Article(id=1274057547611886433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250896, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1764777600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1770912000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-13, onlineDate=1781688590194, onlineDateStr=2026-06-17, pubDate=1780502400000, pubDateStr=2026-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781688590194, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781688590194, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688590194, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274057338156769818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='6', pageStart='2561', pageEnd='3114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781688540257, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688602467, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2863, endPage=2880, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274057548069065571, articleId=1274057547611886433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Spatio-temporal succession of microbial communities in vertebrate bone remains and their paleoenvironmental implications, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective The microbial communities preserved within vertebrate bone remains serve as crucial biological archives recording their burial processes and environmental histories. However, how bone microbial communities respond to environmental changes across different geographical and chronological scales, as well as their specific indicative potential in paleoenvironmental reconstruction, remains unclear. This study aims to reveal the spatio-temporal variation patterns of vertebrate bone microbial communities in northern China and evaluate their feasibility as paleoenvironmental biomarkers. Methods Ancient DNA extraction and shotgun metagenomic sequencing techniques were employed to analyze the microbial community composition of 43 animal bone fossil or subfossil samples collected from different geographical regions (Northeast and Northwest China) and geological periods (Late-Pleistocene and Holocene) in northern China. Diversity statistics and differential species identification were combined to systematically compare the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of community structures. Results Microbial communities exhibited significant differences across both geographical regions and geological periods. Samples from Northeast China showed higher microbial diversity, being dominated by soil-derived taxa such as Acidobacteria sp. GGB63485, while samples from Northwest China were dominated by freshwater and chemoautotrophic taxa including Curvibacter and Sulfuricaulis. Cold-tolerant and oligotrophic taxa were enriched in Late-Pleistocene samples, while taxa associated with aquatic environments and plant degradation were more prominent in Holocene samples. Conclusion The compositional differences of microbial communities in bone remains are jointly driven by local environmental factors and temporal climate change. The structural characteristics can effectively reflect paleoenvironmental conditions including soil type, hydrological status, redox potential, and temperature changes. This study provides empirical evidence and methodological approaches for paleoenvironmental reconstruction with skeletal microbiomes, expands the boundaries of traditional paleoenvironmental indicator systems, and offers new perspectives for understanding the assembly mechanisms and ecological responses of microbial communities during long-term burial.

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E-mail:
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目的 脊椎动物骨骼化石内部封存的微生物群落是记录其埋藏过程与环境历史的重要生物档案。然而,内部微生物群落如何响应不同地理与年代尺度下的环境变化,及其在古环境重建中的具体指示潜力尚不明确。本研究旨在揭示中国北方脊椎动物化石微生物群落的时空分异规律,并评估其作为古环境生物标志物的可行性。 方法 采用古DNA提取与鸟枪法宏基因组测序技术对采自中国东北和西北2个地理区域、晚更新世与全新世2个地质时期的43个动物骨骼化石或亚化石样本进行微生物组成分析,结合多样性统计与差异物种识别,系统比较群落结构的时空变异特征。 结果 微生物群落在不同地理区域与地质时期均呈现显著差异。东北地区样本微生物多样性较高,以酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria sp.) GGB63485等土壤来源类群为主;西北地区样本中弯钩菌属(Curvibacter)、硫柄杆菌属(Sulfuricaulis)等淡水与化能自养类群占优。晚更新世样本中嗜冷、寡营养类群相对富集,而全新世样本中与水体环境和植物降解相关的类群更为突出。 结论 骨骼化石微生物群落的组成差异受埋藏地环境因子以及随时间变迁而发生的气候变化的共同驱动,其结构特征能够有效反映古环境的土壤类型、水文状态、氧化还原条件及温度变化。本研究为利用骨骼微生物组开展古环境重建提供了实证依据与方法路径,拓展了传统古环境指标体系的边界,也为理解长期埋藏过程中微生物群落的构建机制与生态响应提供了新视角。

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作者贡献声明

张远:样品采集,古DNA实验,数据处理和分析,文章撰写和修改;林韬:数据分析流程设计;郭天赐:宏基因组分析方法技术支持;宋世文:样品采集,软件技术支持;郑铭旻:样品采集,古DNA实验;郁东奇:古DNA实验和部分数据处理;袁俊霞:样品采集,文章修改;盛桂莲:样品采集,研究整体设计构思,文章写作框架指导,文章修改。

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of northern China [Northeast (NE) and Northwest (NW)]. A: Abundance stack plot (showing the highest species abundance); B: Alpha diversity analysis box plot (the number between the two groups is the differential P-value of the Kruskal-Wallis test); C: PCoA analysis based on Bray-Curtis distance; D: Bar plot of significantly different species with LDA score greater than the preset value (2.0, P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=cLhQXc4FhAf7NAvnLYfp3w==, figureFileBig=L/3e4aXt5r9LBEOBRF5j8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088112201425705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057547611886433, language=CN, label=图1, caption=中国北方不同地理区域[东北(NE)和西北(NW)]脊椎动物样化石中微生物组成, figureFileSmall=cLhQXc4FhAf7NAvnLYfp3w==, figureFileBig=L/3e4aXt5r9LBEOBRF5j8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088112289506090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057547611886433, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Microbial composition in vertebrate fossil samples from different burial ages (Late-Pleistocene and Holocene) in northern China. A: Stacked bar chart of abundances (showing the top 20 microbial genera by abundance); B: Box plot of alpha diversity analysis (the number between the two groups represents the differential P-value from the Kruskal-Wallis test); C: PCoA analysis based on Bray-Curtis distance; D: Bar chart of significantly different species with an LDA score greater than the preset value (2.0, P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=/e0JOJk03NDWGotPrpmrIg==, figureFileBig=2KA8YqRH/JJUNsFBItSR+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088112352420651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057547611886433, language=CN, label=图2, caption=中国北方不同埋藏年代全新世(Holocene)和晚更新世(Late-Pleistocene)脊椎动物化石样品中微生物组成的宏基因组分析, figureFileSmall=/e0JOJk03NDWGotPrpmrIg==, figureFileBig=2KA8YqRH/JJUNsFBItSR+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088112419529516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057547611886433, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Damage profile of nucleotide transition frequencies at the 5′ end showing the characteristics of ancient DNA damage. This profile was generated from sequencing reads from bone fossil samples, with microbial genera and sample numbers labeled in the figure., figureFileSmall=pjQmHRHhtawWBIrM0hziHw==, figureFileBig=aEqLFF2qkHgGF3g8fbiL1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088112528581421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057547611886433, language=CN, label=图3, caption=表现出古代DNA损伤特征的5′端核苷酸转换频率的损伤图谱, figureFileSmall=pjQmHRHhtawWBIrM0hziHw==, figureFileBig=aEqLFF2qkHgGF3g8fbiL1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088112608273198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057547611886433, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of variance partitioning analysis (VPA)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variance componentR2P-value
Independent effect of geography0.056 310.040
Independent effect of age0.033 390.044
Shared effect (geography×age)0.002 17-
Total explained variance0.091 880.009
Residual (unexplained variance)0.908 12-
), ArticleFig(id=1274088112692159279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057547611886433, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

方差分解分析(VPA)结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Variance componentR2P-value
Independent effect of geography0.056 310.040
Independent effect of age0.033 390.044
Shared effect (geography×age)0.002 17-
Total explained variance0.091 880.009
Residual (unexplained variance)0.908 12-
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脊椎动物骨骼化石中微生物组成的时空演替及其古环境指示意义
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张远 1, 2 , 林韬 1 , 郭天赐 1 , 宋世文 1, 2 , 郑铭旻 1, 2 , 郁东奇 2, 3 , 袁俊霞 2, 3 , 盛桂莲 1, 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(6): 2863-2880
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(6): 2863-2880
脊椎动物骨骼化石中微生物组成的时空演替及其古环境指示意义
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张远1, 2, 林韬1, 郭天赐1, 宋世文1, 2, 郑铭旻1, 2, 郁东奇2, 3, 袁俊霞2, 3, 盛桂莲1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国地质大学(武汉) 环境学院,湖北 武汉
  • 2.中国地质大学(武汉),地质微生物与环境全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉
  • 3.中国地质大学(武汉) 材料与化学学院,湖北 武汉
Spatio-temporal succession of microbial communities in vertebrate bone remains and their paleoenvironmental implications
Yuan ZHANG1, 2, Tao LIN1, Tianci GUO1, Shiwen SONG1, 2, Mingmin ZHENG1, 2, Dongqi YU2, 3, Junxia YUAN2, 3, Guilian SHENG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Geomicrobiology and Environmental Changes, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
  • 3.Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
出版时间: 2026-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250896
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目的 脊椎动物骨骼化石内部封存的微生物群落是记录其埋藏过程与环境历史的重要生物档案。然而,内部微生物群落如何响应不同地理与年代尺度下的环境变化,及其在古环境重建中的具体指示潜力尚不明确。本研究旨在揭示中国北方脊椎动物化石微生物群落的时空分异规律,并评估其作为古环境生物标志物的可行性。 方法 采用古DNA提取与鸟枪法宏基因组测序技术对采自中国东北和西北2个地理区域、晚更新世与全新世2个地质时期的43个动物骨骼化石或亚化石样本进行微生物组成分析,结合多样性统计与差异物种识别,系统比较群落结构的时空变异特征。 结果 微生物群落在不同地理区域与地质时期均呈现显著差异。东北地区样本微生物多样性较高,以酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria sp.) GGB63485等土壤来源类群为主;西北地区样本中弯钩菌属(Curvibacter)、硫柄杆菌属(Sulfuricaulis)等淡水与化能自养类群占优。晚更新世样本中嗜冷、寡营养类群相对富集,而全新世样本中与水体环境和植物降解相关的类群更为突出。 结论 骨骼化石微生物群落的组成差异受埋藏地环境因子以及随时间变迁而发生的气候变化的共同驱动,其结构特征能够有效反映古环境的土壤类型、水文状态、氧化还原条件及温度变化。本研究为利用骨骼微生物组开展古环境重建提供了实证依据与方法路径,拓展了传统古环境指标体系的边界,也为理解长期埋藏过程中微生物群落的构建机制与生态响应提供了新视角。

古脊椎动物  /  微生物群落  /  宏基因组学  /  古环境重建

Objective The microbial communities preserved within vertebrate bone remains serve as crucial biological archives recording their burial processes and environmental histories. However, how bone microbial communities respond to environmental changes across different geographical and chronological scales, as well as their specific indicative potential in paleoenvironmental reconstruction, remains unclear. This study aims to reveal the spatio-temporal variation patterns of vertebrate bone microbial communities in northern China and evaluate their feasibility as paleoenvironmental biomarkers. Methods Ancient DNA extraction and shotgun metagenomic sequencing techniques were employed to analyze the microbial community composition of 43 animal bone fossil or subfossil samples collected from different geographical regions (Northeast and Northwest China) and geological periods (Late-Pleistocene and Holocene) in northern China. Diversity statistics and differential species identification were combined to systematically compare the spatio-temporal variation characteristics of community structures. Results Microbial communities exhibited significant differences across both geographical regions and geological periods. Samples from Northeast China showed higher microbial diversity, being dominated by soil-derived taxa such as Acidobacteria sp. GGB63485, while samples from Northwest China were dominated by freshwater and chemoautotrophic taxa including Curvibacter and Sulfuricaulis. Cold-tolerant and oligotrophic taxa were enriched in Late-Pleistocene samples, while taxa associated with aquatic environments and plant degradation were more prominent in Holocene samples. Conclusion The compositional differences of microbial communities in bone remains are jointly driven by local environmental factors and temporal climate change. The structural characteristics can effectively reflect paleoenvironmental conditions including soil type, hydrological status, redox potential, and temperature changes. This study provides empirical evidence and methodological approaches for paleoenvironmental reconstruction with skeletal microbiomes, expands the boundaries of traditional paleoenvironmental indicator systems, and offers new perspectives for understanding the assembly mechanisms and ecological responses of microbial communities during long-term burial.

paleovertebrates  /  microbial communities  /  metagenomics  /  paleoenvironmental reconstruction
张远, 林韬, 郭天赐, 宋世文, 郑铭旻, 郁东奇, 袁俊霞, 盛桂莲. 脊椎动物骨骼化石中微生物组成的时空演替及其古环境指示意义. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2863 -2880 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250896
Yuan ZHANG, Tao LIN, Tianci GUO, Shiwen SONG, Mingmin ZHENG, Dongqi YU, Junxia YUAN, Guilian SHENG. Spatio-temporal succession of microbial communities in vertebrate bone remains and their paleoenvironmental implications[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2863 -2880 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250896
环境微生物组是记录地球环境历史与生态过程的天然档案库,其群落结构对地理、气候及局部生境变化响应敏感,是重建古环境与揭示微生物地理格局的关键信息来源[1-3]。除湖泊、海洋沉积物和冰芯等经典载体外,埋藏于地下的生物有机体残骸(如骨骼)也为微生物提供了独特的长期埋藏生态位。脊椎动物骨骼主要由羟基磷灰石构成,具有多孔结构,在埋藏过程中能吸附并封存来自周围沉积物、地下水及内生群落的微生物,形成一个物理化学性质相对稳定、时间序列明确的特殊微生态系统[4]。由于骨骼的微环境隔离作用,其中可能长期滞留宿主自身携带的内源微生物,或者通过分解作用进入的外源微生物。骨骼内部微生物群落可能在某一阶段“冻结”,为研究特定时间点的微生物状态提供了可能。
已有埋藏学研究证实,微生物在动物死亡后软组织的分解、骨骼的自生矿化以及最终化石形成等一系列过程中扮演着核心角色。微生物对骨骼成岩的影响贯穿全程,不同阶段核心微生物类型、作用机制及骨骼变化各有侧重:在动物死亡早期,土壤细菌、真菌及腐生昆虫携带的微生物通过降解骨骼有机基质、改变局部pH值并形成微小隧道雏形,导致其有机支架破坏、表层羟基磷灰石初步溶解且孔隙率增加;到中期,动物仅存身体骨架,土壤细菌、真菌或蓝细菌(水环境)沿隧道深层渗透,使隧道扩张并加剧生物侵蚀,同时通过酸性物质加速矿物质溶解、代谢产物促进次生矿化,形成生物膜调控物质交换,使骨骼微观结构破坏加剧,原生与次生矿化并存且矿物质成分发生改造;至动物死亡晚期,骨骼遗存进入长期埋藏期,极端耐腐微生物等进一步降解残留有机基质,且长期推动羟基磷灰石溶解再结晶及矿物相转化,使得骨骼仅保留高结晶度的无机矿物质框架,后续易因隧道连通形成裂隙而破碎,甚至分解为矿物碎屑融入沉积物[4-8]
短片段古DNA提取与大规模平行测序技术的突破,有效解决了高效、准确、经济获取古生物样品中高度降解古DNA信息的技术瓶颈,使得大量动物化石标本得以用于基因组研究[9]。通过该类技术获取的古代生物大分子,不仅包含古生物本身的基因组信息,还涵盖了来自细菌、真菌等相关环境微生物的基因组信息。非靶向的鸟枪法宏基因组学研究能够提供从宿主遗传背景到整个共生微生物群落的一站式、无偏倚的全景视图,既可以明确样品中的微生物群落组成,又能揭示微生物群落的功能特征[10-11],使表征环境复杂群落成为可能[12-13]
目前针对骨骼化石中微生物组的研究仍处于起步阶段。已有研究记录了来自不同环境埋藏的化石遗骸中的微生物活动和多样性,表明微生物在化石骨骼内部定殖的动态依赖于从死后到近期暴露期间与不断变化的水文地质环境的相互作用[14-18]。已有研究显示,距今200-20 000年的古代材料的微生物群落图谱中,大部分的DNA源自沉积环境中的微生物[14-15]。基于16S rRNA基因的一项研究揭示,化石中栖息着多样化的微生物群落,且部分微生物谱系的丰度在化石中高于周围沉积物[18-19]。因此,开展脊椎动物骨骼化石中微生物群落研究,有望为重建过去的生态系统提供线索,为探究长期埋藏过程中微生物群落演替规律及其与环境的关联机制提供支撑。
本研究选取中国北方地区的43个不同植食性动物骨骼化石或亚化石材料,其中包括马科、牛科和骆驼科等动物。不同物种对其化石微生物组成是否存在影响目前仍未有相关研究,但一项牙结石古DNA研究表明,牙结石口腔微生物组与宿主的生存环境密切相关,与宿主的进化关系并无关联[20]。不同宿主物种对其化石微生物的影响远小于生态环境。对43件化石样品运用古DNA提取、新一代文库测序和鸟枪法测序技术获取各样品的古基因数据,将微生物来源的DNA片段与数据库比对,系统分析不同埋藏环境和埋藏年代的样品中微生物群落组成的时空差异,探讨并揭示长期埋藏条件下骨骼相关微生物群落的组成、多样性、演替规律及环境指示意义。
本研究选取中国北方地区晚更新世、全新世的43个动物骨骼化石作为研究样品,样品详细信息见表1。年代学分析采用2种技术途径:部分样品送至美国Beta实验室进行放射性碳同位素测年;其余样品的年代则基于其产出地层的沉积特征与埋藏学背景综合判定。对于通过地层推断得出的间接年代数据,通过物种鉴定结果进行交叉验证:已灭绝物种的时空分布范围与全新世现生类群的首现时间,共同为地层年代框架提供生物学佐证。
本研究所有古DNA提取及测序文库构建实验均在符合国际标准的古DNA实验室中完成,并且遵循严格的防污染措施[21]。首先,用4.5%的次氯酸溶液擦拭样品表面,再用无水乙醇擦拭后风干,随后切取骨骼样品并研磨成细密骨粉。称取100-150 mg骨粉,参考Rohland等[22-23]建立的二氧化硅吸附法提取古DNA,向每个样品中加入3 mL乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA, 0.465 mol/L)与40 μL蛋白酶K (20 mg/mL)的混合液,孵育16-24 h进行样品裂解。通过4 ℃、7 000 r/min离心10 min分离骨粉与上清液,将上清液移至超滤管(Millipore公司),4 ℃、7 000 r/min离心40 min浓缩至约100 μL。使用MinElute DNA纯化试剂盒(Qiagen公司)中的纯化试剂与二氧化硅吸附柱对浓缩液进行纯化,完成古DNA提取。参考Meyer等[24]的文库构建方法,按“末端修复(blunt-end repair)、连接接头(adapter ligation)、接头补齐(adapter fill-in)、文库分子标记(indexing)” 4个步骤构建双链测序文库。上述DNA提取及文库构建过程均设置空白对照组,以检验外源污染情况。将构建好的文库送至安诺优达基因科技(北京)股份有限公司,基于Illumina HiSeq×10平台进行PE150测序。
采用EasyMetagenome[25-27]进行宏基因组分析,通过Fastp[28]软件进行序列修剪与质控,设定参数如下:每条读段(read)中允许的最大N碱基数为5,回文剪辑阈值为40,简单剪辑阈值为15;采用滑动窗口修剪(窗口大小4 bp,平均质量阈值20 bp);丢弃低于50 bp的读段(MINLEN: 50)。
利用MetaPhlAn 4[29]软件,基于其标记基因数据库(maker gene, mpa)对宏基因组测序数据进行物种分类注释;本研究使用的数据库版本为mpa_vOct22_CHOCOPhlAnSGB_202403,相关信息见MetaPhlAn官方网站(https://huttenhower.sph.harvard.edu/metaphlan)。剔除空白对照中检测到的微生物属和种(常见实验室细菌属),避免外源污染干扰。处理MetaPhlAn生成的物种丰度表格,提取各样品物种分类级别数据并进行格式整理,通过R软件绘制丰度柱状图和热图。
基于物种丰度数据计算α多样性指数(包括Shannon指数、Simpson指数和Chao1指数);采用基于Bray-Curtis距离矩阵的主坐标分析法(principal coordinates analysis, PCoA)分析群体间β多样性,通过R软件计算置换多元方差分析(permutational multivariate analysis of variance, PERMANOVA)检验组间差异显著性;借助在线工具(http://www.ehbio.com/ImageGP[30])进行属水平的线性判别分析效应量分析(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe),评估差异显著的物种影响力(linear discriminant analysis, LDA),设置参数为:类间阶乘Kruskal-Wallis检验的显著性水平α为0.05,判别特征的对数LDA评分阈值为2.0。
为量化不同分组地理区域(东北NE/西北NW)与埋藏年代(晚更新世Late-Pleistocene/全新世Holocene)对微生物群落结构变异的独立解释度及交互效应,明确二者的耦合干扰程度,采用方差分解分析(variance partitioning approach, VPA)进行验证,并通过R软件完成可视化。
对每个样品中丰度排名前10的微生物属对应的读段进行了碱基损伤评估。将样品原始数据比对至对应的参考序列,并采用mapDamage2软件完成损伤分析,使用mapDamage2软件包的默认参数进行处理,以片段末端5′端和3′端的碱基替换程度与平均片段长度分布为指标,对样品进行古DNA分子的碱基损伤评估。
本研究采用鸟枪法测序,从43个骨骼样品中获取了原始双端测序数据。样本的读段数范围为351万(CADG-1030)至1.29亿(CADG-1050),所有样本均获得充足读段数(≥10万个);读段平均长度为148 bp,详细数据见表1。
按样品的出土地理区域将其分为中国东北(NE)和中国西北(NW)两组,分析不同组别的微生物群落组成。基于属水平数据分析微生物物种组成与多样性特征。筛选各组中相对丰度排名前20的属,其余归为others,得到中国北方不同地理区域脊椎动物化石样品微生物组成对比结果(图1)。
结果显示(图1A),NE组微生物组成较为复杂,而NW组检测到较高占比的单一微生物属(>20.0%)。两组的优势菌属完全不同,且各自具有特征性的次优势菌属:NE组中丰度最高的是酸杆菌门细菌(Acidobacteria sp.) GGB63485 (9.5%),NW组中占比最高的是弯钩菌属(Curvibacter) (23.2%)。α多样性分析箱线图(图1B)显示,NE组多样性各项指数的中位数普遍高于NW组;Kruskal-Wallis检验结果表明,两组间Chao1指数和Richness指数差异显著(P<0.05),而Shannon指数和Simpson指数差异不显著(P>0.05)。β多样性分析(图1C)及组间差异显著性检验显示,NE组与NW组间存在明显差异(P<0.05)。对不同地区分组进行PERMANOVA分析表明,NW组与NE组比较的R2值为0.438,校正P值为0.033,组间差异具有统计学意义。
LEfSe分析鉴定出在两组间存在显著差异的微生物类群(图1D),这些类群是区分两组的标志微生物属,对两组的区分具有较大的效应量,也是显著差异物种。结果表明,NE组具有大量的关键差异微生物,包含酸杆菌门细菌(Acidobacteria sp.) GGB63485和糖多孢菌属(Saccharopolyspora)等19个属;NW组中具有相对较少的差异微生物,包含弯钩菌属(Curvibacter)、硫柄杆菌(Sulfuricaulis)等8个属。
剔除12个未知年代的样品后,将其余31个样品按埋藏年代分为晚更新世(Late-Pleistocene)和全新世(Holocene)两组,分析两组样品微生物组成差异(图2)。
微生物组成相对丰度柱状图(图2A)显示,全新世样品组中丰度最高的属是弯钩菌属(Curvibacter) (10.4%),晚更新世样品中则是酸杆菌门细菌(Acidobacteria sp.) GGB63485 (14.8%)。α多样性分析箱线图(图2B)显示,晚更新世样品的微生物多样性高于全新世样品,但两组间4个指数的差异均不显著(P>0.05)。β多样性分析(图2C)显示,全新世与晚更新世两组间的PERMANOVA检验结果P<0.05,R2值为0.107,校正P值为0.013,表明2个样品组中的微生物物种组成具有显著差异。
LEfSe分析(图2D)显示,晚更新世组样品中存在更多的关键差异属,其中包括酸杆菌门细菌(Acidobacteria sp.) GGB63485、微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium)、鹰嘴豆杆菌属(Ciceribacter)、游动球菌属(Planococcus)、金黄微菌属(Chryseomicrobium)和红育菌属(Rhodoferax)等8个属;全新世组的关键差异微生物则为链孢囊菌属(Streptosporangium)和GGB53673。
方差分解分析(VPA)结果显示(表2),地理区域和埋藏年代对微生物群落变异的独立解释度分别为5.631% (P=0.040)和3.339% (P=0.044),二者的交互解释度仅为0.217%,总解释变异为9.188% (P=0.009)。这表明地理和年代对群落结构的影响具有显著独立性,耦合干扰较弱,且地理因素的独立贡献略高于年代因素。
对每个样本中相对丰度最高的10个属进行了古DNA损伤评估(图3)。结果显示,晚更新世组的412、413、430、433、435、440、1175样本中酸杆菌门细菌(Acidobacteria sp.) GGB63485、微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium)、类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)、金黄微菌属(Chryseomicrobium)、副球菌属(Paracoccus)、两面神菌属(Janibacter)、红球菌属(Rhodococcus) 7个属的测序读段展现特征性古DNA损伤模式;全新世组的1030、1176、1642、1187、1049样本中食酸菌属(Acidovorax)、李氏菌属(Leeia)、杜擀氏菌属(Duganella)、链霉菌属(Streptomyces)、类节杆菌属(Paenarthrobacter) 5个属表现出古DNA损伤特征。
古脊椎动物化石样品的测序数据大部分来自微生物[31],其中包含少量宿主微生物组,但更多的是埋藏环境微生物群。动物遗存的微生态平衡在其死亡后迅速被打破,在适宜环境下厌氧菌大量增殖,动物软体部分快速降解;进入骨骼化阶段后,遗存中的微生物多样性逐渐趋近于土壤微生物群落[32]。本研究通过宏基因组学分析揭示骨骼生态位中封存的微生物群落,其组成与结构存在显著的时空分异。这种差异并非随机噪音,而是记录了埋藏环境的地理特征与历史气候变迁,为理解长期封闭或半封闭环境中微生物群落的组成与演替机制提供了独特视角。
本研究的2个地区显示了不同的微生物群落组成模式。中国东北(NE)组微生物种类丰富,且相对丰度分布较为均一,无高占比优势微生物(图1A)。其中酸杆菌门细菌(Acidobacteria sp.) GGB63485相对丰度最高(9.5%),该属的细菌广泛分布于土壤生态系统,其数量占细菌总量的20%-50%,在土壤有机质转化中具有重要作用[33]。酸杆菌门细菌偏好酸性环境,这与松嫩平原的弱酸土壤特征相对应。中国西北(NW)组检测到较高占比的单一微生物属(>20.0%),占比最高的是弯钩菌属(Curvibacter) (23.2%)。该属最早从井水和蒸馏水中分离,代表水中普遍存在的微生物[34]。作为淡水环境常见细菌属,弯钩菌属(Curvibacter)可能在动物遗存被快速掩埋后,成为早期的有机质降解者发挥了重要作用,其高占比可能指示其在分解软组织过程中的优势地位;这一过程可能改变局部微环境化学条件(如pH值、矿物质饱和度),反而有利于化石的保存。在中国西北(NW)组中,硫柄杆菌属(Sulfuricaulis)的丰度位居第二(10.2%),该属目前仅有1个物种。这种硫氧化的专性化能自养微生物最早于2016年发现在日本春采湖(Lake Harutori)的沿岸沉积物中[35],不能利用有机底物(如丙酮酸、乳酸、乙酸等)或在常见的复杂培养基(R2A、NB、LB、TSB)上生长,通过氧化无机硫化合物获取能量。微生物是环境的敏感指示剂,硫柄杆菌属(Sulfuricaulis)的较高丰度可能指示静水沉积、有机输入贫瘠的环境。这一推断并非孤例。Gariboldi等[36]对秘鲁中新世海生脊椎动物化石的研究中,同样在骨骼衍生物中识别出硫氧化微生物活动的证据:伴生铁氧化物与自生白云石沉淀,并将其明确解释为化能合成微生物群落对缺氧、硫化物富集埋藏环境的响应。因此,西北组硫柄杆菌属(Sulfuricaulis)的富集很可能反映了黄土区古河道或湖沼环境中活跃的硫循环过程,即硫酸盐还原产生的硫化物进一步被硫氧化微生物重新氧化的耦合过程,为后续开展同步地球化学分析提供了明确靶标。
从微生物多样性结果来看(图1B、1C),中国东北地区(NE)高于中国西北地区(NW)。中国东北地区土壤类型为富含有机质的黑土,且具备稳定的水源与湿地环境,可能为纤维素降解菌、腐生菌等多种微生物提供了相对适宜的生长条件;此外,该地区河湖相沉积层深厚,第四纪沉积物覆盖厚达数百米,化石保存过程中的快速掩埋可能减少氧化破坏[37],得以保留不同时期的微生物群落。相比之下,中国西北地区土壤条件较为贫瘠,以黄土为主,泾渭生态区属于干旱半干旱气候,降水稀少、蒸发强烈,植被稀疏,有机质输入有限,限制了微生物生存;同时硫化物氧化释放硫酸导致的沉积物酸化可能进一步抑制多数微生物生长,仅淡水微生物和化能自养微生物显示相对优势。
中国东北地区土壤类型为弱酸性至中性的富含有机质的黑土,西北地区以弱碱性贫瘠黄土为主。这种土壤化学属性的差异已在骨骼成岩地球化学研究中被证明可留下定量的矿物学指纹。Del Valle等[38]对更新世哺乳动物骨骼的系统XRD-FTIR分析表明,酸性湿润埋藏环境对应较大的晶胞体积(531.9 Å3)、碳酸根流失;碱性干燥环境则导致F-/CO32-掺入、晶胞体积收缩(526.1 Å3)。本研究东北组与西北组样品分别对应上述两类成岩相的土壤背景,尽管未直接测定骨骼矿物学参数,但微生物群落的系统分异(东北富集酸杆菌、西北富集硫氧化菌)与这一地球化学框架高度吻合。
在中国东北(NE)和西北(NW)两组不同地理区域微生物组中,关键差异微生物均为所属分组中的高丰度微生物(图1D)。NE组的关键差异微生物包括酸杆菌门细菌(Acidobacteria sp.) GGB63485、糖多孢菌属(Saccharopolyspora)、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)和纤维单胞菌属(Cellulomonas)等19个属,其中节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)的存在具有重要意义——Arthrobacter subterraneus最早发现于韩国浦项盆地的深层地下水中[39],该属的出现从侧面表明NE组的部分样品曾被地下水渗透,埋藏过程中地下水携带的现代微生物可渗入化石内部。中国西北(NW)组中弯钩菌属(Curvibacter)和硫柄杆菌属(Sulfuricaulis)等8个属为关键差异微生物。其中包含存在于水环境或亲水环境中的CurvibacterSulfuricaulis等,以及一些土壤微生物杜擀氏菌属(Duganella)和贪铜菌属(Cupriavidus)等,表明西北地区的古脊椎动物埋藏环境中土壤及地下水均为该地区关键微生物类群的影响因素。
本研究中的堆叠图显示(图2A),晚更新世组(Late-Pleistocene)优势菌为酸杆菌门Acidobacteria sp. GGB63485,酸杆菌门在酸性或贫营养土壤中富集,暗示该时期样品埋藏环境可能为酸性泥炭或冻土,其代谢多样性(部分类群具寡营养生存策略)使其能够适应资源稀缺的冰期环境。全新世组(Holocene)中弯钩菌属(Curvibacter)的含量最高,该属常见于水体中,表明在进入全新世后北方地区气候转暖,水体生产力提高,具备更适宜弯钩菌属(Curvibacter)生长的条件。
从微生物多样性结果来看(图2B、2C),两组间的α多样性指数差异并不显著,但β多样性具有显著差异,表明尽管全新世和晚更新世微生物组的物种多样性大小差别不大,但结构具有显著差异。α多样性差异不显著,说明不同时期中国北方地区可能存在相似数量的生态位或资源,沉积物类型、有机质含量、pH值等环境条件未发生大幅度变化,能够支撑大致相同生物量的微生物物种共存,维持相对稳定的微生物承载能力。β多样性是揭示环境变化对生物群落影响更为敏感的指标,显著的β多样性差异反映了深刻的环境变迁。
本研究中,晚更新世(Late-Pleistocene)和全新世(Holocene)两组不同年代样品组的关键差异微生物也存在差异(图2D),代表着2个不同时期微生物生存的不同策略。微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium)、鹰嘴豆杆菌属(Ciceribacter)、游动球菌属(Planococcus)、金黄微菌属(Chryseomicrobium)和红育菌属(Rhodoferax)等晚更新世组关键差异属为环境适应性极强或者较强的微生物,尤其擅长在寒冷或高盐的环境中生存[40-42];部分类群具寡营养生存策略,能够适应资源稀缺的低温环境,维持极低的新陈代谢水平,并善于利用其他生物无法利用的微量底物,在低能量环境中存活。全新世组(Holocene)的关键差异属为链孢囊菌属(Streptosporangium),该属广泛分布于现代我国北方地区土壤中,特点是能够生活于植物健康组织的内部,属于植物内生菌,能够分解复杂的有机物质,尤其是纤维素、几丁质等难降解的植物聚合物[43]。该属在全新世样品组中成为其关键差异微生物,可能反映了全新世温度升高后植物源性有机质在骨骼样品埋藏环境中的输入量增加[44]
本研究中观察到的微生物群落时空格局,是环境选择与长期环境变迁共同作用的结果。不同分组中α多样性在时空组间差异不显著但β多样性差异显著的现象(图1B、1C;图2B、2C)表明,尽管中国北方不同时空背景下的骨骼生态位所能承载的微生物物种总数可能受限于基质的物理化学性质(如孔隙度、pH缓冲能力)而相对稳定,但具体是哪些微生物类别能够成功定殖并繁荣,则高度依赖于外部环境的筛选压力。
α多样性在地理区域和地质年代组间均无显著差异,但β多样性显著分化的现象蕴含关键生态学意义。α多样性主要反映群落内物种丰富度与均匀度,其稳定性表明,尽管中国北方不同地理环境或气候阶段存在差异,但脊椎动物骨骼作为特殊微生态位,其物理化学属性(如羟基磷灰石孔隙结构、矿物组成、有机质残留总量)所决定的资源承载容量未发生根本性改变,即骨骼微环境能提供的生态位数量(如不同代谢类型微生物的生存空间、可利用底物种类)相对一致,因此支撑的物种总数(α多样性)维持在相近水平。β多样性的显著差异,本质是物种替换的结果,直接受环境筛选强度的调控[45]。地理维度上,东北地区富含有机质的黑土、湿润水文条件与西北地区贫瘠黄土、干旱环境形成强烈异质性筛选:NE 组以土壤来源的酸杆菌门细菌(Acidobacteria sp.) GGB63485等有机质降解菌为优势类群,NW组则以淡水环境的弯钩菌属(Curvibacter)和化能自养的硫柄杆菌属(Sulfuricaulis)为核心,二者虽占据相同的分解者或初级生产者生态位,但物种类型因环境适应性差异而完全替换[33-34]。年代维度上,晚更新世的低温寡营养环境与全新世的温暖湿润环境可能筛选出了不同的功能类群(嗜冷寡营养菌和植物降解相关菌),这一现象或可反映生态位相对稳定下的物种替换型β分化特征。从冰期到间冰期,温度、湿度、植被覆盖和生物地球化学循环过程的根本性改变[46-48],彻底重塑了环境筛选条件,导致原有的适应冰期严苛环境的微生物功能群被淘汰或减少,取而代之的是适应温暖、富氧条件的新功能群。
这一结果符合环境筛选理论,当环境异质性未改变生态位的核心资源容量时α多样性趋于稳定;而环境筛选强度足以区分适应型物种与非适应型物种时会驱动群落发生显著的物种替换,最终表现为β多样性显著[49]。骨骼微生态系统的特殊性在于,其羟基磷灰石基质提供的物理生态位(如微孔结构)具有稳定性,而埋藏环境的土壤性质、水文条件或气候变迁则作为筛选压力,决定了哪些物种能成功定植并成为优势类群。这种生态位数量稳定、物种组成动态替换的模式,正是骨骼微生物群落能够记录环境历史的核心机制:相同生态位上的不同物种,本质是特定环境条件的功能代言者。
方差分解分析(VPA)显示,地理区域独立解释微生物群落变异的5.631% (P=0.040),年代因素解释3.339% (P=0.044),二者交互解释度仅0.217% (表2)。这一结果表明,地理与年代的耦合干扰可忽略,二者对群落的影响具有独立性。地理因素的独立贡献略高,可能与局地土壤、水文等环境条件的筛选作用相关;年代因素的显著贡献则可能反映了气候变迁的长期影响,二者均为骨骼微生物的古环境指示潜力提供了支持。总解释变异(9.188%)符合微生物群落多因子驱动的普遍特征,未解释变异源于未纳入的微环境因子或随机过程。综上所述,VPA结果量化证实了地理与年代的独立驱动作用,为骨骼微生物作为古环境生物标志物提供了关键支撑。
VPA分析中存在的90.812%未解释变异体现出微生物群落生态复杂性,具体体现在两方面。一方面是未纳入的微环境异质性。由于骨骼埋藏的土壤微生境(如孔隙水化学、局部有机质组分、pH微梯度)及骨骼自身基质特征(如孔隙结构、残留有机质类型),形成了精细生态位分化,其影响未被宏观地理和年代因子覆盖;此外,未量化的区域环境因子(如古植被、大气沉降)也可能间接贡献变异。另一方面是随机生态过程的作用。微生物的随机扩散(气流、水流介导迁移)、生态漂变(低丰度类群随机增减)及群落内生演替(物种竞争、共生网络构建),导致部分群落变异脱离确定性环境因子调控,尤其低丰度类群更易受随机过程主导。因此,后续深入研究中可补充微环境理化数据、结合中性模型量化随机过程,进一步解析群落构建机制。
尽管本研究通过空白对照和碱基损伤分析验证了古DNA的可靠性,但骨骼化石在长期埋藏中可能受到后期地下水活动、土壤微生物迁移等影响,导致现代微生物渗入。因此,在将微生物类群作为古环境指示剂时需谨慎区分其来源与生态意义。
本研究更具古环境信号指示潜力的微生物类群主要有以下特征:(1) 在碱基损伤分析中呈现典型古DNA降解特征,且其生理生态属性与已知古气候、古土壤水文背景高度吻合,与化石埋藏环境具有良好兼容性,如晚更新世样本组中检出的嗜冷寡营养菌微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium)、金黄微菌属(Chryseomicrobium)及东北酸性黑土相关的酸杆菌门Acidobacteria sp. GGB63485;(2) 相关类群在同期、同区域多个独立样本中稳定检出,且其群落组成与现代该区域环境微生物群落存在显著差异,如西北组中与化能自养环境相关的硫柄杆菌属(Sulfuricaulis)。与之相对,可能受后期环境扰动影响的微生物类群主要包括:未呈现典型古DNA损伤特征,且在现代土壤、淡水等环境中广泛分布的常见微生物类群,如部分假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus);仅在个别样本中突发性检出,且其生态属性与研究区域整体古环境背景存在明显矛盾的类群;以及可能与现代人类活动(如采样、埋藏环境扰动、实验室污染等)相关的外源微生物类群。
即便是那些通过损伤验证且与埋藏背景一致的微生物类群,在解释其生态意义时也需避免绝对化的环境指认。此外,尽管本研究识别出若干具有环境指示潜力的微生物类群(如 Acidobacteria sp. GGB63485、Sulfuricaulis等),但基于现代参考数据库的古微生物分类存在一定偏倚,可能导致部分类群被错误归类或无法鉴定至种水平。因此,在将微生物类群作为古环境生物标志物时更强调其在功能群水平(如嗜冷、淡水适应、化能自养等)的指示意义,而非单一物种的绝对生态指认。未来研究可通过结合稳定同位素标记、代谢功能基因古谱系重建等方法,构建古微生物特异性参考数据库,进一步提升分类准确性和生态解释的可靠性。
本研究证实,脊椎动物骨骼能作为研究长期微生物生态过程的珍贵模型。即使在骨骼这类贫瘠的基质中,微生物群落的组成也严格遵循生态学原理,其结构是环境历史的产物。研究所识别的关键差异类群,如与酸性土壤相关的酸杆菌门细菌(Acidobacteria sp.)与淡水环境相关的弯钩菌属(Curvibacter)以及与气候冷暖相关的嗜冷/嗜热类群,显示出作为环境特异性生物指示剂的潜力。与依靠单一矿物指标或孢粉组合相比,微生物群落提供了多维、功能性的综合环境信息,能够同时反映土壤性质、水文条件、氧化还原状态乃至温度状况。更重要的是,本研究从机制层面阐释了这种指示作用的可靠性,该作用根植于微生物类群固有的生理生态属性及其对环境因子的适应性响应。因此,骨骼微生物组或可为古生物样本的埋藏背景和地理溯源提供参考线索,同时也为理解地质历史时期微生物与环境的潜在协同演化关系提供案例支持。
值得注意的是,相较于传统的沉积物微生物组或孢粉指标,骨骼内封存的微生物组具有若干独特优势:骨骼作为一个相对封闭的物理微环境,能够在一定程度上隔离后期环境微生物的侵入,从而可能保留更接近埋藏初期的微生物信号;骨骼本身可作为时间胶囊,其内部微生物群落结构可能记录了宿主死亡至埋藏关键窗口期的环境信息,提供了更高时间分辨率的古环境记录;微生物群落的功能基因信息可间接反映古环境的氧化还原状态、温度适应性及元素循环过程,这是孢粉或沉积物矿物指标难以直接提供的多维环境信息。
然而,骨骼微生物组在古环境重建中的应用也存在一定的适用条件与局限性:(1) 骨骼的保存状态直接影响微生物DNA的留存质量,严重风化或二次污染的样本可能失去环境指示意义;(2) 骨骼微生物组成可能受到埋藏后地下水活动、土壤微生物迁移等后期过程的干扰,需结合埋藏学背景加以甄别;(3) 目前对骨骼微生物群落演替与环境因子之间的定量关系尚未完全建立,其指示作用的精确性与普适性仍需更多案例验证;(4) 与沉积物连续地层记录相比,骨骼样本通常时空分布较为分散,难以形成连续的古环境序列。
国际上,脊椎动物化石的埋藏环境重建已形成“地球化学+矿物学”多指标整合范式。Del Valle等[38]利用XRD-Rietveld与FTIR定量区分更新世骨骼的酸性/碱性埋藏相;Tütken[50]通过多同位素体系(C、O、Sr、Nd)有效甄别原生信号与成岩改造;Gariboldi等[36]更直接证认了硫氧化微生物活动与自生铁氧化物/白云石沉淀的因果关系。本研究是运用伴生微生物类群指示脊椎动物化石埋藏环境的初步尝试,对结果的解读以定性为主,尚未建立微生物-环境定量响应函数。若能在骨骼样品宏基因组测序的同时开展以下分析:磷灰石结晶度指数与晶胞参数测定(XRD-FTIR)、主微量元素与Sr-O同位素原位分析(LA-ICP-MS/LA-MC-ICP-MS)[51]及围岩沉积物地球化学对比(如总有机碳、碳酸盐含量、黏土矿物组合),将能实现微生物群落结构与定量环境代用指标的直接回归,真正释放骨骼微生物组作为古环境生物标志物的应用潜力。
本研究综合运用古DNA提取与鸟枪法宏基因组测序技术,对中国北方不同埋藏环境与地质年代的脊椎动物化石进行了微生物群落分析,揭示了其显著的时空分异规律,并验证了骨骼微生物组作为古环境与古气候生物标志物的可行性。结果表明,微生物组成在地理区域(东北与西北)和地质时期(晚更新世与全新世)之间均存在显著差异,并识别出多类具有环境指示意义的关键微生物类群。地理差异主要受土壤类型、水文条件及pH等环境因子驱动,而年代差异则反映了气候变迁所引发的群落演替过程。骨骼化石中保存的微生物群落结构,部分通过损伤验证且与埋藏背景一致的类群显示出反映古环境土壤性质、水文特征、氧化还原状态及温度变化的潜力,具备作为古环境与古气候重建生物标志物的应用前景。骨骼微生物组作为古环境重建的新型生物标志物,在提供高分辨率、多功能信息方面具有明显优势,但其解释需谨慎,应结合多指标(如碱基损伤评估、孢粉、地球化学和矿物学指标)进行交叉验证,以提高古环境重建的可靠性与综合性。本研究不仅为理解微生物在化石形成与环境记录中的作用提供了实证依据,也为利用骨骼微生物组开展古生态重建与地理溯源提供了新的方法论支持。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42572005)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42172027)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42472008)
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2026年第66卷第6期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250896
  • 接收时间:2025-12-04
  • 首发时间:2026-06-17
  • 出版时间:2026-06-04
补充材料
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-12-04
  • 录用日期:2026-02-13
基金
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42572005)
国家自然科学基金(42572005)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42172027)
国家自然科学基金(42172027)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42472008)
国家自然科学基金(42472008)
作者信息
    1.中国地质大学(武汉) 环境学院,湖北 武汉
    2.中国地质大学(武汉),地质微生物与环境全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉
    3.中国地质大学(武汉) 材料与化学学院,湖北 武汉
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/CN/10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250896
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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