Article(id=1274057587206152279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250871, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1763654400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1766419200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineDate=1781688599634, onlineDateStr=2026-06-17, pubDate=1780502400000, pubDateStr=2026-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781688599634, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781688599634, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688599634, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274057338156769818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='6', pageStart='2561', pageEnd='3114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781688540257, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688602467, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2825, endPage=2844, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274057587692691545, articleId=1274057587206152279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Vertical distribution and functional differentiation of microbial communities in sediments of alpine lakes in northwestern Yunnan, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective The ecosystem of alpine lakes in northwestern Yunnan Province is well-preserved, while the microbial communities and functional characteristics in the sediments remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate the vertical distribution patterns of microbial communities in alpine lake sediments within this region and their functional differentiation in carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycling. Methods Three adjacent alpine lakes (Taiji Lake, Tiancai Lake, and Rencai Lake) in Laojunshan National Park, Lijiang City, Yunnan Province were selected. Samples were collected from four depths (0-1, 10-11, 20-21, 30-31 cm) of sediment cores and subjected to metagenomic sequencing. Medium and high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were recovered through binning analysis, with taxonomic annotation conducted against the GTDB database. Meanwhile, functional gene annotation was performed against the CAZymes and KEGG databases to characterize the vertical stratification of community structure and biogeochemical cycling functions. Results A total of 478 MAGs (belonging to 27 bacterial phyla and 9 archaeal phyla) were obtained. Approximately 95.0% of these MAGs could not be identified at the species level, indicating that there were a large number of uncultured microbial groups in the sediments. The bacterial communities exhibited distinct succession with depth. The surface layer was dominated by Cyanobacteriota and Bacteroidota, while the middle and lower layers were mainly occupied by Pseudomonadota and Chloroflexota. The archaeal community was mainly composed of Nanobdellota, Thermoproteota, and Halobacteriota, and exhibited increasing stability with sediment depth. Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) in the surface layer were mainly enzymes (e.g., glycosyl transferases GT51 and glycoside hydrolases GH59) targeting readily degradable carbon sources, while those in deeper layers were mainly enzymes (e.g., carbohydrate-binding modules CBM38 and auxiliary activity family AA6) acting on recalcitrant carbon sources. Nitrogen and sulfur cycling functions also exhibited a distinct vertical hierarchical structure. The bacteria primarily participated in nitrogen and sulfur cycling processes in surface sediments, whereas archaea predominated in deeper sediment layers. Conclusion The microbial communities in the sediments of alpine lakes in northwestern Yunnan Province exhibited distinct vertical distribution patterns related to carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycling, reflecting the influences of the sediment redox gradient and the organic matter composition on microorganisms. This study provides a new perspective for understanding the microbial ecology and biogeochemical cycling process in alpine lakes.

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Tel: +86-871-65941202; E-mail:
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目的 滇西北高山湖泊生态系统保存完好,但沉积物微生物群落与功能特征尚不明确。本研究旨在解析该区域高山湖泊沉积物微生物群落的垂向分布规律,以及其在碳、氮、硫循环中的功能分化。 方法 选取云南省丽江市老君山国家公园的3个毗邻高山湖泊(太极湖、天才湖和人才湖),采集沉积岩芯4个深度(0-1、10-11、20-21、30-31 cm)的样品,开展宏基因组测序。通过分箱获得中高质量宏基因组组装基因组(metagenome-assembled genomes, MAGs),结合GTDB数据库进行物种注释,利用CAZymes和KEGG数据库进行功能基因注释,分析群落结构与元素循环功能的垂向特征。 结果 共获得478个MAGs (分属于27个细菌门与9个古菌门),约95.0%的MAGs未鉴定至种水平,表明沉积物中存在大量未培养微生物类群。细菌群落随深度发生明显演替:表层以蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteriota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)为主,中下层以假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexota)为主;古菌以小水蛭菌门(Nanobdellota)、嗜热多形菌门(Thermoproteota)、盐杆菌门(Halobacteriota)为核心类群,且随深度增加趋于稳定。碳水化合物活性酶(CAZymes)由表层易降解碳源相关酶(如糖基转移酶GT51、糖苷水解酶GH59)向深层难降解碳源相关酶(如碳水化合物结合模块CBM38、辅助活性酶AA6)转变。氮、硫循环功能也呈现明显分层:细菌主要参与表层过程,古菌主导深层过程。 结论 滇西北高山湖泊沉积物微生物群落及其碳、氮、硫循环功能存在显著的垂向分异,反映了沉积物氧化还原梯度与有机质组成变化对微生物的影响。本研究为认识高山湖泊微生物生态与生物地球化学循环过程提供了新的视角。

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作者贡献声明

余山:数据处理、数据分析、制作图表和稿件撰写;李冠楠:稿件修改和参与论文讨论;孔令阳:野外采样和稿件修改;陈丽:稿件修改;卢慧斌:稿件选题、研究思路和稿件修改;陈光杰:提供资源和稿件修改。

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A: Distribution of gene abundance for eight core nitrogen metabolism pathways (anaerobic ammonium oxidation, denitrification, nitrate reduction and nitrite oxidation, nitrate reduction, nitrification, nitrogen assimilation, nitrogen fixation and nitrogen mineralization) across different sediment depths; B: Distribution of key nitrogen cycling functional genes across different sediment depths; C: Distribution of key nitrogen cycling functional genes in bacteria across different sediment depths; D: Distribution of key nitrogen cycling functional genes in archaea across different sediment depths (The arrows in Figure A illustrate the flow direction of primary nitrogen cycling processes. The size of each arrow indicates the relative abundance of that pathway. Dashed arrows indicate this pathway is incomplete. Red text denotes the relative abundance percentage of each metabolic pathway)., figureFileSmall=6rzAe7KkpUyQm2+WNieCsA==, figureFileBig=DX1hD7io3ESR1v20SrHqnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274106568758039116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057587206152279, language=CN, label=图5, caption=氮代谢途径与氮循环功能基因的垂向分布, figureFileSmall=6rzAe7KkpUyQm2+WNieCsA==, figureFileBig=DX1hD7io3ESR1v20SrHqnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274106568820953677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057587206152279, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Vertical distribution of sulphur metabolism pathways and sulphur cycling functional genes. A: Distribution of gene abundance for five core sulphur metabolic pathways (assimilatory sulphate reduction, dissimilatory sulphate reduction, sulphate mineralisation, sulphide oxidation and polysulphide reduction) across different sediment depths; B: Distribution of key sulphur cycling functional genes across different sediment depths; C: Distribution of key sulphur cycling functional genes in bacteria across different sediment depths; D: Distribution of key sulphur cycling functional genes in archaea across different sediment depths (The arrows in Figure A illustrate the flow direction of primary sulphur cycling processes. The size of each arrow indicates the relative abundance of that pathway. Red text denotes the relative abundance percentage for each metabolic pathway)., figureFileSmall=frWsGYCq6Aw80Cf1lzJwGw==, figureFileBig=o4kNjJYWLpgciUqb2UWLkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274106568883868238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057587206152279, language=CN, label=图6, caption=硫代谢途径与硫循环功能基因的垂向分布, figureFileSmall=frWsGYCq6Aw80Cf1lzJwGw==, figureFileBig=o4kNjJYWLpgciUqb2UWLkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274106568955171407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057587206152279, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Latitude, longitude, elevation, water depth, surface water temperature, pH and conductivity of the three alpine lakes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LakeLatitude and longitudeAltitude/mDepth/mSurface water temperature/℃pHConductivity/(μS/cm)
Taiji

26°37′43″N

99°42′33″E

3 9783.110.35.611.5
Tiancai

26°38′30″N

99°43′01″E

3 8906.810.46.411.2
Rencai

26°38′13″N

99°42′56″E

3 8782.911.65.913.0
), ArticleFig(id=1274106569018085968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057587206152279, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

三个高山湖泊的经纬度、海拔、水深、表层水温、pH以及电导率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
LakeLatitude and longitudeAltitude/mDepth/mSurface water temperature/℃pHConductivity/(μS/cm)
Taiji

26°37′43″N

99°42′33″E

3 9783.110.35.611.5
Tiancai

26°38′30″N

99°43′01″E

3 8906.810.46.411.2
Rencai

26°38′13″N

99°42′56″E

3 8782.911.65.913.0
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滇西北高山湖泊沉积物微生物群落的垂向分布与功能分化
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余山 , 李冠楠 , 孔令阳 , 陈丽 , 卢慧斌 , 陈光杰
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(6): 2825-2844
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(6): 2825-2844
滇西北高山湖泊沉积物微生物群落的垂向分布与功能分化
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余山, 李冠楠, 孔令阳, 陈丽, 卢慧斌 , 陈光杰
作者信息
  • 云南师范大学 地理学部,云南省高原地理过程与环境变化重点实验室,云南 昆明
Vertical distribution and functional differentiation of microbial communities in sediments of alpine lakes in northwestern Yunnan
Shan YU, Guannan LI, Lingyang KONG, Li CHEN, Huibin LU , Guangjie CHEN
Affiliations
  • Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Geographical Process and Environmental Change, Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
出版时间: 2026-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250871
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目的 滇西北高山湖泊生态系统保存完好,但沉积物微生物群落与功能特征尚不明确。本研究旨在解析该区域高山湖泊沉积物微生物群落的垂向分布规律,以及其在碳、氮、硫循环中的功能分化。 方法 选取云南省丽江市老君山国家公园的3个毗邻高山湖泊(太极湖、天才湖和人才湖),采集沉积岩芯4个深度(0-1、10-11、20-21、30-31 cm)的样品,开展宏基因组测序。通过分箱获得中高质量宏基因组组装基因组(metagenome-assembled genomes, MAGs),结合GTDB数据库进行物种注释,利用CAZymes和KEGG数据库进行功能基因注释,分析群落结构与元素循环功能的垂向特征。 结果 共获得478个MAGs (分属于27个细菌门与9个古菌门),约95.0%的MAGs未鉴定至种水平,表明沉积物中存在大量未培养微生物类群。细菌群落随深度发生明显演替:表层以蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteriota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)为主,中下层以假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexota)为主;古菌以小水蛭菌门(Nanobdellota)、嗜热多形菌门(Thermoproteota)、盐杆菌门(Halobacteriota)为核心类群,且随深度增加趋于稳定。碳水化合物活性酶(CAZymes)由表层易降解碳源相关酶(如糖基转移酶GT51、糖苷水解酶GH59)向深层难降解碳源相关酶(如碳水化合物结合模块CBM38、辅助活性酶AA6)转变。氮、硫循环功能也呈现明显分层:细菌主要参与表层过程,古菌主导深层过程。 结论 滇西北高山湖泊沉积物微生物群落及其碳、氮、硫循环功能存在显著的垂向分异,反映了沉积物氧化还原梯度与有机质组成变化对微生物的影响。本研究为认识高山湖泊微生物生态与生物地球化学循环过程提供了新的视角。

高山湖泊  /  沉积物  /  微生物  /  宏基因组  /  功能基因  /  碳氮硫循环

Objective The ecosystem of alpine lakes in northwestern Yunnan Province is well-preserved, while the microbial communities and functional characteristics in the sediments remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate the vertical distribution patterns of microbial communities in alpine lake sediments within this region and their functional differentiation in carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycling. Methods Three adjacent alpine lakes (Taiji Lake, Tiancai Lake, and Rencai Lake) in Laojunshan National Park, Lijiang City, Yunnan Province were selected. Samples were collected from four depths (0-1, 10-11, 20-21, 30-31 cm) of sediment cores and subjected to metagenomic sequencing. Medium and high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were recovered through binning analysis, with taxonomic annotation conducted against the GTDB database. Meanwhile, functional gene annotation was performed against the CAZymes and KEGG databases to characterize the vertical stratification of community structure and biogeochemical cycling functions. Results A total of 478 MAGs (belonging to 27 bacterial phyla and 9 archaeal phyla) were obtained. Approximately 95.0% of these MAGs could not be identified at the species level, indicating that there were a large number of uncultured microbial groups in the sediments. The bacterial communities exhibited distinct succession with depth. The surface layer was dominated by Cyanobacteriota and Bacteroidota, while the middle and lower layers were mainly occupied by Pseudomonadota and Chloroflexota. The archaeal community was mainly composed of Nanobdellota, Thermoproteota, and Halobacteriota, and exhibited increasing stability with sediment depth. Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) in the surface layer were mainly enzymes (e.g., glycosyl transferases GT51 and glycoside hydrolases GH59) targeting readily degradable carbon sources, while those in deeper layers were mainly enzymes (e.g., carbohydrate-binding modules CBM38 and auxiliary activity family AA6) acting on recalcitrant carbon sources. Nitrogen and sulfur cycling functions also exhibited a distinct vertical hierarchical structure. The bacteria primarily participated in nitrogen and sulfur cycling processes in surface sediments, whereas archaea predominated in deeper sediment layers. Conclusion The microbial communities in the sediments of alpine lakes in northwestern Yunnan Province exhibited distinct vertical distribution patterns related to carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycling, reflecting the influences of the sediment redox gradient and the organic matter composition on microorganisms. This study provides a new perspective for understanding the microbial ecology and biogeochemical cycling process in alpine lakes.

alpine lakes  /  sediment  /  microorganism  /  metagenome  /  functional gene  /  carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur cycling
余山, 李冠楠, 孔令阳, 陈丽, 卢慧斌, 陈光杰. 滇西北高山湖泊沉积物微生物群落的垂向分布与功能分化. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2825 -2844 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250871
Shan YU, Guannan LI, Lingyang KONG, Li CHEN, Huibin LU, Guangjie CHEN. Vertical distribution and functional differentiation of microbial communities in sediments of alpine lakes in northwestern Yunnan[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2825 -2844 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250871
沉积物作为湖泊系统的重要组成部分,是湖泊碳[1]、氮[2]、硫[3]、磷[4]等关键元素循环过程发生的热点区域。沉积物中的微生物群落通过有机物降解[5]、矿化及氧化还原反应[6]向上覆水体释放营养物质,进而影响水体的物理化学特征、营养循环及生态系统稳定性。湖泊沉积物中元素循环、微生物群落结构及其二者之间的耦合作用沿垂向呈现出明显的分层和功能分化特征。微生物群落表层以高活性、好氧/兼性厌氧微生物为主,深层则以厌氧微生物和古菌为主[7-8]
高山湖泊所处的特殊环境条件,如水温低、沉积速率慢、外源输入强等,使得其中的微生物展现出不同于低海拔湖泊的生态适应机制,形成了独特的微生物群落结构与代谢功能[9-10]。高山湖泊沉积物碳循环是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,具有碳输入途径独特、碳埋藏效率高、微生物驱动的碳转化过程分异显著、对气候变化敏感等特点。高山湖泊多位于偏远山区,湖泊初级生产力低,陆源碳输入对湖泊水体悬浮颗粒有机碳和表层沉积物有机碳的平均贡献率分别达(62.13±22.61)%和(61.86±16.09)%,占据绝对优势;低温和酸性环境会协同抑制高山湖泊浮游植物增殖及微生物分解活性,削弱碳源分异能力,促使水体与沉积物的碳来源组成呈现同质化特征[11]。区域增温会极大影响高山湖泊的碳埋藏格局,特别是不同水深的高山湖泊,沉积物有机碳与无机碳的埋藏过程呈现出明显差异[12]。微生物在高山湖泊沉积物碳循环中扮演了重要角色。在新疆赛里木湖的表层沉积物中,微生物通过有氧代谢推动有机碳矿化,这一过程与总有机碳(total organic carbon, TOC)对微生物群落结构的调控密切相关[13];而随着深度增加,碳酸盐与总有机碳含量共同塑造细菌群落结构[14]。在中国横断山区的高山湖泊中,沉积物中优势菌门包括假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、拟杆菌门、绿屈挠菌门等[10],还伴随酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)、浮霉状菌门(Planctomycetota)等寡营养适应类群的稳定存在,蓝细菌门、甲烷杆菌门(Methanobacteriota)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota)以及硝化螺菌门(Nitrospirota)在一些高山湖泊沉积物中占有极高丰度[15]。高山湖泊微生物还表现出独特的功能适应特征,特别是在环境压力应对与有机物降解方面富集了更多与冷休克蛋白、氮限制、磷限制、辐射压力、芳香族化合物降解、纤维素降解、半纤维素降解等相关的功能基因[9]。相比之下,低海拔地区湖泊沉积物面临强烈的人类活动干扰,假单胞菌门、硝化螺菌门等与氮硫循环相关类群的富集显著受到营养盐梯度驱动[16]
我国西南地区分布着众多小型淡水高山湖泊,多属于冰川遗迹湖,海拔高度在3 600-4 500 m之间,多位于现代树线附近的冷杉林、杜鹃灌丛和高山草甸垂直植被带部位,在更高海拔的山体顶部也有一些由现代冰川融水补给、规模通常较小的高山湖泊[17]。根据新国土调查数据及高清影像,滇西北怒江傈僳族自治州和迪庆藏族自治州的高山湖泊分布显示,研究区共有1 272个湖泊,其中97.7%的湖泊面积小于10 hm2[18]。丽江老君山国家公园地处滇西北,是中国原生生态系统保存最为完好、全球最具代表性的生态系统之一,境内目前仍保持较为完整的自然状态,发育有众多高山湖泊,平均海拔在4 000 m左右,成为近年来研究的热点对象。光、营养盐、陆源有机碳等对老君山湖泊中的浮游细菌群落具有明显影响,强光可通过降解陆源有机碳改变其生物可利用性,间接塑造微生物群落组成[19-20];营养盐浓度差异会选择性筛选优势类群,调控群落结构偏移[20];而陆源有机碳作为主导碳源,其输入量与性质直接决定细菌群落的功能分化[19,21]。目前,针对滇西北老君山等典型区域高山湖泊沉积物微生物的垂向分层规律及其与元素循环的耦合机制尚未明确,限制了对高海拔湖泊生态系统物质循环过程的全面理解,亟待开展相关研究。
本研究以丽江老君山国家公园3个高山湖泊沉积物为研究对象,利用宏基因组测序技术获取3个湖泊沉积物不同深度的微生物基因组及功能信息。通过比较沉积物不同深度的微生物群落结构与关键功能基因分布,揭示沉积物不同深度的细菌与古菌群落组成、多样性垂向变化规律,阐明碳、氮、硫循环关键功能基因的垂向分布特征与微生物群落的功能分工,为高山湖泊生态系统中微生物驱动的物质循环过程提供沉积物方面的数据支持。本研究旨在回答:(1) 高山湖泊沉积物中细菌与古菌群落是否随深度呈系统性分层?(2) 碳氮硫代谢途径在垂向上是否存在一致性的功能演替?(3) 细菌与古菌的碳氮硫代谢途径在垂向上是否存在功能分工。
丽江老君山国家公园位于丽江市玉龙纳西族自治县、大理白族自治州剑川县与怒江傈僳族自治州兰坪白族普米族自治县交界处,介于26°38′-27°15′N,99°07′-100°00′E之间,海拔2 100-4 515 m,总面积约为1 324 km2[22]。该公园地处滇西北高原山系南段云岭主脉中支纵谷区、世界自然遗产“三江并流”带的南端[23],区域内的湖泊是横断山脉第四纪冰川作用的典型产物[24]。本研究使用Hon-kajak大口径重力采样器,于2023年8月分别在人才湖(RC)、天才湖(TC)与太极湖(TJ)的湖心钻取沉积岩芯,现场对沉积岩芯按照1 cm间隔进行分样,分别采集0-1、10-11、20-21、30-31 cm的沉积物样品装入无菌冻存管中并置于液氮罐中保存。这4个深度分别对应不同时期的沉积物,其中表层0-1 cm为新近沉积的物质,越往下层沉积历史越久;同时,表层0-1 cm沉积物可能含氧,中下层沉积物为无氧环境。现场使用多参数水质探测仪测定水体表层的温度、电导率及pH值,并记录水深等信息(表1)。
沉积物样品经匀浆后使用广东美格基因科技有限公司生产的ALFA-SEQ Advanced Soil DNA Kit提取总DNA。经质量检测合格后,送该公司进行宏基因组测序。采用Illumina NovaSeq X Plus平台进行PE150双端测序,每个样品的原始数据量均超过30 Gb。测序数据已成功上传到国家生物信息中心的GSA数据库,并获得保藏编号CRA033374 (https://ngdc.cncb.ac.cn/gsa/browse/CRA033374)。
测序数据使用MetaWRAP的Read_QC模块进行质量控制(去除接头序列和低质量reads)后,利用MetaWRAP的Assembly模块对12个沉积物样品数据进行共组装,分箱过程使用binning模块的CONCOCT、MaxBin和metaBAT 3种算法联合完成,并通过MetaWRAP的Bin_refinement模块对结果进行整合与优化[25]。所得MAGs的质量使用CheckM v1.0.18评估[26],根据完整度(completeness)与污染度(contamination)将MAGs分为高质量组(完整度≥90%,污染度≤5%)和中等质量组(完整度≥50%,污染度≤10%)。
基于Genome Taxonomy数据库(https://gtdb.economic.org/)对所得的MAGs 进行分类[27]。使用Diamond软件比对碳水化合物活性酶数据库CAZymes (https://www.cazy.org/)[28],获得所有MAGs的注释结果。通过KofamKOALA/KofamScan对所有MAGs进行KEGG数据库(https://www.genome.jp/kegg/)注释[29],并依据KEGG功能分类体系进一步对氮、硫代谢基因进行筛选与统计。每个MAG的丰度计算采用CoverM v0.6.1软件[30],并以RPKM (reads per kilobase per million mapped reads)为标准化指标。所有统计与可视化分析均使用R语言的ggplot2、vegan、ggtree包完成,包括基因丰度差异分析、热图绘制与群落结构分析。
通过宏基因组的binning分析,共获得478个MAGs (图1)。这些MAGs的完整度介于50.00%-98.54%,污染度处于0-9.87%。其中,54个MAGs达到高质量标准,其余424个为中等质量MAGs。478个MAGs的基因组大小为0.43-6.67 Mb,G+C含量分布在28.92%-64.49%,反映出微生物基因组的异质性。所有MAGs的平均丰度范围介于0.16-17.60 RPKM,既涵盖了丰度极低的稀有类群,也包含了高丰度的优势类群,能够较为全面地反映沉积物微生物群落的真实组成特征。
基于Genome Taxonomy数据库的物种注释结果表明,478个MAGs中包含341个细菌和137个古菌,分别隶属于25个细菌门(47纲)和9个古菌门(12纲)。其中,细菌主要归属于绿屈挠菌门(63个MAGs)、Patescibacteriota (59个MAGs)、拟杆菌门(42个MAGs)和假单胞菌门(48个MAGs) (图1A);古菌则以小水蛭菌门(48个MAGs)、热假单胞菌门(34个MAGs)、热原体门(Thermoplasmatota) (18个MAGs)和谜古菌门(Aenigmatarchaeota) (15个MAGs)为主(图1B)。其中,细菌MAGs中仅有15个可精确鉴定至种水平(属水平100个) (图1A),古菌MAGs中仅有8个可鉴定至种水平(属水平34个) (图1B)。这表明约95.6%的细菌MAGs与94.2%的古菌MAGs仍属于未充分研究的潜在新类群。
通过细菌与古菌丰度分析、α多样性指数评估以及NMDS群落结构分析结果显示,微生物群落呈现出明显的垂向分层规律。在3个湖泊0-1 cm表层沉积物中,细菌群落(图2A)主要由蓝细菌门、拟杆菌门和硝化螺菌门构成,三者的平均相对丰度分别为19%、23%与11%。在10-11 cm深度,细菌群落优势门类发生明显转变,假单胞菌门的平均相对丰度升高至31%,成为主要优势类群,绿屈挠菌门的平均相对丰度也较高,为20%,而蓝细菌门的平均相对丰度降至2%。在20-21 cm深度,假单胞菌门与绿屈挠菌门仍为主要优势门类(平均相对丰度分别为27%与25%),Patescibacteriota的相对丰度也较高,为10%。在30-31 cm深度,太极湖以热境丝菌门(Caldisericota) (31%)、假单胞菌门(22%)与Patescibacteriota (13%)为主要类群;而人才湖与天才湖中假单胞菌门(分别为22%与32%)与绿屈挠菌门(分别为35%与31%)占优势。
在0-1 cm表层沉积物中,3个湖泊的古菌群落结构差异较大(图2B)。人才湖以嗜热多形菌门(94%)和盐杆菌门(6%)为主,天才湖与太极湖以盐杆菌门(分别为44%与31%)和小水蛭菌门(分别为43%与29%)为主。在10-11 cm沉积层中,3个湖泊均以小水蛭菌门、嗜热多形菌门与盐杆菌门为主要优势类群,平均相对丰度分别为32%、18%与24%。在20-21 cm深度与30-31 cm深层,古菌群落仍以上述3门为主要组成。
NMDS分析结合PERMANOVA检验显示(图3A),不同深度的微生物群落结构存在显著差异(R2=0.455, P<0.05)。α多样性指数分析结果显示(图3B),不同沉积深度的微生物群落多样性存在明显差异。微生物群落的多样性指数在0-1 cm表层最低,随深度增加逐渐升高,在20-21 cm达到峰值,30-31 cm略有下降但仍高于表层。Simpson指数也反映出表层优势类群集中而中下层微生物群落更均匀,多样性更高。
复杂碳水化合物的代谢是湖泊沉积物微生物参与碳循环的重要环节。本研究共识别出255个CAZymes家族,其中包括:糖苷水解酶(glycoside hydrolases, GH) (n=130),主要负责多糖水解,与易降解碳源的利用密切相关;糖基转移酶(glycosyl transferases, GT) (n=52),通常参与多糖的合成或修饰,与表层易降解碳的加工利用有关;多糖裂解酶(polysaccharide lyases, PL) (n=18)和辅助活性酶(auxiliary activities, AA) (n=7),多参与结构性或复杂多糖的降解过程;碳水化合物结合模块(carbohydrate-binding modules, CBM) (n=33)则增强胞外酶对难降解底物的结合能力;此外还包括碳水化合物酯酶(carbohydrate esterases, CE) (n=15),主要参与复合多糖侧链的去酯化。
NMDS分析结合PERMANOVA检验显示(图4A),不同深度的CAZymes存在分异趋势(R2=0.417, P=0.071)。其中,表层沉积物样品在NMDS空间中与其他深度样品明显分离。基于标准化处理的酶家族丰度数据,筛选出在不同深度间差异显著的CAZymes家族(图4B)。在0-1 cm表层沉积物中以易降解碳水化合物相关酶为主,如GT51 (参与细胞壁相关糖类的合成)、GH59 (可作用于可溶性多糖)、AA5/AA12 (偏向易降解碳源的初级转化)、GH17/GH24 (多与可降解植物多糖水解相关)等,而GH161、GT66、CBM38等多参与复杂多糖或结构性碳源利用的酶家族丰度较低。在10-11 cm深度中,上述易降解底物相关酶家族丰度下降,而GH161 (与结构性多糖分解相关)、GT66 (可参与复杂多糖修饰)、CBM35 (增强对较稳定植物残体的结合能力)等酶家族丰度升高。在20-21 cm深度,PL6 (参与结构性多糖裂解)、CBM35、GT89 (可参与复杂糖链修饰)和GH44/GH63 (多与复杂多糖水解相关)等酶家族丰度进一步增多,说明微生物更依赖对结构性或难降解有机物的分解。在30-31 cm深层沉积物中以难降解底物结合与分解相关的酶家族明显富集,包括CBM38 (增强对结构性多糖的结合)、AA6 (参与芳香族或稳定结构的氧化转化)、CBM84 (偏向难降解底物结合)、GH123 (与复杂糖类降解相关)与PL1 (裂解植物细胞壁多糖)等,其余酶家族丰度普遍较低。CAZymes家族在沉积物中随深度呈现由易降解碳水化合物代谢相关酶向难降解碳水化合物分解相关酶演替的趋势。
氮循环是湖泊生态系统元素循环的重要组成部分,不同氮代谢途径(厌氧氨氧化、反硝化、硝酸盐还原+亚硝酸盐氧化、硝酸盐还原、硝化、氮同化、固氮和氮矿化)的相关基因丰度在不同深度沉积物中存在明显差异(图5A)。随着沉积深度增加,氮矿化途径相关的功能基因丰度呈增加趋势,而反硝化与硝化途径相关的功能基因丰度随深度增加而下降,这表明硝化与反硝化过程主要发生于表层沉积物中。不同氮代谢相关基因丰度在沉积深度上的分布差异明显(图5B)。与硝化、反硝化相关的amoAamoBamoCnorBnorCnosZnapB等基因的丰度主要富集于表层沉积物中。与之相对,与氮同化和氮矿化相关的gudB/rocGgdhAglnAgltBgltSnarB和nasB等基因主要富集于深层沉积物中。
细菌群落与古菌群落在氮循环方面存在明显差异。细菌群落(图5C)在表层沉积物中的氮循环活动比深层沉积物中的细菌群落更为活跃,涉及与固氮途径相关的nifDnifHnifK等基因;而古菌群落(图5D)的情况恰好相反,深层沉积物中的古菌群落在氮循环方面的功能基因丰度更高。
硫循环作为沉积物中另一关键的元素循环过程,与碳、氮代谢密切耦合。在沉积物中共识别出5条核心硫代谢途径(同化硫酸盐还原、异化硫酸盐还原、硫矿化、硫化物氧化和多硫化物还原) (图6A)。其中,硫化物氧化途径在表层沉积物(0-1 cm)中最为活跃,而其他硫循环途径则在深层沉积物中表现出增强趋势。不同硫代谢相关功能基因在沉积剖面中也呈现出清晰的分层特征(图6B)。表层沉积物(0-1 cm)中,fccACDO1基因丰度最高;而深层沉积物(20-21 cm和30-31 cm)中,dsrAaprBcysDcysN等基因丰度明显升高。
细菌与古菌群落在沉积物硫循环中也存在明显差异。细菌群落(图6C)在表层沉积物中的硫循环活动比深层沉积物中的细菌群落更为活跃,涉及与同化硫酸盐还原途径相关的cysCcysDcysN基因,而古菌群落(图6D)的情况恰好相反,深层沉积物中的古菌群落在硫循环方面的功能基因丰度更高。
本研究通过宏基因组测序与binning分析,结合微生物群落多样性分析与碳氮硫元素循环功能注释,系统揭示了滇西北高山湖泊沉积物微生物群落的垂向分布及碳、氮、硫循环功能的垂向分化特征。
滇西北高山湖泊沉积物中存在大量未注释类群。分类注释结果显示,仅4.4%的细菌MAGs与5.8%的古菌MAGs可鉴定至种水平,这一比例与班公湖沉积物宏基因组研究中“未培养微生物占比超90%”的发现高度吻合[31],也与苏打湖沉积物研究中“未培养类群占主导”的特征一致[32],印证了湖泊沉积物作为微生物“暗物质”储库的重要价值。滇西北地区高山湖泊沉积物微生物MAGs的低注释率,可能与高山湖泊特殊环境导致的未知类群丰富、现有数据库对高山湖泊沉积物覆盖不足、部分MAGs完整度低等因素有关,还可能与该区域高山湖泊的独特性相关,如酸性pH等。对老君山湖泊水体微生物的研究也发现,这些高山湖泊中的微生物群落具有独特性,与高海拔、强辐射、低水温及陆源溶解有机质输入为主导的环境紧密关联。老君山天才湖有机质以陆源溶解有机质组分为主,强光照驱动的有机质光转化过程极大改变了溶解有机质的分子构成[21],进而影响水体的浮游细菌群落[20],且细菌对光降解有机质的利用效率显著高于低海拔湖泊[19]
沉积物微生物群落与功能在垂向上具有明显分异,可能反映了理化特征的变化梯度。细菌群落随着沉积深度增加呈现“表层好氧/兼性厌氧类群(CyanobacteriotaBacteroidota)向中下层厌氧类群(PseudomonadotaChloroflexota)与古菌”演替的趋势,这与沉积物氧含量随深度降低的理化特征直接相关。细菌群落的垂直分布与赛里木湖沉积物“细菌群落随深度呈现明显分层”的发现相互印证,而碳酸盐与总有机碳含量被认为是赛里木湖沉积物细菌群落结构演替的主要影响因子[14]。古菌群落的垂直分布与程海相似,表层受环境扰动影响较大,群落结构多变;而在深层,古菌群落结构趋于稳定,优势类群分布均匀[33],表明在不同地理环境背景的湖泊沉积物中具有相似的深度驱动的微生物群落分化机制。
沉积物微生物群落的垂直分化显著,这可能同时反映了沉积年代累积效应。沉积深度通常与沉积年代呈正相关,较深层样品倾向于代表更早期的沉积环境。因此,深度分层在一定程度上记录了微生物群落的时间演替轨迹。表层(浅层)样品的优势类群以代谢活跃、好氧及兼性厌氧微生物为主,这清晰地表明了当前沉积环境中物质快速循环与有机质输入的活跃阶段。相比之下,中深层样品的群落结构趋于稳定,古菌的相对丰度增加,并且与难降解碳水化合物酶类、氮矿化及硫酸盐还原等相关基因的表达显著增强。这种“功能特化”的现象与年代增加所导致的能量限制、底物稀释等环境压力高度吻合。已有研究证实,湖泊沉积物微生物群落的垂向演替常与沉积年代密切耦合:浅层沉积物通常对应当前活跃的生物地球化学过程,而深层则反映长期埋藏的低能量系统。在此过程中,群落结构会随时间逐步演变为代谢上的简化和优势类群的稳定化[34-35]。本研究所揭示的高山湖泊沉积物微生物群落的垂向分层与功能分化极有可能是在环境梯度和沉积年代双重因素的共同塑造下形成的。滇西北老君山太极湖的18 cm沉积物柱记录了湖泊近200年的沉积历史,这意味着本研究中20-21 cm与30-31 cm的沉积物很可能代表了更早的沉积时期,其蕴含的有机质组分与结构和新近沉积的表层相比必然存在显著差异[36],这种差异直接或间接影响了微生物群落的结构与功能。
碳水化合物活性酶(CAZymes)的分布特征揭示了碳代谢功能的垂向演替规律。这一趋势与沉积物有机碳组成的垂向变化模式同步:表层沉积物中的有机碳以新近沉积的生物残体组分为主,深层则以腐殖质等难降解聚合物为核心。随着沉积年代增加,深层样品中有机质趋于老化且底物复杂性增强[34],相应的微生物群落更依赖功能特化的水解与发酵途径以维持代谢活性。这一酶系分化特征与其他沉积物研究中得出的“CAZymes针对性降解藻类残体等底物”的功能专一性特征相符[37]。这说明沉积深度对CAZymes功能结构存在潜在驱动作用,结合微生物群落结构的垂向演替结果可相互印证,表明微生物群落组成变化直接影响碳代谢功能差异。深层富集的难降解碳水化合物酶反映出沉积年代越久远,难降解有机碳累积与能量衰减共同塑造的代谢格局。
与碳代谢垂向演替模式类似,氮代谢途径呈现明显的分层特征。在低纬高山地区,大气氮沉降过程在近百年来对该区域的湖泊氮循环过程影响显著,可能强化高山湖泊沉积物中的氮循环过程[38]。八条核心氮代谢途径中氮同化途径丰度最高,这一特征在季节性冰冻湖的研究中得到验证[39]。表层显著富集反硝化、硝化两类途径,深层则以氮矿化、氮同化等途径为主,这一模式可能与沉积物氧含量梯度直接相关。随着沉积物增厚,氧渗透深度逐渐减小,硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐在表层快速耗尽,深层长期处于厌氧还原环境,铵盐浓度显著升高[34]。关键功能基因(如gudB/rocGgdhAglnAgltBgltSnarBnasB等)在深层样品中富集,可能反映深层年代样品中微生物代谢策略向能量保存型转变,通过强化高效利用环境中有限有机氮、无机氮的代谢路径,降低能量消耗以适应深层低能、寡营养的生境。这种垂向分异与细菌、古菌群落的垂向演替及功能特化高度耦合。细菌群落在表层沉积物中的氮循环方面比深层沉积物中的细菌群落更活跃,而古菌群落正好相反。两者的深度分异本质是生境驱动的生态位分化与功能分工,既印证了深度对群落结构的塑造作用,也揭示了微生物功能特化调控氮循环垂向分异的内在机制。此外,氮硫关键功能基因主要来源于假单胞菌门、绿屈挠菌门和小水蛭菌门等类群,说明这些类群在高山湖泊沉积物生物地球化学循环中发挥着核心驱动作用。
硫代谢作为与碳、氮循环密切耦合的过程,其垂向分异特征同样显著。异化硫酸盐还原是沉积物中最主要的硫代谢途径,且在深层(20-31 cm)丰度最高;多硫还原途径在中层(10-11 cm)活性最强,随后下降,这一特征与红树林沉积物中硫还原过程的分层规律一致[40]。随着沉积年龄增长,深层沉积物中可利用硫酸盐来源减少,使硫酸盐还原菌(Pseudomonadota等)通过底物再循环维持能量代谢,这种特征在较老的沉积物中也被认为是能量受限环境下的适应机制[34,41]。这一垂向分异的模式也与细菌、古菌的功能分化特征同步。细菌主要参与表层沉积物中的硫循环过程,而古菌则聚焦深层的硫循环,两者的生境差异强化了硫循环垂向分区,也为碳、氮循环耦合提供协同性的功能支撑[40],揭示元素地球化学循环协同调控的主要规律。
然而,本研究仍存在一定局限性,部分MAGs的完整度低可能导致其代谢途径解析不全面。同时,本研究未测定沉积物的氧含量、有机碳组分、沉积年代等关键理化参数,无法量化这些因子对微生物群落与功能垂向分布的影响。未来可结合宏转录组、宏蛋白组及稳定同位素示踪技术探究微生物功能基因的表达活性及关键类群的代谢机制;补充沉积物理化参数测定,明确微生物群落垂向分异的核心驱动因素;开展长期定位观测,揭示气候变化对高山湖泊沉积物微生物群落及物质循环的影响。
本研究通过宏基因组分析揭示了滇西北高山湖泊沉积物微生物群落与功能存在显著的垂向分异规律。研究发现,细菌群落随深度增加由好氧/兼性厌氧类群(如CyanobacteriotaBacteroidota)向厌氧类群(如PseudomonadotaChloroflexota)演替,而古菌群落(以NanobdellotaThermoproteotaHalobacteriota为主)在深层趋于稳定;碳水化合物活性酶(CAZymes)组成由表层易降解碳源代谢酶系(如GT51、GH59)向深层难降解碳源分解酶系(如CBM38、AA6)转变,碳、氮、硫循环功能呈现明显的微生物分工,即细菌主导表层过程,古菌聚焦深层过程。这些结果表明,沉积物氧化还原梯度与有机质组成变化共同驱动了微生物群落的垂向演替及其代谢功能适应性,为理解高山湖泊生态系统微生物驱动的生物地球化学循环机制提供了新的沉积物视角。
  • 云南省基础研究计划(202301AT070100)
  • 云南省基础研究计划(202501AT070004)
  • 云南省西南联合研究生院科技专项(202302AP370001)
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2026年第66卷第6期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250871
  • 接收时间:2025-11-21
  • 首发时间:2026-06-17
  • 出版时间:2026-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-21
  • 录用日期:2025-12-23
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the Yunnan Provincial Ministry of Science and Technology(202301AT070100)
云南省基础研究计划(202301AT070100)
the Yunnan Provincial Ministry of Science and Technology(202501AT070004)
云南省基础研究计划(202501AT070004)
the Science and Technology Project of Southwest Joint Graduate School of Yunnan Province(202302AP370001)
云南省西南联合研究生院科技专项(202302AP370001)
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    云南师范大学 地理学部,云南省高原地理过程与环境变化重点实验室,云南 昆明
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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