Article(id=1274057520151814829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250795, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1761321600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1768320000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-14, onlineDate=1781688583648, onlineDateStr=2026-06-17, pubDate=1780502400000, pubDateStr=2026-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781688583648, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781688583648, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688583648, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274057338156769818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='6', pageStart='2561', pageEnd='3114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781688540257, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688602467, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2775, endPage=2790, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274057520659325615, articleId=1274057520151814829, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Synergistic remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil by Rhodococcus sp. OS62 and Pseudomonas sp. P35, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To explore the regulatory effect of the synergistic and efficient remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil by Rhodococcus sp. OS62 and Pseudomonas sp. P35. Methods High-throughput sequencing was employed to determine the bacterial community structure and diversity during the remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil. Redundancy analysis, non-metric multidimensional scale analysis, Mantel test, and molecular ecological network analysis were performed to evaluate the changes of the soil microbial community structure and the correlations of petroleum degradation efficiency with soil physicochemical factors, soil enzyme activities, and bacterial community structure during the remediation process. Results The addition of the bacterial consortium significantly increased the activities of soil dehydrogenase, lipase, polyphenol oxidase, and catalase and the remediation efficiency, and its remediation effect was better than that of strain OS62 with excellent petroleum degradation ability or strain P35 with weak petroleum degradation ability. Correlation analysis showed that soil petroleum residue was positively correlated with soil total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content and negatively correlated with soil enzyme activities and nitrite nitrogen content. The addition of Rhodococcus sp. OS62 or Pseudomonas sp. P35 had mild influences on soil microbial alpha diversity and molecular ecological network. Both strains had great contributions to the differences of bacterial community structure. Under different treatments, Nocardioides occupied a dominant position and were hub nodes in the molecular ecological network, while Mantel test showed that Nocardioides had a weak correlation with soil petroleum residue. Conclusion This study clarified that Pseudomonas sp. P35 with weak petroleum degradation ability could cooperate with Rhodococcus sp. OS62 with high petroleum degradation ability to enhance soil enzyme activities and improve the remediation efficiency of petroleum-contaminated soil. It provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for optimizing the application of bacteria consortium in bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil.

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目的 探究红球菌属(Rhodococcus sp.) OS62与假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.) P35协同高效修复石油污染土壤的调控效应。 方法 运用高通量测序技术测定石油污染土壤修复过程中细菌群落结构及多样性;采用冗余分析、非度量多维尺度分析、Mantel检验分析及分子生态网络分析评估修复过程中土壤微生物群落结构变化,以及石油降解效率与土壤理化因子、土壤酶活和细菌群落组成之间的相关性。 结果 添加复合菌群可显著提高土壤脱氢酶、脂肪酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性及石油污染修复效率,且其修复效果优于单独添加石油降解能力强的菌株Rhodococcus sp. OS62和石油降解能力较弱的菌株Pseudomonas sp. P35。相关性分析表明土壤石油残留量与土壤总氮、硝态氮含量呈正相关,与土壤酶活性和亚硝态氮含量呈负相关。单独添加菌株OS62和菌株P35对土壤α多样性和分子生态网络的影响较小;二者对细菌群落结构差异的贡献较大。在不同处理下,类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides) 均占据主导地位,且在分子生态网络中为关键节点,但Mantel检验分析表明其与土壤残留石油含量的相关性较弱。 结论 本研究表明,石油降解能力较弱的菌株Pseudomonas sp. P35能够协同石油降解能力优良的菌株Rhodococcus sp. OS62增强土壤酶活性,提高石油污染土壤修复效率,为优化微生物菌群在石油污染土壤生物修复中的应用提供了理论依据与实践参考。

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作者贡献声明

郭一丹:完成实验;姜影影:数据分析;马雨曦:协助实验;邓振山:提出概念;贺晓龙:提供资源;柳晓东:提供基金,撰写文章。

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Huanjing Kexue, 2023, 44(8): 4599-4610., articleTitle=Remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil by highly efficient oil-degrading bacteria and analysis of its enhancement mechanism, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274088014579011719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=13, issue=1, pageStart=113, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=40, authorNames=Deng Y, Jiang YH, Yang YF, He ZL, Luo F, Zhou JZ, journalName=BMC Bioinformatics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Deng Y, Jiang YH, Yang YF, He ZL, Luo F, Zhou JZ. Molecular ecological network analyses[J]. BMC Bioinformatics, 2012, 13(1): 113., articleTitle=Molecular ecological network analyses, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274088014667092104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=15, issue=6, pageStart=1722, pageEnd=1734, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=41, authorNames=Hernandez DJ, David AS, Menges ES, Searcy CA, Afkhami ME, journalName=The ISME Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hernandez DJ, David AS, Menges ES, Searcy CA, Afkhami ME. Environmental stress destabilizes microbial networks[J]. The ISME Journal, 2021, 15(6): 1722-1734., articleTitle=Environmental stress destabilizes microbial networks, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1274088009797505117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, awardId=42207037, language=EN, fundingSource=the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42207037), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1274088009885585502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, awardId=42207037, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(42207037), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1274087996484784148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274087996493172757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, companyId=1274087996484784148, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Resource Plants on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274087996501561366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, companyId=1274087996484784148, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.延安大学 生命科学学院,陕西省黄土高原资源植物研究与利用重点实验室,陕西 延安)]), AuthorCompany(id=1274087996568670231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274087996577058840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, companyId=1274087996568670231, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Engineering Research Center of Microbial Resources Development and Green Recycling, University of Shaanxi Province, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274087996589641753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, companyId=1274087996568670231, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.延安大学 生命科学学院,微生物资源开发与绿色循环利用陕西省高校工程研究中心,陕西 延安)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1274088006496587850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Residual oil concentration in soil under different treatments. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05) based on one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA), followed by a LSD test., figureFileSmall=5SPmIMlB47Pv754cLJK1og==, figureFileBig=d4l4r9KMUErsVgA8hU/95Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088006840520780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同处理方式土壤中残留石油浓度, figureFileSmall=5SPmIMlB47Pv754cLJK1og==, figureFileBig=d4l4r9KMUErsVgA8hU/95Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088006941184077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Distribution and Venn diagram of bacteria in the remediation process of petroleum contaminated soil. A: Bacterial community composition at phylum level; B: Bacterial community composition at genus level; C: Venn diagram., figureFileSmall=usk1BFcagGl0X5z6DGDuyA==, figureFileBig=OVNEICG4yAJnX0YHBpvPKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088006999904334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, language=CN, label=图2, caption=石油污染土壤修复过程中细菌分布及韦恩图, figureFileSmall=usk1BFcagGl0X5z6DGDuyA==, figureFileBig=OVNEICG4yAJnX0YHBpvPKA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088007067013199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Alpha diversity index of soil microbial community. The lowercase letters in the graph represent the indices of different treatments at different timepoint was significant different at P<0.05 level based on one-way analysis of variance (one-way ANOVA), followed by a LSD test., figureFileSmall=/VCNnmQMzOGV7TMeZLzklg==, figureFileBig=YhVupjJmGerNPBSkexnNZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088007125733456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, language=CN, label=图3, caption=土壤细菌群落α多样性指数, figureFileSmall=/VCNnmQMzOGV7TMeZLzklg==, figureFileBig=YhVupjJmGerNPBSkexnNZw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088007188648017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis (A-C) and Simper analysis (D-F) based on Bray-Curtis distance., figureFileSmall=r9JNfANig2VKzmL5VBGtdA==, figureFileBig=mzBfwjk4cixLXkA7xC9x5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088007264145490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, language=CN, label=图4, caption=基于Bray-Curtis距离的非计量多维尺度(NMDS)分析(A-C)Simper分析(D-F), figureFileSmall=r9JNfANig2VKzmL5VBGtdA==, figureFileBig=mzBfwjk4cixLXkA7xC9x5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088007339642963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Correlation analysis between bacterial diversity and soil physiochemical factors and enzyme activities in petroleum contaminated soil under different treatments. A: RDA analysis; B: Mantel test. TN: Total nitrogen; NO3: Nitrate nitrogen; NO2: Nitrite nitrogen; LPS: Lipase activity; DHA: Dehydrogenase activity; PPO: Polyphenol oxidase activity; CAT: Catalase activity; Oil: Residual oil concentration; Chao1 and Shannon: Alpha diversity indices; BCS: Bacterial community structure obtained from the PC1 of principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) based on based on Bray-Curtis distance., figureFileSmall=X2zaBvfsUkCDPdaxHE68Rg==, figureFileBig=VPLdUEJKvZsTswWUaLP3lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088007410946132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同处理石油污染土壤细菌多样性与土壤理化因子和酶活的相关性分析, figureFileSmall=X2zaBvfsUkCDPdaxHE68Rg==, figureFileBig=VPLdUEJKvZsTswWUaLP3lg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088007478054997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Analysis of molecular ecological network (A) and node topological role (B) of bacterial community in petroleum contaminated soil under different treatments., figureFileSmall=cDl5wmQsuMHc41L0S332Fg==, figureFileBig=UGVryOJ7osyMcgZWb20CVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088007545163862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同处理石油污染土壤细菌群落分子生态网络(A)及节点拓扑角色分析(B), figureFileSmall=cDl5wmQsuMHc41L0S332Fg==, figureFileBig=UGVryOJ7osyMcgZWb20CVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088007616467031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physicochemical properties of initial soil and petroleum contaminated soil for remediation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IndicesCKCS
Organic matter/(g/kg)2.57±0.187.62±0.80

Dissolved organic

carbon/(mg/kg)

10.48±1.7950.00±5.51
NH3+-N/(mg/kg)1.93±0.592.09±0.22
NO3--N/(mg/kg)4.18±0.15596.23±56.41
Electric conductivity/(μs/cm)113.83±4.29650.00±36.51
Total nitrogen/(g/kg)0.16±0.010.68±0.06
Total carbon/(g/kg)12.07±0.1717.90±0.62
Oil content/(mg/kg)46.86±4.935 382.25±146.31
), ArticleFig(id=1274088007696158808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

初始土壤及修复用石油污染土壤理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IndicesCKCS
Organic matter/(g/kg)2.57±0.187.62±0.80

Dissolved organic

carbon/(mg/kg)

10.48±1.7950.00±5.51
NH3+-N/(mg/kg)1.93±0.592.09±0.22
NO3--N/(mg/kg)4.18±0.15596.23±56.41
Electric conductivity/(μs/cm)113.83±4.29650.00±36.51
Total nitrogen/(g/kg)0.16±0.010.68±0.06
Total carbon/(g/kg)12.07±0.1717.90±0.62
Oil content/(mg/kg)46.86±4.935 382.25±146.31
), ArticleFig(id=1274088009394851929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Physicochemical properties and enzyme activities of soil under different treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupsTN/(mg/kg)NO3-N/(mg/kg)NO2-N/(mg/kg)CAT/(U/g)PPO/(U/g)LPS/(U/g)DHA/(U/g)
RT10454.11±21.70de371.01±13.46cd16.48±2.77g0.84±0.22g16.86±2.14de31.38±4.36fg31.42±6.86f
RT20296.66±17.06g230.11±22.08e46.11±3.60cd2.71±0.38e20.13±2.60cd40.78±3.57c40.47±2.71cd
RT25264.97±25.21h173.39±18.90f49.80±4.25bc3.24±0.27c23.21±2.69bc45.99±2.58b45.94±3.36ab
PT10556.19±29.26b473.26±17.91b12.98±2.39gh0.94±0.15g15.49±2.66e27.53±1.90g29.94±2.11f
PT20475.69±19.61d375.22±24.18c37.62±4.83e2.87±0.39cde19.78±1.67cd32.95±3.67ef32.42±3.03ef
PT25435.55±20.23e352.82±24.99cd43.36±5.62de3.14±0.26cd21.43±3.27bc39.26±2.32cd36.72±4.27de
MT10387.33±26.98f341.47±25.56d39.87±5.20e1.35±0.10f17.57±1.92de36.59±4.69cde34.25±4.51ef
MT20229.72±14.50i152.61±32.95f54.11±2.15ab4.30±0.35b24.35±1.76b49.29±3.51b44.86±4.90bc
MT25158.66±15.17j115.78±15.71g58.14±6.62a4.91±0.23a29.27±3.79a55.32±2.98a50.69±2.01a
PCS10592.89±18.84a526.91±25.09a10.44±5.81g0.84±0.24g14.89±1.99e20.70±2.29h29.86±2.27f
PCS20529.13±12.98c469.21±37.98b24.58±3.20f2.53±0.28e16.73±4.08de29.82±2.00fg33.94±3.15ef
PCS25474.79±17.32d457.52±30.09b25.53±3.87f2.86±0.33de22.32±2.20bc36.18±2.65de36.78±2.44de
), ArticleFig(id=1274088009482932314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同处理土壤理化性质及酶活

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GroupsTN/(mg/kg)NO3-N/(mg/kg)NO2-N/(mg/kg)CAT/(U/g)PPO/(U/g)LPS/(U/g)DHA/(U/g)
RT10454.11±21.70de371.01±13.46cd16.48±2.77g0.84±0.22g16.86±2.14de31.38±4.36fg31.42±6.86f
RT20296.66±17.06g230.11±22.08e46.11±3.60cd2.71±0.38e20.13±2.60cd40.78±3.57c40.47±2.71cd
RT25264.97±25.21h173.39±18.90f49.80±4.25bc3.24±0.27c23.21±2.69bc45.99±2.58b45.94±3.36ab
PT10556.19±29.26b473.26±17.91b12.98±2.39gh0.94±0.15g15.49±2.66e27.53±1.90g29.94±2.11f
PT20475.69±19.61d375.22±24.18c37.62±4.83e2.87±0.39cde19.78±1.67cd32.95±3.67ef32.42±3.03ef
PT25435.55±20.23e352.82±24.99cd43.36±5.62de3.14±0.26cd21.43±3.27bc39.26±2.32cd36.72±4.27de
MT10387.33±26.98f341.47±25.56d39.87±5.20e1.35±0.10f17.57±1.92de36.59±4.69cde34.25±4.51ef
MT20229.72±14.50i152.61±32.95f54.11±2.15ab4.30±0.35b24.35±1.76b49.29±3.51b44.86±4.90bc
MT25158.66±15.17j115.78±15.71g58.14±6.62a4.91±0.23a29.27±3.79a55.32±2.98a50.69±2.01a
PCS10592.89±18.84a526.91±25.09a10.44±5.81g0.84±0.24g14.89±1.99e20.70±2.29h29.86±2.27f
PCS20529.13±12.98c469.21±37.98b24.58±3.20f2.53±0.28e16.73±4.08de29.82±2.00fg33.94±3.15ef
PCS25474.79±17.32d457.52±30.09b25.53±3.87f2.86±0.33de22.32±2.20bc36.18±2.65de36.78±2.44de
), ArticleFig(id=1274088009558429787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Topological parameters of molecular ecological network of soil bacterial community under different treatments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Groups

Average

degree

Average

path

distance

Average

clustering

coefficient

Modularity

Module

numbers

RT4.814.710.140.5419
PT5.844.160.150.4318
MT3.914.980.130.5721
PCS3.675.170.130.6318
), ArticleFig(id=1274088009646510172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057520151814829, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同处理土壤细菌群落分子生态网络拓扑参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Groups

Average

degree

Average

path

distance

Average

clustering

coefficient

Modularity

Module

numbers

RT4.814.710.140.5419
PT5.844.160.150.4318
MT3.914.980.130.5721
PCS3.675.170.130.6318
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红球菌属(Rhodococcus sp.) OS62与假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.) P35协同修复石油污染土壤
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郭一丹 1, 2 , 姜影影 1, 2 , 马雨曦 1, 2 , 邓振山 1, 2 , 贺晓龙 1, 2 , 柳晓东 1, 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(6): 2775-2790
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(6): 2775-2790
红球菌属(Rhodococcus sp.) OS62与假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.) P35协同修复石油污染土壤
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郭一丹1, 2, 姜影影1, 2, 马雨曦1, 2, 邓振山1, 2, 贺晓龙1, 2, 柳晓东1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.延安大学 生命科学学院,陕西省黄土高原资源植物研究与利用重点实验室,陕西 延安
  • 2.延安大学 生命科学学院,微生物资源开发与绿色循环利用陕西省高校工程研究中心,陕西 延安
Synergistic remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil by Rhodococcus sp. OS62 and Pseudomonas sp. P35
Yidan GUO1, 2, Yingying JIANG1, 2, Yuxi MA1, 2, Zhenshan DENG1, 2, Xiaolong HE1, 2, Xiaodong LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Resource Plants on the Loess Plateau, College of Life Sciences, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
  • 2.Engineering Research Center of Microbial Resources Development and Green Recycling, University of Shaanxi Province, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250795
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目的 探究红球菌属(Rhodococcus sp.) OS62与假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.) P35协同高效修复石油污染土壤的调控效应。 方法 运用高通量测序技术测定石油污染土壤修复过程中细菌群落结构及多样性;采用冗余分析、非度量多维尺度分析、Mantel检验分析及分子生态网络分析评估修复过程中土壤微生物群落结构变化,以及石油降解效率与土壤理化因子、土壤酶活和细菌群落组成之间的相关性。 结果 添加复合菌群可显著提高土壤脱氢酶、脂肪酶、多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性及石油污染修复效率,且其修复效果优于单独添加石油降解能力强的菌株Rhodococcus sp. OS62和石油降解能力较弱的菌株Pseudomonas sp. P35。相关性分析表明土壤石油残留量与土壤总氮、硝态氮含量呈正相关,与土壤酶活性和亚硝态氮含量呈负相关。单独添加菌株OS62和菌株P35对土壤α多样性和分子生态网络的影响较小;二者对细菌群落结构差异的贡献较大。在不同处理下,类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides) 均占据主导地位,且在分子生态网络中为关键节点,但Mantel检验分析表明其与土壤残留石油含量的相关性较弱。 结论 本研究表明,石油降解能力较弱的菌株Pseudomonas sp. P35能够协同石油降解能力优良的菌株Rhodococcus sp. OS62增强土壤酶活性,提高石油污染土壤修复效率,为优化微生物菌群在石油污染土壤生物修复中的应用提供了理论依据与实践参考。

红球菌属  /  协同修复  /  分子生态网络分析  /  石油污染  /  相关性分析

Objective To explore the regulatory effect of the synergistic and efficient remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil by Rhodococcus sp. OS62 and Pseudomonas sp. P35. Methods High-throughput sequencing was employed to determine the bacterial community structure and diversity during the remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil. Redundancy analysis, non-metric multidimensional scale analysis, Mantel test, and molecular ecological network analysis were performed to evaluate the changes of the soil microbial community structure and the correlations of petroleum degradation efficiency with soil physicochemical factors, soil enzyme activities, and bacterial community structure during the remediation process. Results The addition of the bacterial consortium significantly increased the activities of soil dehydrogenase, lipase, polyphenol oxidase, and catalase and the remediation efficiency, and its remediation effect was better than that of strain OS62 with excellent petroleum degradation ability or strain P35 with weak petroleum degradation ability. Correlation analysis showed that soil petroleum residue was positively correlated with soil total nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen content and negatively correlated with soil enzyme activities and nitrite nitrogen content. The addition of Rhodococcus sp. OS62 or Pseudomonas sp. P35 had mild influences on soil microbial alpha diversity and molecular ecological network. Both strains had great contributions to the differences of bacterial community structure. Under different treatments, Nocardioides occupied a dominant position and were hub nodes in the molecular ecological network, while Mantel test showed that Nocardioides had a weak correlation with soil petroleum residue. Conclusion This study clarified that Pseudomonas sp. P35 with weak petroleum degradation ability could cooperate with Rhodococcus sp. OS62 with high petroleum degradation ability to enhance soil enzyme activities and improve the remediation efficiency of petroleum-contaminated soil. It provides a theoretical basis and practical reference for optimizing the application of bacteria consortium in bioremediation of petroleum-contaminated soil.

Rhodococcus  /  synergistic remediation  /  molecular ecological network analysis  /  petroleum contamination  /  correlation analysis
郭一丹, 姜影影, 马雨曦, 邓振山, 贺晓龙, 柳晓东. 红球菌属(Rhodococcus sp.) OS62与假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.) P35协同修复石油污染土壤. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2775 -2790 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250795
Yidan GUO, Yingying JIANG, Yuxi MA, Zhenshan DENG, Xiaolong HE, Xiaodong LIU. Synergistic remediation of petroleum-contaminated soil by Rhodococcus sp. OS62 and Pseudomonas sp. P35[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2775 -2790 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250795
石油作为一种重要的能源及化工原料,在社会生产发展中发挥着重要作用。随着社会经济发展,对石油的需求与日俱增。在石油开采、加工、运输及冶炼等过程中难免会有石油渗漏到环境中造成严重的环境污染[1]。泄漏的石油不仅会在土壤中累积并迁移,而且其中部分组分会随着地表径流、渗流、淋溶等作用扩散到深层土壤及地下水中,导致深层土壤及地下水受到污染;此外,石油污染物会破坏土壤的理化性质与肥力特性,其中多环芳烃等有毒物质还会随着食物链逐级富集,最终影响人类健康[2]。由于石油的开采运输及其各种加工产物(如汽油、柴油、润滑油等)在世界各地广泛运用,石油污染已成为备受关注的全球性环境问题。石油具有组分复杂(主要由烷烃、芳烃、蜡质及沥青质构成)、黏稠疏水等特性,其自然降解速率较慢。石油污染修复方法主要包括物理、化学及生物法。其中物理、化学法具有修复时间短、处理污染物浓度范围广、受环境影响小等优势,但在修复过程中需要专业设备、费用较高且容易产生二次污染;而生物法具有经济简便、绿色环保等优势,因此备受青睐[3]。生物修复法主要包括微生物修复、植物修复及微生物-植物联合修复。其中,微生物作为自然界中重要的分解者,在石油污染生物修复中发挥着重要作用[4]。在微生物-植物联合修复过程中,植物根系为微生物提供适宜的微环境,进而促进微生物对石油污染物的降解能力[5]。同时,植物根系的生长也能促进石油降解微生物在土壤中的迁移扩散,增加微生物与石油污染物的接触机会,提高微生物的石油降解效率[6]。为了更好地运用微生物进行石油污染修复,科研人员已成功分离筛选出大量具有石油降解能力的微生物菌株,并对其降解机制展开了系统研究[7-8]
单一微生物容易受不良环境影响,导致石油污染修复效率受限,而由多种微生物构成的菌群可以通过代谢物交换、功能互补等方式,一方面提高菌群对不良环境的耐受能力,另一方面有效促进修复效率的提升[9]。相关研究发现,石油降解真菌赛多孢子菌属(Scedosporium sp.) ZYY在摇瓶试验中7 d内石油降解率为23.36%,当其与产生物表面活性剂的不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter sp.) Y2构成复合菌群后,7 d石油降解率能够提升至58.61%,降解效率较单一菌株提高了1.5倍[10]。此外,由迪茨氏菌属(Dietzia sp.) CN-3和Acinetobacter sp. HC8-3S构成的复合菌群,不仅对烷烃、环烷烃及芳烃的降解能力高于单一菌株,而且其在高盐胁迫条件下(120 g/L NaCl)的石油降解效率也显著高于单一菌株[11]
本课题组前期从石油污染土壤中分离得到一株石油降解能力优良的红球菌(Rhodococcus sp.) OS62及一株石油降解能力微弱的假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.) P35,摇瓶试验结果表明,二者组合构成的复合菌群对石油的降解能力比单一菌株显著提高[12]。值得注意的是,在石油污染土壤中碳源与氮源的比例严重失调,导致污染土壤中氮素含量匮乏,成为限制生物修复的一个重要因素[13]。为了探究复合菌群及营养元素(氮素)在石油污染土壤修复中的调控效应,本研究使用硝态氮作为外源氮源,分别设置单一菌株(OS62、P35)及复合菌群处理组,对石油污染土壤进行为期25 d的模拟修复实验,通过对修复过程中土壤理化性质、土壤酶活及土壤微生物群落结构与多样性进行测定,旨在初步阐明Rhodococcus sp. OS62与Pseudomonas sp. P35协同修复石油污染土壤的调控效应,为优化石油污染土壤生物修复技术提供理论依据与实践参考。
Rhodococcus sp. OS62及Pseudomonas sp. P35这2株菌为课题组前期从石油污染土壤中分离得到。菌株使用体积分数为20%的甘油保藏于-80 ℃冰箱,使用PYG培养基于25 ℃培养箱活化备用。
紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)草种由延安大学生命科学学院植物生态学实验室提供。
PYG培养基(g/L):蛋白胨5.0,酵母粉0.2,葡萄糖5.0,牛肉膏3.0,NaCl 0.5,MgSO4·7H2O 1.5,pH 7.0;配制固体培养基时需要加入15.0 g/L琼脂粉,121 ℃灭菌15 min后使用。
将活化好的菌株OS62及P35分别接种到PYG液体培养基中,25 ℃、180 r/min培养5 d后,4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min收集菌体。使用适量无菌水重悬菌体后再次离心收集,重复2次,以去除菌体表面营养物质,然后将菌体重悬于无菌水中,并调节OD600=1.0。将制备好的菌株OS62和P35菌悬液等比例混合,作为后续修复用菌群悬液。
土壤样品采集自陕西省延安市宝塔区周边的未污染农田土壤,土壤自然风干后过20目筛,作为初始土壤(CK)。将适量石油溶于石油醚中配制成石油溶液,与土壤混匀后摊布于不锈钢盘上,置于通风橱中静置。石油醚挥发后获得初始石油污染土壤(理论石油浓度为5 000 mg/kg)。由于Rhodococcus sp. OS62以硝态氮为唯一氮源时的石油降解效高于以铵态氮为唯一氮源,因此选用硝酸钾作为外加氮源。初始石油污染土壤添加适量硝酸钾溶液后混匀,使硝态氮含量为500 mg/kg,作为后续修复用石油污染土壤(CS)。初始土壤与修复用石油污染土壤的理化性质(有机质、溶解性有机碳、铵态氮、硝态氮、总氮、电导率、总碳)由陕西佰瑞思生物科技有限公司进行测定;土壤石油含量测定方法参照文献[14]进行。初始土壤及石油污染土壤的理化性质及石油含量见表1
取16个花盆,每盆装入石油污染土壤1 kg,并种植5株紫花苜蓿,加入适量蒸馏水使含水量维持在15%左右。取4盆石油污染土壤,每盆均匀加入OD600=1.0的OS62菌悬液10 mL,编号为RT;再取4盆,每盆均匀加入OD600=1.0的P35菌悬液10 mL,编号为PT;再取4盆,均匀加入复合菌群菌悬液10 mL,编号为MT;剩余4盆不添加菌剂,作为对照,编号为PCS。将所有花盆置于室内组培架上进行模拟修复,根据花盆质量变化进行适量补水,使土壤含水量维持在15%左右。分别在第10天(编号为RT10、PT10、MT10、PCS10)、第20天(编号为RT20、PT20、MT20、PCS20)和第25天(编号为RT25、PT25、MT25、PCS25)取适量土壤,用于土壤理化性质、土壤酶活及微生物群落结构测定。
每个样品均采集5个重复,按照各指标测定的需求称取一定质量土壤样品进行保藏,待试验结束后统一进行测定。土壤理化性质由陕西佰瑞思生物科技有限公司进行测定。土壤总碳与总氮使用FlashSMART元素分析仪(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)进行分析;土壤有机质使用重铬酸钾-浓硫酸外加热法进行测定,滴定仪器为Titrette滴定仪(Brand公司);铵态氮、硝态氮和亚硝态氮使用氯化钾浸提法提取后,使用Auto Analyzer 3 (SEAL公司)进行测定。土壤石油含量测定方法参照文献[14]进行。土壤酶活使用试剂盒(北京索莱宝科技有限公司)按照说明书进行测定,包括土壤过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、多酚氧化酶(BC0110)和脂肪酶。
土壤DNA提取、检测、PCR扩增、文库构建均由北京百迈客生物科技有限公司进行。采用16S rRNA基因V3-V4区引物338F (5′-ACT CCTACGGGAGGCAGCA-3′)和806R (5′-GGAC TACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′)进行PCR扩增建库。使用Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform平台进行高通量测序。测序、序列处理、物种注释等工作均由北京百迈客生物科技有限公司提供技术支持。原始数据保存于NCBI网站SRA数据库,登录号为SRR29243594-SRR29243658。
使用方差分析(analysis of variance, ANOVA)进行试验数据显著性差异分析;使用冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)评估细菌群落与环境因子间的关系;使用Simper分析(similarity percentage analysis)筛选对各组差异性贡献较大的扩增子序列变体(amplicon sequence variants, ASVs);基于Bray-Curtis距离进行非度量多维尺度(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)分析;基于皮尔森(Pearson)相关系数绘制土壤理化因子及土壤酶活的热图;应用Mantel test分析检验主要物种与土壤理化因子及酶活的相关性及显著性水平。以上分析及绘图均在R语言(R 4.4.0)中完成。
采用随机矩阵原理(random matrix theory, RMT)构建不同环境样品细菌共现网络。网络性质参数及相关过程均在Integrated Network Analysis Pipeline (iNAP) (https://inap.denglab.org.cn/)网站上完成[15]。为确保在同等或极为相近的条件下进行网络分析,采用0.76的阈值计算4种不同处理的网络参数,然后使用Gephi 0.10软件进行网络图可视化。
不同修复过程中土壤残留石油浓度见图1。初始石油污染土壤中石油含量(oil)为(5 382.25±146.31) mg/kg。经过10 d修复后,4种不同处理下土壤石油含量均有所降低,其中复合菌群处理样品(MT10)残留石油浓度最低,为(3 638.95±150.65) mg/kg;而未添加微生物的土壤样品(PCS10)残留石油浓度最高,为(4 991.36±114.77) mg/kg。经过25 d修复后,添加复合菌群处理的MT25样品残留石油浓度最低,为(1 973.17±169.29) mg/kg,显著低于添加红球菌(Rhodococcus sp.) OS62处理的RT25 [(2 468.79±148.22) mg/kg]、添加假单胞菌(Pseudomonas sp.) P35处理的PT25 [(3 508.78±192.59) mg/kg]及不添加菌处理的PCS25 [(4 214.33±122.71) mg/kg] (P<0.05)。上述结果表明,由OS62及P35构建的复合菌群具有最好的石油污染土壤修复效果,而仅添加氮素组(PCS)的修复效果最差。由于P35的石油降解能力较弱,因此使用P35进行石油污染土壤修复的效果也弱于OS62。
不同修复过程中土壤理化性质及酶活测定结果见表2。土壤微生物碳氮代谢具有一定的耦合性,因此在石油生物降解过程中,伴随着大量氮源的消耗[13,16]。MT25的总氮(total nitrogen, TN)和硝态氮(NO3--N)消耗最多,从初始石油污染土壤的(680±60) mg/kg和(596.23±56.41) mg/kg (表1)降低到(158.66±15.17) mg/kg和(115.78±15.71) mg/kg (表2)。土壤微生物主要通过反硝化过程对硝态氮进行代谢,在此过程中会产生一定量的亚硝态氮[17]。因此土壤中亚硝态氮的变化趋势与总氮及硝态氮正好相反,在第25天,MT25组的亚硝态氮(NO2--N)含量最高,为(58.14±6.62) mg/kg,显著高于其他3组(P<0.05)。上述结果表明,石油降解能力较弱的P35能够协同石油降解菌OS62提高石油污染修复能力,二者构建的菌群能够有效去除土壤中的石油污染。
微生物修复的本质是通过一系列酶促反应将污染物代谢为无毒物质[18]。本研究选择了4种与石油生物降解相关的酶,并对修复过程中的酶活变化进行了测定。土壤过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)在第10天时的酶活均较低,第10到第20天急剧升高,第20到第25天上升缓慢,其中MT25样品CAT酶活最高,为(4.91±0.23) U/g。RT20、PT20、PCS20这3个样品的CAT酶活无显著差异,RT25、PT25、PCS25这3个样品同样无显著差异。上述结果表明,加入菌群对CAT酶活的增加要优于单一菌株的添加。RT25和MT25样品的土壤脱氢酶(dehydrogenase, DHA)活性最高,为(45.94±3.36) U/g和(50.69±2.01) U/g。在相同的处理时间下,PT与PCS处理的DHA酶活无显著差异,但是均显著低于RT及MT处理。对DHA酶活测定结果表明,加入复合菌群(MT)对DHA酶活的提高与单独加入OS62 (RT)基本一致,但是要高于单独加入P35 (PT)及仅添加硝态氮处理(PCS)。MT25样品的土壤脂肪酶(lipase, LPS)活性最高,为(55.32±2.98) U/g,显著高于其他样品(P<0.05)。对于第20天及第25天的样品,MT组的LPS酶活显著高于RT组,而RT组显著高于PT组及PCS组。MT25样品的土壤多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase, PPO)活性最高,为(29.27±3.79) U/g,显著高于其他样品(P<0.05)。对于第20天及第25天的样品,MT组的PPO酶活显著高于其他3种处理,并且其他3种处理的PPO酶活无显著差异。4种酶活在修复过程中均有明显的升高趋势,在第25天,4种处理的酶活均显著高于第10天。MT25样品的4种酶活最高,且显著高于其他样品(P<0.05),表明菌群的添加显著提高土壤酶活。
为探究4种处理在石油污染土壤修复过程中对土壤细菌群落的影响,分别采集处理第10、20、25天的土壤样品进行高通量测序。原始序列(raw reads)经过质控、过滤、拼接及去除引物序列后,获得有效序列(clean sequences)。有效序列通过usearch-unoise3处理后获得ASV,然后使用SILVA (v123)数据库进行注释[19-20]。去除注释结果中被鉴定为叶绿体和线粒体、单拷贝、嵌合体以及其他在域(kingdom)水平上无法注释的ASVs。按照最低样品的序列数量进行抽平,抽平后每个样品的序列数量为34 356。
各样品的细菌域(domain)门水平(phylum)群落组成见图2A。芽孢杆菌界(Bacillati)放线菌门(Actinomycetota)在所有样品中都占有绝对优势,相对丰度为(57.6±5.3)% (RT10)-(75.6±8.1)% (PCS20);其次是假单胞菌界(Pseudomonadati)中的假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota),相对丰度为(11.3±4.0)% (PCS20)-(19.1±1.8)% (PT10);再次是假单胞菌界中的酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)。所有处理第20天和第25天样品中放线菌门的相对丰度相差不大,但是均高于第10天样品;假单胞菌门和酸杆菌门相对丰度的变化情况与放线菌门相反。各样品属水平(genus)的细菌群落组成见图2B。从图2B中可以看出类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)占绝对优势,相对丰度为(36.4±4.5)% (RT10)-(52.9±9.2)% (PCS20)。所有样品中均检测到了红球菌属(Rhodococcus),相对丰度为(1.90±0.03)% (PT10)-(4.40±0.08)% (RT20)。在所有处理中,第20天和第25天样品中类诺卡氏菌属和红球菌属相对丰度均高于第10天样品。这一变化趋势与放线菌门的变化趋势一致。在RT和PCS组中,假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)的相对丰度很低,仅为(0.07±0.06)% (PCS25)-(0.23±0.12)% (RT10);而在PT和MT组中,假单胞菌的丰度能够达到(1.8±0.4)% (PT10)-(4.2±1.3)% (MT10)。韦恩图能够直观反映不同处理间细菌群落组成差异性及重叠性(图2C)。从图2中可以看出4种处理共有ASVs为1 097个,占ASVs总量71.9%;RT组特有的ASVs仅为8个,MT组为2个,PCS组为17个,PT组为11个;该结果表明不同处理的ASVs组成虽有差异,但是在物种组成上差异不大,共有的ASVs占绝大多数(71.9%),4种处理特有ASVs仅有38个(2.5%)。
对4种处理不同时间样品的细菌α多样性分析结果见图3。4种处理在3个取样时间点的Observed_species指数均有下降趋势,其中只有PT25显著低于PT10,其他组在不同时间点的差异并不显著。RT组的Shannon指数先下降后上升,但是差异不显著;PT组的Shannon指数具有下降趋势,但是差异并不显著;MT和PCS处理在不同时间点样品的Shannon指数无显著差异。RT与PT处理的Gini-Simpson指数具有先降后升的趋势,但是组内差异不显著;MT组则具有上升趋势,组内差异不显著;PCS组无明显变化趋势,组内差异不显著。总体来说,虽然各处理不同采样时间的样品α多样性指数有一定的差异,但是绝大部分情况下其差异均不显著。
按照取样时间的不同,基于Bray-Curtis距离对4种处理的土壤细菌群落进行NMDS分析,并通过置换多元方差分析(permutational multivariate analysis of variance, PERMANOVA)对分组间差异显著性进行分析;同时使用Simper分析筛选对各组差异性贡献较大的前10个属,结果见图4。在第10天,4种处理细菌群落结构具有显著差异(stress=0.086, R2=0.422, P=0.001);在第20天,由于PT与其他3种处理都有一定重叠性,导致PERMANOVA分析结果显示组间差异不显著(R2=0.250, P=0.097);第25天,MT与PT有小部分重叠,但与RT及PCS能有效区分(stress=0.079, R2=0.384, P=0.002)。第10天对组间差异贡献前10的属分别为:类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)、假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、红球菌属(Rhodococcus)、溶杆菌属(Lysobacter)、东秀珠氏菌属(Dongia)、诺卡氏菌属(Nocardia)、嗜酸杆菌属(Acidibacter)、类固醇杆菌属(Steroidobacter)、Subgroup_10;其中类诺卡氏菌属的标准贡献率最高为19.7,其次是假单胞菌属为17.4,其他属标准贡献率都低于5.0。第20天对组间差异贡献率前4的属与第10天的一致,其中诺卡氏菌属标准贡献率最高为44.3,其次为假单胞菌属的8.3,红球菌属的5.8,芽孢杆菌属的2.8。第25天对组间差异贡献前4的菌属与第10及第20天一致,仍为类诺卡氏菌属、假单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属、红球菌属,其标准化贡献率分别为37.7、9.5、3.0、6.4。综上所述,不同处理对石油污染修复过程中土壤细菌群落结构有重要影响,其中诺卡氏菌属、假单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属、红球菌属对各处理差异具有较大贡献。
基于RDA分析探究土壤理化性质对石油污染土壤修复过程中细菌群落的影响,结果见图5A。第一坐标轴(RDA1)和第二坐标轴(RDA2)对土壤理化因子影响的解释度分别为30.7%和12.2%。从图5A中可以看出,土壤残留石油浓度(oil)与总氮含量(TN)、硝态氮含量(NO3--N)呈正相关,与4种酶活(CAT、LPS、PPO、DHA)及亚硝态氮含量(NO2--N)呈负相关。土壤中的部分微生物能够通过反硝化功能将硝态氮转变为氮气,在此过程中会有部分亚硝态氮产生[21],因此TN、NO3--N与NO2--N呈负相关关系。同时,土壤酶活主要来自土壤微生物,而土壤微生物的生长繁殖离不开氮素的利用,因此土壤氮素消耗越快,土壤微生物活动越强,土壤酶活越高,这也解释了土壤酶活与TN、NO3--N呈负相关关系。微生物对石油的降解与微生物的新陈代谢息息相关,因此微生物活性越强,土壤石油降解越多[7],本研究中oil与TN、NO3--N呈正相关,而与土壤酶活及NO2--N呈负相关。PCS组与PT组有一定交集,而PT组与RT和MT组有一定交集,PCS组与RT和MT组无交集,表明PCS组微生物群落结构与RT和MT组差异较大。PCS组与oil、TN、NO3--N有较强的正相关关系,而MT组与土壤酶活和NO2--N有较强的正相关关系。上述结果表明,MT组样品中的土壤微生物活性较强,对石油的降解效率较高。
为了探究主要微生物类群与土壤理化因子之间的关系,本研究选择红球菌属、假单胞菌属和类诺卡氏菌属3个菌属对其与土壤理化因子的关系进行Mantel分析,结果见图5B。从热图中可以看出,oil与TN、NO3--N呈显著正相关关系,与土壤酶活和NO2--N呈显著负相关关系,这一结果与RDA分析结果一致。Chao1指数及Shannon指数与土壤理化因子相关性较弱;而细菌群落结构(BCS,PCoA分析第一主坐标轴)与土壤酶活及NO2--N显著正相关,与TN、NO3、oil显著负相关。红球菌属与所测土壤理化因子及细菌群落结构都有显著相关性,与oil (Mantel’s r=0.48, Mantel’s P=0.001)、TN (Mantel’s r=0.52, Mantel’s P=0.001)、NO3--N (Mantel’s r=0.51, Mantel’s P=0.001)、LPS (Mantel’s r=0.41, Mantel’s P=0.001)相关性较强。假单胞菌与所有理化因子及细菌群落结构均无显著相关性。类诺卡氏菌属与CAT及细菌群落结构有显著相关性,但是相关性较弱,与细菌α多样性(Chao1、Shannon指数)呈显著强相关。上述结果表明,红球菌属在石油污染土壤修复过程中具有重要作用。
基于各组样品ASV数据构建不同处理下土壤细菌群落分子生态网络,结果见图6A。网络中的节点代表物种,边代表各物种两两间的关系,其中红色代表正相关,蓝色代表负相关。从图6A中可以看出4种处理的节点数并无较大差异(最大为RT组242,最小为PCS组195),但是边数差异较大(最大为PT组701,最小为PCS组358)。较大的节点数及边数表明,该处理下RT及PT组土壤细菌网络更加复杂。正相关代表物种间为合作或共生等关系,负相关代表物种间为拮抗、竞争等关系。在4种处理中,正相关边的比例基本一致,介于33.00%-38.27%之间,负相关边的比例介于61.73%-67.00%,表明不同处理对土壤中微生物间相互关系无较大影响。
为了筛选网络中的关键物种,根据不同节点模块内连通性(Zi)和模块间连通性(Pi)值的大小,将其分为模块枢纽物种(module hubs, Zi>2.5, Pi<0.62)、网络枢纽物种(network hubs, Zi>2.5, Pi>0.62)、连接枢纽物种(connector hubs, Zi<2.5, Pi>0.62)及外围节点物种(peripherals, Zi<2.5, Pi<0.62)[22]。从生态学的角度来看,其中前三者被认为是关键物种,而外围节点物种被认为是非关键物种。RT组中关键物种有7个,包括4个连接枢纽物种(ASV171, ASV294, ASV1746, ASV2131)和3个模块枢纽物种(ASV387, ASV659, ASV7499);PT组中关键物种有12个,包括7个连接枢纽物种(ASV52, ASV98, ASV445, ASV459, ASV525, ASV792, ASV1845)和5个模块枢纽物种(ASV157, ASV170, ASV850, ASV2131, ASV3629);MT中关键物种有5个,包括3个连接枢纽物种(ASV11, ASV476, ASV9539)和2个模块枢纽物种(ASV1, ASV3307);PCS中关键物种有9个,包括7个连接枢纽物种(ASV39, ASV341, ASV1955, ASV1981, ASV3268, ASV3317, ASV7499)、1个模块枢纽物种(ASV380)和1个网络枢纽物种(ASV6684) (图6B)。上述关键物种中包含大量类诺卡氏菌属物种,如ASV9539、ASV341、ASV7499等,表明该属物种在各处理细菌网络中具有重要的作用;而红球菌属和假单胞菌属的微生物均未出现,表明石油污染土壤修复过程中添加的微生物并未成为土壤中的关键物种。
各处理分子生态网络拓扑属性见表3。在分子生态网络中常用平均连接度(average degree)、平均路径距离(average path distance)、平均聚类系数(average clustering coefficient)和模块化指数(modularity)等拓扑学性质参数来描述网络规模大小及网络复杂程度[23]。PT组的平均连接度(average degree, avgK)最大,为5.84;PCS组最小,为3.67。PCS组的平均路径距离最大,为5.17;PT组最小,为4.16。PT组的平均聚类系数最大,为0.15;MT组和PCS组最小,为0.13。PCS组的模块化指数最大,为0.63,PT组最小,为0.43,各组模块数量基本一致,为18-21个。
石油污染生物修复技术的本质是利用微生物代谢活动将石油中的烃类物质降解转变为细胞量、CO2和水,大量石油污染物的出现导致土壤碳氮元素失衡,因此对石油污染土壤适量补充氮素是必要的[16]。虽然紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)能够通过与根瘤菌形成共生体系进行固氮,但由于本研究持续时间较短(仅25 d),紫花苜蓿生长很弱且根系细小,难以进行样品采集,因此在结果中未考虑紫花苜蓿的影响。Chen等[24]研究发现,生物刺激(营养物质的添加)与生物强化(外源微生物添加)均能有效促进土壤石油烃的降解,且二者无显著差异。本研究表明,添加硝酸钾溶液(PCS组)虽能促进土壤石油污染物的降解,但降解效率较低,为(21.07±3.52)% (表2图1),低于加菌的PT组(34.23±4.82)%、RT组(53.78±2.61)%及MT组(63.08±2.64)%。这可能是由于本研究初始土壤石油污染浓度(5 382.25±146.31) mg/kg远高于Chen等研究中土壤石油污染浓度(约500 mg/kg)所致。此外,Chen等的研究采用的石油污染土壤采集自炼油厂附近,由于长期受石油污染胁迫,可能富集了较多具有石油降解功能的微生物。高通量测序分析发现,PCS组与其他3种处理组的微生物群落结构类似,类诺卡氏菌属的丰度最高,在修复后期其相对丰度超过50.0% (图2B)。据报道许多陕北地区石油污染土壤在自然降解过程中类诺卡氏菌属均具有较高的丰度,其在石油污染物自然衰减过程中被明显富集[25-26],并且部分类诺卡氏菌属微生物具有降解难分解有机化合物的能力[27-29],因此有学者推测其具有较强的石油降解潜力[30]。然而,本研究中丰度增高的类诺卡氏菌属微生物可能并不具有较强石油降解能力(PCS组石油降解效率最低),其丰度增加的原因及作用仍需进一步研究。当添加石油降解优良菌株OS62后,石油降解效率显著提高[(53.78±2.61)%, P<0.05],表明功能微生物的添加在修复过程中具有重要作用。虽然Rhodococcus属在土壤中的相对丰度较低(<5%),但其对土壤细菌群落差异、土壤酶活和石油降解效率具有较大影响(图4图5)。越来越多的研究表明,稀有微生物类群(rare taxa)在微生物群落功能及土壤碳氮循环中具有重要作用[31-32]
土壤酶活是土壤生态的重要指标之一[33]。本研究通过对过氧化氢酶(CAT)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、脱氢酶(DHA)和脂肪酶(LPS) 4种与石油降解相关的酶进行检测,探究不同处理对土壤酶活的影响。CAT可促进微生物在环境胁迫条件下产生的过氧化氢(H2O2)的解毒代谢,提高微生物对石油胁迫的耐受能力[34];PPO是一类重要的功能酶,能将难降解有机物质转化为不稳定态碳源,尤其在环烃开环反应中发挥关键作用[35];DHA属于氧化还原酶类,广泛参与有机污染物的降解过程[36];LPS是一类能够催化脂肪水解的酶,在土壤有机质分解、土壤养分循环及生态功能维持方面具有重要作用[37]。本研究表明,随着修复时间的延长,所有处理中4种酶活均有一定程度的升高,这与Wang等[34]及Rong等[35]的研究结果一致。其中MT组的酶活最高,表明OS62与P35组成的菌群能够极大改善土壤中的微生物活性,提高土壤酶活,进而增强修复效果。由于RT组的CAT和PPO酶活与PCS组和PT组差异不大,但RT组的石油降解效率却显著高于二者,因此推测本研究中对石油降解贡献较大的土壤酶为LPS和DHA。
细菌分子生态网络中相关拓扑学参数能够反映细菌群落间的相互作用关系,筛选关键细菌类群[23,38]。在构建的分子生态网络中负相关边的比例介于61.73%-67.00%,远高于正相关边数比例(图6A),这与Chen等[24]的研究结果相反。生态网络中的正相关连接可能代表物种间的生态位重叠、共生或寄生关系,而负相关连接则代表物种间的生态位分化、竞争或捕食关系[39]。本研究中高比例的负相关边数可能是由于石油胁迫及微生物竞争性摄取营养物质造成的。在分子生态网络中平均连接度能够反映网络复杂程度,其值越大网络越复杂。本研究发现PT组的平均连接度最高,其次是RT组和MT组,PCS组最低,表明外源微生物的加入增加了石油污染土壤修复过程中细菌网络的复杂程度。平均路径距离和平均聚类系数能够在一定程度上反映分子生态网络中群落及物种间的联系程度,平均路径距离越小,平均聚类系数越大,表明群落与物种间联系越紧密。PT组的平均路径距离最小,平均聚类系数最大,说明假单胞菌P35的加入使土壤中细菌群落间的联系比其他处理更加紧密。模块化指数能够反映网络结构的模块化程度,通常认为其值大于0.44,网络结构达到了一定的模块化程度,模块化指数越高,表明该网络抵御外界干扰的能力越强。PCS组的模块化指数要高于其他3种处理,暗示该处理抵御外界干扰的能力要强于其他3组。从表3可以看出,不同处理下土壤细菌分子生态网络拓扑参数均具有一定的差异,表明不同处理对土壤微生物分子生态网络造成了一定影响,但大部分差异并不明显。
石油降解能力较弱的菌株假单胞菌P35能够协同石油降解优良菌红球菌OS62进行石油污染土壤修复,二者以较低的相对丰度展现出最强的石油修复效率。菌株OS62和P35通过增强土壤中与石油降解相关酶的活性提高修复效率,并且二者的加入对土壤细菌群落α多样性和分子生态网络影响较小。本研究为红球菌OS62与假单胞菌P35在石油污染土壤修复中提供了理论依据与实践参考。然而本研究尚未解决外加菌群在石油污染土壤修复过程中动态变化等问题,因此后续研究需结合荧光蛋白标记、荧光定量PCR及宏基因组测序技术,系统探究红球菌OS62与假单胞菌P35在石油污染土壤中绝对丰度变化规律及代谢活性,进而深入解析复合菌群介导的石油污染土壤修复机制。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42207037)
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2026年第66卷第6期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250795
  • 接收时间:2025-10-25
  • 首发时间:2026-06-17
  • 出版时间:2026-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-25
  • 录用日期:2026-01-14
基金
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42207037)
国家自然科学基金(42207037)
作者信息
    1.延安大学 生命科学学院,陕西省黄土高原资源植物研究与利用重点实验室,陕西 延安
    2.延安大学 生命科学学院,微生物资源开发与绿色循环利用陕西省高校工程研究中心,陕西 延安
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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