列顺序依次为3′-NP-V/P-M-F-SH-HN-L-5′[6],基因组两侧为位于末端的3′端前导序列和5′端尾随序列。从3′端起,基因组依次编码核衣壳蛋白(nucleocapsid, NP)、V蛋白(V protein, V)、磷蛋白(phosphoprotein, P)、基质蛋白(matrix protein, M)、融合蛋白(fusion protein, F)、小疏水蛋白(small hydrophobic protein, SH)、血凝素-神经氨酸酶蛋白(hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein, HN)和聚合酶大蛋白(large polymerase, L)[7]
副粘病毒宿主范围广泛,目前已从人、犬、猪、猫及啮齿类等多种哺乳动物中分离获得[8]。近年来,该病毒的流行范围与宿主类型呈扩大趋势,且具有跨物种传播潜力[9]。2013年,韩国猪群中检测到PIV5,血清阳性率高达93.8%[10];2015年,吉林省从犊牛肺组织中分离到牛源PIV5,提示PIV5可能与犊牛呼吸道疾病相关[11];2017-2018年,广州动物园从出现呼吸道症状的东北虎、华南虎及小熊猫中分离到多株PIV5[6];2024年,一种新型PIV5毒株(命名为SR)从一只具有临床症状的西伯利亚虎中分离出来[12];同年,PIV5-YN01毒株从鹅组织样本中分离获得,这是该病毒首次突破哺乳动物界限感染鸟类的报道[13]
尽管PIV5感染范围广,但在人体内通常不引起明显的临床症状[13]。该病毒作为犬舍咳疫苗已应用多年,安全性良好,是备受关注的疫苗载体平台[14-16],并已被用于开发针对多种呼吸道病毒及细菌的疫苗,在动物模型中展现出强效免疫应答能力[17]。临床前研究显示,基于PIV5的流感病毒[18]、呼吸道合胞病毒[19]、狂犬病病毒[20]及结核分枝杆菌[21]载体疫苗均能诱导强效保护应答,且预存的PIV5抗体并未明显影响疫苗的免疫效果。
值得注意的是,蜱虫等节肢动物在副粘病毒的生态循环中扮演着中间宿主或传播媒介的重要角色[22]。2022年,我国学者首次从黑龙江全沟硬蜱中分离出HLJ/Tick/2019株,该病毒与2.2.6亚支系高度同源,是我国犬类、猪及野生动物群体中的优势流行毒株;经口、鼻、眼等途径接种后可导致雪貂中度呼吸窘迫伴发肺炎,并观察到炎症引发的神经组织损伤。然而,目前关于节肢动物携带PIV5及其对不同物种致病机制的研究仍十分有限。
本研究从云南省采集的蜱虫样本中分离获得一株PIV5-JC12株,通过全基因组序列分析、体外培养温度适宜性探索、感染细胞谱鉴定以及小鼠体内致病力研究,旨在明确PIV5-JC12株的感染特性,为理解PIV5的跨物种传播机制提供科学依据。
六种细胞(Vero、MDCK、HeLa、Huh7.5、MRC‐5和BHK‐21)均由中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所应急技术中心保存。使用含10%胎牛血清(Omega公司)的DMEM培养基(Gibco公司),于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养。
2023年5月,从云南省普洱市江城县一个养牛场的黄牛身上采集寄生蜱虫60只,经形态学鉴定均为微小牛蜱。每5只蜱虫为一组进行研磨,4 ℃、3 000 r/min离心5 min后取上清接种Vero细胞,连续传3代,其中一组(编号为JC12)在接种后5 d出现规律性细胞病变。随后,从细胞上清中提取核酸,送广东美格基因科技有限公司进行二代测序,利用Illumina NovaSeq平台[23]进行宏基因组测序。原始数据质量控制合格后,使用SPAdes v3.15.3软件进行de novo组装以获取病毒基因组序列[24];通过MAFFT v7.505算法将目标序列与参考序列进行多重比对[25],利用IQ-TREE v2.3.6基于极大似然法(maximum likelihood method, ML)构建系统发育树[26];由ModelFinder自动筛选最优进化模型[27],并执行1 000次自展检验(bootstrap)评估分支可靠性;最后,使用FigTree软件对系统发育树进行可视化修饰与标注。结果显示,该毒株与华南虎样本分离的PIV5毒株序列(NCBI登录号为OQ236149.1)一致性最高,达99.74%,鉴定为副流感病毒5型。病毒保存于云南省畜牧兽医科学院云南省热带亚热带动物病毒病重点实验室和中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所应急技术中心,该毒株已通过国家病毒资源保藏中心(中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所)备案(编号为CHPC2.4.6.YNJC/23/001.00)。
将Vero、MDCK、Huh7.5、BHK-21及HeLa以1×105个/孔、MRC-5以2×105个/孔铺于24孔板,500 μL/孔,于37 ℃、5% CO2培养箱中培养过夜。待细胞汇合度达80%-90%时弃去培养基,以0.01感染复数(multiplicity of infection, MOI)的病毒剂量接种单层细胞,37 ℃吸附2 h后弃去病毒液,换为500 μL含2% FBS的培养基,于37 ℃、5% CO2条件下继续培养。将病毒吸附2 h后定为0 h,分别于0、24、48、72、96、120 h在显微镜下拍照记录细胞病变效应(cytopathic effect, CPE) (比例尺为50 μm),并收获细胞与上清样本,冻存于-80 ℃,测定病毒生长曲线。
于倒置显微镜(Olympus公司)下观察PIV5-JC12株感染组与未感染组细胞,若细胞出现皱缩、变圆、堆积、脱落则判定为CPE。
当PIV5-JC12株感染Vero细胞出现明显CPE时,将培养物置于-80 ℃冻融1次,收取病毒上清及细胞碎片。随后,4 ℃、3 000 r/min离心10 min,弃沉淀取上清。将病毒液与4%多聚甲醛固定液按1:1比例加入无菌管中,室温灭活30 min。充分灭活与固定后,将负染标本置于透射电镜下观察并采集图像。
病毒感染Vero细胞48 h后,弃上清,用PBS轻洗细胞1次;加入100 μL 4%多聚甲醛固定液(北京索莱宝科技有限公司),室温固定30 min;弃固定液,加入200 μL PBS,置于摇床振荡洗涤细胞,每次5 min,重复3次;向每孔中加入100 μL含0.1% Triton X-100的PBS,室温透膜处理10 min;弃透膜液,加入200 μL PBS,置于摇床振荡洗涤细胞,每次5 min,重复3次;每孔加入200 μL 3%山羊血清,室温封闭30 min。一抗孵育:弃去封闭液,加入100 μL一抗稀释液(PIV5 P蛋白单克隆抗鼠抗体,1:1 000稀释,武汉艾必赛生物科技有限公司),4 ℃过夜孵育;洗涤后,每孔加入100 μL稀释好的荧光二抗(FITC标记的抗鼠抗体,1:1 000稀释,Amresco公司),室温避光孵育45 min;洗涤后加入50 μL 5 μg/mL的DAPI (ThermoFisher Scientific公司)进行细胞核染色10 min;PBS洗涤3次,每次5 min;滴加抗荧光衰减封片剂(北京索莱宝科技有限公司)以防止荧光猝灭,最后使用共聚焦荧光显微镜(Leica SP8)采集图像。
采用全自动核酸提取仪(西安天隆科技有限公司)提取病毒RNA。随后,使用荧光定量RT-qPCR测定病毒核酸含量[28],检测靶标为L基因,引物序列为F (5′-GACCAGAAAATTATT GAAT-3′)和R (5′-TACCAGGCACATGTGGGGT T-3′),探针序列为5′-FAM-TACTGAGTCGGGC CAAGTAGC-MGB-3′,上述引物及探针均由北京天一辉远生物科技有限公司合成。
按照M-MLV One-Step RT-qPCR (Probe) Kit (北京博迈德基因技术有限公司)说明书配制反应体系。PCR反应条件:45 ℃ 10 min,95 ℃ 2 min;95 ℃ 5 s,54.7 ℃ 20 s,共40个循环。于54.7 ℃延伸时收集荧光信号,报告基因为FAM。每个样本设3个复孔,通过标准曲线Y=-3.514X+41计算核酸拷贝数,每组实验重复3次。
将Vero细胞以1×104个/孔接种于96孔板中,100 μL/孔,于37 ℃、5% CO2条件下培养至汇合度达80%-90%。将病毒样本冻融1次后,使用无血清DMEM以1:10为起始稀释度进行10倍比梯度稀释,共设8个稀释度。100 μL/孔接种至96孔板,每个稀释度设6个复孔,并设100 μL无血清DMEM作为阴性对照,于37 ℃、5% CO2条件下培养。每日观察细胞病变效应,于感染后第5天记录出现CPE的孔数,根据Spearman-Karber法计算半数组织培养感染剂量(tissue culture infections dose 50%, TCID50),每组实验重复3次,计算如公式(1)所示。
log10 TCID50=L-d(s-0.5)
式中:L为最高稀释度的对数值,d为稀释度对数值之差,s为阳性孔比率总和。
6周龄雌性昆明(KM)与C57BL/6J小鼠均购自北京维通利华实验动物技术有限公司,饲养于中国疾病预防控制中心实验动物中心。本研究所有动物实验获得中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所实验动物伦理委员会审核批准,编号为bdbs20260114004。
将上述2种品系小鼠分为对照组(PBS)、低剂量组(2×106 TCID50)和高剂量组(2×107 TCID50),每组12只,采用滴鼻方式感染,体积为50 μL。滴鼻感染当天记为0 d,于1、4、7、10 d取肝、脾、肺、肾等组织进行病毒载量测定及肺部病理检测,并每日监测体重。
称取小鼠组织后加入4倍体积的无菌PBS进行研磨,参数为:4 ℃,45 s,6.5 m/s,循环3次。随后12 000 r/min离心10 min,取上清100 μL进行梯度稀释,将组织匀浆原液进行10倍比梯度稀释至10-8。按照1.6节方法进行病毒TCID50测定。接种组织稀释液后第5天,在显微镜下观察并记录各稀释度出现CPE的孔数,根据Spearman-Karber公式计算组织TCID50滴度。
使用GraphPad Prism 10软件进行数据绘图和统计学分析。多组间比较采用方差分析(analysis of variance, ANOVA),两组间比较采用t检验,相关性分析采用简单线性回归拟合。P<0.05表示差异有统计学意义,数据以均数±标准差表示。
将蜱虫样本匀浆后离心,取上清接种Vero细胞,编号为JC12的样本感染Vero细胞后出现CPE。经二代测序分析,确认分离获得PIV5病毒,命名为PIV5-JC12。细胞病变、病毒粒子形态与蛋白表达鉴定结果显示,PIV5-JC12感染Vero细胞后主要表现为细胞圆缩,从贴壁细胞底部脱落且表现出更强的折光性(图1A);电镜负染观察到不规则圆形或多边形的病毒颗粒,直径为50-200 nm (图1B);PIV5-JC12感染组可在细胞质中观察到绿色荧光信号,而对照组未见绿色荧光信号,证实了PIV5特异性P蛋白的表达(图1C)。
全基因组测序结果表明,PIV5-JC12基因组全长15 246 nt,包含7个基因,共编码8种蛋白(图2A)。为阐明其遗传进化特征,本研究分别基于PIV5-JC12的全基因组序列(图2B)、NP基因(图2C)及F基因(图2D)构建了系统发育树。结果显示,3个系统发育树呈现高度一致的拓扑结构。此外,为更准确地反映研究对象间的进化关系并提供定根参考,本研究引入了外群序列(MK593539.1和NC003443.1),并在绘图中对外群分支进行了缩放(实际进化距离为0.7)。
全基因组进化分析涵盖了源自蜱、猪、犬、人、虎、牛及穿山甲等多种宿主的代表性毒株。PIV5-JC12 (图2B红色字体)与一株华南虎源PIV5 (NCBI登录号为OQ236149.1)聚类于同一独立分支,遗传距离最近。NPF基因的系统发育分析结果与全基因组高度吻合,进一步确认了两者在分子水平上的紧密亲缘关系(图2C2D)。值得注意的是,尽管同为蜱来源分离株,PIV5-JC12与黑龙江株(HLJ/Tick/2019,图2中红色三角形标识)的亲缘关系较远。
序列一致性比较表明,PIV5-JC12与虎源分离株(PMV/GD/ZAK2044)的全基因组核苷酸一致性高达99.74%,而与HLJ/Tick/2019株的一致性为98.85%。在氨基酸水平上,PIV5-JC12与虎源分离株PMV/GD/ZAK2044的一致性同样最高,其中SH蛋白氨基酸序列完全一致(100%),L蛋白一致性达99.33%。相比之下,PIV5-JC12与HLJ/Tick/2019株的SH蛋白一致性仅为87.18% (表1)。上述结果与系统发育树的拓扑结构相互印证。
为明确PIV5-JC12株的关键变异特征,本研究比对了其与虎来源株(PMV/GD/ZAK2044)及黑龙江蜱来源分离株(HLJ/Tick/2019)主要蛋白的氨基酸序列(图3)。结果表明,PIV5-JC12与虎源株高度保守,SH蛋白序列完全一致,V/P与F蛋白仅存在极少量的末端或单点突变(如F蛋白仅第528位不同);两者的主要差异仅局限于NP蛋白的个别位点及L蛋白C末端(JC12缺乏虎源株特有的2 229-2 239位V-S-D连续突变)。
相比之下,PIV5-JC12与同为蜱来源的黑龙江株差异显著:两者在V/P、F和HN等关键蛋白上存在密集的氨基酸替换(如V/P蛋白存在超过10处突变,F蛋白至少8处突变)。综上所述,尽管PIV5-JC12分离自蜱虫,但其核心蛋白序列特征与虎源株更为接近,而与同宿主来源的黑龙江蜱源分离株存在明显的遗传差异(图3)。
为探究温度对PIV5-JC12株复制的影响,本研究以0.01 MOI剂量的PIV5-JC12感染Vero细胞,分别于33 ℃和37 ℃条件下培养。CPE观察结果显示,37 ℃条件下Vero细胞于感染后72 h开始出现明显的变圆、皱缩及脱落等现象,至120 h进一步加剧;而33 ℃条件下,直至感染后120 h仍未观察到明显的细胞病变(图4A)。病毒复制动力学检测结果显示(图4B4C),37 ℃条件下PIV5-JC12增殖迅速,病毒RNA拷贝数和病毒滴度均迅速上升,并于96-120 h达到峰值,RNA拷贝数可达1011 copies/mL,感染性病毒滴度可达108 TCID50/mL。相比之下,33 ℃条件下,病毒复制增殖较为缓慢,复制高峰的滴度均较低(约1010 copies/mL和105 TCID50/mL)。综上所述,37 ℃比33 ℃更适于PIV5-JC12在Vero细胞中的增殖。
为探讨PIV5-JC12株在6种细胞系中的增殖特性,以0.01 MOI分别感染Vero、MDCK、HeLa、Huh7.5、BHK-21和MRC-5细胞,通过CPE观察其细胞病变特征,并通过RT-qPCR和TCID50测定病毒复制动力学,同时比较了其在6种细胞中的快速增殖时间、复制高峰时间与病毒载量。
CPE结果显示(图5A),PIV5-JC12对不同细胞系的致病力存在差异。Vero、MDCK和BHK-21细胞感染PIV5-JC12株72 h后即可观察到细胞脱落变圆,并于120 h加剧;而HeLa、Huh7.5及MRC-5细胞的CPE不明显,与Mock对照组难以区分,其中BHK-21细胞仅出现轻微病变。
RT-qPCR结果显示(图5B表2),PIV5-JC12株在6种细胞系中均表现出较强的早期增殖能力,Vero、MDCK、Huh7.5及HeLa感染后24-48 h病毒核酸水平快速上升,随后进入平台期。其中,Vero、Huh7.5及HeLa细胞的病毒RNA水平在48 h内迅速增加,并于72 h达到高峰(4.16×109、20×109、9.34×109 copies/mL)。随后,Vero细胞中的病毒核酸载量趋于稳定,而HeLa和Huh7.5感染组略有下降(图5B)。MDCK细胞于96 h达到复制高峰(9.43×108 copies/mL),此后基本维持稳定。此外,BHK-21及MRC-5细胞增殖最慢,感染后120 h才达到复制高峰(2.46×109 copies/mL及8.3×107 copies/mL);其中BHK-21在48 h后才进入快速复制期,MRC-5全程复制相对缓慢,但呈持续上升趋势。
TCID50结果进一步证实了病毒在不同细胞系间的敏感性差异(图5C表2)。PIV5-JC12株感染Vero、MDCK、HeLa及MRC-5细胞可获得较高滴度的病毒,其中Vero细胞在120 h可达2.82×107 TCID50/mL,MDCK及HeLa均在48 h后显著升高并趋于稳定,MDCK于48 h达到峰值(1.84×106 TCID50/mL),HeLa于120 h达到峰值(2.82×106 TCID50/mL),MRC-5于24 h进入快速增长期,96 h达到峰值(2.82×106 TCID50/mL)。相较于上述4种细胞,Huh7.5及BHK-21细胞的病毒滴度相对较低:Huh7.5于24 h开始快速增长,120 h达到峰值(6.3×105 TCID50/mL);BHK-21易感性较差,滴度增长缓慢,高峰期滴度仅为1.85×104 TCID50/mL。
为探究PIV5-JC12株的体内致病性,滴鼻感染KM及C57BL/6J 2种品系小鼠,设置高剂量组(2×107 TCID50)、低剂量组(2×106 TCID50)及PBS对照组;每日监测小鼠体重、记录存活率,并于感染后第1、4、7、10天取肝、脾、肺、肾等组织进行病毒载量测定及肺组织病理染色(图6A)。
存活率观察结果表明,PIV5-JC12株对2种品系小鼠均不具致死性,各组小鼠存活率均为100%。体重监测结果显示(图6B),KM小鼠各组体重随时间延长呈增长趋势;C57BL/6J小鼠高剂量感染组自接种后第8天起体重持续下降,直至第10天(降幅约5%),并维持在该水平,而低剂量组与PBS组体重保持相对稳定。
肺部病毒载量结果显示(图6C),KM小鼠各时间点病毒载量均维持在104 copies/g,未见下降趋势;C57BL/6J小鼠肺部病毒载量随时间延长呈下降趋势(从105 copies/g降至104 copies/g)。2种品系小鼠高剂量组病毒载量均高于低剂量组,但肺组织TCID50测定结果均为阴性(图6C)。此外,2种品系小鼠的肝、脾、肾等器官中均未检出病毒核酸(结果未展示)。感染早期(4 d)与晚期(10 d)肺组织H&E染色结果显示(图7),感染组肺部未见明显病理损伤。
PIV5广泛分布于犬、猪、灵长类等多种哺乳动物中,且近年来野生动物及节肢动物媒介携带病毒的报道日益增多[12]。该病毒可感染人但不引起明显临床症状,同时因其基因组结构简单且易于操作,常被用作疫苗载体。本研究通过对云南蜱虫中分离的PIV5-JC12株的进化特征及体内外感染特性进行系统分析,明确了其适宜培养温度及细胞嗜性,可为跨物种传播风险评估及疫苗载体开发提供数据支持。本研究在云南地区蜱虫样本中分离到PIV5,通过全基因组系统进化分析和重要蛋白氨基酸比对,揭示了云南蜱来源分离株PIV5-JC12与我国目前唯一已报道的黑龙江蜱源分离株HLJ/Tick/2019的遗传距离较远,且在多个蛋白中存在氨基酸差异,该发现丰富了PIV5病毒的宿主谱系及序列多样性。
从不同地区、年代及宿主中分离获得的PIV5基因组存在差异,病毒关键蛋白的氨基酸突变可能影响病毒生命周期、发病机制、进化特征,并在物种间的传播中扮演重要角色[29]。已有研究提示,F融合肽(G3A)及F跨膜结构域(S443P)的突变可增强病毒融合活性及对抗体介导中和作用的敏感性[30];此外,研究者还发现对人副流感病毒2型(hPIV2)核衣壳蛋白(NP) RNA结构域第202位谷氨酰胺进行点突变,可使聚合酶活性增强约30倍[31]。本研究对PIV5-JC12的系统进化分析发现,从云南分离获得的蜱源分离株PIV5-JC12与虎源分离株PIV5 (NCBI登录号为OQ236149.1)一致性较高,而与黑龙江蜱源分离株HLJ/Tick/2019进化距离较远。氨基酸一致性结果显示,PIV5-JC12与HLJ/Tick/2019株在SH蛋白上的一致性最低,而与虎源分离株的一致性达100%,提示该毒株可能具有感染哺乳动物的潜力,或与虎源分离株具有共同的进化祖先。后续可通过构建PIV5-JC12株的全长感染性克隆,利用反向遗传学技术对其NP、V/P或L等关键蛋白进行点突变置换,评估上述基因及突变位点对病毒复制能力、膜融合活性及免疫逃逸功能的影响。
不同培养温度与细胞系均可影响病毒的有效复制。已有研究表明,从人群中分离的PIV5可感染多种哺乳动物细胞[32];Chen等[18]在人血清样本中检测到犬源PIV5中和抗体,提示其可能曾接触过PIV5阳性犬。然而,猪源PIV5细胞嗜性研究显示,从猪肺分离的PIV5仅能感染猪源细胞系[10],但也有研究表明猪源PIV5能够感染包括猪、人、灵长类、牛、犬、猫、兔、仓鼠和小鼠来源在内的多种哺乳动物细胞系[3]。本研究发现37 ℃是PIV5-JC12在Vero细胞中高效复制的适宜温度,且通过其在人源(HeLa、MRC-5、Huh7.5)、猴源(Vero)、犬源(MDCK)及鼠源(BHK-21) 6种细胞系中的感染与复制特性验证了该毒株具备较广的细胞感染谱,与已有研究结果一致。
本研究观察到不同细胞系在细胞病变效应的表现形式和病毒复制高峰期载量上存在差异,为后续根据具体需要选择不同细胞系开展研究提供了实验依据。值得注意的是,PIV5-JC12在BHK-21 (鼠源)和Huh7.5 (肝癌)细胞中的增殖效率相对较低,且CPE不明显,这与某些猪源PIV5能够快速引起多类细胞合胞体形成的特性有所不同[3],需在多物种中进一步验证其感染致病特性。
此外,细胞对病毒的敏感性需通过细胞病变、病毒复制动力学、感染滴度等系列指标综合评估。病毒滴度反映病毒产生子代病毒的增殖能力,而CPE反映宿主细胞对病毒损伤的敏感性。本研究中,PIV5-JC12感染Vero、MDCK细胞后可观察到细胞脱落变圆,且病毒滴度可从24 h的102 TCID50/mL和104 TCID50/mL增长至120 h的107 TCID50/mL和106 TCID50/mL,表明Vero、MDCK对病毒感染较为敏感。考虑到Vero细胞是常用的疫苗生产细胞系,可获得较高的病毒产量,也为PIV5-JC12进一步用于疫苗载体研究提供了实验依据。同时,本研究还发现,虽然PIV5感染Huh7.5细胞24 h后可达105 TCID50/mL左右,但随时间延长未见明显增长。考虑到Huh7.5为Huh7细胞系的衍生株,其RIG-I基因突变导致先天免疫信号通路严重受损,理论上更有利于病毒复制,本研究中观察到PIV5-JC12感染Huh7.5细胞后24 h即表现出较高滴度,可能与其I型干扰素产生能力缺陷有关[33]
在动物致病性评估方面,以往研究将虎源、猪源及穿山甲源PIV5接种4-6周龄SPF级KM小鼠后,可在肺部检测到明显的病毒复制,并引起一定程度的间质性肺炎,甚至在脑组织中检测到病毒(神经嗜性)[34-37]。本研究获得的PIV5-JC12在KM及C57BL/6J小鼠中均表现出低致病性特征,提示其可能具备病毒载体平台的潜能,值得深入研究。此外,本研究选择感染后第4天和第10天作为病理学评估时间点,主要基于以下考虑:第4天对应病毒复制的早期至高峰期,可评估病毒感染初期引起的急性炎症反应;第10天对应病毒清除期或感染后期,可评估炎症消退情况、组织修复或潜在的慢性病理改变。上述2个时间点覆盖了病毒感染的关键阶段,可对病毒引起的肺部病理损伤特征及动态变化作出基本判断。因此,本研究结合已报道文献[38-39]对上述2个时间点的样本进行了病理与病原学分析。结果发现,无论感染早期还是晚期均未观察到明显的肺部病理损伤,也未检测到肺部病毒的明显增殖,与已有研究一致。然而,未来仍需在敏感动物模型中采用更多时间点,结合更精细的病理盲法评分及炎症细胞定量/免疫染色,以进一步支持该病毒致病力的研究。
本研究仍存在一定的局限性,未来应继续探索其他不同细胞系(如牛源及蜱源细胞系)对病毒复制的影响,以更全面地评估病毒的自然宿主适应性及病毒与蜱媒的生物学关系;目前尚无法证明病毒能够在蜱体内复制或通过蜱传播。本研究采用MOI为0.01的感染剂量开展了PIV5-JC12株感染复制特征的研究,尚需更多不同感染剂量下的细胞病变与复制动力学研究与比较;体内感染模型也应选择不同品系小鼠或其他已报道的实验动物(如猪、雪貂等),探索更高剂量对小鼠致病性的影响。此外,本研究样本采集局限于单一牛场和单一时间点,后续仍需开展更大规模的野外样本采集和感染模型研究以明确PIV5在自然界中的传播模式。
综上所述,本研究初步揭示了PIV5-JC12的基因进化特征、体外感染特性及其在小鼠模型中的致病性特征。该病毒表现出小鼠低致病性、广泛的细胞易感性以及在疫苗生产细胞系(Vero)中的高效增殖特性,使其具有成为理想减毒活疫苗载体的潜力,上述研究为理解该病毒的感染特性及开发其应用价值奠定了基础。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFA1201003)
  • 云南省重大科技专项(202502AE090007)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260140
  • 接收时间:2026-02-15
  • 首发时间:2026-08-21
  • 出版时间:2026-08-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-15
  • 录用日期:2026-04-08
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA1201003)
国家重点研发计划(2021YFA1201003)
Yunnan Provincial Major Science and Technology Project(202502AE090007)
云南省重大科技专项(202502AE090007)
作者信息
    1.内蒙古科技大学包头医学院 公共卫生学院,内蒙古 包头
    2.中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所,传染病溯源预警与智能决策全国重点实验室,国家卫生健康委员会生物安全重点实验室,北京
    3.云南省畜牧兽医科学院兽医所,云南省热带亚热带动物病毒病重点实验室,云南 昆明
    4.江城哈尼族彝族自治县动物疫病预防控制中心,云南 江城
    5.昆明医科大学 公共卫生学院,云南省跨境传染病防控与新药创制重点实验室,云南 昆明

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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