Article(id=1280817615593509467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260041, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1768492800000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1770393600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-07, onlineDate=1783300315998, onlineDateStr=2026-07-06, pubDate=1783094400000, pubDateStr=2026-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783300315998, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783300315998, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783300315998, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1280817479555462000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='7', pageStart='3121', pageEnd='3677', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783094400000', pubDateStr='2026-07-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783300283564, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783326087324, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3309, endPage=3323, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1280817616075854428, articleId=1280817615593509467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Molecular mechanisms of AbrB and ResD as negative regulators in the bacillomycin L biosynthetic pathway and construction of high-yield strains, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective Bacillomycin L, a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic produced by Bacillus velezensis Bs916, has been demonstrated to possess strong antifungal activity. However, its low yield has become a critical bottleneck limiting its large-scale application. This study aims to identify the negative transcriptional regulators involved in bacillomycin L biosynthesis and, based on this, adopt a dual strategy combining genetic engineering and fermentation process optimization to promote its large-scale production. Methods Homologous recombination was employed to construct single (ΔresD, ΔabrB) and double (ΔresDΔabrB) knockout strains. The regulatory characteristics were elucidated by HPLC, inhibition zone measurement, and RT-qPCR. Furthermore, EMSA and DNase I footprinting assays were conducted to investigate the binding activity and identify the specific binding sites of these transcription factors with the flanking sequences of the transcription initiation site of the Bac gene cluster. Finally, fermentation process optimization was performed in a bioreactor to further enhance the production of bacillomycin L. Results HPLC results demonstrated that the bacillomycin L yields of all the mutant strains cultured in the LB media significantly increased by 5.8, 11.3, and 12.0 folds compared with that of the wild-type strain. The antagonistic activities of the mutants against plant pathogenic fungi exhibited corresponding increases. RT-qPCR results further confirmed that both ResD and AbrB acted as negative regulators of bacillomycin L biosynthesis. EMSA experiments revealed that both ResD and AbrB possessed strong binding activities with their target sequences. DNase I footprinting assays further elucidated that AbrB exhibited a propensity for binding to A+T-rich gene fragments and displayed extensive DNA-binding capabilities, directly interacting with the promoter region, 5′ UTR, and coding regions of the Bac gene cluster. Unfortunately, the specific binding site of ResD remained to be identified. Under fermentation conditions, the genetically engineered strain ΔresDΔabrB achieved gram-per-liter level production of bacillomycin L in an optimized glucose-mineral salts medium. This result greatly promoted the large-scale production of bacillomycin L. Conclusion Adopting a dual strategy that combines genetic engineering with fermentation process optimization effectively breaks the bottleneck of low yields for Bacillus-derived antimicrobial peptides. This study provides a reference for the mass production of other microbial secondary metabolites.

, authors=Xiaohua WANG1, Hanwen SHEN1, Shali CAI1, Wenqian LIU1, Xuehui LIU2, Changyong ZHOU3, Xiulian YIN1, Kexin SU1, Chuping LUO1, authorsList=Xiaohua WANG, Hanwen SHEN, Shali CAI, Wenqian LIU, Xuehui LIU, Changyong ZHOU, Xiulian YIN, Kexin SU, Chuping LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Chuping LUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1280817619150279273, articleId=1280817615593509467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=杆菌霉素L合成途径负调控子AbrBResD的分子机制及其高产菌株的构建, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis) Bs916产生的杆菌霉素L是一种环脂肽类抗生素,已被证实具有较强的抗真菌活性。然而,低产量问题已成为制约其大规模应用的重要瓶颈。本研究旨在鉴定杆菌霉素L生物合成的负转录调控因子,并在此基础上采用基因工程技术与发酵工艺优化双重策略以推动其实现规模化生产。 方法 利用同源重组技术构建了ΔresD、ΔabrB单敲除突变株及ΔresDΔabrB双敲除突变株,通过HPLC、抑菌圈及RT-qPCR实验阐明其调控特性;利用电泳迁移率转移实验(electrophoretic mobility shift assay, EMSA)与DNase I足迹实验(DNase I footprinting assay)检测转录因子与杆菌霉素L合成基因簇(Bac)转录起始位点侧翼序列的结合活性及具体结合位点;利用发酵罐进行发酵工艺优化以进一步提升杆菌霉素L的产量。 结果 HPLC结果显示,各突变株在LB培养基中杆菌霉素L的产量均大幅提升,分别较野生型菌株提高5.8、11.3、12.0倍,其对植物病原真菌的拮抗活性也呈现出一致的增强趋势。RT-qPCR结果进一步证实,ResD与AbrB均为杆菌霉素L生物合成的负调控因子。EMSA实验结果表明,ResD和AbrB均与靶标序列表现出较强的结合活性。DNase I足迹实验进一步揭示,AbrB倾向于结合富含A+T的基因片段,并展现出广泛的DNA结合能力,可直接作用于Bac基因簇的启动子区、5′非翻译区(5′ UTR)及编码区。遗憾的是,ResD的具体结合位点尚未明确。在发酵罐条件下,基因工程菌株ΔresDΔabrB在优化的葡萄糖-无机盐培养基中杆菌霉素L每升产量能达到克级别,这一结果极大地推动了杆菌霉素L的规模化生产。 结论 通过基因工程菌株构建与发酵工艺优化相结合双重策略,可有效突破芽孢杆菌源抗菌肽低产量的应用瓶颈,这也为其他微生物次级代谢产物的量产实践提供了重要借鉴。

, authors=王小花1, 沈瀚文1, 蔡莎丽1, 刘雯倩1, 刘雪辉2, 周长勇3, 尹秀莲1, 苏可鑫1, 罗楚平1, authorsList=王小花, 沈瀚文, 蔡莎丽, 刘雯倩, 刘雪辉, 周长勇, 尹秀莲, 苏可鑫, 罗楚平, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=罗楚平, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

王小花:提出概念、数据分析、撰写文章;沈瀚文:审阅;蔡莎丽:实验设计和方案优化;刘雯倩:软件程序;刘雪辉:提供资源;周长勇:保藏菌株;尹秀莲:监督管理;苏可鑫:协助实验操作;罗楚平:获取基金、监督指导、项目管理。

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A: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatogram; B: Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis spectrum of bacillomycin L., figureFileSmall=xH5rrrg+a3VF8iZDb0Dm3A==, figureFileBig=t0Bd8nPH1+rjETKRY/UdlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925180448981565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817615593509467, language=CN, label=图1, caption=贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Bs916及其突变株在LB培养基中杆菌霉素L产量分析, figureFileSmall=xH5rrrg+a3VF8iZDb0Dm3A==, figureFileBig=t0Bd8nPH1+rjETKRY/UdlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925180709028414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817615593509467, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Analysis of the antimicrobial activity of Bacillus velezensis Bs916 and its mutants against Alternaria alternata S-3. A: Antifungal effects of Bs916 and its mutants against Alternaria alternata S-3; B: Inhibition zone diameters of Bs916 and its mutants against Alternaria alternata S-3. Different lowercase letters (a-d) indicate significant differences(P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=u1iu3IoX5lC0dcCWPJ3K5w==, figureFileBig=3SvnKmY6mULxW7HlBPe6Dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925180822274623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817615593509467, language=CN, label=图2, caption=贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Bs916及其突变株对链格孢菌S-3的抑菌活性分析, figureFileSmall=u1iu3IoX5lC0dcCWPJ3K5w==, figureFileBig=3SvnKmY6mULxW7HlBPe6Dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925180901966400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817615593509467, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Analysis of BacD gene the expression level in the Bac gene cluster of Bacillus velezensis Bs916 and its mutants. Different lowercase letters (a-m) indicate significant differences (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=yLZ2yPFOGWQAVDEmf4D3QQ==, figureFileBig=+kW1pmcMFQCsee84iKwUoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925180985852481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817615593509467, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Bac 基因簇中 BacD 基因在贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Bs916及其突变株中的表达水平分析, figureFileSmall=yLZ2yPFOGWQAVDEmf4D3QQ==, figureFileBig=+kW1pmcMFQCsee84iKwUoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925181111681602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817615593509467, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Expression and purification of ResD and AbrB proteins and analysis of their binding activity to the flanking sequences of the Bac gene cluster. A: Whole-cell ultrasonic lysis analysis of heterologously expressed transcription factor proteins from Bacillus velezensis Bs916; B: Purification of heterologously expressed transcription factor proteins; C: Detection of the binding activity of Probe 1 and Probe 3 to ResD or AbrB., figureFileSmall=Jhu8oaeZ47/1WUuz1gXqrQ==, figureFileBig=M9sAVw8/eNU7WpoafGWjCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925181182984771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817615593509467, language=CN, label=图4, caption=ResDAbrB蛋白的表达纯化及其与 Bac 基因簇侧翼序列结合活性分析, figureFileSmall=Jhu8oaeZ47/1WUuz1gXqrQ==, figureFileBig=M9sAVw8/eNU7WpoafGWjCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925181254287940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817615593509467, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Analysis of the binding sites of ResD and AbrB to the flanking sequences of the Bac gene cluster. A: Detection of the specific binding sites of probe1 with AbrB; B: Detection of the specific binding sites of probe2 with AbrB; C: Detection of the specific binding sites of probe1 with ResD; D: Detection of the specific binding sites of probe2 with ResD., figureFileSmall=PB5emOBVNTijQUMmdZH+Vw==, figureFileBig=v0/TKDD3zF+RzeO80n/LQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925181317202501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817615593509467, language=CN, label=图5, caption=ResDAbrBBac 基因簇侧翼序列结合位点的分析, figureFileSmall=PB5emOBVNTijQUMmdZH+Vw==, figureFileBig=v0/TKDD3zF+RzeO80n/LQg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925181652746822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817615593509467, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Analysis of AbrB binding sites within the flanking sequences of the Bac gene cluster. A: Mapping of AbrB binding sites within the flanking sequences of the Bac gene cluster; B: Schematic diagram of AbrB binding sites in the Bac gene cluster, figureFileSmall=xiAot95NjqOLfUIKQ3BBpQ==, figureFileBig=0eFkPCD9fX7qtVKEeV5UkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925181711467079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817615593509467, language=CN, label=图6, caption=AbrBBac 基因簇侧翼序列结合位点分析, figureFileSmall=xiAot95NjqOLfUIKQ3BBpQ==, figureFileBig=0eFkPCD9fX7qtVKEeV5UkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925181782770248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817615593509467, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameSize/bpSequences (5′→3′)Function
AbrB-F29TTTAAGCTTTTCGACATTCTGAATGGGAG (Hind Ⅲ)Amplify the 670 bp segment of the abrB sequence and construct the gene knockout vector pMUTINAbrB
AbrB-R29TTTGGATCCATCATCAGAAACTTCACCAG (BamH I)
ResD-F29TTTCTCGAGAATCTGATGCCAGCCCCATT (Xho I)Amplify the 842 bp segment of the resD sequence and construct the gene knockout vector pSGResD
ResD-R29TTTGAATTCAGCATCGCGATCATTCAGGA (EcoR I)
pET-AbrB-F28TTTCCATGGTGAAATCTACTGGTATCGT (Nco I)Expand the complete abrB sequence and construct the transcription factor expression Vector pET-AbrB
pET-AbrB-R29TTTCTCGAGTTTTTGGTTTTGAAGCTGGT (Xho I)
pET-ResD-F29TTTCCATGGTGGATCAAACAAATGAAACT (Nco I)Expand the complete resD sequence and construct the transcription factor expression Vector pET-ResD
pET-ResD-R27TTTCTCGAGTTCAGCGCCTACCTCAAA (Xho I)
Primer1-F (FAM)19TTCTTATACTTTTTAAAAAAACAGCCGCAmplify the 503 bp probe fragment for use in EMSA and DNase I footprinting experiments
Primer1-R18ATCTAACATCCTAGCATG
Primer2-F (FAM)18TCCTAAGTGAAGAAGAGCCAmplify the 651 bp probe fragment for use in EMSA and DNase I footprinting experiments
Primer2-R19CACGGCGGCCATCGTCCC
Primer3-F (FAM)16CATTCTGTTGTCTCAGA probe sequence of 546 base pairs is used for amplification, serving as a non-target negative control for the EMSA experiment
Primer3-R16TCAAATTGTCTCATAC
16S rDNA-F24TTAGCTAGTTGGTGAGGTAACGGCRT-qPCR experiment
16S rDNA-R24TCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCG
Bac D-F24CTGTGTTTTAACGGAGATATGAAT
Bac D-R24GCCGGCACAGACAAGCGCTGAATA
), ArticleFig(id=1280925181854073417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817615593509467, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究中所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameSize/bpSequences (5′→3′)Function
AbrB-F29TTTAAGCTTTTCGACATTCTGAATGGGAG (Hind Ⅲ)Amplify the 670 bp segment of the abrB sequence and construct the gene knockout vector pMUTINAbrB
AbrB-R29TTTGGATCCATCATCAGAAACTTCACCAG (BamH I)
ResD-F29TTTCTCGAGAATCTGATGCCAGCCCCATT (Xho I)Amplify the 842 bp segment of the resD sequence and construct the gene knockout vector pSGResD
ResD-R29TTTGAATTCAGCATCGCGATCATTCAGGA (EcoR I)
pET-AbrB-F28TTTCCATGGTGAAATCTACTGGTATCGT (Nco I)Expand the complete abrB sequence and construct the transcription factor expression Vector pET-AbrB
pET-AbrB-R29TTTCTCGAGTTTTTGGTTTTGAAGCTGGT (Xho I)
pET-ResD-F29TTTCCATGGTGGATCAAACAAATGAAACT (Nco I)Expand the complete resD sequence and construct the transcription factor expression Vector pET-ResD
pET-ResD-R27TTTCTCGAGTTCAGCGCCTACCTCAAA (Xho I)
Primer1-F (FAM)19TTCTTATACTTTTTAAAAAAACAGCCGCAmplify the 503 bp probe fragment for use in EMSA and DNase I footprinting experiments
Primer1-R18ATCTAACATCCTAGCATG
Primer2-F (FAM)18TCCTAAGTGAAGAAGAGCCAmplify the 651 bp probe fragment for use in EMSA and DNase I footprinting experiments
Primer2-R19CACGGCGGCCATCGTCCC
Primer3-F (FAM)16CATTCTGTTGTCTCAGA probe sequence of 546 base pairs is used for amplification, serving as a non-target negative control for the EMSA experiment
Primer3-R16TCAAATTGTCTCATAC
16S rDNA-F24TTAGCTAGTTGGTGAGGTAACGGCRT-qPCR experiment
16S rDNA-R24TCCGTCAGACTTTCGTCCATTGCG
Bac D-F24CTGTGTTTTAACGGAGATATGAAT
Bac D-R24GCCGGCACAGACAAGCGCTGAATA
), ArticleFig(id=1280925181929570890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817615593509467, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Bacillomycin L production by Bacillus velezensis Bs916and its mutants grown in LB or optimized medium

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsLB mediumOptimized medium
Biomass/(g/L)Bacillomycin L/(mg/L)Biomass/(g/L)Bacillomycin L/(mg/L)
48 h12 h24 h48 h72 h96 h48 h48 h
Bs9163.86±0.32015.9±0.3q19.6±0.4p16.3±0.4q15.5±0.3q4.88±0.3256.8±0.3n
ΔresD3.71±0.34047.7±0.3o114.1±0.4i108.1±0.3k100.2±0.5l4.66±0.34363.2±0.3c
ΔabrB3.72±0.41063.6±0.3m222.3±0.4e205.5±0.5g198.5±0.6h4.65±0.41821.5±0.4b
ΔresDΔabrB3.73±0.390111.3±0.5j235.1±0.5d224.2±0.6e214.8±0.3f4.64±0.391 175.5±0.4a
), ArticleFig(id=1280925182005068363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817615593509467, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Bs916及其突变株在LB及优化培养基中杆菌霉素L产量检测

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsLB mediumOptimized medium
Biomass/(g/L)Bacillomycin L/(mg/L)Biomass/(g/L)Bacillomycin L/(mg/L)
48 h12 h24 h48 h72 h96 h48 h48 h
Bs9163.86±0.32015.9±0.3q19.6±0.4p16.3±0.4q15.5±0.3q4.88±0.3256.8±0.3n
ΔresD3.71±0.34047.7±0.3o114.1±0.4i108.1±0.3k100.2±0.5l4.66±0.34363.2±0.3c
ΔabrB3.72±0.41063.6±0.3m222.3±0.4e205.5±0.5g198.5±0.6h4.65±0.41821.5±0.4b
ΔresDΔabrB3.73±0.390111.3±0.5j235.1±0.5d224.2±0.6e214.8±0.3f4.64±0.391 175.5±0.4a
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杆菌霉素L合成途径负调控子AbrBResD的分子机制及其高产菌株的构建
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王小花 1 , 沈瀚文 1 , 蔡莎丽 1 , 刘雯倩 1 , 刘雪辉 2 , 周长勇 3 , 尹秀莲 1 , 苏可鑫 1 , 罗楚平 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(7): 3309-3323
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (7) : 3309 -3323
杆菌霉素L合成途径负调控子AbrBResD的分子机制及其高产菌株的构建
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王小花1, 沈瀚文1, 蔡莎丽1, 刘雯倩1, 刘雪辉2, 周长勇3, 尹秀莲1, 苏可鑫1, 罗楚平1
作者信息
  • 1.淮阴工学院,益生制剂重点建设实验室,江苏 淮安
  • 2.中国科学院生物物理研究所,北京
  • 3.淮安市农科院,江苏 淮安
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

王小花:提出概念、数据分析、撰写文章;沈瀚文:审阅;蔡莎丽:实验设计和方案优化;刘雯倩:软件程序;刘雪辉:提供资源;周长勇:保藏菌株;尹秀莲:监督管理;苏可鑫:协助实验操作;罗楚平:获取基金、监督指导、项目管理。

Molecular mechanisms of AbrB and ResD as negative regulators in the bacillomycin L biosynthetic pathway and construction of high-yield strains
Xiaohua WANG1, Hanwen SHEN1, Shali CAI1, Wenqian LIU1, Xuehui LIU2, Changyong ZHOU3, Xiulian YIN1, Kexin SU1, Chuping LUO1
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Probiotic Preparations, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China
  • 2.Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 3.Huai’an Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huai’an, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2026-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260041
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目的 贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis) Bs916产生的杆菌霉素L是一种环脂肽类抗生素,已被证实具有较强的抗真菌活性。然而,低产量问题已成为制约其大规模应用的重要瓶颈。本研究旨在鉴定杆菌霉素L生物合成的负转录调控因子,并在此基础上采用基因工程技术与发酵工艺优化双重策略以推动其实现规模化生产。 方法 利用同源重组技术构建了ΔresD、ΔabrB单敲除突变株及ΔresDΔabrB双敲除突变株,通过HPLC、抑菌圈及RT-qPCR实验阐明其调控特性;利用电泳迁移率转移实验(electrophoretic mobility shift assay, EMSA)与DNase I足迹实验(DNase I footprinting assay)检测转录因子与杆菌霉素L合成基因簇(Bac)转录起始位点侧翼序列的结合活性及具体结合位点;利用发酵罐进行发酵工艺优化以进一步提升杆菌霉素L的产量。 结果 HPLC结果显示,各突变株在LB培养基中杆菌霉素L的产量均大幅提升,分别较野生型菌株提高5.8、11.3、12.0倍,其对植物病原真菌的拮抗活性也呈现出一致的增强趋势。RT-qPCR结果进一步证实,ResD与AbrB均为杆菌霉素L生物合成的负调控因子。EMSA实验结果表明,ResD和AbrB均与靶标序列表现出较强的结合活性。DNase I足迹实验进一步揭示,AbrB倾向于结合富含A+T的基因片段,并展现出广泛的DNA结合能力,可直接作用于Bac基因簇的启动子区、5′非翻译区(5′ UTR)及编码区。遗憾的是,ResD的具体结合位点尚未明确。在发酵罐条件下,基因工程菌株ΔresDΔabrB在优化的葡萄糖-无机盐培养基中杆菌霉素L每升产量能达到克级别,这一结果极大地推动了杆菌霉素L的规模化生产。 结论 通过基因工程菌株构建与发酵工艺优化相结合双重策略,可有效突破芽孢杆菌源抗菌肽低产量的应用瓶颈,这也为其他微生物次级代谢产物的量产实践提供了重要借鉴。

贝莱斯芽孢杆菌  /  杆菌霉素L  /  AbrB  /  ResD  /  高产基因工程菌株

Objective Bacillomycin L, a cyclic lipopeptide antibiotic produced by Bacillus velezensis Bs916, has been demonstrated to possess strong antifungal activity. However, its low yield has become a critical bottleneck limiting its large-scale application. This study aims to identify the negative transcriptional regulators involved in bacillomycin L biosynthesis and, based on this, adopt a dual strategy combining genetic engineering and fermentation process optimization to promote its large-scale production. Methods Homologous recombination was employed to construct single (ΔresD, ΔabrB) and double (ΔresDΔabrB) knockout strains. The regulatory characteristics were elucidated by HPLC, inhibition zone measurement, and RT-qPCR. Furthermore, EMSA and DNase I footprinting assays were conducted to investigate the binding activity and identify the specific binding sites of these transcription factors with the flanking sequences of the transcription initiation site of the Bac gene cluster. Finally, fermentation process optimization was performed in a bioreactor to further enhance the production of bacillomycin L. Results HPLC results demonstrated that the bacillomycin L yields of all the mutant strains cultured in the LB media significantly increased by 5.8, 11.3, and 12.0 folds compared with that of the wild-type strain. The antagonistic activities of the mutants against plant pathogenic fungi exhibited corresponding increases. RT-qPCR results further confirmed that both ResD and AbrB acted as negative regulators of bacillomycin L biosynthesis. EMSA experiments revealed that both ResD and AbrB possessed strong binding activities with their target sequences. DNase I footprinting assays further elucidated that AbrB exhibited a propensity for binding to A+T-rich gene fragments and displayed extensive DNA-binding capabilities, directly interacting with the promoter region, 5′ UTR, and coding regions of the Bac gene cluster. Unfortunately, the specific binding site of ResD remained to be identified. Under fermentation conditions, the genetically engineered strain ΔresDΔabrB achieved gram-per-liter level production of bacillomycin L in an optimized glucose-mineral salts medium. This result greatly promoted the large-scale production of bacillomycin L. Conclusion Adopting a dual strategy that combines genetic engineering with fermentation process optimization effectively breaks the bottleneck of low yields for Bacillus-derived antimicrobial peptides. This study provides a reference for the mass production of other microbial secondary metabolites.

Bacillus velezensis  /  bacillomycin L  /  AbrB  /  ResD  /  high-yield genetically engineered strain
王小花, 沈瀚文, 蔡莎丽, 刘雯倩, 刘雪辉, 周长勇, 尹秀莲, 苏可鑫, 罗楚平. 杆菌霉素L合成途径负调控子AbrBResD的分子机制及其高产菌株的构建. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3309 -3323 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260041
Xiaohua WANG, Hanwen SHEN, Shali CAI, Wenqian LIU, Xuehui LIU, Changyong ZHOU, Xiulian YIN, Kexin SU, Chuping LUO. Molecular mechanisms of AbrB and ResD as negative regulators in the bacillomycin L biosynthetic pathway and construction of high-yield strains[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3309 -3323 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260041
芽孢杆菌源脂肽是一类两亲性抗生素,由亲水性的线性、环化或部分环化短肽与疏水性脂肪酸链结合而成[1-3]。此类物质通常通过非核糖体肽合成酶(nonribosomal peptide synthetase,NRPSs)或聚酮合酶-非核糖体肽合成酶(polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase, PKS-NRPSs)途径合成,其独特的模块化组装模式赋予了脂肽头部结构和生物活性高度多样性[4]。此外,尾部β-羟基或β-氨基脂肪酸链在长度、异构形式及饱和度方面的差异可进一步增强其结构多样性[3]。脂肽类物质丰富的结构差异赋予了其功能的多样性,进而影响其在农业、医药、食品等领域的潜在应用。杆菌霉素L属于伊枯草素(iturin)家族,是目前研究最为广泛的芽孢杆菌源环脂肽之一,其结构中含有一个由7个氨基酸残基组成的肽链(L-Asp-D-Tyr-D-Asn-L-Ser-L-Gln-D-Ser-L-Thr)和一条含14-17个碳原子的β-氨基脂肪酸链[5]。杆菌霉素L对多种酵母菌和植物病原真菌表现出强效的抗真菌活性[5],但抗细菌和抗病毒活性有限[6-7]。尽管杆菌霉素L有望成为农业上替代性抗真菌剂,但发酵产量低及体外合成困难等问题已成为限制其实现工业化生产的主要障碍[8-9]
已有研究表明,脂肽类抗生素的合成受到 AbrB、ResD等多个转录因子的紧密调控[10-12]。AbrB是一种由94个相同残基单体组成的四聚体,每个单体包含2个独立结构域:N端DNA结合结构域(AbrBN)和C端多聚化结构域(AbrBC)[13]。其DNA结合功能完全由N端结构域AbrBN实现,该结构域由 53个残基组成,采用翼状螺旋-转角-螺旋折叠方式。与识别特定DNA碱基配对序列不同,AbrB在DNA结合方面具有一定的非特异性[13-14]。作为一种过渡性全局调控因子,AbrB在细菌对数生长期或过渡期直接调控超过100个与抗生素合成、细胞分裂、芽孢形成等相关基因的转录[15-16]。已有研究证实,AbrB可作为双向调控因子正向调控杀虫蛋白Sip1Ab1的分泌[17],同时负向调控芽孢杆菌中表面活性素、伊枯草菌素、罗克霉素等脂肽类抗生素的产生[18-21]。ResD是ResD-ResE (响应调节因子-传感器激酶)双组分信号转导系统的核心组分,在原核微生物有氧和无氧呼吸过程中发挥重要的全局调控作用[22]。ResD属于OmpR亚家族,包含C端效应结构域和N端接收结构域2个部分。其中,C端效应结构域属于翼状螺旋-转角-螺旋家族转录调控因子,含有DNA和RNA聚合酶的结合位点;N端接收结构域自身不直接结合DNA,而是通过接收磷酸基团激活C端效应结构域,进而调控相关基因的表达[23-24]。在高钙胁迫条件下,ResD与ResE协同作用,间接调控芽孢杆菌中泛革素合成操纵子(fen)和表面活性素合成操纵子(srfA)的表达[12,25]。前期研究也证实,ResD能够通过直接结合罗克霉素(locillomycin)合成基因簇(loc)的启动子区域负调控罗克霉素的合成[21],但其对杆菌霉素L的调控作用尚未见报道。
目前,除遗传工程改造手段外,培养基优化、补料分批培养及产物连续分离等策略也是提高芽孢杆菌源脂肽(如表面活性素、泛革素等)产量的重要手段[8,26]。本研究旨在挖掘并鉴定与杆菌霉素L生物合成相关的负转录调控因子,阐明其调控机制,并通过分子生物学技术构建高产工程菌株;在此基础上,进一步开展规模化发酵工艺优化,通过双重策略的叠加应用,以期突破杆菌霉素L低产量的应用瓶颈,实现芽孢杆菌源抗菌肽的规模化生产。
生防菌贝莱斯芽孢杆菌(Bacillus velezensis) Bs916及其突变株由本实验室保存;大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli) DH5α和BL21购自北京全式金生物技术有限公司;链格孢菌(Alternaria alternata) S-3由淮安市农业科学院生物防治研究室分离保存。培养基中的抗生素按需添加,工作浓度分别为:氨苄青霉素100 μg/mL,卡那霉素50 μg/mL,红霉素1 μg/mL,氯霉素5 μg/mL。
以Bs916基因组为模板,参考文献[21]所述方法进行PCR扩增,获得包含abrBresD部分序列的基因片段,所用引物详见表1。以实验室保存的pMUTINLoc和pSGFen[27]为骨架载体,分别用Hind Ⅲ/BamH I和Xho I/EcoR I进行双酶切处理,随后插入经相同双酶切处理的PCR扩增基因片段,替换其中的LocFen基因片段,最终获得重组敲除载体pMUTINAbrB和pSGResD。将重组载体转化至Bs916感受态细胞中,分别在含氯霉素和红霉素的LB平板上筛选,获得突变株ΔresD和ΔabrB。将重组载体pSGResD转化至ΔabrB感受态细胞中,在同时含氯霉素和红霉素的LB平板上筛选获得双突变株ΔresDΔabrB
将Bs916及其突变株分别接种于LB培养基中,37 ℃培养48 h后,将菌液以8 000 r/min离心10 min,收集发酵上清液,调节pH至2.8,4 ℃静置过夜。经二次离心收集的沉淀用甲醇提取。为进一步纯化杆菌霉素L,采用安捷伦氨基固相萃取柱及C18固相萃取柱对甲醇提取物依次进行纯化,梯度洗脱步骤参照文献[5]的方法操作。使用安捷伦1100系列高效液相色谱-质谱联用系统(HPLC-MS/MS)对洗脱液进行检测,检测波长为210 nm,流动相为乙腈-水-三氟乙酸体系(体积比60:40:0.5),流速为0.5 mL/min。培养基优化及培养方案参照文献[28]的方法进行。发酵培养参数通过碳源(蔗糖、麦芽糖、葡萄糖、可溶性淀粉)、氮源(胰蛋白胨、酵母粉、牛肉膏、硝酸铵)、金属离子(Ca2+、Cu2+、Fe2+)及接种量(2%、4%、6%、8%、10%)的摇瓶发酵实验及响应面,结合Box-Behnken模型进行优化,最终确定优化培养基组成(g/L):葡萄糖10.0,谷氨酸5.0,硝酸铵4.0,大豆油2.0,磷酸二氢钾4.08,磷酸氢二钠5.68,柠檬酸钠0.002 06,氯化钙0.000 777,七水硫酸镁0.001 23,七水硫酸亚铁0.001 11,五水硫酸锰0.000 241;接种量为4.7%。培养方案:利用5 L发酵罐,工作体积2.0 L,温度30 ℃,搅拌转速180 r/min,通气量0.5 vol/(vol·min),培养15 h制备种子液。发酵实验在50 L发酵罐中进行,排气管路加装泡沫收集装置以捕获溢出泡沫。工作体积为30 L,接种1.5 L种子液,通气量为1 vol/(vol·min),其余培养参数与5 L发酵罐一致。发酵过程中,采用二硝基水杨酸与还原性在碱性条件下发生氧化还原反应(DNS法)测定发酵液中还原糖含量,并补加葡萄糖母液(50%葡萄糖溶液,115 ℃,15 min)以维持碳源浓度稳定在10 g/L左右。所有发酵实验均设3次重复。
将Bs916及其突变株ΔresD、ΔabrB、ΔresDΔabrB分别接种于不含抗生素的LB培养基中,37 ℃培养48 h。培养结束后,将菌液以8 000 r/min离心10 min,上清液经0.22 μm滤膜过滤,获得待测样品。将指示菌链格孢菌S-3接种于PDA培养基,28 ℃培养48 h,用打孔器将菌饼接种于LB与PDA混合培养基平板中央。以菌饼为中心,对称打4个孔,每孔加入200 μL滤液至牛津杯内,28 ℃孵育48 h,通过测定抑菌圈面积评估Bs916及其突变株的抗真菌活性。抑菌圈面积计算如公式(1)所示。
S=π(D/2)2
式中:S为抑菌圈面积(mm2),D为抑菌圈平均直径(mm)。
采用RT-qPCR测定贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Bs916及其突变株ΔresD、ΔabrB、ΔresDΔabrBBac基因簇的mRNA表达水平。所有菌株均接种于LB培养基中,37 ℃培养12、24、48、72、96 h。使用TRIzol试剂(Invitrogen公司)提取总RNA,并利用Rotor-Gene SYBR Green RT-PCR试剂盒(Qiagen公司)进行逆转录与qPCR扩增。以16S rRNA基因为内参,采用2-ΔΔCT[29]计算目的基因的相对表达水平。所有实验均设3次重复,相关引物信息详见表1
以Bs916基因组为模板,参考文献[21]所述方法进行PCR扩增,获得完整的abrBresD基因片段,所用引物详见表1。以pET-28a为骨架载体,按照DNA克隆及感受态细胞(E. coli DH5α)转化的标准方法,成功构建表达载体pET-AbrB和pET-ResD。随后,将重组质粒及空载体pET-28a分别转化至E. coli BL21(DE3)细胞中,并在含卡那霉素的LB琼脂平板上筛选转化子。当重组菌株在LB培养基中生长至对数中期时,向摇瓶中加入IPTG (终浓度0.8 mmol/L),16 ℃诱导培养12 h。将离心收集的细胞沉淀重悬于细胞裂解液(20 mmol/L Tris-HCl,pH 7.4;200 mmol/L NaCl;2 mmol/L MgCl2;2-3 mmol/L咪唑)中,利用低温超声波破碎仪处理至溶液澄清透明,并通过SDS-PAGE对上清液进行检测。为进一步获得纯化的重组转录因子蛋白,按照Ni-NTA 6FF SefinoseT树脂试剂盒[生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司]的操作说明进行纯化。最后,使用透析袋(Solarbio公司)去除咪唑等小分子杂质,获得满足电泳迁移率转移实验(electrophoretic mobility shift assay, EMSA)和DNase I足迹实验要求的蛋白样品。
以Bs916基因组为模板,使用2×TOLO HIFI DNA Polymerase Premium (TOLO Biotech公司)和羧基荧光素(5-carboxyfluorescein, FAM)标记引物制备DNA探针。非靶标阴性对照采用Bs916基因组中一段与实验靶标无同源性的DNA片段,以排除非特异性结合造成的实验干扰。探针扩增所用引物见表1。随后,将50 ng DNA探针与不同浓度(0.0、0.5、2.0、5.0 μg)的转录因子蛋白在反应缓冲液[50 mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH 8.0)、100 mmol/L KCl、2.5 mmol/L MgCl2、0.2 mmol/L DTT、2 μg salmon sperm DNA和10%甘油]中混合,25 ℃孵育30 min。将DNA-蛋白结合产物上样至6% TBE凝胶,以150 V进行电泳分离。最后,使用ImageQuant LAS 4000 mini成像系统对凝胶进行成像。
DNase I足迹实验参照文献[21,30]的方法进行,简要步骤如下:将50 ng DNA探针与5 μg蛋白在与1.7节EMSA实验相同的反应条件下孵育。随后,向DNA-蛋白结合产物中加入0.015 U DNase I (Promega公司),37 ℃孵育1 min。对上述反应产物采用酚-氯仿法抽提以去除蛋白质成分,再通过乙醇沉淀回收DNA。将DNA沉淀重悬于超纯水中,使用ABI测序仪及ABI GeneScan 500 Liz DNA分子量内标进行分析。
数据采用SPSS 26.0统计软件进行分析,并利用Origin 2018软件绘制柱状图。以P<0.05为显著性水平,采用Duncan’s多重比较检验进行差异显著性分析。
为鉴定转录因子AbrB与ResD对目标基因簇Bac的调控特征,利用同源重组技术构建了贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Bs916单突变株ΔresD、ΔabrB及双突变株ΔresDΔabrB。HPLC-MS测定结果显示,Bs916能够产生杆菌霉素LA和杆菌霉素LB 2种同系物,二者加氢后的质荷比(m/z)分别为1 021.6和1 035.6 (图1)。Bs916及其突变株在LB培养基中培养12 h后均能高效合成杆菌霉素L,这与我们此前的研究结果杆菌霉素L的生物合成仅发生在对数生长后期或静止生长期一致(图1A表2)[5,27]。进一步分析发现,与野生型菌株相比,敲除resDabrB基因可使杆菌霉素L产量分别提高5.8倍和11.3倍;双基因同时失活时,杆菌霉素L产量可提升至野生型的12.0倍,达到235.1 mg/L (图1A表2)。上述结果表明,转录因子ResD与AbrB对环脂肽类抗生素杆菌霉素L的合成均起负调控作用。
为更直观地比较贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Bs916及其突变株的抑菌活性差异,采用牛津杯法测定抑菌圈直径。结果显示,敲除resDabrB基因均可显著增强Bs916菌株对链格孢菌S-3的抑菌活性,而双基因同时敲除时抑菌活性进一步提高(图2)。上述结果表明,ResD与AbrB蛋白的失活可促进贝莱斯芽孢杆菌中杆菌霉素L等抗真菌活性物质的合成,这一结论与HPLC-MS定量结果相互印证。
为进一步验证AbrB与ResD对杆菌霉素L合成的负调控作用,本研究检测了Bs916及其突变株中BacD基因的转录水平。BacD是杆菌霉素L合成基因簇(Bac)中的起始模块基因,编码非核糖体肽合成酶,负责β-氨基脂肪酸与首个氨基酸的偶联,启动脂肽链组装,是整个合成途径的关键起始因子。RT-qPCR结果(图3)显示,随着发酵时间延长,Bs916中BacD基因的表达量逐渐升高,并在48 h达到峰值。突变株ΔresD、ΔabrB及ΔresDΔabrBBacD基因的表达趋势与之相似,但在整个发酵过程中均显著高于野生型。其中,双突变株ΔresDΔabrB在48 h时的转录水平上调最为显著,约为野生型的9.8倍,分别为ΔresD的5.2倍和ΔabrB的2.4倍,这一结果与HPLC-MS定量结果一致。基于此,我们推测AbrB和ResD作为转录调控因子,可能通过与Bac基因簇上游启动子、5′非翻译区(5′ untranslated regions, 5′UTR)或编码区序列结合而抑制其转录表达,从而下调杆菌霉素L的合成。
为进一步验证上述推测,本研究以pET-28a为表达载体,以Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)为表达宿主,对resDabrB转录因子基因进行异源表达。结果显示,ResD (27.45 kDa)与AbrB (10.51 kDa)蛋白均成功表达(图4A),且二者均为水溶性蛋白;经Ni柱亲和纯化后获得了条带单一、纯度较高的目标蛋白(图4B)。
为明确ResD与AbrB是否可直接结合Bac基因簇转录起始位点侧翼的DNA序列,本研究通过EMSA实验检测了二者与靶DNA序列的结合活性。其中,Probe3作为阴性对照,来源于Bs916基因组中一段非靶标DNA片段;Probe1覆盖了杆菌霉素L编码基因簇起始模块BacD上游的启动子区域;Probe2覆盖了BacD上游的部分启动子区域、5′非翻译区(5′ UTR)和部分编码区。如图4C所示,Lane a为对照组,即仅加入探针而未添加转录因子蛋白;Lanes b-d的蛋白添加量分别为0.5、2.0、5.0 μg。当向结合体系中加入AbrB并与Probe1或Probe2共孵育时可观察到条带迁移速率显著减慢(图4C中1、2),且呈现一定的AbrB剂量依赖性,即随着蛋白添加量增加,探针-蛋白复合物的阻滞效应愈加明显。在低蛋白浓度(0.5 μg)下,与Probe1相比,Probe2对应泳道已出现明显阻滞,提示其与AbrB蛋白可能具有更强的结合活性(图4C中1、2)。ResD与Probe1和Probe2的结合实验也观察到类似的阻滞现象,但Probe1表现出比Probe2更强的结合活性(图4C中4、5)。作为阴性对照的Probe3在所有泳道均未出现阻滞现象,即使蛋白添加量达到5 μg (图4C 3、6)。上述结果表明,ResD和AbrB蛋白可能通过直接结合Bac基因簇转录起始位点上游和/或下游序列来调控杆菌霉素L的转录水平。
为进一步鉴定ResD和AbrB在Bac基因簇上游侧翼序列中的特异性DNA结合位点,本研究利用纯化的重组ResD和AbrB蛋白进行了DNase I足迹分析。结果显示(图5A),当加入Probe1和AbrB时,在相对于转录起始位点-292--206 bp的区域(图6A)内检测到一段86 bp的结合序列(CAGTTTACAATCCTTCACAGATAT ACAAATGATTTTTTACAATAAACAGAAAATATGTAATTTCTGACACAATAATGCCAATAGCC)。类似地,Probe2鉴定出3段与AbrB结合的序列(图5B),分别位于-16-+45 bp、+80-+102 bp和+112-+154 bp区域(图6A),长度分别为61 bp (TTGTTATAATCATGCTAGGATGTTAGATAAAGGGATATTTTGTAGGATATTGTATCCCCTG)、23 bp (TGCCTTTTTATTTCCTGGACAAG)和43 bp (TTGTAGGAATGGGCAAACAATTTTGGAATGATTTTGTGCTCGC)。进一步分析发现上述四段序列中A+T的含量分别为72.09%、67.21%、60.87%和60.47%。上述结果表明,AbrB具有广泛的DNA结合特性,可通过结合上游侧翼序列中启动子、5′非翻译区(5′ UTR)和/或编码区的多个位点来调控下游Bac基因簇的表达水平(图6B),且其倾向于结合靶序列中富含A+T的区域。然而,尽管ResD与Probe1和Probe2均表现出良好的结合活性,但经多次尝试仍未能成功鉴定其特异性结合位点(图5C5D)。
为进一步挖掘贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Bs916基因工程衍生菌株在杆菌霉素L规模化生产中的潜力,本研究采用了培养基优化、补料分批培养及产物连续分离等策略。结果显示,以葡萄糖为碳源、硝酸铵为氮源,并添加适量Fe2+,有助于贝莱斯芽孢杆菌生产脂肽类抗生素(如表面活性素等,数据未展示)。杆菌霉素L在优化培养基及发酵条件下的产量较原始LB分批发酵显著提升(表2),Bs916、ΔresD、ΔabrB及ΔresDΔabrB的产量分别提高2.9、3.2、3.7、5.0倍。其中,ΔresDΔabrB菌株的杆菌霉素L产量达1 175.5 mg/L,为野生型Bs916的20.7倍。上述结果表明,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Bs916衍生菌株在葡萄糖-无机盐培养基中发酵时杆菌霉素L产量较LB培养基显著提高,这为推动其规模化生产及产业化应用奠定了基础。
在抗生素耐药性危机背景下,芽孢杆菌源抗菌肽作为新型抗微生物制剂展现出巨大的替代潜力[8]。杆菌霉素L作为一种天然脂肽类化合物具有优良的抗真菌活性,是极具潜力的候选抗生素替代物之一[31]。然而,其在常规实验室条件下产量较低,以本研究对象贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Bs916为例,其产量仅19.7 mg/L左右,这已成为限制其规模化应用的关键瓶颈(表2)[27]。因此,阐明杆菌霉素L生物合成的调控机制对于制定产量提升策略(尤其是基于基因工程的策略)至关重要。
已有研究证实,转录因子是表面活性素、伊枯草素、泛革素等脂肽类物质合成的关键调控因子[10-11,18,32-33]。AbrB是芽孢杆菌全局转录调控因子,参与复杂的调控网络,调控细菌稳定期功能基因的表达,包括与抗生素合成相关的基因[34-35]。本研究发现,AbrB可负向调控Bac基因簇的转录水平(图3),并降低杆菌霉素L的合成量(图1表2),表明AbrB是脂肽类抗生素杆菌霉素L合成的负调控因子,其失活后能显著提高菌株的真菌抑制活性(图2)。此外,我们前期研究也表明AbrB能够负向调控贝莱斯芽孢杆菌中表面活性素、罗克霉素以及副地衣芽孢杆菌中杆菌肽的转录水平[21,28,36]。这些结果进一步证实,作为全局调控因子的AbrB对芽孢杆菌次级代谢网络中的基因具有广泛的调控作用。研究表明,AbrB具有广泛的DNA结合能力,其靶向DNA位点并非单一的共有序列,这意味着其在结合底物DNA时可能表现出相对宽泛的靶序列选择性,而这一特性正是其在芽孢杆菌中作为全局转录调控因子发挥功能的基础[16,35]。本研究进一步验证了这一结论:AbrB不仅能直接结合Bac基因簇的启动子区域(P bac ),还能结合BacD基因的5′非翻译区(5′ UTR)及编码区(图5A5B图6),表明AbrB可从多个层面参与杆菌霉素L的转录调控。此外,AbrB对不同DNA片段的亲和力存在差异(图4C4D),这是其区分靶序列能力的另一体现[16],但其与Bac基因簇4个DNA片段之间的具体结合亲和力仍需进一步研究。同时,AbrB倾向于结合靶序列中富含A+T的区域,从而削弱RNA聚合酶与启动子DNA之间的相互作用[15,17,21,37-38]
与AbrB不同,ResD是一种与ResE协同作用的全局调控因子,参与调控芽孢杆菌的有氧和无氧呼吸过程[22,39]。已有研究表明,ResD-ResE双组分系统可能通过调控PhoR-PhoP系统间接影响脂肽合成,而PhoR-PhoP系统已被证实可正向调控表面活性素和泛革素的合成[12,25]。本研究发现,resD基因失活后BacD基因的表达量(图3)和杆菌霉素L的产量(图1表2)均显著上调,ΔresD的真菌抑制活性较野生型也显著提升(图2)。这表明,与AbrB类似,ResD同样是杆菌霉素L合成的负调控因子,推测其可能通过直接结合P bac 区域抑制Bac基因簇的转录,EMSA实验结果也初步支持了这一推测(图4E4F)。然而,令人困惑的是,覆盖全部启动子区域的Probe1和覆盖5′ UTR及部分编码区(BacD)的Probe2均表现出与ResD较强的结合活性(图4E4F),但经多次尝试仍未能明确其具体结合位点(图5C5D)。我们前期在测试ResD蛋白与环脂肽罗克霉素转录起始位点侧翼序列中覆盖全部5′ UTR区域的探针时也观察到类似现象[21],推测可能是5′ UTR序列诱导DNA构象发生弯曲或扭结,导致ResD蛋白识别的是这种弯曲的DNA构象,从而使DNase I切割模式呈现弥散性保护,无法鉴定出特异性位点。当然,这一推测仍需进一步验证。此外,综合比较AbrB与ResD在相同靶标DNA上结合位点鉴定结果的显著差异,我们推测与AbrB相比,ResD可能以较低的亲和力或较弱的特异性与DNA结合,导致在DNase I切割条件下难以形成稳定的保护区域。后续可通过优化体外结合实验条件以提高目标蛋白与靶标序列的结合活性,或采用更灵敏的足迹技术[如结合位点分析法(ChIP-seq)]在全基因组范围内鉴定ResD的结合位点,从而揭示其真实的结合模式,确定是否存在广泛的低亲和力结合或构象依赖型识别。研究表明,AbrB与双组分调控系统ResD-ResE可能通过2条独立的调控通路控制核糖体肽细菌素subtilosin的合成[40],但二者均在sbo-alb转录启动层面发挥作用[33]。AbrB通过直接结合sbo-alb启动子的特异性调控区域,以空间位阻效应阻断RNA聚合酶及转录激活因子对该启动子区的结合与访问,从而直接阻遏sbo-alb操纵子的转录起始。当细胞接近静止期时,Spo0A磷酸化水平升高,抑制abrB基因的转录[41],细菌素合成随之增加。ResD则在亚硝酸盐积累时被激活,进入启动子区域与RNA聚合酶相互作用以促进转录起始。然而,关于二者对脂肽类抗生素的共同调控鲜有报道。本研究发现,同时敲除这2个基因后非核糖体肽杆菌霉素L的产量可进一步提高12.0倍,达到235.1 mg/L (图1A表2),显著高于已报道的野生型菌株产量(19.7 mg/L)[27]。同样地,在贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Bs916中,与杆菌霉素L共同生产的另一种非核糖体肽罗克霉素也表现出类似的AbrB与ResD叠加产量调控效应,但二者在时空上的调控关系仍需进一步验证[21]
发酵工艺优化与菌株基因工程改造均是实现芽孢杆菌源抗菌肽规模化生产的有效策略,二者叠加应用更有助于突破低产量瓶颈[8]。贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Bs916基因工程菌株ΔresDΔabrB在优化的葡萄糖-无机盐培养基发酵罐条件下,杆菌霉素L每升产量能达到克级别(表2)。综上所述,基因工程改造与发酵工艺优化双策略的叠加运用可有效推动以杆菌霉素L、表面活性素等为代表的芽孢杆菌源非核糖体肽的规模化生产及产业化应用[28],更为其他微生物次级代谢产物高产菌株的构建和量产实践提供了重要借鉴。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32372619)
  • 江苏省农业科技自主创新资金(CX(24)3067)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260041
  • 接收时间:2026-01-16
  • 首发时间:2026-07-06
  • 出版时间:2026-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-16
  • 录用日期:2026-02-07
基金
The National Natural Science Foundation of China(32372619)
国家自然科学基金(32372619)
The Jiangsu Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund(CX(24)3067)
江苏省农业科技自主创新资金(CX(24)3067)
作者信息
    1.淮阴工学院,益生制剂重点建设实验室,江苏 淮安
    2.中国科学院生物物理研究所,北京
    3.淮安市农科院,江苏 淮安

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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