Article(id=1280817547498991939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250952, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1766332800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-22, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1772035200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineDate=1783300299763, onlineDateStr=2026-07-06, pubDate=1783094400000, pubDateStr=2026-07-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1783300299763, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-07-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1783300299763, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1783300299763, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1280817479555462000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='7', pageStart='3121', pageEnd='3677', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1783094400000', pubDateStr='2026-07-04', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1783300283564, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1783326087324, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1280925708813832746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1280817479555462000, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3260, endPage=3276, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1280817547868090692, articleId=1280817547498991939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Functional characterization of NecArl8 in Neopestalotiopsis cubana, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Neopestalotiopsis cubana Maharachch. is the primary pathogen responsible for leaf spot and fruit ring rot in guava (Psidium guajava L.). The ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 8 (Arl8) belonging to the ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) superfamily is associated with lysosomal processes including localization, trafficking, and fusion. The function of Arl8 in phytopathogenic fungi remains poorly understood. Objective To elucidate the function of Arl8 in N. cubana. Methods An Arl8 gene was identified from the genome of N. cubana and designated as NecArl8. A NecArl8 knockout mutant (ΔNecArl8) and a complemented strain (ΔNecArl8-C) were generated via clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated 9, (CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated genome editing. These strains were subsequently analyzed through phenotypic experiments and RNA-seq. Results ΔNecArl8 showed a reduction of 34.93% in sporulation capacity and significant increases of 5.74% and 7.39% in inhibition rates by salt and osmotic stresses, respectively. In addition, this mutant exhibited weakened pathogenicity, as indicated by a reduction of 5.74 mm in the average spot diameter. In contrast, the mutant displayed significantly enhanced resistance to oxidative stress, which showed an inhibition rate of -19.22%. After long-term culture, a large number of vacuolated cells were observed in the mutant. RNA-seq analysis was performed on ΔNecArl8 and the wild-type strain to identify differentially expressed genes. Transcriptomic analysis showed that 2 330 genes were significantly down-regulated and 1 355 genes were significantly up-regulated. Gene set enrichment analysis further revealed that transmembrane transport proteins were broadly suppressed, and the expression levels of 16 fungal-type vacuolar-related proteins were significantly down-regulated, suggesting that the structure and functions of fungal-type vacuoles were seriously damaged. The reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) results showed the expression patterns of 9 randomly selected transmembrane transport genes were consistent with those obtained by transcriptome sequencing, indicating that the transcriptome data were highly reliable. Conclusion NecArl8 may affect the pathogenicity of N. cubana on guava by regulating function of transmembrane transport. This study lays a theoretical foundation for exploring the pathogenic mechanism of N. cubana and developing new control strategies.

, authors=Qingshan MAO1, 2, Huanwei WANG1, 2, Siyan HUO1, 2, Yiming DONG1, 2, Weiguo MIAO1, 2, Wenbo LIU1, 2, authorsList=Qingshan MAO, Huanwei WANG, Siyan HUO, Yiming DONG, Weiguo MIAO, Wenbo LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Weiguo MIAO, Wenbo LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail: LIU Wenbo,
MIAO Weiguo,
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1280817551554883925, articleId=1280817547498991939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌中 NecArl8 基因功能分析, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌(Neopestalotiopsis cubana Maharachch.)是番石榴(Psidium guajava L.)叶斑病和果实轮纹病的主要病原。ADP-核糖基化因子样蛋白8 (ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 8, Arl8)属于ADP-核糖基化因子家族(ADP-ribosylation factor, Arf)超家族,与溶酶体(定位、迁移、融合)功能相关。目前,Arl8在植物病原真菌中的功能尚未明确。 目的 解析Arl8在古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌中的功能。 方法 从古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌基因组中筛选出一个Arl8基因,命名为NecArl8。采用规律成簇的间隔短回文重复序列系统及相关蛋白9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, CRISPR-associated 9, CRISPR/Cas9)基因编辑技术构建NecArl8基因敲除突变体(ΔNecArl8)及回补菌株(ΔNecArl8-C),并通过表型实验和RNA-seq转录组测序进行分析。 结果 与野生型相比,ΔNecArl8产孢量下降34.93%,盐胁迫和渗透压胁迫抑制率分别显著提高5.74%和7.39%,致病力显著下降(病斑直径平均缩小5.74 mm),耐氧化胁迫能力显著增强(抑制率为-19.22%),且长期培养后产生大量空泡细胞。对ΔNecArl8与野生型菌株进行RNA-seq测序,差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs)分析结果表明,显著下调基因2 330个,显著上调基因1 355个。基因集富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis, GSEA)表明液泡跨膜转运蛋白广泛受到抑制,16个真菌型液泡相关蛋白表达量显著下降,说明液泡的结构与功能完整性受到显著影响。逆转录实时荧光定量PCR (reverse transcription quantitative PCR, RT-qPCR)验证结果表明,随机选取的9个基因的表达水平与转录组测序数据趋势一致,表明该转录组数据具有较高的可信度。 结论 NecArl8可能通过调控跨膜转运功能进而影响古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌对番石榴的致病力,可为探究该菌的致病机理及建立新的防治策略奠定理论基础。

, authors=毛青山1, 2, 王焕惟1, 2, 霍思燕1, 2, 董一鸣1, 2, 缪卫国1, 2, 刘文波1, 2, authorsList=毛青山, 王焕惟, 霍思燕, 董一鸣, 缪卫国, 刘文波, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=缪卫国, 刘文波, authorNote=

作者贡献声明

毛青山:方法论、完成实验、数据收集及分析、验证,撰写文章;王焕惟:方法论、数据分析、审阅;霍思燕:方法论、数据分析;董一鸣:数据收集及分析;缪卫国:获取基金、项目管理、提供资源;刘文波:提出概念、获取基金、项目管理、提供资源、审阅。

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BioEssays, 2023, 45(6): 2200214., articleTitle=The Arf family GTPases: regulation of vesicle biogenesis and beyond, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1280925286069932270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817547498991939, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=8, issue=5, pageStart=463, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Yang L, Li XM, Ma YX, Zhang KQ, Yang JK, journalName=Journal of Fungi, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang L, Li XM, Ma YX, Zhang KQ, Yang JK. The Arf-GAP proteins AoGcs1 and AoGts1 regulate mycelial development, endocytosis, and pathogenicity in Arthrobotrys oligospora [J]. 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A: Proteins containing only a single Arf domain in Neopestalotiopsis cubana and their gene expression levels; B: Phylogenetic analysis of NecArl8., figureFileSmall=pQekFdVYC+dTxEvWYLiAMg==, figureFileBig=H3SktDt7qadvnXfeiFUROQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925278151086260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817547498991939, language=CN, label=图1, caption=目标蛋白筛选及系统发育树分析, figureFileSmall=pQekFdVYC+dTxEvWYLiAMg==, figureFileBig=H3SktDt7qadvnXfeiFUROQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925278247555253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817547498991939, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=PCR verification and sequencing identification of NecArl8 gene knockout and complementation. A: Verification of ΔNecArl8 knockout transformants using primers NecArl8_ORFF/NecArl8_ORFR (Lane M: Molecular marker; Lane 1: CK; Lane 2: ΔNecArl8; Lane 3: EV; Lane 4: PHNWZS16); B: Verification of knockout transformants using primers NecArl8_UahF/NecArl8_UahR (Lane M: Molecular marker; Lane 1: CK; Lane 2: EV; Lane 3: PHNWZS16; Lane 4: ΔNecArl8); C: Verification of complementation transformants NecArl8_ORFF/NecArl8_ORFR (Lane M: Molecular marker; Lane 1: CK; Lane 2: ΔNecArl8-C; Lane 3: ΔNecArl8; Lane 4: EV; Lane 5: PHNWZS16); D: Sequencing alignment results of knockout transformants; E: RT-qPCR analysis (****: P<0.000 1)., figureFileSmall=9WtOJGSnshdISM6JmbulPw==, figureFileBig=0NiCTs4XyOT5Pz3t/Prvug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925278310469814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817547498991939, language=CN, label=图2, caption=NecArl8 基因敲除和回补的PCR验证及测序鉴定, figureFileSmall=9WtOJGSnshdISM6JmbulPw==, figureFileBig=0NiCTs4XyOT5Pz3t/Prvug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925278390161591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817547498991939, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Observation of colony growth phenotype. A: Colony morphology of the strains on nutrient medium; B: Colony diameter statistics; C: Mycelial morphology under long-term culture experiment (Magnification: 1 000×, scale bar=50 μm. Electron microscope magnification: 7 000×, scale bar=2 µm). ns: P>0.05., figureFileSmall=MNI/RNBsh2McBu4t6ihLBw==, figureFileBig=VLUCdclUo1Dh+dbkMuHNiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925278444687544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817547498991939, language=CN, label=图3, caption=菌落生长表型观察, figureFileSmall=MNI/RNBsh2McBu4t6ihLBw==, figureFileBig=VLUCdclUo1Dh+dbkMuHNiw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925278507602105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817547498991939, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Morphology and spore production of conidia. A: Morphology of conidia (Magnification: 400×, scale bar=40 μm); B: Spore production (magnification: 100×, scale bar=200 μm). ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=AwsstaNo15dvhxtXGowZtQ==, figureFileBig=FGoDztVoTlprWe7xOzaOGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925278578905274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817547498991939, language=CN, label=图4, caption=分生孢子的形态和产孢量, figureFileSmall=AwsstaNo15dvhxtXGowZtQ==, figureFileBig=FGoDztVoTlprWe7xOzaOGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925278641819835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817547498991939, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Determination of pathogenicity of the tested strains on guava fruit. A: Pathogenic lesion characteristics of guava fruit; B: Lesion size statistics. ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=fQNa+zbXu+0i/S63MoouOw==, figureFileBig=a2TzbM28MUuMT5wAL7EQ1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925278713123004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817547498991939, language=CN, label=图5, caption=供试菌株对番石榴果实致病性的测定, figureFileSmall=fQNa+zbXu+0i/S63MoouOw==, figureFileBig=a2TzbM28MUuMT5wAL7EQ1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925278771843261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817547498991939, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Growth of wild-type PHNWZS16 and knockout mutant ΔNecArl8 under different stress conditions. A: Colony growth status; B: Colony growth inhibition rate. ns: P>0.05; *: P<0.05; ***: P<0.001; ****: P<0.000 1., figureFileSmall=0YX0/s0J6TtQ9mKAtp8uBw==, figureFileBig=4zLQVEmZhczMYjqLeOWvzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925278834757822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817547498991939, language=CN, label=图6, caption=野生型PHNWZS16和敲除突变体ΔNecArl8 在不同胁迫条件下的生长情况, figureFileSmall=0YX0/s0J6TtQ9mKAtp8uBw==, figureFileBig=4zLQVEmZhczMYjqLeOWvzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925278914449599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817547498991939, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes by RNA-seq sequencing. A: Principal component analysis of ΔNecArl8 vs.PHNWZS16; B: Distribution map of differentially expressed genes; C: GO enrichment upregulation analysis; D: GO enrichment downregulation analysis; E: KEGG signaling pathway analysis; F: Gene set enrichment analysis., figureFileSmall=mTGpgKsZGHr4A6wgm3e4ow==, figureFileBig=Zwyu/QOts8rjS0k7Fdythg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925278981558464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817547498991939, language=CN, label=图7, caption=RNA-seq测序的差异表达基因富集分析, figureFileSmall=mTGpgKsZGHr4A6wgm3e4ow==, figureFileBig=Zwyu/QOts8rjS0k7Fdythg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925279040278721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817547498991939, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Comparison of RT-qPCR expression levels with RNA-seq expression levels for nine genes., figureFileSmall=/vm9oKRdeVvz+52ddDB2+Q==, figureFileBig=GR1IduF/IvLHxJfSJp5kIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925279103193282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817547498991939, language=CN, label=图8, caption=九个基因的RT-qPCR表达量与RNA-seq表达量比对, figureFileSmall=/vm9oKRdeVvz+52ddDB2+Q==, figureFileBig=GR1IduF/IvLHxJfSJp5kIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1280925279166107843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817547498991939, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)

NecArl8_

SgRNA200

GAGATGGACGTGACTATGAT

NecArl8_

SgRNA740

GCCCTGTCGTTGAAGAGCAT

NecArl8_

SgRNA470

AATATGAAGAAGGTGACTCG
NecArl8_200FCTAGCCATCTCCTGATGAGTCCGTGAGGACGAAACGAGTAAGCTCGTCGAGATGGACGTGACTATGATNecArl8_200RAAACATCATAGTCACGTCCATCTCGACGAGCTTACTCGTTTCGTCCTCACGGACTCATCAGGAGATGG
NecArl8_470FCTAGCCATATTCTGATGAGTCCGTGAGGACGAAACGAGTAAGCTCGTCAATATGAAGAAGGTGACTCGNecArl8_470RAAACCGAGTCACCTTCTTCATATTGACGAGCTTACTCGTTTCGTCCTCACGGACTCATCAGAATATGG
NecArl8_740FCTAGCCAGGGCCTGATGAGTCCGTGAGGACGAAACGAGTAAGCTCGTCGCCCTGTCGTTGAAGAGCATNecArl8_740RAAACATGCTCTTCAACGACAGGGCGACGAGCTTACTCGTTTCGTCCTCACGGACTCATCAGGCCCTGG
NecArl8_AFAGGGAACAAAAGCTGGGTACTTCGGCTCTTGTAATCTCGTCACNecArl8_ARCTAGCTCCAGCGGCGCGCCGGTTGCGCTCGGTTCCTGAAG
NecArl8_BFGATGCCGACCGGGCCGGCCGGTTCCACGGCGGCTTATGNecArl8_BRCCACCGCGGTGGCGGCCGCTGCCTTGCACTCCATGTCTTG

NecArl8_

ORFF

GCCAGGACGCCTCTTTAGT

NecArl8_

ORFR

TTTGTTACCCAGAACGAGCA

NecArl8_

seqF

ACCTTGCCTTACATACCTCCC

NecArl8_

seqR

GCCGTCTCAACTATCACCGA

NecArl8_

UahF

CAATAGCACTTACCCTGCCTCA

NecArl8_

UahR

GCTCCATACAAGCCAACCAC
25760-FGGGTCTTAATCTGGGAGGAAA25760-RGGAGGACGGTTTGGAAGTAGA
72720-FGTTGAATCGGGAATACCAGTTG72720-RGATGCGTTTACGAGGGAGC
075210-FCCGATGCCGAAATCATAAAG075210-RCCGCCTAAGTAGAGGTAGAAATG
007190-FGATGGTATGGGACTCACAGCC007190-RGACGCACGATACGAAGCAG
061140-FCCTATTGACGGCAACCCA061140-RGACTGTTGATAAGCACTATGAAAGC
066530-FAGCGTCAGACAATGCCTCC066530-RGAACCAATACTCCAGCTCCGT
015890-FAGGAAATCCGACATCACCG015890-RCCGACTTGTAGCCAATAGAGC
118890-FCCGATAACGAGTCCAAGCG118890-RGGCAGTCTTCTTCTGGGCAT
093710-FGACATTGCCACCATTGATAAGA093710-RTTCTCGCCCGAGTACGTGATGTAGA
), ArticleFig(id=1280925280848023748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1280817547498991939, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究中使用的引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)

NecArl8_

SgRNA200

GAGATGGACGTGACTATGAT

NecArl8_

SgRNA740

GCCCTGTCGTTGAAGAGCAT

NecArl8_

SgRNA470

AATATGAAGAAGGTGACTCG
NecArl8_200FCTAGCCATCTCCTGATGAGTCCGTGAGGACGAAACGAGTAAGCTCGTCGAGATGGACGTGACTATGATNecArl8_200RAAACATCATAGTCACGTCCATCTCGACGAGCTTACTCGTTTCGTCCTCACGGACTCATCAGGAGATGG
NecArl8_470FCTAGCCATATTCTGATGAGTCCGTGAGGACGAAACGAGTAAGCTCGTCAATATGAAGAAGGTGACTCGNecArl8_470RAAACCGAGTCACCTTCTTCATATTGACGAGCTTACTCGTTTCGTCCTCACGGACTCATCAGAATATGG
NecArl8_740FCTAGCCAGGGCCTGATGAGTCCGTGAGGACGAAACGAGTAAGCTCGTCGCCCTGTCGTTGAAGAGCATNecArl8_740RAAACATGCTCTTCAACGACAGGGCGACGAGCTTACTCGTTTCGTCCTCACGGACTCATCAGGCCCTGG
NecArl8_AFAGGGAACAAAAGCTGGGTACTTCGGCTCTTGTAATCTCGTCACNecArl8_ARCTAGCTCCAGCGGCGCGCCGGTTGCGCTCGGTTCCTGAAG
NecArl8_BFGATGCCGACCGGGCCGGCCGGTTCCACGGCGGCTTATGNecArl8_BRCCACCGCGGTGGCGGCCGCTGCCTTGCACTCCATGTCTTG

NecArl8_

ORFF

GCCAGGACGCCTCTTTAGT

NecArl8_

ORFR

TTTGTTACCCAGAACGAGCA

NecArl8_

seqF

ACCTTGCCTTACATACCTCCC

NecArl8_

seqR

GCCGTCTCAACTATCACCGA

NecArl8_

UahF

CAATAGCACTTACCCTGCCTCA

NecArl8_

UahR

GCTCCATACAAGCCAACCAC
25760-FGGGTCTTAATCTGGGAGGAAA25760-RGGAGGACGGTTTGGAAGTAGA
72720-FGTTGAATCGGGAATACCAGTTG72720-RGATGCGTTTACGAGGGAGC
075210-FCCGATGCCGAAATCATAAAG075210-RCCGCCTAAGTAGAGGTAGAAATG
007190-FGATGGTATGGGACTCACAGCC007190-RGACGCACGATACGAAGCAG
061140-FCCTATTGACGGCAACCCA061140-RGACTGTTGATAAGCACTATGAAAGC
066530-FAGCGTCAGACAATGCCTCC066530-RGAACCAATACTCCAGCTCCGT
015890-FAGGAAATCCGACATCACCG015890-RCCGACTTGTAGCCAATAGAGC
118890-FCCGATAACGAGTCCAAGCG118890-RGGCAGTCTTCTTCTGGGCAT
093710-FGACATTGCCACCATTGATAAGA093710-RTTCTCGCCCGAGTACGTGATGTAGA
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古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌中 NecArl8 基因功能分析
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毛青山 1, 2 , 王焕惟 1, 2 , 霍思燕 1, 2 , 董一鸣 1, 2 , 缪卫国 1, 2 , 刘文波 1, 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(7): 3260-3276
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微生物学报 |研究报告 2026 , 66 (7) : 3260 -3276
古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌中 NecArl8 基因功能分析
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毛青山1, 2, 王焕惟1, 2, 霍思燕1, 2, 董一鸣1, 2, 缪卫国1, 2 , 刘文波1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学 热带农林学院,热带农林生物灾害绿色防控教育部重点实验室,海南 海口
  • 2.海南大学,儋州入侵生物海南省野外科学观测研究站,海南 儋州
作者简介:

作者贡献声明

毛青山:方法论、完成实验、数据收集及分析、验证,撰写文章;王焕惟:方法论、数据分析、审阅;霍思燕:方法论、数据分析;董一鸣:数据收集及分析;缪卫国:获取基金、项目管理、提供资源;刘文波:提出概念、获取基金、项目管理、提供资源、审阅。

Functional characterization of NecArl8 in Neopestalotiopsis cubana
Qingshan MAO1, 2, Huanwei WANG1, 2, Siyan HUO1, 2, Yiming DONG1, 2, Weiguo MIAO1, 2 , Wenbo LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Plant Diseases and Pests of Ministry of Education, School of Tropical Agriculture and Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
  • 2.Danzhou Invasive Species Observation and Research Station of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Danzhou, Hainan, China
出版时间: 2026-07-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250952
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古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌(Neopestalotiopsis cubana Maharachch.)是番石榴(Psidium guajava L.)叶斑病和果实轮纹病的主要病原。ADP-核糖基化因子样蛋白8 (ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 8, Arl8)属于ADP-核糖基化因子家族(ADP-ribosylation factor, Arf)超家族,与溶酶体(定位、迁移、融合)功能相关。目前,Arl8在植物病原真菌中的功能尚未明确。 目的 解析Arl8在古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌中的功能。 方法 从古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌基因组中筛选出一个Arl8基因,命名为NecArl8。采用规律成簇的间隔短回文重复序列系统及相关蛋白9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, CRISPR-associated 9, CRISPR/Cas9)基因编辑技术构建NecArl8基因敲除突变体(ΔNecArl8)及回补菌株(ΔNecArl8-C),并通过表型实验和RNA-seq转录组测序进行分析。 结果 与野生型相比,ΔNecArl8产孢量下降34.93%,盐胁迫和渗透压胁迫抑制率分别显著提高5.74%和7.39%,致病力显著下降(病斑直径平均缩小5.74 mm),耐氧化胁迫能力显著增强(抑制率为-19.22%),且长期培养后产生大量空泡细胞。对ΔNecArl8与野生型菌株进行RNA-seq测序,差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs)分析结果表明,显著下调基因2 330个,显著上调基因1 355个。基因集富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis, GSEA)表明液泡跨膜转运蛋白广泛受到抑制,16个真菌型液泡相关蛋白表达量显著下降,说明液泡的结构与功能完整性受到显著影响。逆转录实时荧光定量PCR (reverse transcription quantitative PCR, RT-qPCR)验证结果表明,随机选取的9个基因的表达水平与转录组测序数据趋势一致,表明该转录组数据具有较高的可信度。 结论 NecArl8可能通过调控跨膜转运功能进而影响古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌对番石榴的致病力,可为探究该菌的致病机理及建立新的防治策略奠定理论基础。

番石榴  /  古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌  /  NecArl8  /  功能分析

Neopestalotiopsis cubana Maharachch. is the primary pathogen responsible for leaf spot and fruit ring rot in guava (Psidium guajava L.). The ADP-ribosylation factor-like protein 8 (Arl8) belonging to the ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf) superfamily is associated with lysosomal processes including localization, trafficking, and fusion. The function of Arl8 in phytopathogenic fungi remains poorly understood. Objective To elucidate the function of Arl8 in N. cubana. Methods An Arl8 gene was identified from the genome of N. cubana and designated as NecArl8. A NecArl8 knockout mutant (ΔNecArl8) and a complemented strain (ΔNecArl8-C) were generated via clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated 9, (CRISPR/Cas9)-mediated genome editing. These strains were subsequently analyzed through phenotypic experiments and RNA-seq. Results ΔNecArl8 showed a reduction of 34.93% in sporulation capacity and significant increases of 5.74% and 7.39% in inhibition rates by salt and osmotic stresses, respectively. In addition, this mutant exhibited weakened pathogenicity, as indicated by a reduction of 5.74 mm in the average spot diameter. In contrast, the mutant displayed significantly enhanced resistance to oxidative stress, which showed an inhibition rate of -19.22%. After long-term culture, a large number of vacuolated cells were observed in the mutant. RNA-seq analysis was performed on ΔNecArl8 and the wild-type strain to identify differentially expressed genes. Transcriptomic analysis showed that 2 330 genes were significantly down-regulated and 1 355 genes were significantly up-regulated. Gene set enrichment analysis further revealed that transmembrane transport proteins were broadly suppressed, and the expression levels of 16 fungal-type vacuolar-related proteins were significantly down-regulated, suggesting that the structure and functions of fungal-type vacuoles were seriously damaged. The reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) results showed the expression patterns of 9 randomly selected transmembrane transport genes were consistent with those obtained by transcriptome sequencing, indicating that the transcriptome data were highly reliable. Conclusion NecArl8 may affect the pathogenicity of N. cubana on guava by regulating function of transmembrane transport. This study lays a theoretical foundation for exploring the pathogenic mechanism of N. cubana and developing new control strategies.

Psidium guajava  /  Neopestalotiopsis cubana  /  NecArl8  /  functional characterization
毛青山, 王焕惟, 霍思燕, 董一鸣, 缪卫国, 刘文波. 古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌中 NecArl8 基因功能分析. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3260 -3276 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250952
Qingshan MAO, Huanwei WANG, Siyan HUO, Yiming DONG, Weiguo MIAO, Wenbo LIU. Functional characterization of NecArl8 in Neopestalotiopsis cubana[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (7) : 3260 -3276 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250952
古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌(Neopestalotiopsis cubana Maharachch.)是一种广泛分布的植物病原菌[1],可侵染植物从生长期到果实采后贮藏期的全生产阶段,引发番石榴果腐病、莲雾软腐病、草莓根腐病、槟榔叶斑病等多种植物病害[2-4]。在番石榴贮藏期发病率约30%[5],草莓根腐病发病率达15%-20%[6],造成严重的经济损失。研究古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌的致病机制并探索新的绿色防控策略具有重要的科学意义和实际价值[7]
ADP-核糖基化因子样蛋白(ADP-ribosylation factor-like proteins, Arl)属于大鼠肉瘤GTP酶(rat sarcoma GTPase, Ras)/ADP-核糖基化因子(ADP-ribosylation factor, Arf)超家族的重要分支,是一类高度保守的小GTP结合蛋白(small GTPases),其核心功能是通过与三磷酸鸟苷(guanosine triphosphate, GTP)结合(激活态)或与二磷酸鸟苷(guanosine diphosphate, GDP)结合(失活态)的构象变化,作为“分子开关”调控细胞内多种关键生理过程[8]。Arl亚家族序列同源性高度保守,但功能谱系已显著分化,其中ADP-核糖基化因子样蛋白8 (ADP-ribosylation factor-like proteins 8, Arl8)定位于溶酶体膜,核心功能为调控溶酶体动态(定位、迁移与融合)及细胞自噬水平,但在不同物种间其功能已产生特异性分化[9-11]。Arl8蛋白在秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)中通过调控溶酶体与内吞体融合维持细胞内稳态及清除能力,也可直接与驱动蛋白结合调控溶酶体迁移[12];在人类和小鼠细胞中Arl8是细胞自噬降解终末阶段的关键调控因子;在HeLa细胞等模型中发现,抑制Arl8可特异性促进前列腺癌细胞自噬,因此ARL8B被认定为可用于精准医疗的新型抗前列腺癌药物靶标[13];ARL8B在拟南芥中的同源蛋白ARLA1A则演化出对ABA胁迫处理的特异响应[14]。已有研究表明,Arl8可被病原微生物劫持,在HeLa细胞感染沙门氏菌的过程中[15]及番茄花叶病毒(tomato mosaic virus, ToMV)感染中[16-17]病原体均利用Arl8的膜运输调控功能促进自身生存与增殖。
目前,关于真菌中Arl8功能的研究较少。已有研究对稻瘟病菌Arl8功能进行了初步表型描述:通过敲除Arl8同源基因获得突变体(ΔMoarl8),表型分析表明MoArl8对稻瘟病菌营养生长和发育非必需,致病力未明显受损;进一步研究发现MoArl8与适配蛋白MoGga1无直接互作,其功能可能独立于已知的囊泡运输通路[18]。现有文献中,植物病原真菌Arl8基因的功能研究主要依赖序列同源性推测其可能参与溶酶体运输,尚缺乏实验验证[19]
本研究以古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌中含Arl8结构域的蛋白为研究对象,通过规律成簇的间隔短回文重复序列系统及相关蛋白9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, CRISPR-associated 9, CRISPR/Cas9)基因组编辑技术结合Split Marker同源重组法对NecArl8基因进行敲除,并结合表型实验与RNA-seq转录组测序分析,探讨NecArl8在古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌中的功能,以期为防控该菌引起的植物病害提供理论基础。
古巴新拟盘多毛孢PHWZS16菌株从海南省五指山市番石榴病果中分离、鉴定获得;pCX62、pYF515、pKNTG等质粒由热带农林生物灾害绿色防控教育部重点实验室保存;大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) DH5α感受态细胞购自上海唯地生物技术有限公司。
土豆、番石榴,海南致微科技贸易有限公司;T4 DNA连接酶,TaKaRa公司;DNA限制性内切酶,赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司;同源重组连接酶,南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;质粒提取、DNA片段回收试剂盒,天根生化科技(北京)有限公司。引物均合成自北京六合华大基因科技有限公司广州分公司,引物序列如表1所示。
本研究使用的古巴新拟盘多毛孢PHWZS16菌株及全基因组数据、侵染转录组数据均来自本实验室前期分离、测序[20]。从PHWZS16菌株的全基因组数据获得包含15 728个蛋白质的序列集(FASTA格式)。从Pfam数据库[Pfam is now hosted by InterPro (http://pfam.xfam.org/)]下载Arf结构域的隐马可夫模型(hidden Markov model, HMM) (登录号为PF00025),使用HMMER软件hmmsearch命令将蛋白质序列集与登录号为PF00025的模型进行比对,保留结构域匹配E-value<1×10-5的序列,最终得到34个含Arf结构域的候选蛋白。将34个含Arf结构域的候选蛋白,通过InterProScan在线工具(https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/search/sequence/)进一步验证结构域的准确性,筛选出7个仅含单一Arf结构域的候选蛋白。进一步结合PHWZS16菌株侵染番石榴果实过程中第3天和第6天表达量差异倍数最大的目标蛋白Neopbctg00000002G00058730。
利用SMART在线工具(http://smart.emblheidelberg.de/)和InterPro在线工具(https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/)对Neopbctg00000002G00058730蛋白的保守功能域进行分析,确定其结构特征为Arl8,因此命名为NecArl8。使用SignalP 5.0 (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/SignalP/)、ExPASy ProtParam (https://web.expasy.org/protparam/)、TMHMM 2.0 (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM/)等对其进行理化性质、亲水性/疏水性分布、信号肽、跨膜结构域进行分析;同时将NecArl8蛋白序列在NCBI数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)进行BLASTp检索,获得与NecArl8亲缘关系较近的蛋白序列,利用MEGA-11软件采用最大似然法进行系统发育分析,自举分析1 000次构建系统发育树。
PHNWZS16菌株接种于马铃薯葡萄糖液体培养基(potato dextrose broth, PDB),于28 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养2 d,过滤收集菌丝体用于基因组DNA提取,DNA提取采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, CTAB)法。
以提取的PHWZS16菌株基因组DNA为模板,NecArl8_AF/NecArl8_AR和NecArl8_BF/NecArl8_BR为引物分别对NecArl8基因的上、下游序列进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系:2×Taq PCR Master Mix 12.5 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 µL,模板1 µL,加ddH2O补足至25 µL。PCR反应条件:94 ℃ 5 min;94 ℃ 30 s,58 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 90 s,共32个循环;72 ℃ 10 min;4 ℃保温。经1.0%琼脂糖凝胶电泳后回收PCR产物。同时将pCX62克隆载体分别用限制性内切酶Kpn Ⅰ和Hind Ⅲ组合进行酶切,并将回收的PCR产物分别连接于pCX62载体中,最后分别用引物NecArl8_AF/HY-R和YG-F/NecArl8_BR大量扩增目的片段,并使用通用型DNA纯化回收试剂盒回收,获得同源重组片段。根据前人的方法[21],将PHWZS16菌株NecArl8基因序列利用单链向导RNA (single-guide RNA, sgRNA)在线设计工具(grna.ctegd.uga.edu)设计3个靶向NecArl8的sgRNA,将其合成并克隆至pYF515 (构建方法同上)。通过聚乙二醇(polyethylene glycol, PEG)介导的原生质体转化和同源重组的方法,将sgRNA和抗性片段转入野生型PHNWZS16的原生质体中,在含有潮霉素的胰蛋白胨酵母提取物肉汤3号培养基(tryptone yeast extract broth 3, TB3)平板上进行阳性转化子筛选,通过PCR扩增和测序验证成功敲除的转化子(引物序列见表1)。
以野生型DNA为模板,用引物扩增NecArl8基因及其自身启动子序列,构建NecArl8基因回补载体pKNTG,同时设计靶向HPH的sgRNA,并将其克隆到pYF515。将回补载体与sgRNA导入敲除株中,在含有G418的TB3平板培养基上进行筛选,参照1.5节中相同的PCR方法验证回补是否成功。
将待测菌株分别接种于完全培养基(complete medium, CM)、马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基(potato dextrose agar medium,PDA培养基)(青岛高科技工业园海博生物技术有限公司)平板上,28 ℃培养6 d后测量菌落直径。实验重复3次,数据取平均值并进行统计分析。使用CM液体培养基于28 ℃、180 r/min培养15 d后,在光学显微镜下观察菌丝形态,通过透射电镜观察细胞内部情况。
将待测菌株分别接种于PDA平板上,28 ℃培养10 d后,用无菌蒸馏水轻轻刮取菌落表面的孢子并收集悬浮液。通过滤纸过滤以去除菌丝碎片后,用血球计数板计数分生孢子的数量,计算每平板的产孢量。同时,制备孢子悬液涂片,在显微镜下观察孢子的形态。每个菌株重复3次实验,数据取平均值。
将待测菌株分别培养于CM液体培养基,28 ℃、180 r/min培养2 d后,28 ℃、12 000 r/min离心2 min收集菌丝。对健康的番石榴果实使用打孔器造伤,将菌丝正面覆盖在造伤处,以未接种菌丝的CM培养基作为阴性对照。接种后,将果实置于28 ℃、保湿条件下培养,接种3、6、9 d分别记录病斑直径。
将待测菌株分别接种于含CM培养基的平板上,在培养基中分别添加不同胁迫试剂:1 mol/L山梨醇、0.6 mol/L NaCl、0.01%十二烷基硫酸钠(sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS)、200 μg/mL刚果红(Congo red, CR)、20 μg/mL荧光增白剂(calcofluor white, CFW)和 3 mmol/L H2O2,添加等量的无菌水的CM培养基作为对照。将直径5 mm的菌饼接种于平板中央,置于28 ℃培养6 d,采用十字交叉法测定菌落直径并拍照记录。实验设置3个生物学重复,计算胁迫处理与对照组的生长抑制率,如公式(1)所示。
抑制=(1-处理组菌圈平均直(T)对照组菌圈平均直(CK))×100%
将野生型PHNWZS16、基因敲除株ΔNecArl8分别使用CM液体培养基28 ℃、180 r/min培养2 d,过滤收集菌丝,使用液氮速冻后送上海欧易生物医学科技有限公司进行真核有参转录组测序。富集分析均在欧易在线分析平台(https://cloud.oebiotech.com)进行。RNA-seq测序结果进行质量检验,将基因表达量进行主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)。筛选出显著差异的基因进行进一步分析[Q-value< 0.05且|log2 fold change|>1,即统计显著且基因表达变化倍数(fold change, FC)≥2]。
在显著差异的基因中随机选取9个基因设计逆转录实时荧光定量PCR (reverse transcription quantitative PCR, RT-qPCR)引物进行基因表达量分析,相关引物序列见表1
采用Microsoft Office 2019和Graphpad Prism 10.1.2软件对试验数据进行统计分析和绘图。以t检验(t-test)进行统计学分析,P<0.05表示差异具有统计学意义。
使用HMMER软件从PHWZS16菌株的全基因组中筛选出7个仅含单一Arf结构域的候选蛋白,选取侵染果实过程中表达量差异倍数最大的目标蛋白,经分析确定其结构特征为Arl8,因此命名为NecArl8 (图1A)。NecArl8基因编码182个氨基酸,理论分子量约20.37 kDa,理论等电点(isoelectric point, pI)为6.30,分子式为C916H1460N244O260S10,总原子数2 890个。理化性质分析表明,该蛋白不稳定性指数为21.74,属于稳定蛋白;信号肽预测结果显示该蛋白被高度可信地预测为“无典型的信号肽”,为非分泌性蛋白。TMHMM预测结果显示无跨膜螺旋结构,为典型的可溶性蛋白。结果表明NecArl8是一个经典的可溶性胞内信号转导蛋白,与结构域预测功能一致。系统发育树清晰呈现了Arf相关蛋白在子囊菌门真菌中的进化脉络,物种集中于子囊菌门真菌[已上传ScienceDB数据库(http://www.scidb.cn),中国科技资源标识(chinese science and technology resource identifier, CSTR)编号为https://cstr.cn/31253.11.sciencedb.j00231.00036],说明NecArl8蛋白在子囊菌中具有高度进化保守性(图1B)。
利用CRISPR/Cas9及Split Marker技术构建NecArl8基因敲除突变体ΔNecArl8。在含潮霉素的平板上筛选获得转化子,经多对引物PCR验证,筛选获得一株突变体ΔNecArl8 (图2)。如图2A所示,初筛使用NecArl8_ORFF/NecArl8_ORFR引物验证,ΔNecArl8未扩出条带(泳道2),野生型菌株基因组和EV空载对照组扩增出一条551 bp的条带(泳道3、泳道4);如图2B所示,复检使用NecArl8_UahF+NecArl8_UahR引物验证ΔNecArl8扩增出1条约2 851 bp的目的条带(泳道4),而野生型PHNWZS 16菌株和EV空载对照菌株无条带(泳道2、泳道3)。使用NecArl8_seqF/NecArl8_seqR引物扩增敲除区域送北京六合华大基因科技有限公司广州分公司测序,经NCBI BLAST比对表明,所验证的转化子即为NecArl8基因敲除突变体(图2D)。
通过原生质体转化法将构建的pKNTG-NecArl8质粒载体转入ΔNecArl8中获得异位转化子ΔNecArl8-C,利用引物NecArl8_ORFF/NecArl8_ORFR进行验证,ΔNecArl8中未检测到扩增条带(泳道3),而回补转化子ΔNecArl8-C (泳道2)、PHNWZS16 (泳道5)和EV (泳道4)均可扩增到一条约为551 bp的目的条带,说明目的基因序列已重新转入,获得回补菌株ΔNecArl8-C (图2C)。RT-qPCR验证结果表明,敲除和回补菌株均验证正确,可用于后续实验(图2E)。
在PDA、CM这2种不同培养基上对ΔNecArl8菌株的菌落形态及直径进行观察和测量。结果显示,与野生型PHNWZS16菌株相比,ΔNecArl8菌株的菌落形态和生长速度均未表现出显著差异(图3A3B)。这一结果表明,NecArl8基因的缺失并未对古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌的菌落形态及营养生长能力产生明显影响。使用CM液体培养基28 ℃、180 r/min培养15 d后观察菌丝形态,发现PHNWZS16、ΔNecArl8、EV、ΔNecArl8-C均出现相似情况的根部菌丝膨大、菌丝尖端皱缩、大量破碎细胞。然而,突变体ΔNecArl8中存活的菌丝更少,膨大更为显著且出现大量空泡细胞,透射电镜观察到突变体中聚集大量空泡(图3C)。
显微镜观察发现,ΔNecArl8的分生孢子形态与野生型菌株相比无显著差异,但ΔNecArl8的产孢量显著低于野生型菌株,回补后孢子数量恢复(图4A4B)。由此可见,NecArl8基因的缺失未影响古巴新拟盘多毛孢分生孢子的大小和形态,但对产孢能力具有显著影响。
在健康番石榴果实上分别接种供试菌株,于3、6、9 d分别测量病斑直径。结果显示,与野生型菌株PHNWZS16相比,ΔNecArl8突变体在果实上的病斑面积显著减小(图5A5B)。这表明NecArl8基因缺失显著降低了病原菌的致病力,回补后致病力恢复。
如图6A6B所示,在含0.6 mol/L NaCl、1 mol/L山梨醇、200 μg/mL刚果红(Congo red, CR)、20 μg/mL荧光增白剂(calcofluor white, CFW)、3 mmol/L H2O2和0.01% SDS的培养基上,测定供试菌株的菌落直径。结果显示,与野生型菌株PHNWZS16相比,ΔNecArl8在含0.6 mol/L NaCl和1 mol/L 山梨醇的平板上抑制率显著升高,表明ΔNecArl8对高盐和高渗透压胁迫更为敏感;在含0.01% SDS和200 μg/mL CR的平板上,ΔNecArl8与PHNWZS16抑制率相当;在含20 μg/mL CFW的平板上ΔNecArl8的抑制率显著低于PHNWZS16,表明ΔNecArl8对细胞壁几丁质代谢途径胁迫更为敏感;在含3 mmol/L H2O2的平板上,ΔNecArl8的抑制率为负值,表明其对氧化胁迫的耐受能力极显著增强,甚至表现为生长促进。结果表明,NecArl8基因在菌株应对盐胁迫和渗透胁迫中发挥正调控作用,敲除后抗性减弱;在氧化胁迫中发挥负调控作用,敲除后耐氧化胁迫能力极显著增强。
PHNWZS16 (Q30: 95.125%, valid bases: 97.163%)和ΔNecArl8 (Q30: 96.105%, valid bases: 96.298%) (CSTR编号为31253.11.sciencedb.j00231.00036)的主成分分析(principal component analysis, PCA)结果显示,PC1差异贡献度为83.9%,PC2差异贡献度为7.1%,累计解释度为91%,为后续转录组分析提供了可靠的数据基础(图7A)。对差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs)进行分析发现,与野生型相比ΔNecArl8突变体中显著下调的基因有2 330个,显著上调的基因有1 355个(图7B)。
基因本体(gene ontology, GO)富集分析表明,上调基因主要影响线粒体结构完整性(mitochondrion, mitochondrial inner membrane)、能量代谢(malate metabolic process, tricarboxylic acid cycle)、核糖体结构组成(ribosome, cytosolic large ribosomal subunit)及蛋白质合成(translation、mitochondrial translation) (图7C)。下调基因主要影响细胞自噬调控(autophagosome assembly)、遗传物质稳定(double-strand break repair, DNA recombination)、酶活性[氧化还原酶(oxidoreductase activity)、甘油三酯脂肪酶(triglyceride lipase activity)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase activity)]及物质转运活性[酰基转移酶活性(acyltransferase activity)、寡肽跨膜转运体活性(oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity)、跨膜转运体活性(transmembrane transporter activity)、糖类:质子同向转运体活性(carbohydrate:proton symporter activity)] (图7D)。
京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)通路富集分析显示DEGs分布于25条通路。其中,代谢(metabolism)模块中差异基因分布最广、占比最高,涉及多个基础物质代谢分支:全局调控和概览性通路(global and overview maps; 68.63%)、氨基酸代谢(amino acid metabolism; 17.29%)、能量代谢(energy metabolism; 5.96%)、脂质代谢(lipid metabolism; 12.1%)。细胞过程(cellular processes)涉及细胞生理活动的多个方面:转运与分解代谢(transport and catabolism; 8.56%)、细胞生长与死亡(cell growth and death; 5.19%) (图7E)。
对DEGs进行基因集富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis, GSEA)发现,显著上调的通路集中在核糖体结构组成(structural constituent of ribosome)、蛋白质合成(RNA binding activity)、蛋白质成熟修饰等[肽基-脯氨酰顺反异构酶活性(peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity)、ATP依赖型蛋白质折叠伴侣(ATP-dependent protein folding chaperone)]等。下调通路的核心为跨膜转运功能广泛受到抑制[跨膜转运体活性(transmembrane transporter activity)、糖类:质子同向转运体活性(carbohydrate:proton symporter activity)、ABC型转运体活性(ABC-type transporter activity)、寡肽跨膜转运体活性(oligopeptide transmembrane transporter activity)];氧化还原酶活性(oxidoreductase activity)和过氧化物酶活性(peroxidase activity)也显著下降(图7F)。
BLOC-1复合体(BLOC-1 complex, log2 fold change=-0.99)低表达导致内体-溶酶体转运与融合障碍;ESCRT Ⅰ复合体(ESCRT I complex, log2 fold change=0.32)高表达提示溶酶体膜可能受损。溶酶体β-半乳糖苷酶(lysosomal beta-galactosidase, log2 fold change=1.47)、溶酶体天冬氨酸蛋白酶(lysosomal aspartic protease, log2 fold change=1.027 and 1.317)、溶酶体酸性磷酸酶(lysosomal acid phosphatase, log2 fold change=0.597)等水解酶表达量上调,可能是为了弥补溶酶体功能缺陷并维持溶酶体内稳态。寡肽跨膜转运体(oligopeptide transmembrane transporter, log2 fold change=-2.31)和ABC型转运体(ABC-type transporter, log2 fold change=-1.21)等膜转运蛋白的表达异常反映出溶酶体/液泡膜功能状态改变,跨膜运输能力显著下降。真菌型液泡蛋白(fungal-type vacuole protein, log2 fold change=-5.07和-2.03)等16个真菌型液泡相关蛋白表达量显著降低,表明真菌型液泡的结构与功能完整性受到显著影响(CSTR编号为31253.11.sciencedb.j00231.00036)[22]。其中,NecArl8的缺失直接导致溶酶体/液泡功能损伤,跨膜运输能力下降可能是古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌环境胁迫响应及致病力降低的关键因素[23]
随机选取上述9个基因进行RT-qPCR验证,引物如表1所示。这9个基因的RT-qPCR相对表达水平均与转录组测序数据趋势一致,表明该转录组数据具有较高的可信度(图8)。
Arl8蛋白属于Arf/Arl超家族,其功能在进化上具有高度保守性,同时在不同物种中呈现显著的功能分化,参与多种细胞过程的调控[24-25]。目前,Arl8蛋白在植物病原真菌中的研究尚浅,仅在稻瘟病菌中有初步的生长、致病性等表型描述,发现其对稻瘟病菌的生长、发育和致病性未产生明显影响,但尚未深入探究其功能;NecArl8基因在古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌中的表现与稻瘟病菌中的功能存在一定差异,可能是物种间生态位与细胞功能需求的不同导致Arl8蛋白的功能呈现适应性分化[26]。ΔNecArl8突变体表现出抗氧化胁迫能力极显著增强、长期培养后出现大量空泡细胞及致病力下降等表型。RNA-seq测序结果分析表明,NecArl8基因敲除后基础代谢通路受到广泛影响。线粒体呼吸链复合物I/Ⅲ/Ⅳ、NADH脱氢酶活性及琥珀酸脱氢酶活性的上调表达增强了能量代谢,提高了氧化胁迫耐受能力。液泡膜结构相关蛋白及各类膜转运蛋白的显著下调表达导致液泡结构和功能受损。菌丝经长时间培养后,未及时融合降解的自噬体、晚期内体及异常囊泡累积形成大量空泡细胞。液泡功能缺陷引发一系列代偿机制以弥补其功能不足;代谢紊乱和分解能力下降直接导致古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌致病力及稳态维持能力降低[27]
通过构建NecArl8基因异位回补菌株(ΔNecArl8-C),经RT-qPCR验证其相对表达量有所提高,推测可能由异位回补所致。然而,致病力和抗胁迫能力均恢复至正常水平,长期培养实验中空泡情况有所缓解,但菌丝破损加剧,有待进一步研究是否与自噬通路激活有关。系统发育树分析表明,Arl8基因在子囊菌中具有高度保守性[28-29]。其功能表现是古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌中的个体特性还是子囊菌中的群体共性尚不明确,有待在更多真菌中开展深入研究加以佐证。
综上所述,本研究利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术及Split Marker同源重组技术构建了古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌NecArl8基因敲除突变体ΔNecArl8及回补突变体ΔNecArl8-C。通过营养生长、环境胁迫响应、致病力评估及差异表达基因富集分析,推测NecArl8基因是古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌中维持液泡正常功能的重要因子,通过调控细胞稳态、自噬启动及跨膜运输影响菌体的环境适应能力与致病能力。后续可针对其激活自噬的机制开展深入研究,进一步揭示细胞自噬与病原菌致病性之间的关系。本研究初步揭示了NecArl8在古巴新拟盘多毛孢菌中的功能,为后续研究奠定了理论基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32560636)
  • 海南省科技人才创新项目(KJRC2023B14)
  • 海南省科技专项(ZDYF2024HXGG002)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250952
  • 接收时间:2025-12-22
  • 首发时间:2026-07-06
  • 出版时间:2026-07-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-22
  • 录用日期:2026-02-26
基金
The National Natural Science Foundation of China(32560636)
国家自然科学基金(32560636)
The Hainan Provincial Science and Technology Talent Innovation Project(KJRC2023B14)
海南省科技人才创新项目(KJRC2023B14)
The Hainan Provincial Special Science and Technology Project(ZDYF2024HXGG002)
海南省科技专项(ZDYF2024HXGG002)
作者信息
    1.海南大学 热带农林学院,热带农林生物灾害绿色防控教育部重点实验室,海南 海口
    2.海南大学,儋州入侵生物海南省野外科学观测研究站,海南 儋州

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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