Article(id=1280817722816705162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1767628800000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1773331200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-13, onlineDate=1783300341562, onlineDateStr=2026-07-06, pubDate=1783094400000, pubDateStr=2026-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783300341562, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783300341562, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783300341562, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1280817479555462000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='7', pageStart='3121', pageEnd='3677', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783094400000', pubDateStr='2026-07-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783300283564, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783326087324, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3580, endPage=3596, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1280817723181609611, articleId=1280817722816705162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Antagonistic activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens X60 against tobacco phyllosphere microorganisms and its impact on phyllosphere microbial community structure, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the antagonistic activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens X60 against tobacco phyllosphere microorganisms and its effects on the phyllosphere microbial community of tobacco. Methods Bioactivity assays were conducted to evaluate the antagonistic effects of B. amyloliquefaciens X60 against 20 species of pathogenic fungi, 15 species of non-pathogenic fungi, 2 specialized forms of pathogenic bacteria, and 15 species of non-pathogenic bacteria. Amplicon sequencing was employed to assess the influence of this strain on the phyllosphere microbial community structure. Results B. amyloliquefaciens X60 exhibited strong antagonistic activity (inhibition rates of 60.00%-80.00%) against 13 species of pathogenic fungi (e.g., Rhizopus oryzae) and 12 species of non-pathogenic fungi (e.g., Trichoderma harzianum). Moderate antagonism (inhibition rates of 10.00%-59.00%) was observed against 7 species of pathogenic fungi (e.g., Alternaria tenuissima) and 3 species of non-pathogenic fungi (e.g., Thielavia microspora). Significant antibacterial activity (inhibition zone diameter >20 mm) was detected against 2 specialized forms of pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci and pv. angulata) and 7 non-pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Exiguobacterium). After application, X60 showed the control efficacy of 52.35% against tobacco leaf spot. Following treatment, the relative abundance of Pantoea—a genus of opportunistic bacteria dominating the infected tissue—increased, whereas bacterial diversity and richness initially declined and then recovered. Fungal richness decreased throughout the observation period, while fungal diversity exhibited a transient decrease followed by a rebound. The relative abundance of phytopathogenic fungi declined from 44.87% to 6.71%. Conclusion B. amyloliquefaciens X60 possesses a broad antimicrobial spectrum and exerts strong antagonistic activity against 25 fungal and 9 bacterial species colonizing the tobacco phyllosphere. Under field conditions, the strain provided 52.35% control of tobacco leaf spot and significantly reduced the abundance of foliar phytopathogens, demonstrating the potential as a biocontrol agent for the management of this disease.

, authors=Qinye ZHANG1, 2, Liuti CAI2, Hancheng WANG2, Xingjiang CHEN2, Ning LU2, Fei LI1, authorsList=Qinye ZHANG, Liuti CAI, Hancheng WANG, Xingjiang CHEN, Ning LU, Fei LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hancheng WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1280817726520275612, articleId=1280817722816705162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60对烟草叶际微生物拮抗活性及叶际微生态的影响, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 为研究解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60对烟草叶际微生物的拮抗活性,以及施用X60菌剂后对叶际微生物菌群的影响。 方法 采用生物活性测定法评价其对叶际20种致病真菌、15种非致病真菌、2种致病细菌及15种非致病细菌的拮抗活性,利用扩增子测序技术解析施用该菌剂对烟草叶际微生物菌群结构的影响。 结果 解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60对米根霉等13种致病真菌及哈茨木霉等12种非致病真菌的拮抗活性强,抑制率为60.00%-80.00%;对细极链格孢等7种致病真菌及小孢梭孢壳等3种非致病真菌的拮抗活性较弱(10.00%-59.00%);对丁香假单胞烟草致病变种、丁香假单胞杆菌角斑专化型2种致病细菌及微小杆菌等7种非致病细菌的抑菌圈直径均大于20 mm。X60菌剂田间施用后对叶斑病的防治效果为52.35%,感病组织中优势细菌泛菌的相对丰度升高,细菌多样性和丰富度先下降后上升;真菌丰富度下降,多样性先下降后上升,植物病原菌类群相对丰度由44.87%降至6.71%。 结论 解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60抗菌谱广,对烟草叶际的25种真菌及9种细菌具有强拮抗活性,对烟草叶斑病的田间防治效果为52.35%,施用后能有效降低叶际植物病原菌的丰度,该菌剂具有防控烟草叶斑病的应用潜力。

, authors=张琴叶1, 2, 蔡刘体2, 汪汉成2, 陈兴江2, 陆宁2, 李菲1, authorsList=张琴叶, 蔡刘体, 汪汉成, 陈兴江, 陆宁, 李菲, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=汪汉成, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

张琴叶:数据收集、处理和论文撰写;蔡刘体:提供技术支持;汪汉成:研究构思和设计以及论文修改;陈兴江:参与论文讨论;陆宁:协助实验操作;李菲:参与论文讨论。

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Tobacco Science & Technology, 2020, 53(2): 8-14 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1280925065453745112, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=55, issue=5, pageStart=9, pageEnd=16, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=46, authorNames=成瑜, 刘京, 高英明, 周家喜, 芶剑渝, 管景强, 邹晓, journalName=烟草科技, refType=null, unstructuredReference=成瑜, 刘京, 高英明, 周家喜, 芶剑渝, 管景强, 邹晓. 初烤和复烤对烟叶真菌群落结构的影响[J]. 烟草科技, 2022, 55(5): 9-16., articleTitle=初烤和复烤对烟叶真菌群落结构的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1280925065541825497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=55, issue=5, pageStart=9, pageEnd=16, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=47, authorNames=Cheng Y, Liu J, Gao YM, Zhou JX, Gou JY, Guan JQ, Zou X, journalName=Tobacco Science & Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cheng Y, Liu J, Gao YM, Zhou JX, Gou JY, Guan JQ, Zou X. Effects of flue-curing and redrying on fungal community structure of tobacco leaves[J]. Tobacco Science & Technology, 2022, 55(5): 9-16 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1280925059313284007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, awardId=null, language=EN, fundingSource=the “Top-level” Innovative Talents Project of Guizhou Province (Qian Ke He Platform Talents-GCC[2022]028-2, Qian Ke He Platform Talents-GCC[2023]108), and the Science and Technology Innovation Talent Team Project of Guizhou Province (Qian Ke He Platform Talents-CXTD[2023]021, Qian Ke He Foundation-ZK[2022]Key 033), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1280925051797091173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1280925051809674086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, companyId=1280925051797091173, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1280925051818062695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, companyId=1280925051797091173, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.贵州师范大学 生命科学学院,贵州 贵阳)]), AuthorCompany(id=1280925052073915240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1280925052086498153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, companyId=1280925052073915240, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, Guizhou, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1280925052099081066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, companyId=1280925052073915240, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.贵州省烟草科学研究院,贵州 贵阳)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1280925055999783827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Antagonistic effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens X60 to phyllosphere fungi. A: Antagonistic activity of B. amyloliquefaciens X60 against 20 pathogenic fungi (a: Rhizopus oryzae; b: Colletotrichum fructicola; c: Botryosphaeria dothidea; d: Nigrospora aurantiaca; e: Fusarium graminearum; f: Rhizoctonia solani AG-6; g: Rhizoctonia solani AG-5; h: Rhizoctonia solani AG-1B; i: Cercospora nicotianae; j: Corynespora cassiicola; k: Epicoccum sorghinum; l: Phytophthora nicotianae; m: Fusarium solani; n: Alternaria tenuissima; o: Fusarium equiset;p: Fusarium oxysporum; q: Alternaria longipes; r: Didymella glomerata; s: Fusarium asiaticum; t: Alternaria alternata); B: Inhibition rates of B. amyloliquefaciens X60 against 20 pathogenic fungi; C: Antagonistic activity of B. amyloliquefaciens X60 against 15 non-pathogenic fungi (a: Trichoderma harzianum; b: Arthrinium phaeospermum; c: Neofusicoccum parvum; d: Arthrinium urticae; e: Colletotrichum camelliae;f: Torulopsis candida; g: Penicillium chrysogenum; h: Pestalotiopsis menezesiana; i: Pleospora herbarum; j: Trichoderma reesei; k: Diaporthe actinidiae; l: Mucor fragilis; m: Thielavia microspora; n: Stemphylium globuliferum; o: Verruconis panacis); D: Inhibition rates of B. amyloliquefaciens X60 against 15 non-pathogenic fungi., figureFileSmall=nB0yNGlI+I5afJ4mvF6+Xw==, figureFileBig=1lnvAYSGJGHcPMTuk3qQyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925056071086996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, language=CN, label=图1, caption=解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60对叶际真菌的拮抗活性, figureFileSmall=nB0yNGlI+I5afJ4mvF6+Xw==, figureFileBig=1lnvAYSGJGHcPMTuk3qQyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925056150778773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Antagonistic effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens X60 to phyllosphere bacteria. A: Antagonistic activity of B. amyloliquefaciens X60 against 2 pathogenic bacteria (a: Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci; b: Pseudomonas syringae pv. angulata); B: Inhibition zone diameters of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens X60 against 2 pathogenic bacteria; C: Antagonistic activity of B. amyloliquefaciens X60 against 15 non-pathogenic bacteria (a: Exiguobacterium; b: Rhodococcus; c: Paenibacillus; d: Alcaligenes; e: Leclercia adecarboxylata; f: Pseudomonas syringae; g: Pseudomonas putida; h: Microbacterium; i: Pantoea agglomerans; j: Pseudarthrobacter; k: Delftia; l: Comamonas; m: Acinetobacter; n: Leucobacter; o: Erwinia); D: Inhibition zone diameters of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens X60 against 15 non-pathogenic bacteria., figureFileSmall=/fCYC/1W7jEMRxS8U6UOBQ==, figureFileBig=8ObP/cIonxNmvzhZE3Sl1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925056251442070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, language=CN, label=图2, caption=解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60对叶际细菌的拮抗活性, figureFileSmall=/fCYC/1W7jEMRxS8U6UOBQ==, figureFileBig=8ObP/cIonxNmvzhZE3Sl1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925056339522455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Petal plots of bacterial (A) and fungal (B) communities in tobacco phyllosphere after treatment with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens X60. The numbers in the diagram represent the number of unique and shared ASVs among different treatment groups. XB1: Diseased tobacco leaves before application; XJ1: Healthy tobacco leaves before application; XB2: Diseased tobacco leaves 1 day after application; XJ2: Healthy tobacco leaves 1 day after application; XB3: Diseased tobacco leaves 10 days after application; XJ3: Healthy tobacco leaves 10 days after application., figureFileSmall=4uSpO+RDeyojkB36oiasAQ==, figureFileBig=H5OjSkllJ1yHPiCGdTD9+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925056435991448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, language=CN, label=图3, caption=解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60处理后烟叶叶际细菌(A)和真菌(B)花瓣图, figureFileSmall=4uSpO+RDeyojkB36oiasAQ==, figureFileBig=H5OjSkllJ1yHPiCGdTD9+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925056511488921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Box plots of alpha diversity of phyllosphere bacteria (A) and fungi (B) in tobacco leaves treated with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens X60. ***: P<0.001; **: P<0.01; *: P<0.05., figureFileSmall=1CfdwfhF5vP1kZebD5NTtg==, figureFileBig=l5TUEUGx2OiC4UPfyv2nhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925056586986394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, language=CN, label=图4, caption=解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60处理后烟叶叶际细菌(A)与真菌(B) α多样性箱型图, figureFileSmall=1CfdwfhF5vP1kZebD5NTtg==, figureFileBig=l5TUEUGx2OiC4UPfyv2nhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925058264707995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Beta diversity index of bacterial (A) and fungal (B) communities in tobacco leaves after treatment with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens X60., figureFileSmall=nCCuO9ACAX32hXfAq48GFg==, figureFileBig=RQ3xn6s7O29IcPW+2gpSCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925058340205468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, language=CN, label=图5, caption=解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60处理后叶际细菌(A)与真菌(B) β多样性指数, figureFileSmall=nCCuO9ACAX32hXfAq48GFg==, figureFileBig=RQ3xn6s7O29IcPW+2gpSCA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925058424091549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Relative abundance of phyllosphere bacteria (A, B) and fungi (C, D) at the phylum and genus levels after treatment with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens X60., figureFileSmall=ODO9MY8lF7eAgLjXogGEPw==, figureFileBig=tOGwWaoyOIa/74zbQ0iF2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925058495394718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, language=CN, label=图6, caption=解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60处理后叶际细菌(AB)、真菌(CD)门和属水平相对丰度, figureFileSmall=ODO9MY8lF7eAgLjXogGEPw==, figureFileBig=tOGwWaoyOIa/74zbQ0iF2w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925058575086495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=LEfSe analysis of significantly differential taxa in bacterial (A, B) and fungal (C, D) communities among different treatment groups., figureFileSmall=Fh8YUUWmax1xF/eUv3tZ4w==, figureFileBig=qn0XqI4vHcurO6iGV9CYhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925058654778272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同处理组间细菌(AB)与真菌(CD)群落显著差异类群的LEfSe分析, figureFileSmall=Fh8YUUWmax1xF/eUv3tZ4w==, figureFileBig=qn0XqI4vHcurO6iGV9CYhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925058730275745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Functional prediction heatmap of phyllosphere bacteria (A) and fungi (B) in tobacco leaves after treatment with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens X60., figureFileSmall=7ZUlOMFv3AVdL3UmGoAC8g==, figureFileBig=ekvqsg2xF44mtBqA3rDbxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925058809967522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, language=CN, label=图8, caption=解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60处理后烟叶叶际细菌(A)、真菌(B)功能预测热图, figureFileSmall=7ZUlOMFv3AVdL3UmGoAC8g==, figureFileBig=ekvqsg2xF44mtBqA3rDbxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925058885464995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Tested isolates

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsPathogenic strainsNon-pathogenic strains
Fungi米根霉Rhizopus oryzae哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum
果生炭疽Colletotrichum fructicola暗孢节菱孢Arthrinium phaeospermum
葡萄座腔菌Botryosphaeria dothidea小新壳梭孢Neofusicoccum parvum
球黑孢霉Nigrospora aurantiaca荨麻节菱孢Arthrinium urticae
禾谷镰孢Fusarium graminearum山茶炭疽Colletotrichum camelliae
立枯丝核菌AG-6 Rhizoctonia solani AG-6白球拟酵母Torulopsis candida
立枯丝核菌AG-5 Rhizoctonia solani AG-5产黄青霉Penicillium chrysogenum
立枯丝核菌 AG-1B Rhizoctonia solani AG-1B小孢拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis menezesiana
烟草尾孢菌Cercospora nicotianae枯叶格孢腔菌Pleospora herbarum
多主棒孢霉Corynespora cassiicola里氏木霉Trichoderma reesei
高粱附球菌Epicoccum sorghinum拟茎点霉Diaporthe actinidiae
烟草疫霉Phytophthora nicotianae易脆毛霉Mucor fragilis
腐皮镰孢Fusarium solani小孢梭孢壳Thielavia microspora
细极链格孢Alternaria tenuissima球状匍柄霉Stemphylium globuliferum
木贼镰孢Fusarium equiseti盾壳霉Verruconis panacis
尖镰孢Fusarium oxysporum
长柄链格孢Alternaria longipes
亚隔孢Didymella glomerata
亚洲镰孢Fusarium asiaticum
链格孢Alternaria alternata
Bacteria

丁香假单胞菌烟草致病变种

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci

微小杆菌Exiguobacterium sp.
红球菌Rhodococcus sp.

丁香假单胞杆菌角斑专化型

Pseudomonas syringae pv. angulata

类芽孢杆菌Paenibacillus sp.
产碱杆菌Alcaligenes sp.
非脱羧勒克菌Leclercia adecarboxylata
丁香假单胞菌Pseudomonas syringae
恶臭假单胞菌Pseudomonas putida
微杆菌Microbacterium sp.
成团泛菌Pantoea agglomerans
假节杆菌Pseudarthrobacter sp.
戴尔福特菌Delftia sp.
丛毛单胞菌Comamonas sp.
不动杆菌Acinetobacter sp.
驹形氏亮杆菌Leucobacter sp.
欧式杆菌Erwinia sp.
), ArticleFig(id=1280925058986128292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

供试菌株

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsPathogenic strainsNon-pathogenic strains
Fungi米根霉Rhizopus oryzae哈茨木霉Trichoderma harzianum
果生炭疽Colletotrichum fructicola暗孢节菱孢Arthrinium phaeospermum
葡萄座腔菌Botryosphaeria dothidea小新壳梭孢Neofusicoccum parvum
球黑孢霉Nigrospora aurantiaca荨麻节菱孢Arthrinium urticae
禾谷镰孢Fusarium graminearum山茶炭疽Colletotrichum camelliae
立枯丝核菌AG-6 Rhizoctonia solani AG-6白球拟酵母Torulopsis candida
立枯丝核菌AG-5 Rhizoctonia solani AG-5产黄青霉Penicillium chrysogenum
立枯丝核菌 AG-1B Rhizoctonia solani AG-1B小孢拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis menezesiana
烟草尾孢菌Cercospora nicotianae枯叶格孢腔菌Pleospora herbarum
多主棒孢霉Corynespora cassiicola里氏木霉Trichoderma reesei
高粱附球菌Epicoccum sorghinum拟茎点霉Diaporthe actinidiae
烟草疫霉Phytophthora nicotianae易脆毛霉Mucor fragilis
腐皮镰孢Fusarium solani小孢梭孢壳Thielavia microspora
细极链格孢Alternaria tenuissima球状匍柄霉Stemphylium globuliferum
木贼镰孢Fusarium equiseti盾壳霉Verruconis panacis
尖镰孢Fusarium oxysporum
长柄链格孢Alternaria longipes
亚隔孢Didymella glomerata
亚洲镰孢Fusarium asiaticum
链格孢Alternaria alternata
Bacteria

丁香假单胞菌烟草致病变种

Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci

微小杆菌Exiguobacterium sp.
红球菌Rhodococcus sp.

丁香假单胞杆菌角斑专化型

Pseudomonas syringae pv. angulata

类芽孢杆菌Paenibacillus sp.
产碱杆菌Alcaligenes sp.
非脱羧勒克菌Leclercia adecarboxylata
丁香假单胞菌Pseudomonas syringae
恶臭假单胞菌Pseudomonas putida
微杆菌Microbacterium sp.
成团泛菌Pantoea agglomerans
假节杆菌Pseudarthrobacter sp.
戴尔福特菌Delftia sp.
丛毛单胞菌Comamonas sp.
不动杆菌Acinetobacter sp.
驹形氏亮杆菌Leucobacter sp.
欧式杆菌Erwinia sp.
), ArticleFig(id=1280925059065820069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sample collection information for phyllosphere microbial community structure analysis

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Sample typeHealthy tissueInfected tissue
0 d1 d10 d0 d1 d10 d
Sample numberXJ11XJ21XJ31XB11XB21XB31
XJ12XJ22XJ32XB12XB22XB32
XJ13XJ23XJ33XB13XB23XB33
Group numberXJ1XJ2XJ3XB1XB2XB3
), ArticleFig(id=1280925059149706150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817722816705162, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

叶际微生物群落结构检测样品采集信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample typeHealthy tissueInfected tissue
0 d1 d10 d0 d1 d10 d
Sample numberXJ11XJ21XJ31XB11XB21XB31
XJ12XJ22XJ32XB12XB22XB32
XJ13XJ23XJ33XB13XB23XB33
Group numberXJ1XJ2XJ3XB1XB2XB3
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解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60对烟草叶际微生物拮抗活性及叶际微生态的影响
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张琴叶 1, 2 , 蔡刘体 2 , 汪汉成 2 , 陈兴江 2 , 陆宁 2 , 李菲 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(7): 3580-3596
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (7) : 3580 -3596
解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60对烟草叶际微生物拮抗活性及叶际微生态的影响
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张琴叶1, 2, 蔡刘体2, 汪汉成2 , 陈兴江2, 陆宁2, 李菲1
作者信息
  • 1.贵州师范大学 生命科学学院,贵州 贵阳
  • 2.贵州省烟草科学研究院,贵州 贵阳
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

张琴叶:数据收集、处理和论文撰写;蔡刘体:提供技术支持;汪汉成:研究构思和设计以及论文修改;陈兴江:参与论文讨论;陆宁:协助实验操作;李菲:参与论文讨论。

Antagonistic activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens X60 against tobacco phyllosphere microorganisms and its impact on phyllosphere microbial community structure
Qinye ZHANG1, 2, Liuti CAI2, Hancheng WANG2 , Xingjiang CHEN2, Ning LU2, Fei LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Life Sciences, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
  • 2.Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
出版时间: 2026-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260015
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目的 为研究解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60对烟草叶际微生物的拮抗活性,以及施用X60菌剂后对叶际微生物菌群的影响。 方法 采用生物活性测定法评价其对叶际20种致病真菌、15种非致病真菌、2种致病细菌及15种非致病细菌的拮抗活性,利用扩增子测序技术解析施用该菌剂对烟草叶际微生物菌群结构的影响。 结果 解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60对米根霉等13种致病真菌及哈茨木霉等12种非致病真菌的拮抗活性强,抑制率为60.00%-80.00%;对细极链格孢等7种致病真菌及小孢梭孢壳等3种非致病真菌的拮抗活性较弱(10.00%-59.00%);对丁香假单胞烟草致病变种、丁香假单胞杆菌角斑专化型2种致病细菌及微小杆菌等7种非致病细菌的抑菌圈直径均大于20 mm。X60菌剂田间施用后对叶斑病的防治效果为52.35%,感病组织中优势细菌泛菌的相对丰度升高,细菌多样性和丰富度先下降后上升;真菌丰富度下降,多样性先下降后上升,植物病原菌类群相对丰度由44.87%降至6.71%。 结论 解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60抗菌谱广,对烟草叶际的25种真菌及9种细菌具有强拮抗活性,对烟草叶斑病的田间防治效果为52.35%,施用后能有效降低叶际植物病原菌的丰度,该菌剂具有防控烟草叶斑病的应用潜力。

解淀粉芽孢杆菌  /  拮抗活性  /  防治效果  /  扩增子测序

Objective To investigate the antagonistic activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens X60 against tobacco phyllosphere microorganisms and its effects on the phyllosphere microbial community of tobacco. Methods Bioactivity assays were conducted to evaluate the antagonistic effects of B. amyloliquefaciens X60 against 20 species of pathogenic fungi, 15 species of non-pathogenic fungi, 2 specialized forms of pathogenic bacteria, and 15 species of non-pathogenic bacteria. Amplicon sequencing was employed to assess the influence of this strain on the phyllosphere microbial community structure. Results B. amyloliquefaciens X60 exhibited strong antagonistic activity (inhibition rates of 60.00%-80.00%) against 13 species of pathogenic fungi (e.g., Rhizopus oryzae) and 12 species of non-pathogenic fungi (e.g., Trichoderma harzianum). Moderate antagonism (inhibition rates of 10.00%-59.00%) was observed against 7 species of pathogenic fungi (e.g., Alternaria tenuissima) and 3 species of non-pathogenic fungi (e.g., Thielavia microspora). Significant antibacterial activity (inhibition zone diameter >20 mm) was detected against 2 specialized forms of pathogenic bacteria (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci and pv. angulata) and 7 non-pathogenic bacteria (e.g., Exiguobacterium). After application, X60 showed the control efficacy of 52.35% against tobacco leaf spot. Following treatment, the relative abundance of Pantoea—a genus of opportunistic bacteria dominating the infected tissue—increased, whereas bacterial diversity and richness initially declined and then recovered. Fungal richness decreased throughout the observation period, while fungal diversity exhibited a transient decrease followed by a rebound. The relative abundance of phytopathogenic fungi declined from 44.87% to 6.71%. Conclusion B. amyloliquefaciens X60 possesses a broad antimicrobial spectrum and exerts strong antagonistic activity against 25 fungal and 9 bacterial species colonizing the tobacco phyllosphere. Under field conditions, the strain provided 52.35% control of tobacco leaf spot and significantly reduced the abundance of foliar phytopathogens, demonstrating the potential as a biocontrol agent for the management of this disease.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens  /  antagonistic activity  /  disease control efficacy  /  amplicon sequencing
张琴叶, 蔡刘体, 汪汉成, 陈兴江, 陆宁, 李菲. 解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60对烟草叶际微生物拮抗活性及叶际微生态的影响. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3580 -3596 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260015
Qinye ZHANG, Liuti CAI, Hancheng WANG, Xingjiang CHEN, Ning LU, Fei LI. Antagonistic activity of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens X60 against tobacco phyllosphere microorganisms and its impact on phyllosphere microbial community structure[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3580 -3596 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260015
解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)是芽孢杆菌科革兰氏阳性细菌,可形成芽孢并分泌脂肽类抗生素、蛋白酶和纤维素酶等多种抑菌物质,具有广谱拮抗活性[1],其菌剂产品在农业病害防治中应用广泛。已有研究表明,解淀粉芽孢杆菌XJ-BV2007对链格孢(Alternaria alternata) H10的抑制率可达72.72%[2],解淀粉芽孢杆菌YN201728对白粉病菌的孢子萌发抑制率达92.07%[3],菌株KRS005对灰霉病的抑制率高达90.3%[4],菌株YZU-SG146对大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)的菌丝生长和孢子萌发抑制率分别为89.22%和68.20%[5]。截至目前,在我国登记的解淀粉芽孢杆菌菌剂产品有解淀粉芽孢杆菌KN-527 (武汉科诺生物科技股份有限公司,中国农药信息网)等,已被用于灰霉病等多种真菌病害的防控。
烟草叶际拥有特殊的微生态环境,栖息着大量真菌、细菌、病毒、原生动物和线虫等微生物。已有研究表明,烟草叶际微生态系统中存在多种核心病原真菌类群,主要包括链格孢(Alternaria alternata)[6]、立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)[7]和多主棒孢霉(Corynesporacassiicola)[8]等。这些病原微生物引发的叶斑类病害在我国各主要烟区普遍发生,叶斑病的流行规律、致病机制及防控技术已成为植物病理学研究的重要领域;同时叶际还存在木霉(Trichoderma sp.)、节菱孢(Arthrinium sp.)等多种非致病菌[9]。生防菌剂在应用中受关注的重点通常是对靶标病菌的抑菌活性及对病害的防治效果,而其对靶标病原菌以外的其他叶际微生物的抑菌活性却鲜有研究。为此,有必要开展生防菌对病原菌及非靶标菌的拮抗活性测定,并评价其施用后烟草叶际微生态的变化规律。
本实验室前期获得了一株生防菌解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60 (保藏号CCTCC No: M 2013375),该菌株对茄科劳尔氏菌(Ralstonia solanacearum)具有一定的抑制活性[10],同时具有广泛的碳氮源利用特性。该菌株在30-37 ℃、pH 6.0-7.0条件下较为稳定,活菌浓度可达1×1010-1×1012 CFU/mL[11]。为更好地评价解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60的应用潜力,本研究采用室内平板拮抗法测定了其对烟草叶际20种致病真菌、15种非致病真菌、2种致病细菌及15种非致病细菌的拮抗活性,同时采用Illumina扩增子测序技术解析其对叶际真菌和细菌群落的调控规律,以期为解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60菌剂的应用开发提供参考。
解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60由贵州省烟草科学研究院分离鉴定,保藏号CCTCC No: M 2013375。各待测菌株见表1,所有菌株均由贵州省烟草科学研究院分离保存。
PDA培养基(g/L):马铃薯200.0,葡萄糖20.0,琼脂18.0;NA培养基(g/L):牛肉浸膏3.0,胰蛋白胨5.0,氯化钠5.0,琼脂15.0。
采用对峙培养法[12]测定供试真菌的抗菌谱。将PDA培养基和NA培养基按体积1:1混合,倒入直径90 mm培养皿中待用。使用无菌打孔器在待测致病真菌菌落边缘打制直径5 mm菌碟,接种于平板中央。采用无菌接种环在菌碟左右两侧对称接种生防菌X60,同时在另外两侧对称接种无菌水作为对照。置于28 ℃条件下黑暗培养4 d,分别测量对照菌落及处理菌落直径,并计算抑制率[13],如公式(1)所示。
菌落生长抑制=对照菌落直径(mm)-处理菌落直径(mm)对照菌落直径(mm)×100%
采用喷雾法[10]测定供试细菌的抗菌谱。将生防菌X60接种于平板中央,28 ℃黑暗培养2 d。将待测细菌配制成浓度为1×106 CFU/mL的菌悬液,使用喷雾法将其均匀喷施于上述含生防菌平板表面,以喷施等量无菌水为对照,28 ℃黑暗培养24 h后采用十字交叉法测量抑菌圈大小[10]
取发酵罐制备的X60发酵液50 mL,于4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心15 min,小心弃去含有培养基成分的上清液。随后使用等体积预冷的无菌磷酸盐缓冲液(0.05 mol/L, pH 7.2)轻柔重悬菌体沉淀,并重复上述步骤2次,以最大限度去除附着于菌体或混杂于其中的培养基营养物质。最终,将清洗后的菌体沉淀重悬于50 mL无菌蒸馏水中,形成X60菌体悬液。采用平板涂布计数法测定X60菌体悬液与原始发酵液中的活菌浓度,并使用无菌蒸馏水将二者均调整至1×109 CFU/mL。
于烟叶成熟期选取叶斑病发生的田块进行田间试验,试验时田间除叶斑病外还零星发生赤星病、靶斑病等。将原浓度为1×109 CFU/mL的X60菌悬液用清水稀释成浓度约为1×107 CFU/mL的菌液,使用农用多功能喷雾器将每9 L生防菌液均匀喷施于30株烟叶叶片表面,以出现叶面径流为准,并以喷施等量清水作为对照。各处理于施药前及施药后1 d和10 d分别采集健康烟叶组织与感病烟叶组织各10 g,并迅速带回实验室-80 ℃保存、备用,各样品代号如表2所示。于施药后10 d参照烟草病级调查的国家标准(GB/T 23222—2008)[14]进行病情指数调查,调查时因田间零星出现多种病害,将其共同归于叶斑类病害进行统计,参考芶剑渝等[15]的方法计算病情指数及田间防效,计算如公式(2)、(3)、(4)所示。
防治效果=对照组病斑直-处理组病斑直对照组病斑直×100%
病情指数=(各级病株×相对级数)调查总株×最高级数×100%
相对防效=对照组病情指-处理组病情指对照组病情指×100%
将田间采集的健康与感病烟叶组织进行前期处理,用无菌剪刀剪取烟叶样品10 g放入500 mL三角瓶,加入100 mL无菌磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 7.0,含0.1% Tween-80),170 r/min振荡30 min收集菌悬液,重复以上步骤3次。将获得的150 mL菌悬液加入无菌收菌瓶,4 ℃、12 000 r/min离心20 min收集叶际微生物后,用无菌水将得到的菌斑洗脱收集至1.5 mL离心管。以施用菌剂前的样品作为对照组,施用后1 d和10 d作为实验组,每个处理设置3次重复。于2025年7月送至北京诺禾致源科技股份有限公司进行叶际微生物DNA提取及扩增子高通量测序。
采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB)法进行烟叶叶际微生物基因组DNA的提取,用琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测样品DNA的纯度。将提取的DNA置于离心管中,用无菌水稀释至浓度为1 ng/μL作为模板,分别使用真菌引物ITS1-5F-F (5′- GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG-3′)和ITS1-1F-R (5′-GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3′)、细菌引物515F (5′-GTGCCAGCMGCCGCGGTAA-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′)对真菌和细菌进行PCR扩增。对已扩增完成的产物进行等量混样和纯化后构建基因文库,用Illumina平台进行测序分析。参考Mullis等[16]的方法进行多样性测序与分析,以上PCR扩增及测序委托北京诺禾致源科技股份有限公司完成,分别从叶际真菌和细菌的微生物群落结构、α多样性、β多样性、功能预测等角度分析X60应用后对叶际微生态的影响。
原始读长序列在QIIME 2中处理,使用cutadapt插件修剪接头和引物序列。再使用QIIME 2软件的DADA2插件对数据进行质量过滤、降噪、拼接及去嵌合体,并基于扩增子序列变异(amplicon sequence variants, ASVs)进行序列聚类。利用QIIME软件对不同时间序列样本的微生物群落多样性(香农和辛普森指数)、丰富度(Chao1指数)、覆盖率指数和β多样性进行计算。用R语言工具统计并绘制真菌、细菌花瓣图、物种积累箱形图、门属水平相对丰度图,分析样品微生物群落结构与多样性。真菌使用UNIT (8.2)进行注释,细菌使用SILVA 132的SSU rRNA数据库进行注释。以上过程在北京诺禾致源科技股份有限公司完成。使用Excel 2022对调查数据进行统计分析处理,计算X60对烟草叶斑病的田间防效。采用Adobe Photoshop CS5对相关图片进行处理。
拮抗活性测定结果显示,X60对米根霉(Rhizopus oryzae)、果生炭疽菌(Colletotrichum fructicola)、葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)、球黑孢霉(Nigrospora aurantiaca)、禾谷镰孢(Fusarium graminearum)、立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani) AG-6、立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani) AG-5、立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)AG-1B、烟草尾孢菌(Cercospora nicotianae)、多主棒孢霉(Corynespora cassiicola)、高粱附球菌(Epicoccum sorghinum)、烟草疫霉(Phytophthora nicotianae)、腐皮镰孢(Fusarium solani)等13种致病真菌具有较强的抑制作用,抑制率分别为80.00%、78.75%、77.50%、71.25%、71.25%、68.75%、68.75%、67.50%、66.67%、66.67%、65.38%、63.64%和62.50%;对细极链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima)、木贼镰孢(Fusarium equiset)、尖镰孢(Fusarium oxysporum)、长柄链格孢(Alternaria longipes)、亚隔孢壳(Didymella glomerata)、亚洲镰孢(Fusarium asiaticum)、链格孢(Alternaria alternata)等7种致病真菌的抑制作用较弱,抑制率分别为59.46%、58.00%、56.34%、55.00%、53.85%、53.62%和10.00% (图1A1B)。
X60对15种非致病真菌表现出不同的拮抗活性,X60对哈茨木霉菌(Trichoderma harzianum)、暗孢节菱孢菌(Arthrinium phaeospermum)、小新壳梭孢菌(Neofusicoccum parvum)、荨麻节菱孢(Arthrinium urticae)、山茶炭疽菌(Colletotrichum camelliae)、白球拟酵母(Torulopsis candida)、产黄青霉(Penicillium chrysogenum)、小孢拟盘多毛孢(Pestalotiopsis menezesiana)、枯叶格孢腔菌(Pleospora herbarum)、里氏木霉(Trichoderma reesei)、拟茎点霉菌(Diaporthe actinidiae)、易脆毛霉(Mucor fragilis)等12种非致病真菌具有较强的抑制作用,抑制率分别为77.50%、77.50%、75.00%、73.75%、72.97%、72.00%、71.25%、69.09%、68.97%、68.75%、68.00%和66.25%;对小孢梭孢壳(Thielavia microspora)、球状匍柄霉(Stemphylium globuliferum)、盾壳霉(Verruconis panacis) 3种非致病真菌的抑制作用较弱,抑制率分别为54.29%、45.45%和37.50% (图1C1D)。
X60对丁香假单胞烟草致病变种(Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci)、丁香假单胞杆菌角斑专化型(Pseudomonas syringae pv. angulata) 2种致病细菌具有强拮抗活性,抑菌圈分别为33 mm和30 mm。对微小杆菌(Exiguobacterium)、红球菌(Rhodococcus)、类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus)、产碱杆菌(Alcaligenes)、非脱羧勒克菌(Leclercia adecarboxylata)、假单胞菌(Pseudomonas syringae)、恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida) 7种非致病细菌具有强拮抗活性,抑菌圈分别为45、32、32、32、27、25、20 mm;对微杆菌属(Microbacterium)、成团泛菌(Pantoea agglomerans)、假节杆菌(Pseudarthrobacter) 3种非致病细菌具有弱拮抗活性,抑菌圈分别为18、14、11 mm;对戴尔福特菌(Delftia)、丛毛单胞菌(Comamonas)、不动杆菌(Acinetobacter)、驹形氏亮杆菌(Leucobacter)、欧式杆菌(Erwinia) 5种非致病细菌无拮抗活性(图2)。
田间防治效果调查结果显示,X60菌剂施用后10 d,对叶斑病的病斑抑制率为(35.00±2.46)%,防治效果为(52.35±1.22)%。
施用解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60菌剂前后,烟叶样品16S rRNA基因序列和ITS序列经过滤和优化后分别获得1 499 835条和1 398 009条高质量序列片段,600 550 067个和306 393 637个碱基,序列平均长度分别为426 bp和226 bp。原始测序数据已存储于NCBI的GenBank数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/),细菌与真菌原始测序数据的GenBank登录号分别为PRJNA1414225和PRJNA1414174。
经聚类分析,所有样本共获得445个细菌扩增子序列变体(ASVs)和1 454个真菌ASVs。各处理组样本的ASVs数量分布如图3所示:施药前感病(XB1)和健康(XJ1)样本中分别含有52个和8个细菌ASVs以及229个和335个真菌ASVs;施药后1 d感病(XB2)和健康(XJ2)样本中分别含有35个和43个细菌ASVs以及166个和216个真菌ASVs;施药后10 d感病(XB3)和健康(XJ3)样本中分别含有99个和30个细菌ASVs以及70个和129个真菌ASVs。所有6个细菌样本组间共有14个ASVs,占总数的3.14%;所有真菌样本组间共有36个ASVs,占总数的2.48%。细菌类群中以肠杆菌目(Enterobacterales, 33.93%)占比最高,其次为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas, 11.91%)、泛菌属(Pantoea, 7.19%)和鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas, 7.19%)。真菌类群则以座囊菌纲(Dothideomycetes, 17.02%)、粪壳菌纲(Sordariomycetes, 12.60%)和伞菌纲(Agaricomycetes, 7.89%)为主要优势类群。
多样性指数(Shannon、Simpson)和丰富度指数(Chao1)结果如图4所示。施用X60前,感病组织的细菌多样性和丰富度均大于健康组织。施用X60后,感病组织的细菌多样性和丰富度在1 d时下降,在10 d时大幅度上升;健康组织的多样性和丰富度持续上升。施用X60前,感病组织的真菌丰富度显著低于健康组织,多样性指数显著高于健康组织。施用X60后,感病和健康组织的丰富度均持续下降,感病组织的多样性在1 d时显著下降,10 d时显著上升。
主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)用于解析感病与健康组织中真、细菌在群落组成上的差异。施用X60后,0、1、10 d导致感病与健康组织细菌组成差异的主因素PC1、PC2分别占全部影响因素的10.90%和9.33%。0 d时健康组织中的细菌不与其他时间点的组织细菌聚集,说明施药前健康组织中细菌组成与其他时间点的组织细菌组成存在一定差异(图5A)。导致感病与健康组织真菌组成差异的主因素PC1、PC2分别占全部影响因素的21.56%和10.50%。0 d和药后10 d时感病组织的真菌组成与其他时间点的感病与健康组织真菌组成存在较大差异,说明X60的施用影响了感病组织中真菌的群落结构(图5B)。
解淀粉芽孢杆菌菌剂X60施用前及施用后,门水平上的优势细菌均为假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota),属水平上的优势细菌均为泛菌属(Pantoea)。施用X60前,该属在感病与健康烟叶中的相对丰度分别为47.08%和78.00%;施用后1 d和10 d,该属在感病与健康烟叶中的相对丰度分别为88.50%、60.68%、54.15%和45.21%。对比可知,施用X60后1 d和10 d时感病组织中泛菌属相对丰度均升高,健康组织中泛菌属相对丰度均降低。第二优势类群为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas),其在0 d时感病与健康烟叶中的相对丰度分别为6.17%和1.53%;施用后1 d,其在感病组织中的相对丰度显著降低(0.01%),在健康组织中的相对丰度显著升高(19.34%);施用后10 d,假单胞菌属在感病组织中的相对丰度大幅度上升(8.00%)、在健康组织中的相对丰度大幅度下降(3.89%) (图6A6B)。
优势真菌分别为担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和子囊菌门(Ascomycota),属水平上的优势真菌主要为桑帕约氏酵母属(Sampaiozyma),其在施用X60后0、1、10 d的感病和健康组织中的相对丰度分别为42.95%、77.93%、78.60%、71.69%、37.83%和80.83%。施用前的感病组织中,轮枝菌属(Verticillium)、小不整球壳属(Plectosphaerella)和积霉属(Cumuliphoma)均占有较高的相对丰度,分别为27.44%、17.04%和1.01%;施用X60后1 d,感病组织中轮枝菌属、小不整球壳属和积霉属的相对丰度均显著降低,分别为0.74%、5.76%和0.25%;施用X60后10 d,感病组织中积霉属和小不整球壳属的相对丰度均显著升高,分别为27.69%和17.28%,轮枝菌属的相对丰度无显著变化(0.53%)。在施用X60前及施用后1 d和10 d的健康组织中,镰孢属、炭疽菌属、轮枝菌属、小不整球壳属和积霉属的相对丰度均小于1% (图6C6D)。
图7所示,通过对叶际微生物群落进行LEfSe分析(LDA>4)发现,解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60的施用对感病与健康烟叶的微生物区系产生了差异化影响。细菌群落分析表明,X60的影响具有状态依赖性与时间动态性。在感病组织中,处理初期(1 d)仅有肠杆菌目富集;10 d时富集类群增多,包括肠杆菌科、α-变形杆菌纲、鞘脂单胞菌目、生丝微菌目及根瘤菌科等。此模式提示X60可能逐渐改变了感病叶片的微环境,从而选择了这些在代谢多样性、环境适应或微共生方面具有特定优势的细菌类群。相比之下,健康组织对X60的响应更早,处理1 d后即富集了以假单胞菌目、芽孢杆菌门及芽孢杆菌纲为代表的类群,这些类群富含已知的生防菌资源,其快速富集可能意味着X60迅速激活或协同了健康叶片固有的有益细菌群落。处理后10 d,健康组织中仅γ-变形菌纲与假单胞菌门保持富集,反映出群落从广泛响应向特定类群稳定定殖的过渡。
真菌群落分析同样揭示了处理前后的显著变化。在感病组织中,施用X60前富集的类群如子囊菌门、粪壳菌纲、轮枝菌属等多包含潜在的病原真菌,指示了病害发生时的初始群落状态。施用X60后10 d,富集类群转变为以链格孢科、座囊菌纲、壳针孢目等为主,这可能标志着真菌群落的优势从病原相关类群向更常见的腐生或内生类群演替,暗示了X60对病原真菌的抑制或对群落结构的调控作用。在健康组织中,X60处理10 d后富集了担子菌门、微球黑粉菌纲等类群,其功能多样,可能有助于增强群落稳定性或引入新的生态功能。
功能预测分析显示,X60处理后1 d,感病组织的细菌功能通路中核苷酸代谢(nucleotide metabolism)、癌症:代谢(cancer: overview)的相对丰度显著升高,碳水化合物代谢(carbohydrate metabolism)、萜类化合物和聚酮化合物的代谢(metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides)、能量代谢(energy metabolism)、膜运输(membrane transport)、翻译(translation)、内分泌系统(endocrine system)的相对丰度显著下降;10 d时转录(transcription)、免疫疾病(immune disease)、发育与再生(development and regeneration)的相对丰度显著上升,核苷酸代谢(nucleotide metabolism)、癌症:代谢(cancer: overview)的相对丰度显著下降(图8A)。
叶际真菌经FUNGuild功能预测分析发现,X60处理后1 d,感病组织中Animal_Pathogen-Dung_Saprotroph-Endophyte-Plant_Saprotroph-Soil_Saprotroph-Wood_Saprotroph营养型的相对丰度显著下降,Plant_Pathogen-Soil_Saprotroph-Wood_Saprotroph、Endophyte-Plant_Pathogen、Plant_Pathogen-Wood_Saprotroph 3个营养型真菌的相对丰度显著上升。10 d时Plant_Pathogen营养型的相对丰度显著上升,Plant_Pathogen-Soil_Saprotroph-Wood_Saprotroph、Endophyte-Plant_Pathogen、Plant_Pathogen-Wood_Saprotroph、Endophyte-Plant_Pathogen-Wood_Saprotroph、Undefined_Saprotroph-Wood_Saprotroph 5个营养型的相对丰度显著下降(图8B)。
解淀粉芽孢杆菌常作为生防菌使用[17],已有研究表明其可影响宿主植株的次生代谢产物生物合成、植物激素信号转导等生物学功能[18],并被证明对包括细菌、真菌、线虫和原生动物在内的多种微生物具有活性[19-22]。解淀粉芽孢杆菌D5-ARV可分泌十五烷酸和己二酸双(2-乙基己基)酯2种抗菌物质,对尖镰孢菌、禾谷镰孢、灰葡萄孢菌等多种真菌均具有抑制效果[23]。解淀粉芽孢杆菌JDF630中含有伊枯草菌素和表面活性素2种抗菌肽,对极细链格孢菌等引起的病害具有良好的防治效果[24]。本研究中,解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60对13种致病真菌和12种非致病真菌的拮抗活性较强,抑制率为60.00%- 80.00%;对2种致病细菌和7种非致病细菌的拮抗活性极强,抑菌圈直径均大于20 mm。该结果与Wang等[25]研究的贝莱斯芽孢杆菌WL-23对5种猕猴桃病原真菌和2种病原细菌的抑制效果相似,进一步证实了解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60抑菌活性的广谱性,对烟叶叶部多种真菌性和细菌性病原均具有抑菌活性。田间试验结果显示,解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60施用后10 d,对叶斑病的病斑抑制率为(35.00±2.46)%,病情防治效果为(52.35±1.22)%,该结果与其他解淀粉芽孢杆菌对植物病害的防治效果相当[26-27],进一步证实了其在植物病害防控上的应用潜力。
高通量测序分析揭示了X60对不同生态位致病菌的差异化调控机制。针对潜在致病菌轮枝菌属,X60表现出强效且持久的压制能力。感病组织中轮枝菌属的相对丰度由施药前的27.44%骤降至施药后1 d的0.74%,且在施药后10 d持续维持在0.53%的水平,表明X60定殖后能有效阻断轮枝菌属的次级侵染循环。此外,叶际常见的广谱性病原菌镰孢属和炭疽菌属在试验期间的相对丰度始终维持在0.20%以下,证实了X60抑菌谱的广度及其预防多病原复合侵染的潜力。施用X60后1 d,感病组织的真菌α多样性指数(Shannon、Simpson)及丰富度指数(Chao1)均显著降低,该现象与施用12%苯甲氟酰胺悬浮剂后的叶际微生态演替规律高度一致[28]。这表明高浓度外源生防菌在定殖初期通过强烈的生态位竞争与抑菌物质分泌,对包括非靶标菌在内的叶际微生物产生广谱压制。
叶际优势病原菌的演替现象揭示了生物防治中潜在的生态位竞争风险。小不整球壳属的相对丰度在X60施用后1 d由17.04%显著降至5.76%,但在10 d后回升至17.28%;积霉属的相对丰度在施药初期由1.01%被压制至0.25%,却在10 d后呈爆发式增长至27.69%,取代轮枝菌属成为感病组织中的绝对优势真菌。推测这是由于优势竞争者(如轮枝菌属)被清除后释放的生态位真空,加之试验后期高温高湿的环境条件有利于积霉属等机会致病菌的快速增殖[29]。这种现象在化学农药应用中也有报道,如菌核净(Dimetachlone)对靶斑病菌的特异性清除通常伴随非靶标真菌群落结构的重组[30]。泛菌属作为烟草叶际的绝对优势细菌类群,其相对丰度在X60施用后1 d 因竞争压力缓解而显著上升,随后在10 d回落至稳态,这与刘畅等[31]关于泛菌属为烟草叶际核心种群的结论相符。与此同时,桑帕约氏酵母属作为核心功能真菌,在各处理时期均维持较高的相对丰度,表明X60的施入在有效打击靶标病原菌的同时具有良好的环境兼容性,未对叶际核心微生态结构造成破坏性干扰[32]
本研究证实,解淀粉芽孢杆菌X60是一株具有广谱抑菌活性与良好田间防效的生防菌株。其对多种叶部致病真菌和细菌均表现出显著拮抗作用,田间施用对烟草叶斑病的防治效果达52.35%,具备实际应用潜力。高通量测序进一步揭示,X60能够快速、持续地压制轮枝菌属等关键靶标病原菌,并显著降低叶际真菌群落的多样性,其微生态演替规律与化学防治效果相似。生防菌施用后存在抑制病原菌的关键时间窗口,能有效占据其生态位。建议将X60施用间隔缩短至7 d,以缩短防治间歇期从而预防次要病原菌滋生。X60的施用并未破坏叶际核心微生物类群(如泛菌属和桑帕约氏酵母属)的稳定性,显示出较好的环境兼容性。该结果为优化生防使用策略及构建生物-化学协同防治体系提供了微生态理论依据。
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2026年第66卷第7期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260015
  • 接收时间:2026-01-06
  • 首发时间:2026-07-06
  • 出版时间:2026-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-06
  • 录用日期:2026-03-13
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the “Top-level” Innovative Talents Project of Guizhou Province (Qian Ke He Platform Talents-GCC[2022]028-2, Qian Ke He Platform Talents-GCC[2023]108), and the Science and Technology Innovation Talent Team Project of Guizhou Province (Qian Ke He Platform Talents-CXTD[2023]021, Qian Ke He Foundation-ZK[2022]Key 033)
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    1.贵州师范大学 生命科学学院,贵州 贵阳
    2.贵州省烟草科学研究院,贵州 贵阳

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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