Article(id=1280817585918816851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1767542400000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1776009600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-13, onlineDate=1783300308923, onlineDateStr=2026-07-06, pubDate=1783094400000, pubDateStr=2026-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783300308923, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783300308923, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783300308923, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1280817479555462000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='7', pageStart='3121', pageEnd='3677', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783094400000', pubDateStr='2026-07-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783300283564, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783326087324, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3219, endPage=3232, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1280817587776893524, articleId=1280817585918816851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Mechanisms and recent advances in cross-kingdom interactions between rhizosphere bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of rice, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Rice is one of the most widely cultivated and highest-yielding crops worldwide, and its yield stability is closely linked to global food security. As a typical mycorrhizal crop, rice exhibits enhanced growth and stress tolerance after colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Rhizosphere bacteria, a major component of the rhizosphere microbiome, interact synergistically with AMF, collectively contributing to enhanced nutrient acquisition and improved rice performance. This review summarizes recent advances in the interactions between AMF and rhizosphere bacteria. We highlight that their synergistic interactions regulate rice growth, nutrient acquisition, and stress tolerance, which contribute to the ecosystem stability and biodiversity of the rhizosphere. However, most available studies on the interactions between AMF and rhizosphere bacteria have been conducted under controlled conditions, which limits their applicability to the complex natural field environments. Therefore, this review proposes several suggestions for future research. First, utilize multi-omics technologies such as metagenomics and isotope tracing techniques to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the AMF-bacterial interaction. Second, in practical applications, long-term field positioning trials should be conducted to screen out superior microbial agents that meet the requirements. Finally, optimize regulatory conditions to achieve large-scale propagation of AMF and overcome the bottleneck in AMF field propagation provides theoretical support for promoting the practical application of this technology in agricultural production.

, authors=Dan ZHANG1, Yuanbo XIE1, 2, Jingjing CHANG2, authorsList=Dan ZHANG, Yuanbo XIE, Jingjing CHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jingjing CHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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水稻作为全球种植面积最广、总产量最高的作物之一,其产量稳定性直接关系到全球粮食安全。作为典型的菌根作物,水稻根系被丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizas fungi, AMF)定殖后,生长态势与抗逆性显著提升;而根际细菌作为根际微生态的另一重要生物类群,与AMF的协同作用为优化水稻生产提供了重要途径。本文综述了AMF与根际细菌的互作研究进展,明确二者通过协同效应,在促进水稻生长、提升养分吸收效率、增强环境耐受性等方面发挥核心作用,对维持根际生态平衡与生物多样性具有重要意义。然而,现有关于二者协同效应的研究多在受控条件下开展,难以适配自然田间环境的复杂性。基于此,本文提出针对性建议:借助宏基因组等多组学、同位素示踪等技术手段解析AMF-细菌互作的分子机制;应用上应开展长期的田间定位试验,筛选出优良的符合菌剂;优化调控条件实现AMF的规模化繁殖;突破AMF大田繁殖的瓶颈,为推动该技术在农业生产中的实际应用提供理论支撑。

, authors=张丹1, 谢源博1, 2, 常晶晶2, authorsList=张丹, 谢源博, 常晶晶, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=常晶晶, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

张丹:论文审阅与修订;谢源博:论文构思、资料检索、论文撰写与修订;常晶晶:研究构思和指导、论文修订。

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水稻根际细菌与丛枝菌根真菌互作的机制与进展
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张丹 1 , 谢源博 1, 2 , 常晶晶 2
微生物学报 | 综述 2026,66(7): 3219-3232
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微生物学报 |综述 2026 , 66 (7) : 3219 -3232
水稻根际细菌与丛枝菌根真菌互作的机制与进展
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张丹1, 谢源博1, 2, 常晶晶2
作者信息
  • 1.长春大学 园林学院,吉林 长春
  • 2.中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,吉林 长春
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

张丹:论文审阅与修订;谢源博:论文构思、资料检索、论文撰写与修订;常晶晶:研究构思和指导、论文修订。

Mechanisms and recent advances in cross-kingdom interactions between rhizosphere bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of rice
Dan ZHANG1, Yuanbo XIE1, 2, Jingjing CHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Landscape Architecture, Changchun University, Changchun, Jilin, China
  • 2.Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
出版时间: 2026-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260011
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水稻作为全球种植面积最广、总产量最高的作物之一,其产量稳定性直接关系到全球粮食安全。作为典型的菌根作物,水稻根系被丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizas fungi, AMF)定殖后,生长态势与抗逆性显著提升;而根际细菌作为根际微生态的另一重要生物类群,与AMF的协同作用为优化水稻生产提供了重要途径。本文综述了AMF与根际细菌的互作研究进展,明确二者通过协同效应,在促进水稻生长、提升养分吸收效率、增强环境耐受性等方面发挥核心作用,对维持根际生态平衡与生物多样性具有重要意义。然而,现有关于二者协同效应的研究多在受控条件下开展,难以适配自然田间环境的复杂性。基于此,本文提出针对性建议:借助宏基因组等多组学、同位素示踪等技术手段解析AMF-细菌互作的分子机制;应用上应开展长期的田间定位试验,筛选出优良的符合菌剂;优化调控条件实现AMF的规模化繁殖;突破AMF大田繁殖的瓶颈,为推动该技术在农业生产中的实际应用提供理论支撑。

根际有益细菌  /  合成微生物组  /  跨界协作  /  养分循环  /  抗逆增效

Rice is one of the most widely cultivated and highest-yielding crops worldwide, and its yield stability is closely linked to global food security. As a typical mycorrhizal crop, rice exhibits enhanced growth and stress tolerance after colonization of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Rhizosphere bacteria, a major component of the rhizosphere microbiome, interact synergistically with AMF, collectively contributing to enhanced nutrient acquisition and improved rice performance. This review summarizes recent advances in the interactions between AMF and rhizosphere bacteria. We highlight that their synergistic interactions regulate rice growth, nutrient acquisition, and stress tolerance, which contribute to the ecosystem stability and biodiversity of the rhizosphere. However, most available studies on the interactions between AMF and rhizosphere bacteria have been conducted under controlled conditions, which limits their applicability to the complex natural field environments. Therefore, this review proposes several suggestions for future research. First, utilize multi-omics technologies such as metagenomics and isotope tracing techniques to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the AMF-bacterial interaction. Second, in practical applications, long-term field positioning trials should be conducted to screen out superior microbial agents that meet the requirements. Finally, optimize regulatory conditions to achieve large-scale propagation of AMF and overcome the bottleneck in AMF field propagation provides theoretical support for promoting the practical application of this technology in agricultural production.

rhizosphere beneficial bacteria  /  synthetic microbiome  /  cross-kingdom interaction  /  nutrient cycling  /  stress resistance and growth promotion
张丹, 谢源博, 常晶晶. 水稻根际细菌与丛枝菌根真菌互作的机制与进展. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3219 -3232 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260011
Dan ZHANG, Yuanbo XIE, Jingjing CHANG. Mechanisms and recent advances in cross-kingdom interactions between rhizosphere bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of rice[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3219 -3232 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260011
水稻作为全球重要的粮食作物,是世界上50%以上人口的主要粮食来源[1],其种植效益直接关系到国家粮食安全和农业经济发展[2]。根际是围绕水稻根部的核心区域,其中蕴藏着大量与水稻根系相互作用的微生物,对维持水稻健康生长和提高生产力具有重要作用[3]。值得注意的是,水稻作为典型的菌根作物,其生长发育与菌根真菌的形成及功能密切相关。
菌根是真菌与高等植物形成的共生体,是自然界最普遍的共生形式之一[4],具有活化根际营养元素、提高植物养分吸收效率、增强植物抗逆与抗病能力、改善根际环境等功能[5]。依据共生真菌与植物种类所形成的共生体系特点,菌根可分为四大类:外生菌根(ecto-mycorrhizas, ECM)、丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizas, AM)、兰科菌根(orchid mycorrhizas, ORM)和杜鹃花类菌根(ericoid mycorrhizas, ERM)[6]。土壤中能与植物根系形成互惠共生体的真菌称为菌根真菌(mycorrhizal fungi)[7]。丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizas fungi, AMF)是分布最广泛的菌根真菌,能与超过85%的维管植物建立共生关系[8]。AMF的孢子通常潜伏于土壤中,在环境条件适宜时萌发并发育为菌丝体。在与植物的互作过程中,宿主植物根系分泌的特定物质可促进AMF孢子萌发;孢子萌发后,先经历菌丝生长阶段,再通过菌根分枝形成附着孢子并附着于植物根系表面,最终建立共生关系,菌丝体随之在宿主植物根内及根际扩展生长[9]
与植物根系一样,AMF也被根际微生物群落紧密包裹,其中对AMF生长发育具有积极促进作用的菌丝际细菌被称为菌根辅助细菌(mycorrhization helper bacteria, MHB)。研究表明,MHB可促进AMF孢子萌发、刺激AMF菌丝生长,并提高AMF的定殖效率[10]。同样作为根际有益微生物的植物根际促生细菌(plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, PGPR)也是根际微生物组不可或缺的组成部分,这类菌群能够促进植物养分吸收、抑制病原物,对维持土壤健康和植物生长至关重要[11]。近年来,诸多受控试验表明,AMF与根际细菌的互作可显著促进植物生长并提升产量。本文围绕AMF与根际细菌跨界互作这一主题,系统梳理了国内外最新研究进展,重点探讨了该互作体系在促进水稻生长、提高养分吸收效率、增强抗逆性与抗病性等方面的重要作用,解析了AMF与根际细菌互作机制在水稻生产中的应用潜力,并对二者互作体系的研究前景进行了展望。未来研究亟须从受控环境走向复杂多变的大田自然条件,以突破实际农业环境中的应用瓶颈,挖掘可应用于田间的潜在靶向微生物资源,深入解析AMF与根际细菌的跨界协作机制,提高作物抗性及养分吸收能力,为农业可持续发展提供解决思路。
丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)在4.6亿年前就已存在,并在植物进化过程中扮演着关键角色[12]。AMF属于球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)球囊菌纲(Glomeromycetes),目前已知包含4个目,即球囊霉目(Glomerales)、原囊霉目(Archaeosporales)、类球囊霉目(Paraglomerales)、多样孢囊霉目(Diversisporales),涵盖14科27属300余种[13]。AMF能与80%的被子植物根系形成共生关系,其中包括玉米、小麦、水稻等主要农作物[14]。AMF与宿主植物形成共生关系后呈现出典型的互惠特征:AMF通过改善植物生长环境、促进养分循环和水分吸收,增强植物对环境的耐受性与抗逆性;植物则为AMF提供生长所需的碳源[15]。丛枝菌根的核心特征是在植物根内产生“丛枝”结构[16]——这是AMF与宿主植物进行物质和能量交换的关键场所。其形成过程为:AMF借助植物根表面形成的附着枝接触根系,侵入根系表层细胞后在根组织细胞中不断穿梭扩展,最终经根系皮层各细胞的持续分化形成类似树叉状的结构[17]。由于AMF大多不具有宿主专一性,一种真菌可定殖于多种植物根系,一种植物根系也可被多种真菌定殖,且菌丝间能相互融合,因此在土壤中形成了错综复杂的菌丝网络[18]。与宿主植物共生后,AMF的根外菌丝广泛分枝,可延伸至根系表面10 cm左右的土壤中,使吸收空间扩大数十倍,通过形成菌丝网络显著增强宿主植物对土壤中营养元素的吸收能力[19]。同时,AMF可促进植物根系产生特定的根系分泌物,招募土壤微生物群落并与其协同作用,进一步提升植物根系养分吸收效率[20]
作为植物与土壤之间的关键介质,AMF可吸收土壤中的营养物质并转运给植物,其根外菌丝表面还可定殖具有固氮、解磷等促生功能的细菌,协同增强宿主植物的养分吸收能力[21]。例如,早期研究发现AMF可定殖于豆科植物根瘤上,将营养元素直接输入根瘤内部,从而提高豆科植物的固氮能力[22]。植物体内约20%的氮通过AMF根外菌丝摄取,AMF可吸收铵态氮和硝态氮,并将氮素供给植物利用[23]。AMF根外菌丝还可吸收并利用甘氨酸、丙氨酸、精氨酸等氨基酸态有机氮[24]。AMF还具备分解和转化土壤中有机氮的能力,通过提高蛋白酶、脲酶活性将复杂有机质转化为可供植物吸收的小分子物质[25]。在磷素吸收方面,AMF与植物根系共生时可通过分泌有机酸等物质调节根际环境,活化难溶性磷酸盐[26];菌丝分泌物中的果糖和葡萄糖能促进解磷细菌生长,提高磷酸酶活性,增强土壤磷的有效性[27]。同时,根外菌丝还可加强宿主植物根际解磷细菌对有机磷的转化与运输,提高磷素有效性[28]。AMF根外菌丝的延伸不仅增强了植物对矿质元素的吸收,还可降低植物根系的碳矿化速率,从而提高植物碳素利用效率,促进生长[29]。此外,与AMF共生的植物叶片净光合速率等指标也显著提高[30]。在生理代谢与基因调控层面,AMF可参与宿主相关代谢过程,促进植物营养吸收和地上生物量的增加[31]。上述作用充分体现了AMF在植物生长发育中的重要地位,也为其与根际细菌的协同研究奠定了基础。
研究发现,施用生物有机肥可有效提高稻田土壤养分含量,进而通过提升土壤肥力促进水稻增产[32]。相比之下,利用微生物与植物的共生关系改良和恢复稻田土壤是一种绿色、高效的方法,已成为近年来的研究热点。水稻是典型的菌根作物,丛枝菌根真菌作为水稻最重要的共生体之一,对水稻生长具有重要意义[33]。与AMF共生的水稻具有良好的水分和养分状况,与未接种AMF的水稻相比表现出明显的生长优势和抗逆性[34]。此外,AMF产生的大量根外菌丝还可为水稻根际微生物提供适宜的栖息与繁殖场所,间接调节根际微生物环境[35]。早期受技术限制,多数研究认为稻田因长期处于缺氧状态,极少或不存在AMF[36]。然而,随着研究手段的不断升级,尤其是高通量测序技术的快速发展,越来越多的研究证实AMF在稻田系统中广泛存在。这可能与水稻根系发达的通气组织密切相关,该结构可通过根系泌氧在根际形成局部有氧微环境,从而间接调控AMF的定殖与活性[37]。在互作共生过程中,AMF通过庞大的根外菌丝网络扩大水稻根系吸收面积,同时其分泌的有机酸、磷酸酶等可加速有机磷、有机氮的矿化,使其转化为植物可吸收的无机形态,为水稻提供氮、磷等关键矿质养分[38];反过来,水稻通过光合作用合成的碳水化合物为AMF生长提供能量。
AMF还能增强水稻的抗病与抗逆能力。接种AMF可通过提高生长素和水杨酸含量诱导水稻相关防御蛋白的合成,从而增强水稻对稻瘟病菌的防御能力[39]。水稻对盐胁迫极为敏感,接种AMF可显著提升其耐盐碱能力。AMF既可通过调控钠离子向地上部分的转运、维持体内离子平衡以增强水稻耐盐性[40],也能通过提高水稻光合效率缓解盐胁迫危害[41]。接种AMF可使水稻植株保持较高的钾钠比,其机制在于AMF菌丝在吸收和运输养分过程中充当了第一道屏障,优先吸收钾、钙等有益离子并阻碍钠离子进入植株,从而缓解盐胁迫[42];此外,接种AMF后植物水分利用效率和蒸腾速率显著提高,且通过AMF庞大的根外菌丝网络促进水稻对土壤中氮、磷、铁、镁等元素的吸收,使叶片维持较高的叶绿素含量[43]。AMF还可通过调节水稻组织中生长素、脱落酸、赤霉素等激素水平,缓解盐胁迫危害[44]。与AMF共生还可缓解干旱和重金属胁迫对水稻的影响。例如,在干旱胁迫下,接种AMF的水稻植株在株高、根长、侧根数和叶片数等方面均显著优于未接种植株[45]。在镉污染条件下,接种AMF可促进水稻生长和养分吸收,降低镉积累并提高耐镉性[46]。综上所述,AMF在水稻生长发育中扮演着不可替代的重要角色。
图1所示,水稻根际定殖了包括细菌和真菌在内的多种微生物,共同构成了水稻根际微生态环境。其中,AMF与水稻根际微生物之间的相互作用是影响水稻生长和土壤特性的关键因素之一。在根际细菌中,存在一些有益类群,与AMF类似,均具有改善植物营养供应、调节植物激素、增强植物抗逆与抗病能力等功能。根际细菌同样对水稻生长和胁迫缓解具有重要作用,是宝贵的微生物资源。
植物的正常生长发育依赖氮、磷、钾等多种矿质元素的持续供给。土壤养分的活化、吸收与转运是AMF与根际细菌协同合作的核心环节。二者通过协同调控水稻对碳、氮、磷等关键营养元素的吸收和转运过程,显著提升土壤养分利用效率,进而形成稳定且高效的互利共生体系,对水稻的生长与健康具有重要作用[47]
AMF和根际细菌可通过协同活化土壤矿质养分,满足水稻生长的营养需求。土壤中的营养物质大多以难溶性化合物形式存在,难以被水稻直接吸收利用,其有效转化高度依赖酶的催化作用[48]。AMF自身虽不具备合成分解土壤难溶性养分相关酶的能力,但其能够促进土壤微生物分泌多种酶,包括纤维素酶、脲酶、蛋白酶[49]、硝酸还原酶、酸性磷酸酶[50]、碱性磷酸酶等[51]。其中,蛋白酶和脲酶参与有机氮向无机氮的转化过程,酶活水平直接决定了氮素转化的强度;酸性磷酸酶等可将难溶性磷酸盐降解为可利用的可溶性磷[52],有效缓解水稻生长过程中的磷素限制。此外,当水稻体内磷供应充足时,AMF与固氮菌之间可互为对方提供重要养分,对水稻健康生长具有显著促进作用[53]。AMF与水稻形成共生体系后可通过分泌代谢物改善根际微环境,为根际微生物提供适宜的生存与定殖环境,进一步强化养分活化与吸收能力。AMF在生长过程中产生的果糖、葡萄糖等相对分子质量较低的化合物可直接被解磷菌等细菌吸收利用,显著改善其在土壤中的存活与增殖能力[54]。同时,AMF发达的根外菌丝网络可为根际细菌提供稳定的定殖场所,减少土著微生物的竞争与排斥,提升外源功能菌的定殖效率[55]。盆栽试验证实,AMF和解磷菌联合接种可显著增加土壤有效磷含量和植株磷含量,且增效效果优于单一接种,表现出明显的协同效应[56]
土壤中碳源的可利用性是决定根际微生物丰度与活性的关键因素。AMF的根外菌丝能够在其表面富集较高浓度的有机碳,为微生物提供重要的碳源支持[57]。同时,AMF与水稻共生后可促进根系结构发育,构建更为复杂的根际微环境,从而为微生物提供良好的栖息场所,促使根际细菌依附于根系周围并形成生物膜,以增强自身的环境耐受性和抗逆能力[58]。此外,AMF分泌的柠檬酸、苹果酸等有机酸还能定向招募特定功能细菌,维持根际微生物群落结构稳定,优化水稻根际生态环境,保障水稻正常生长发育[59]。基于AMF和根际细菌的功能特征,单一菌株菌剂功能相对单一,难以满足水稻生长过程中对多种养分获取与环境适应的综合需求;而AMF与根际细菌构建的互作体系[60]则可通过功能互补,更高效地促进土壤养分活化、改善根际环境,进而保障水稻稳产。
AMF是水稻根际微生态系统的重要组成成分,在提升水稻非生物胁迫抗性方面发挥关键作用,尤其在增强水稻耐盐性方面表现突出[61]。近年来,在盐碱地上种植水稻已成为改良恶劣环境的重要技术手段。但在盐碱土环境下,高盐胁迫会严重抑制水稻根系的水分吸收效率,干扰植株正常的新陈代谢过程[62];同时,盐胁迫还会诱导水稻气孔关闭,降低光合效率,最终造成水稻生长受阻、产量降低[63]。现有研究证实,盐胁迫条件下,将AMF与根际促生细菌联合接种能够有效提升水稻的生长势与生理活性,维持产量稳定[64]。二者协同作用的核心机制主要体现在缓解离子毒害、促进养分和水分吸收、提升光合效率[65]等方面。
盐碱土中过量的盐分离子会造成水稻体内离子稳态失衡,引发渗透胁迫,促使水稻过量积累Na+[66]。由于离子间的拮抗效应,水稻对K+、Ca2+、Mg2+等必需矿质元素的吸收会被显著抑制,进一步破坏体内离子平衡,加剧细胞损伤甚至导致植株死亡[67]。在盐碱胁迫下,AMF可与根际细菌协同作用,减轻毒害离子对水稻的损伤。AMF的根外菌丝能够直接拦截根系对Na+的吸收,将Na+滞留于菌丝结构内,降低植株体内Na+富集量[68]。同时,AMF菌根的定殖还会增加对K+的吸收,缓解盐碱胁迫的毒害作用[69]。AMF可通过优化水稻根系形态结构,借助根外菌丝与水稻根系形成的庞大菌丝网络,强化水分吸收与运输能力,缓解盐胁迫造成的生理干旱[70];根际细菌的定殖和功能发挥通常受AMF调控,例如芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)及耐盐节杆菌(Arthrobacter halodurans)等菌株对AMF根外菌丝分泌的糖类物质具有明显趋化性[71],可在菌丝表面高效定殖和增殖。根际细菌通过加速土壤有机质矿化分解,持续为根系提供能量与营养底物,保障根系生理代谢正常进行;AMF依靠菌丝网络拓展根系吸收空间,扩大养分摄取范围,促进水稻植株物质合成与积累[72]。二者形成稳定的协同关系,共同优化水稻根际微环境,提升水稻耐盐能力。相关研究表明,荧光假单胞菌与AMF联合接种可通过提升还原性酶活性增强水稻抗氧化能力,同时调节Na+、K+平衡,有效缓解盐胁迫伤害,显著提升水稻籽粒产量[73]。假单胞菌可通过提升细胞活力和相关酶活性抑制盐碱胁迫下水稻根系、叶、芽的细胞凋亡;而AMF则通过增强土壤颗粒的团聚作用改善根际土壤结构,促进养分吸收,为水稻抵御盐胁迫提供物质保障[74]。二者功能互补、协同增效,为盐碱地水稻高效栽培提供了重要的微生态调控思路。
AMF和根际细菌调节植物激素是增强植物生长的核心机制之一[75]。吲哚乙酸、细胞分裂素、脱落酸、赤霉素等内源激素贯穿水稻生长代谢全程,对根系发育、养分吸收及逆境适应均起到关键作用[76]。AMF和根际细菌可通过调节水稻激素合成途径、改善体内激素水平等方式优化根系结构、调节生长节律,进而提升水稻对胁迫的耐受能力[77]
在促生长调控层面,固氮菌、解磷菌等根际细菌能够直接合成吲哚乙酸、赤霉素、细胞分裂素等生长类激素[78],AMF则可上调水稻激素合成相关基因的表达,并改善矿质养分供应状况,二者协同作用促进水稻根系伸长、侧根分化与根毛发生,有效扩大根系养分吸收面积[79]。AMF能够诱导水稻激素的合成与积累,而植物激素又能作为信号分子反向调控AMF的定殖与共生过程,形成双向信号反馈[80]。研究证实,根际溶磷细菌能够分泌生长素和赤霉素,对水稻根系构建具有显著促进作用[81]。这些细菌分泌的激素还可促进根系分泌物释放,为AMF和其他根际微生物的定殖与增殖提供充足碳源。在低磷环境下,水稻会降低细胞分裂素合成,进而诱导AMF菌丝生长和定殖[82],强化磷素吸收效率。
针对淹水缺氧等特殊环境,水稻主要依赖乙烯信号通路完成逆境适应。研究表明,根际细菌可通过代谢乙烯合成前体1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧酸(1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, ACC),将其分解为α-酮丁酸和氨,缓解乙烯过量带来的负面影响[83];AMF则可促进水稻不定根发生和通气组织的形成,二者功能互补,共同提升水稻的耐淹抗逆能力。脱落酸作为核心逆境调控激素,参与水稻胁迫感知与水分平衡调节,AMF和根际细菌可通过调控脱落酸合成水平降低气孔导度和水分蒸腾速率,从而减少水分流失,增强抗旱能力[84]。在生物胁迫防御中,AMF的定殖可促进茉莉酸、水杨酸的合成,提升水稻抗病水平;同时,根际细菌诱导的系统抗性可进一步拓宽水稻对病原菌的广谱防御能力,形成多层次的抗病调控网络[85]
随着全球粮食需求持续增长,绿色可持续的增产技术成为水稻生产的重要发展方向[86]。依托根际有益微生物改善水稻生长、提升养分利用效率、增强抗逆能力已成为一种极具潜力、绿色高效的方法[87]。现有研究表明,AMF与根际细菌联合应用在水稻栽培中展现出良好的应用潜力。例如,AMF与生物炭联合施用于水稻,可有效促进水稻磷循环并增加叶片磷含量[88]。基于不同功能的一种或多种菌株制成微生物菌剂,能够针对性调控水稻根际微环境,进一步推动水稻生长和产量提升[89]
在养分吸收利用方面,AMF与根际细菌的协同作用效果显著。解磷细菌能够活化土壤中难溶性磷,AMF则通过菌丝网络扩大吸收范围,二者联合可有效降低磷肥施用量;再配合固氮类细菌,还可实现氮肥减施而产量不受影响[90]。同时,该复合微生物体系还能促进水稻对硒元素的吸收与转运,缓解镍、铜、钼等元素对水稻生长的抑制作用[91]。在逆境胁迫和病害防控中,AMF与根际细菌的联合应用同样表现突出。AMF与根系细菌的协同作用可显著增强水稻耐低温、耐盐碱等能力。研究发现,AMF与菌根辅助细菌(mycorrhization helper bacteria, MHB)联合施用,通过优化渗透平衡、调节激素、增强抗氧化系统等途径显著提高了水稻在低温胁迫下的耐受力[92]。在重金属污染环境下,AMF可改善根系离子平衡,根际细菌则通过分泌有机酸等物质诱导水稻降低对镉、铅等金属离子的吸收[93]。此外,芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌等根际细菌与AMF配合,可借助生态位竞争和诱导系统抗性等方式有效降低水稻土传病害的发生概率[94]
当前,AMF和根际细菌在促进水稻养分吸收、增逆减灾、病害防控等方面已得到初步验证。二者的协同互作为水稻绿色高效栽培提供了可靠方案,也为稻田可持续生产提供了重要的理论与技术支撑。
尽管水稻根际细菌与AMF的协同作用已展现出良好的促生和增产潜力,但其互作机制仍存在诸多未解问题,相关研究从实验室向田间的转化面临多方面限制。AMF与根际细菌的跨界协同涉及土壤、微生物、植物多个层面,构成高度复杂的动态网络体系,目前尚未形成系统清晰的框架。现有研究对菌丝网络与根际微生物群落的互作规律认识仍较为有限,尤其是在植物关键基因如何调控菌根共生过程、AMF如何联合其他有益微生物协同调节土壤生态功能等核心问题上仍缺乏明确结论。同时,微生物鉴定手段存在明显局限:传统基于真菌孢子形态的分类方法依赖经验且分辨率有限,难以准确反映群落结构;分子鉴定虽然可以获得真菌个体基因组信息,但对复杂根际微生物群落的组成和功能潜力挖掘仍不充分。从应用角度来看,当前研究多基于可控的室内环境开展,与田间复杂环境存在较大差异。自然条件下的生物胁迫和非生物胁迫均会显著改变AMF与根际细菌的互作强度和模式,易导致室内增效效果在田间难以体现,二者联合的真实增产潜力仍需在田间进行大量试验验证。此外,不同土壤类型、水稻品种以及栽培方式对该互作体系的响应差异显著,进一步限制了该互作体系在生产中的推广应用。
针对当前水稻根际细菌与AMF互作研究存在的不足,未来需从机理解析和应用落地2个层面推进。如图2B所示,在互作机理方面,首先应借助宏基因组、转录组、代谢组等多组学技术解析AMF-细菌互作过程中的代谢路径、养分运输和抗逆响应的核心基因模块,阐明AMF-细菌组合协同互作的分子对话机制。同时,稳定同位素示踪技术(如13C、15N标记)在追踪碳、氮元素于植物、AMF、细菌体系中的流动方面展现出重要潜力,为理解物质交换机制提供了直接证据。当前研究逐渐关注基因和信号分子,如根系分泌物、有机酸及挥发性有机物在微生物招募与互作中的调控作用,以及菌丝网络作为“地下信息通道”在物质运输与信号传递中的功能。此外,合成微生物群落(synthetic community, SynCom)的构建为解析AMF与特定功能细菌之间的协同机制提供了可控模型体系,有助于从复杂群落中提炼关键互作关系。
在田间应用方面(图2C),需要开展长期田间定位试验,综合考量不同土壤类型、不同水稻品种,以及pH、养分状况和气候条件等因素,筛选具有稳定促生效应的AMF-细菌复合微生物制剂。同时,遵循功能互补原则,利用微生物合成技术优化菌株搭配,打造定殖能力强、环境稳定性高的AMF-细菌功能组合,开发出新型复合菌剂,为绿色农业和可持续生产提供理论支撑。如图2A所示,AMF无法进行纯培养,其规模化繁殖需要长期依赖宿主植物共生体系。若想实现大规模扩繁,核心在于构建低磷、高通气且温度适宜的土壤环境。在整个发育期内须保持土壤含水量稳定且不施加任何化学肥料。宿主植物可选用玉米或苜蓿等根系易形成不定根的植物。第一茬作物收获后,需保留部分含菌根土壤作为下一季的种源以降低成本。总之,只有通过科学的宿主配置、精确的环境调控和规范的田间管理等措施才能实现AMF的大范围繁殖,以解决AMF菌剂的供给问题。
通过上述研究既能完善水稻根际微生物跨界互作的理论体系,也能推动高效微生物制剂的产业化应用,为构建稳定高效的作物根际微生物组、提升水稻产量与绿色生产水平提供坚实的理论与技术支撑。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32401436)
  • 国家自然科学基金(U22A20593)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2024YFD1501004)
  • 吉林省自然科学基金优秀青年基金(20250101030JJ)
  • 中国博士后科学基金(2024M753212)
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2026年第66卷第7期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260011
  • 接收时间:2026-01-05
  • 首发时间:2026-07-06
  • 出版时间:2026-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-05
  • 录用日期:2026-04-13
基金
The National Natural Science Foundation of China(32401436)
国家自然科学基金(32401436)
国家自然科学基金(U22A20593)
The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFD1501004)
国家重点研发计划(2024YFD1501004)
The Excellent Young Scientists Fund of the Jilin Provincial Natural Science Foundation(20250101030JJ)
吉林省自然科学基金优秀青年基金(20250101030JJ)
The China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M753212)
中国博士后科学基金(2024M753212)
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    1.长春大学 园林学院,吉林 长春
    2.中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所,吉林 长春

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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