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Article(id=1274057509728932440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20251008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1767110400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1773849600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-19, onlineDate=1781688581162, onlineDateStr=2026-06-17, pubDate=1780502400000, pubDateStr=2026-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781688581162, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781688581162, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688581162, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274057338156769818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='6', pageStart='2561', pageEnd='3114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781688540257, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688602467, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2911, endPage=2923, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274057510173528666, articleId=1274057509728932440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Responses of soil microbial community composition and carbon cycling genes to natural forest conversion in southern Dongting Lake region, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective Revealing the succession patterns of soil microbial communities and their carbon cycle functions in the 0-20 cm topsoil following the conversion of natural forests to other land use types is critical for elucidating microbial carbon sequestration mechanisms and maintaining soil health. Methods The investigation selected natural forests in the southern Dongting Lake region and their converted plantations, paddy fields, and grasslands as research subjects. Metagenomic techniques were employed to systematically analyze changes in microbial community composition and carbon cycling genes in the 0-20 cm topsoil, as well as to identify key driving factors. Results Conversion of natural forests to plantations, paddy fields, and grasslands reduced soil bacterial diversity by 12%-24%. Fungal diversity in plantations and paddy fields was 65% and 76% lower than that in natural forests, respectively. Conversion of natural forests altered soil bacterial and fungal community composition. Soil available phosphorus content and pH value were identified as primary factors influencing bacterial diversity, whereas fungal diversity and community composition were mainly affected by soil available iron content. Following land use conversion, the relative abundance of carbon fixation genes ACAT/atoB and tktA/tktB decreased by 10%-45%. However, the relative abundance of ACO/acnA, korA/oorA/oforA, and mcmA1 was 25%-32% higher in grassland soil, and that of ppdK and korA/oorA/oforA was 13%-40% higher in paddy soil than in natural forest soil. Compared with natural forests, paddy fields and grasslands showed decreases of 39%-43% in the relative abundance of carbon decomposition genes bglX and amyA, while converted land use types showed increases of 77%-293% in the relative abundance of abfA and nplT. Conclusion Soil pH value and nitrate nitrogen content are identified as key environmental factors regulating the relative abundance of carbon fixation and decomposition genes. Therefore, scientific management of soil acidity or alkalinity and nitrogen levels can be considered as an effective strategy to enhance the carbon sequestration potential of soil microorganisms.

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These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Yuanzhao LI, Huacui XIAO, Xin LU, Qi LIAO, Xiong MAO, Jun GUO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1274057511326962278, articleId=1274057509728932440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=南洞庭湖区土壤微生物群落组成和碳循环功能基因对天然林转换的响应, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 揭示天然林转换为其他土地利用类型后0-20 cm表土微生物群落及碳循环功能的演变规律，对于明确土壤微生物固碳和保育土壤健康至关重要。 方法 选取南洞庭湖区的天然林及其转换形成的人工林、水田和草地作为研究对象，采用宏基因组学技术系统分析0-20 cm表土微生物群落组成与碳循环功能基因的变化情况，并识别其关键驱动因子。 结果 天然林转为人工林、水田和草地后，土壤细菌多样性降低12%-24%；人工林和水田土壤真菌多样性也分别比天然林低65%和76%；天然林转换改变了土壤细菌和真菌群落组成。土壤有效磷含量和pH值是影响土壤细菌多样性的主要因子，而土壤真菌多样性和群落组成主要受土壤有效态铁含量的影响。天然林转为人工林、水田和草地后，碳固定基因ACAT/atoB和tktA/tktB的相对丰度降低10%-45%；草地中ACO/acnA、korA/oorA/oforA和mcmA1基因的相对丰度比天然林高25%-32%，水田土壤中ppdK和korA/oorA/oforA基因的相对丰度也比天然林高13%-40%。与天然林相比，水田和草地中碳降解基因bglX和amyA的相对丰度低39%-43%；而转换后的土地利用方式abfA和nplT基因的相对丰度高77%-293%。 结论 土壤pH值和硝态氮含量是影响碳固定与降解功能基因相对丰度的关键环境因子。因此，可考虑科学管理土壤酸碱度和氮素水平以增强土壤微生物的固碳潜力。

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作者贡献声明

李源钊：数据分析、撰写文章；肖华翠：方法论，文章修改；卢欣：数据收集；廖琦：数据收集；毛雄：样品采集；郭军：获取基金和审阅。

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A: Soil bacterial community composition at phylum level; B: Soil fungal community composition at phylum level; C: PCoA analysis of soil bacteria; D: PCoA analysis of soil fungi; E: Chao1 index of soil bacteria; F: Chao1 index of soil fungi. Different small letters indicate significant differences at 0.05 level., figureFileSmall=PxJC9PhnA5gwTxsufaehrg==, figureFileBig=GdTzaOtXXmqbPNu36IyH/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088174679777337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057509728932440, language=CN, label=图1, caption=不同土地利用方式土壤细菌、真菌群落组成和α多样性, figureFileSmall=PxJC9PhnA5gwTxsufaehrg==, figureFileBig=GdTzaOtXXmqbPNu36IyH/A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088174948212794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057509728932440, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Microbial community composition and diversity associated with C cycling. A: Microbial community composition; B: PCoA analysis of microbial community composition; C: Fitting results of the neutral model; D: Chao1 index., figureFileSmall=aA2yypTtnp2+B1f6l8aFjw==, figureFileBig=hq/ogJhRDSpFNPMy8g3kMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088175006933051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057509728932440, language=CN, label=图2, caption=碳循环过程相关土壤微生物群落组成和多样性, figureFileSmall=aA2yypTtnp2+B1f6l8aFjw==, figureFileBig=hq/ogJhRDSpFNPMy8g3kMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088175065653308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057509728932440, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Relative abundance of the functional genes related to carbon fixation (A) and carbon decomposition (B)., figureFileSmall=+9H0xwl7yNC93jHhKFMOew==, figureFileBig=lS+sVIG/kw2XQ07Kzfob2A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088175350865981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, 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南洞庭湖区土壤微生物群落组成和碳循环功能基因对天然林转换的响应
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李源钊 1 , 肖华翠 2 , 卢欣 1 , 廖琦 1 , 毛雄 1 , 郭军 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(6): 2911-2923
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(6): 2911-2923
南洞庭湖区土壤微生物群落组成和碳循环功能基因对天然林转换的响应
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李源钊1, 肖华翠2, 卢欣1, 廖琦1, 毛雄1, 郭军1
作者信息
  • 1.中国地质调查局长沙自然资源综合调查中心，湖南 长沙
  • 2.湖南农业大学 资源学院，湖南 长沙
Responses of soil microbial community composition and carbon cycling genes to natural forest conversion in southern Dongting Lake region
Yuanzhao LI1, Huacui XIAO2, Xin LU1, Qi LIAO1, Xiong MAO1, Jun GUO1
Affiliations
  • 1.Changsha General Survey of Natural Resources Center, China Geological Survey, Changsha, Hunan, China
  • 2.College of Resources, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2026-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20251008
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目的 揭示天然林转换为其他土地利用类型后0-20 cm表土微生物群落及碳循环功能的演变规律，对于明确土壤微生物固碳和保育土壤健康至关重要。 方法 选取南洞庭湖区的天然林及其转换形成的人工林、水田和草地作为研究对象，采用宏基因组学技术系统分析0-20 cm表土微生物群落组成与碳循环功能基因的变化情况，并识别其关键驱动因子。 结果 天然林转为人工林、水田和草地后，土壤细菌多样性降低12%-24%；人工林和水田土壤真菌多样性也分别比天然林低65%和76%；天然林转换改变了土壤细菌和真菌群落组成。土壤有效磷含量和pH值是影响土壤细菌多样性的主要因子，而土壤真菌多样性和群落组成主要受土壤有效态铁含量的影响。天然林转为人工林、水田和草地后，碳固定基因ACAT/atoB和tktA/tktB的相对丰度降低10%-45%；草地中ACO/acnA、korA/oorA/oforA和mcmA1基因的相对丰度比天然林高25%-32%，水田土壤中ppdK和korA/oorA/oforA基因的相对丰度也比天然林高13%-40%。与天然林相比，水田和草地中碳降解基因bglX和amyA的相对丰度低39%-43%；而转换后的土地利用方式abfA和nplT基因的相对丰度高77%-293%。 结论 土壤pH值和硝态氮含量是影响碳固定与降解功能基因相对丰度的关键环境因子。因此，可考虑科学管理土壤酸碱度和氮素水平以增强土壤微生物的固碳潜力。

土地利用方式  /  土壤细菌  /  土壤真菌  /  碳固定  /  碳降解

Objective Revealing the succession patterns of soil microbial communities and their carbon cycle functions in the 0-20 cm topsoil following the conversion of natural forests to other land use types is critical for elucidating microbial carbon sequestration mechanisms and maintaining soil health. Methods The investigation selected natural forests in the southern Dongting Lake region and their converted plantations, paddy fields, and grasslands as research subjects. Metagenomic techniques were employed to systematically analyze changes in microbial community composition and carbon cycling genes in the 0-20 cm topsoil, as well as to identify key driving factors. Results Conversion of natural forests to plantations, paddy fields, and grasslands reduced soil bacterial diversity by 12%-24%. Fungal diversity in plantations and paddy fields was 65% and 76% lower than that in natural forests, respectively. Conversion of natural forests altered soil bacterial and fungal community composition. Soil available phosphorus content and pH value were identified as primary factors influencing bacterial diversity, whereas fungal diversity and community composition were mainly affected by soil available iron content. Following land use conversion, the relative abundance of carbon fixation genes ACAT/atoB and tktA/tktB decreased by 10%-45%. However, the relative abundance of ACO/acnA, korA/oorA/oforA, and mcmA1 was 25%-32% higher in grassland soil, and that of ppdK and korA/oorA/oforA was 13%-40% higher in paddy soil than in natural forest soil. Compared with natural forests, paddy fields and grasslands showed decreases of 39%-43% in the relative abundance of carbon decomposition genes bglX and amyA, while converted land use types showed increases of 77%-293% in the relative abundance of abfA and nplT. Conclusion Soil pH value and nitrate nitrogen content are identified as key environmental factors regulating the relative abundance of carbon fixation and decomposition genes. Therefore, scientific management of soil acidity or alkalinity and nitrogen levels can be considered as an effective strategy to enhance the carbon sequestration potential of soil microorganisms.

land use type  /  soil bacteria  /  soil fungi  /  carbon fixation  /  carbon decomposition
李源钊, 肖华翠, 卢欣, 廖琦, 毛雄, 郭军. 南洞庭湖区土壤微生物群落组成和碳循环功能基因对天然林转换的响应. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2911 -2923 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20251008
Yuanzhao LI, Huacui XIAO, Xin LU, Qi LIAO, Xiong MAO, Jun GUO. Responses of soil microbial community composition and carbon cycling genes to natural forest conversion in southern Dongting Lake region[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2911 -2923 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20251008
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天然林作为陆地生态系统的关键组分之一，在保育生物多样性、维持生态系统功能以及存储土壤碳方面发挥着至关重要的作用。然而，由于人口增长、城市扩张和农业集约化，大面积的天然林被转为人工林、水田和草地。在全球范围内，超过60%的亚热带天然林已转换为次生林与人工林[1]。高强度的天然林转换常造成生物多样性下降、生态功能退化和土壤质量降低[2]。土壤微生物是地下生态系统的重要组成部分，参与凋落物分解、有机碳形成、元素矿化等生物地球化学循环过程，对维持生态系统功能、生产力和稳定性尤为重要。全面了解土壤微生物群落组成、多样性和功能对天然林转换的响应规律可为森林可持续性经营和土地利用方式的优化提供科学依据。
碳是生物体的基本组成元素，土壤碳素不仅是维持土壤生态系统功能稳定的物质基础，更是量化土壤健康状况的核心指标。土壤微生物是介导土壤碳固定与碳降解两大关键过程的核心驱动者[3]。土壤微生物参与碳固定的主要途径包括卡尔文循环、还原柠檬酸循环、还原三羧酸循环、还原性乙酰辅酶A途径、3-羟基丙酸循环、3-羟基丙酸/4-羟基丁酸循环、二羧酸/4-羟基丁酸循环[4]；而其驱动的碳降解过程则主要体现在对淀粉、纤维素、半纤维素、几丁质和果胶等底物的代谢分解。目前，有关森林转换对土壤微生物影响的研究多聚焦于土壤微生物生物量、群落组成、多样性和群落构建过程，针对土壤微生物碳循环功能基因对森林转换响应的研究相对较少，且结果不一致。例如，亚热带地区天然阔叶林转为人工林后，土壤微生物碳固定、碳降解和甲烷代谢基因丰度分别降低51%、67%和58%[5]。然而，Qu等[6]发现森林转为农用地后碳降解(降解植物源的半纤维素和纤维素)基因丰度增加了11%-19%。由此可见，天然林转换对土壤微生物碳循环功能基因的影响仍具有不确定性。另外，有关天然林转换对土壤微生物群落组成和碳循环功能影响的研究主要集中于亚马逊、北美、热带和亚热带地区[7]。由于不同区域的成土环境、微气候和管理措施存在高度异质性，土壤微生物群落组成和碳循环功能也表现出差异。在高温多雨的中亚热带丘陵区，土壤微生物群落组成和碳循环功能对土地利用方式转换的响应机制有待进一步明确。据报道，土壤微生物群落组成和碳循环功能基因丰度受土壤pH值、有机碳、微生物生物量碳和可溶性有机碳含量等因素共同影响[5]，但哪种因子起主导作用仍不清楚。因此，厘清土壤微生物群落组成和碳循环功能基因对土地利用方式转换的响应规律，是理解土壤碳循环的微生物机制、预测区域土壤功能和土壤健康的基础。
洞庭湖区作为中国重要的生态功能区，森林资源丰富(面积约占61%)，在维系生态系统平衡、保护生物多样性和涵养水源方面具有重要作用[8]。自1980年以来，伴随着南方商品林基地建设和洞庭湖区综合开发，大面积的原始常绿阔叶天然林被改为经济林、果园和草地，这为评估土壤微生物群落组成和碳循环功能如何响应流域天然林转换提供了天然的观测平台。鉴于此，本研究选取洞庭湖流域本底一致、土地利用史清晰、紧邻分布的天然林、人工林、水田和草地为研究对象，应用宏基因测序技术，结合生物信息学分析，试图揭示土壤细菌和真菌群落结构以及碳循环功能对天然林转换的响应规律，以期为该流域土地资源的合理利用和规划提供理论依据。
1 材料与方法
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1.1 研究区概况
研究区位于湖南省南洞庭湖区益阳市(27°58′38″-29°31′42″N, 110°43′02″-112°55′48″E)，属亚热带湿润气候，年平均温度为17 ℃，年平均降水量为1 300-1 400 mm，年降水日数为135-160 d，年均日照时数为1 600 h。成土母质为近现代河湖沉积物。地势西高东低，地貌为起伏较小的浅盆状平原。
1.2 样地设置与样品采集
在洞庭湖南岸选择微气候、地形地貌、成土母质类型均相似的小流域。在该小流域同侧，分布着受人类活动干扰较小的大片原生常绿阔叶天然林(作为对照)，林内以利川润楠和樟树为优势植物种，林下灌丛繁茂。2004年，常绿阔叶天然林皆伐炼山后，营建了杉木人工林、一季稻水田和大白茅草地样地。除杉木幼龄时对其进行除草、抚育外，后期对其干扰较小。水田水稻移栽前基施复合肥(N:P2O5:K2O=18:18:18)，施用量为750 kg/hm2；分蘖期追施复合肥，用量为350 kg/hm2。草地播种前基施复合肥25 kg/hm2，生长期追施尿素15 kg/hm2。有关试验地更多基础信息可参考前期报道[9]。
2023年7月，在不同土地利用方式区域内随机设置3块25 m×25 m的样方。随后，采用灭菌土钻在不同土地利用方式样方内随机钻取9-15根0-20 cm土层(表土)的土芯。将同一土地利用方式同一样方内的土样混匀后装于无菌管中，立即用便携式冰箱运送回实验室，剔除可见的石头、植物根和碎片。将新鲜的土壤样将分成两部分，一部分冻干后提取DNA，另一部分风干粉碎后用于土壤理化指标测定。
1.3 土壤样品测定与DNA提取
土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、有效磷、速效钾、pH值、阳离子交换量、硝态氮、氨态氮、有效态铁和锰含量均参照鲁如坤的方法进行测定[10]。土壤DNA的提取采用NEXTFLEX™ Rapid DNA-Seq Kit (Bioo Scientific公司)，按照操作流程完成，DNA的纯度和浓度分别采用NanoDrop 2000和微型荧光计(Turner BioSystem公司)进行检测。随后利用Covaris M220将DNA碎片化为400 bp大小，采用PE150策略在Illumina HiSeq X-ten平台进行宏基因组测序。本研究的原始测序数据存储在国家微生物科学数据中心(https://nmdc.cn)，登录号为NMDC40107032- NMDC40107043。
1.4 宏基因组测序
采用FASTQ软件对测序数据进行质控，主要包括以下步骤：(1) 去除接头(adaptor)；(2) 去除低质量reads；(3) 从3′端及5′端以不同方式去除低质量碱基；(4) 统计原始测序量、有效测序量、Q30、G+C含量，并进行综合评价。使用MEGAHIT软件组装高质量reads，根据kmer间的重叠(overlap)关系构建De-Brujin graph，获得并筛选500 bp以上的contigs进行统计和后续分析。使用Prodigal软件对拼接的contigs序列进行ORF预测，并翻译为氨基酸序列。采用CD-HIT软件去冗余，以identity 95%、coverage 90%进行聚类。最后，应用Bowtie2将各样品的reads与非冗余基因集进行比对(95% identity)，统计各基因在对应样本中的丰度信息。使用Diamond软件(v2.0.13)以BLASTp算法(E-value为1×10-5)将基因集的氨基酸序列分别与NR数据库和KEGG数据库进行比对，并通过KEGG库注释获得基因功能，汇总同一物种或功能对应的所有基因丰度，分别计算物种丰度与功能丰度。
1.5 数据处理与分析
采用R语言(R 4.2.2) vegan包分析土壤细菌和真菌的Chao1和Shannon多样性指数；应用中性群落模型(neutral community model, NCM)评估随机性过程对碳循环微生物群落构建的作用[11]，通过参数m (物种迁移率)与R2 (拟合优度)量化随机性与确定性过程的相对贡献：R2和m值越高，则随机性过程贡献越大。基于皮尔逊(Pearson)相关分析和曼特尔(Mantel)检验，计算土壤微生物群落组成、多样性与土壤理化性质的相关性；采用随机森林模型筛选对碳固定和碳降解基因影响最重要的土壤因子。基于SPSS软件，采用单因素方差分析比较不同土地利用方式土壤指标间的差异。
2 结果与分析
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2.1 土壤微生物群落组成和多样性
由图1A可知，在4种土地利用方式的0-20 cm表土中优势细菌门为假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota, 17%-33%)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota, 7%-52%)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota, 21%-30%)和绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexota, 12%-38%)。天然林转换改变了土壤细菌群落组成(图1C)。与天然林相比，人工林、水田和草地表土中假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)以及水田中放线菌门(Actinomycetota)的相对丰度降低。土壤真菌优势菌门为担子菌门(Basidiomycota, 3%-56%)、子囊菌门(Ascomycota, 7%-39%)、毛霉菌门(Mucoromycota, 4%-44%) (图1B)。天然林转为人工林、水田和草地后担子菌门(Basidiomycota)相对丰度降低，而毛霉菌门(Mucoromycota)相对丰度增加(图1B、1D)。
与天然林相比，人工林、水田和草地表土细菌Chao1指数降低12%-24% (P<0.05)；然而，人工林和草地土壤细菌Chao1指数无显著差异(图1E)。未观察到天然林和草地土壤真菌Chao1指数有显著差异，而人工林和水田土壤真菌Chao1指数分别比天然林低65%和76% (图1F)。
2.2 参与碳循环过程微生物组成和多样性
在0-20 cm表土中，放线菌门(Actinomycetota, 21%-41%)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota, 19%-49%)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota, 13%-19%)是对碳循环过程贡献最大的3种菌门(图2A)。天然林土壤中参与碳循环过程的微生物以放线菌门(Actinomycetota, 41%)和假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota, 28%)为主；人工林以假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota, 33%)和放线菌门(Actinomycetota, 21%)为主；水田以假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota, 49%)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota, 13%)为主；草地以放线菌门(Actinomycetota, 41%)和假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota, 19%)为主。PCoA分析结果显示，天然林和人工林、水田、草地土壤中参与碳循环功能的微生物群落组成区分显著，而人工林和水田土壤中参与碳循环功能的微生物群落组成无显著差异(图2B)。中性群落模型对土壤碳循环微生物群落的拟合度较高(R2=0.59)，表明随机过程对其群落构建贡献较大(图2C)。天然林、人工林和草地土壤中参与碳循环功能的微生物多样性无显著差异，而水田土壤中参与碳循环功能的微生物多样性比天然林低6% (图2D)。
2.3 土壤微生物碳循环功能基因相对丰度
与天然林相比，人工林、水田和草地中编码乙酰辅酶A C-乙酰转移酶的ACAT/atoB和编码转酮醇的tktA/tktB基因相对丰度降低10%-45% (P<0.05；图3A)。然而，草地中编码乌头酸水合酶的ACO/acnA、2-氧戊二酸/2-氧代酸铁氧还蛋白氧化还原酶的korA/oorA/oforA和甲烷单加氧酶的mcmA1基因相对丰度比天然林分别增加了25%、32%和31%。此外，水田土壤中ppdK和korA/oorA/oforA基因相对丰度也分别比天然林高13%和40%。
针对碳降解基因，相较于天然林，水田和草地土壤中纤维素降解基因bglX相对丰度分别低39%和43% (P<0.05；图3B)。天然林转换为水田后，淀粉降解基因amyA相对丰度下降47%。值得注意的是，转换后的土地利用方式中编码糖苷水解酶的abfA、半纤维素降解基因nplT相对丰度比天然林高77%-293%。人工林中bglB和xylA基因相对丰度也比天然林高24%-76%。
2.4 土壤微生物群落组成、碳循环功能基因与土壤理化性质的相关关系
Mantel分析表明，表土细菌多样性与土壤有效磷含量、pH值极显著正相关(P<0.01) (图4)。土壤细菌群落组成也与土壤pH值呈显著正相关。土壤真菌多样性与土壤有效态铁显著负相关，而土壤真菌群落组成与土壤有效态铁显著正相关(P<0.05)。
碳固定基因ACAT/atoB、tktA/tktB、ACO/acnA、mcmA1、accC的相对丰度与土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效钾和氨态氮含量呈负相关，而与硝态氮和有效态铁、锰含量呈正相关(图5)。除全钾、硝态氮和有效态锰含量外，碳固定基因ppdK、korA/oorA/oforA的相对丰度与其他土壤理化性质呈正相关。碳降解基因nplT、pel与土壤全氮含量呈正相关，而其余碳降解基因与土壤有机碳、全氮含量呈负相关。除nagA、bglB、bglX外，其余碳降解基因与土壤pH值、阳离子交换量呈正相关。随机森林分析结果表明，土壤pH值和硝态氮含量对土壤微生物碳固定、碳降解基因相对丰度变化的解释度最大，分别解释了68%和87%的变异(图5)。
3 讨论
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3.1 土壤微生物群落组成和多样性
土壤微生物群落组成是指土壤生态系统中所有微生物类群的集合。所选4种土地利用方式下0-20 cm表土细菌的优势菌门为假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)，这与湘西北板岩红壤区不同土地利用类型土壤的优势细菌门一致[12]。受林地类型、微气候、土壤条件和人为管理措施的综合影响，土壤微生物的相对丰度在不同土地利用类型中存在差异。本研究中，天然林转换为其他土地利用方式后，土壤假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)的相对丰度降低。Liu等[13]也发现，在毗邻地区森林转换为人工林、桃园、葡萄园后，土壤假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)的相对丰度大幅下降。究其原因，大部分土壤假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)属于富营养型细菌，天然林转换导致土壤有机碳和有效养分含量降低，直接减少了供给土壤假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)生长的能量和养分，从而导致其相对丰度下降[13]。天然林转为水田后，土壤放线菌门(Actinomycetota)的相对丰度降低(图1A)。多数放线菌门(Actinomycetota)属于好氧型，水田长期淹水的环境导致土壤放线菌门(Actinomycetota)的相对丰度降低[14]。
土壤优势真菌类群决定着土壤微生物群落结构的平衡。所选0-20 cm表土真菌的优势菌门包括担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和毛霉菌门(Mucoromycota)，这与辽宁省不同利用方式下第四纪古红土中以子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为优势真菌门的结果类似[14]。天然林土壤中担子菌门(Basidiomycota)的相对丰度最高，且转换为其他土地利用类型土壤后担子菌门(Basidiomycota)的相对丰度下降。大部分土壤担子菌门(Basidiomycota)菌群依赖对木质组分的腐化来获取碳源，或通过形成外生菌根与植物共栖，随着天然林转换，凋落物和木质组分含量降低，导致土壤担子菌门(Basidiomycota)的相对丰度下降[15-16]。值得注意的是，天然林转为人工林、水田和草地后，子囊菌门(Ascomycota)的相对丰度增加。这可能与土壤子囊菌门(Ascomycota)真菌的基因替代速率比担子菌高，对高强度的人为扰动环境具有更好的适应能力有关[17]。此外，农用地长期施肥为土壤补充了大量盐基离子，调节了土壤酸碱性，为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)真菌提供了适宜的生长繁殖条件[18-19]。
土壤细菌和真菌多样性是维持生态系统结构与功能稳定的关键因素[16]。天然林转为人工林、水田和草地后，0-20 cm表土细菌的Chao1指数显著降低，这与付双嘉等[20]发现川西亚云杉天然林转为人工林后土壤的细菌Shannon多样性降低的结果相似。丁子健等[21]也发现辽西北地区农田土壤微生物多样性显著低于森林。这可能是因为天然林能为土壤微生物提供更适宜的栖息地和较高的生存可能性[22]。另外，土壤pH值、有效磷和铵态氮含量较低也可导致土壤细菌多样性下降[23](图4)。然而，Qu等[6]发现天然林转为农田或草地后土壤细菌多样性增加，与本研究结果不一致。这可能与土地管理措施和土壤微生物的抵抗力有关[24]。与土壤细菌多样性不同，天然林转为人工林和水田后，土壤真菌多样性降低，反映出人工林与水田土壤真菌群落存在同质化现象。天然林转换引起的基质有效性下降和人为翻耕作用均可导致人工林和水田真菌多样性下降[12]。草地土壤真菌多样性对天然林转换的响应不敏感，表明天然林转为草地相对有利于维持土壤真菌多样性。可能原因主要包括：(1) 大部分土壤真菌可通过菌丝吸收养分，对环境干扰适应能力强[19]；(2) 草地人类扰动相对较小，有利于土壤真菌繁殖体的保存[25]；(3) 大白茅草根系稠密，向土壤输入的有机物较多，有利于土壤真菌生长；(4) 施用化肥、灌溉可能引入外源真菌。
3.2 土壤微生物碳固定和碳降解基因
参与碳循环过程的微生物组成，特指土壤中携带碳循环功能基因、直接驱动碳转化过程的特定微生物类群。明确该类群的组成与多样性特征，是厘清土壤碳循环过程微生物驱动机制的前提[13]。本研究中，土壤假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)对土壤碳循环过程的贡献度较高，是驱动碳固定和碳降解的关键土壤微生物类群。据报道，土壤假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)和放线菌门(Actinomycetota)中的部分光合自养菌群具有利用叶绿素进行光合作用的能力，是主要的优势固碳微生物[19]。PCoA分析显示，天然林转换改变了土壤碳循环微生物群落组成(图2B)。中性群落模型拟合显示，随机性过程对该类群群落构建的拟合度较好，这与随机过程在多种生态系统中均主导微生物群落构建的结果相似[26]。然而，中性理论假定群落内所有物种的生态功能等价，而土壤碳循环微生物实际存在功能分化，因此未来需同时纳入确定性过程，系统解析碳循环微生物群落的构建机制。
本研究中，微生物碳固定过程中丰度最高的功能基因是ACAT/atoB，其具有催化辅酶A和乙酰乙酰辅酶A生成乙酰辅酶A的作用。乙酰辅酶A是碳代谢的中枢，因此ACAT/atoB基因在不同土地利用方式的土壤微生物碳固定过程中发挥重要作用。天然林转为人工林、水田和草地后，碳固定基因ACAT/atoB和tktA/tktB的相对丰度显著降低，表明转换后的土地利用方式下土壤微生物将二氧化碳同化为有机碳的潜力减弱，不利于土壤碳的累积。这可能与天然林转换后凋落物、根系分泌物减少，人为干扰强度大，土壤微生物活性较低有关。Benalcazar等[27]也发现，加拿大北部森林转换成农用地后，土壤微生物碳循环功能基因显著降低。然而，天然林转为草地后，土壤微生物的ACO/acnA、korA/oorA/oforA和mcmA1基因相对丰度增加，反映出土壤碳循环呈现有氧、厌氧与产甲烷途径协同并行的特征，这些基因的增加可能与土壤pH值从酸性向中性转变、土壤有机碳含量下降有关[28]。土壤微生物的ACO/acnA、korA/oorA/oforA和mcmA1基因相对丰度分别与土壤pH值和有机碳含量呈正负相关，从侧面佐证了该观点(图5)。
水田和草地的碳降解基因bglX的相对丰度比天然林低，指示土壤微生物对纤维二糖、纤维寡糖等纤维素降解中间产物的水解潜力减弱，导致土壤易分解有机碳的矿化潜力下降，对土壤碳周转速率和碳库活化过程产生深远影响。天然林植被种类丰富，凋落物量大、组分复杂，为土壤微生物提供了多样底物，使其碳降解基因丰度较高；而草地和水田的植物类型相对单一，碳输入量较低，可供bglX基因编码酶分解的底物不足，导致基因相对丰度较低[5]。天然林转换导致abfA和nplT基因相对丰度增加，表明土壤微生物分解偏好转向植物细胞壁中易降解的多糖组分，这与鼎湖山地区马尾松林转换为针阔叶混交林、季风常绿阔叶林后编码纤维素酶、半纤维素酶和果胶酶的基因丰度增加的结果相似[29]。与天然林相比，人工林常存在抚育、间伐、地表扰动少、林分结构简单等特点，土壤的通气状况、pH、养分条件更适合腐生细菌、部分真菌等主导纤维素、半纤维素降解的类群，导致bglB和xylA基因丰度增加[30]。综上所述，土壤微生物碳循环功能基因协同调控土壤碳周转与碳库动态，碳库的储量与稳定性由多因素综合决定，而非单一基因。此外，土壤pH值和硝态氮含量是影响碳固定和碳降解基因丰度的关键土壤因子，科学管理土壤pH值和氮素(如施石灰和生物炭调节酸碱度、有机无机配施氮肥、测土配方精准施氮等)可能有利于土壤微生物固碳。未来可开展长期定位监测与室内梯度试验，明确适宜酸碱度和氮素水平的阈值以及配套的施肥管理措施。
4 结论
收起
南洞庭湖区天然林转为人工林、水田和草地后，降低了0-20 cm表土细菌和真菌的多样性，改变了0-20 cm土层细菌和真菌的群落组成。土壤有效磷含量和pH值是影响0-20 cm表土细菌多样性的主要因子，而土壤真菌多样性和群落组成主要受土壤有效态铁含量的影响。天然林转换降低了碳固定基因ACAT/atoB和tktA/tktB的相对丰度；而天然林转为草地后，增加了碳固定基因ACO/acnA、korA/oorA/oforA和mcmA1的相对丰度。水田和草地的碳降解基因bglX和amyA的相对丰度也比天然林低，而转换后的土地利用方式下abfA和nplT基因的相对丰度比天然林高。土壤微生物碳固定、碳降解基因的相对丰度变化主要受土壤pH值和硝态氮含量的影响。土壤放线菌门(Actinomycetota)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)是参与碳循环过程微生物的优势菌门，且随机性过程主导其群落构建。
基金
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  • 中国地质调查项目(DD20230701301)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金(2024JJ7620)
  • 自然资源综合调查指挥中心科技创新基金(KC20240023)
文献
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2026年第66卷第6期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20251008
  • 接收时间：2025-12-31
  • 首发时间：2026-06-17
  • 出版时间：2026-06-04
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  • 收稿日期：2025-12-31
  • 录用日期：2026-03-19
基金
the China Geological Survey Project(DD20230701301)
中国地质调查项目(DD20230701301)
the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(2024JJ7620)
湖南省自然科学基金(2024JJ7620)
the Science and Technology Innovation Foundation of Comprehensive Survey & Command Center for Natural Resources(KC20240023)
自然资源综合调查指挥中心科技创新基金(KC20240023)
作者信息
    1.中国地质调查局长沙自然资源综合调查中心，湖南 长沙
    2.湖南农业大学 资源学院，湖南 长沙
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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