Article(id=1274057506696499643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250881, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1764259200000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-28, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1769356800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineDate=1781688580439, onlineDateStr=2026-06-17, pubDate=1780502400000, pubDateStr=2026-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781688580439, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781688580439, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688580439, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274057338156769818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='6', pageStart='2561', pageEnd='3114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781688540257, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688602467, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2845, endPage=2862, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274057507162067389, articleId=1274057506696499643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Isolation and identification of an acid-producing bacterium Priestia megaterium QBS-B2 and evaluation of its activation effect on soil cadmium, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To screen the microbial strains capable of efficiently activating soil cadmium, addressing the technical bottleneck of low efficiency in cadmium-contaminated soil remediation by hyperaccumulators. Methods Farmland soils with potential Cd contamination were collected from various locations in Hunan Province. Acid-producing bacteria were initially screened via the bromocresol purple discoloration method. The pH of the fermentation broth, cadmium chloride tolerance, and cadmium carbonate activation capacity were compared among strains to identify dominant strains, which were then subjected to species identification. On this basis, bacterial strains with application potential were further screened. The desorption effect of the selected strain on soil cadmium under different carbon and nitrogen sources was investigated through shake flask experiments. Pot experiments were carried out to analyze the activation effect on soil cadmium under different nutrient conditions. Results A total of 372 acid-producing bacterial strains were isolated via the bromocresol purple discoloration method. Through comprehensive screening based on the ratio of the discoloration zone diameter (D) to the colony diameter (d) on solid plates, fermentation broth pH, cadmium chloride tolerance, and cadmium carbonate activation assays, four elite strains, designated HT-B1, HTQ-B1, QBS-B2, and MY-B1, were selected. They were identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hominis, Priestia megaterium, and Acinetobacter sp., respectively, based on molecular evidence. In accordance with microbial fertilizer safety standards, strain QBS-B2 was prioritized for further study. This strain exhibited a minimum fermentation broth pH of 3.65 and achieved a cadmium carbonate activation rate of 92.27%. Culture with glucose as the carbon source and ammonium chloride as the nitrogen source were found to be optimal for enhancing cadmium desorption from soil by strain QBS-B2. Under these conditions, the soluble cadmium concentration reached 170.77 μg/L, which was 66.5 times higher than that of the control group, corresponding to a soil cadmium desorption rate of 46.21%. Furthermore, strain QBS-B2 significantly increased the content of available cadmium and available phosphorus in the soil. The application of compound fertilizer enhanced the cadmium activation of QBS-B2, resulting in a soil cadmium activation rate of 17.37%. The application of organic fertilizer significantly promoted the colonization and growth of the strain in the soil and increased the available phosphorus content by 5.9 times compared with the control. Conclusion This study provides elite microbial resources for the development of cadmium-activating microbial inoculants and bio-organic fertilizers based on P. megaterium QBS-B2. Furthermore, it establishes a theoretical foundation and demonstrates application potential for bio-augmented phytoextraction in the remediation of cadmium-contaminated soils.

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E-mail: LI Xiangrong,
LU Yaoxiong,
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目的 针对超富集植物修复镉污染土壤效率偏低这一技术瓶颈,筛选能够高效活化土壤镉的微生物菌株。 方法 采集湖南省各地存在镉污染风险的耕地土壤,采用以溴甲酚紫为指示剂的变色圈法初筛产酸细菌,比较各菌株发酵液的pH值、氯化镉耐受性及碳酸镉活化效果,获得优势菌株并进行菌种鉴定。在此基础上,进一步筛选出具有应用潜力的菌株,通过摇瓶试验研究不同碳氮源处理下该菌株对土壤镉的解吸效果,并利用盆钵培养试验分析不同营养条件下其对土壤镉的活化作用。 结果 采用溴甲酚紫变色圈法获得了372株产酸细菌,通过研究不同产酸细菌的平板变色圈直径(D)与菌落直径(d)的比值(D/d)、发酵液pH、氯化镉耐受性及碳酸镉活化试验,筛选出HT-B1、HTQ-B1、QBS-B2、MY-B1等4株优异菌株,经分子生物学鉴定分别为表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis)、人葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus hominis)、巨大普里斯特氏菌(Priestia megaterium)、不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.)。依据微生物肥料安全标准优选出菌株QBS-B2,其发酵液pH最低可达3.65,对碳酸镉的活化率为92.27%。以葡萄糖为碳源、氯化铵为氮源有利于提高菌株QBS-B2对土壤镉的解吸效果,镉浓度可达170.77 μg/L,比CK提高了66.5倍,对土壤镉的解吸率为46.21%。菌株QBS-B2 能显著提高土壤有效镉和有效磷含量,其中配施复合肥可提高菌株QBS-B2对土壤镉的活化效果,土壤镉活化率为17.37%,而配施有机肥则显著促进菌株在土壤中的定殖与生长,使土壤有效磷含量提高5.9倍。 结论 本研究为开发以菌株P. megaterium QBS-B2为核心的活镉微生物菌剂和生物有机肥提供了优异的菌种资源,为生物强化超富集植物移除修复镉污染土壤提供了理论基础和应用潜力。

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作者贡献声明

陈超:试验设计、操作及论文撰写;谢运河:提供技术支持、参与论文讨论;戴良英:实验指导,参与论文讨论;罗卓、高鹏:协助实验操作;陈梓勋:数据收集;崔新卫、褚飞:提供技术支持;李向荣:提供技术支持、参与论文讨论、实验指导;鲁耀雄:试验设计、实验指导、审阅、论文修改。

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2.Institute of Agricultural Soil and Eco-Environment, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
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European Journal of Soil Science, 1994, 45(2): 159-165., articleTitle=Applications of fertilizer cations affect cadmium and zinc concentrations in soil solutions and uptake by plants, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274106560503599844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1997, volume=null, issue=3, pageStart=7, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[66], rfOrder=111, authorNames=曾清如, 周细红, 毛小云, journalName=土壤肥料, refType=null, unstructuredReference=曾清如, 周细红, 毛小云. 不同氮肥对铅锌矿尾矿污染土壤中重金属的溶出及水稻苗吸收的影响[J]. 土壤肥料, 1997(3): 7-11., articleTitle=不同氮肥对铅锌矿尾矿污染土壤中重金属的溶出及水稻苗吸收的影响, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1274106545676735089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, awardId=2022YFD1700100, language=EN, fundingSource=the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1700100), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1274106545756426866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, awardId=2022YFD1700100, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1700100), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1274106545815147123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, awardId=2025CX65, language=EN, fundingSource=the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Hunan Province(2025CX65), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1274106546205217396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, awardId=2025CX65, language=CN, fundingSource=湖南省农业科技创新资金(2025CX65), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1274106510562021899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274106510591382028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, companyId=1274106510562021899, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274106510599770637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, companyId=1274106510562021899, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.湖南农业大学 植物保护学院,湖南 长沙)]), AuthorCompany(id=1274106510700433934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274106510708822543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, companyId=1274106510700433934, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Institute of Agricultural Soil and Eco-Environment, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274106510729794064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, companyId=1274106510700433934, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.湖南省农业科学院耕地与农业环境生态研究所,湖南 长沙)]), AuthorCompany(id=1274106510889177618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274106510905954835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, companyId=1274106510889177618, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Changsha New Fertilizer Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha, Hunan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274106510935314964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, companyId=1274106510889177618, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.长沙市新型肥料工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1274106533282566747, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Isolation, screening and acid production characteristics of acid-producing bacteria. 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Different lowercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences in pH among treatments (P<0.05), while different uppercase letters above the bars indicate significant differences in water-soluble cadmium concentrations among treatments (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=lpYZfsGxH20sQEtEDVqRSw==, figureFileBig=pKVSy2exUKr/pb4VYMgZ1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274106540702290532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同碳源(A)、氮源(B)条件下产酸细菌QBS-B2对土壤镉的解吸效果, figureFileSmall=lpYZfsGxH20sQEtEDVqRSw==, figureFileBig=pKVSy2exUKr/pb4VYMgZ1w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274106541117526629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The D/d ratio of chromogenic zones and pH values of different acid-producing bacteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain numberD/mmd/mmD/d ratiopH
HT-B111.73±0.20h1.98±0.13l5.93±0.34b3.82±0.08ef
HTQ-B124.08±0.48b3.13±0.18k7.70±0.29a3.69±0.13f
XT-B113.32±0.33g6.08±0.15f2.19±0.05gh4.33±0.01c
OJC-B115.88±0.23e7.03±0.12d2.26±0.07fgh4.43±0.02c
QST-B116.15±0.26e6.63±0.03e2.43±0.05efg4.68±0.11b
QST-B219.40±0.74c8.08±0.12c2.40±0.08efg3.96±0.01de
BS-B119.48±0.63c8.13±0.08c2.40±0.07efg3.98±0.35de
BS-B223.40±0.58b7.08±0.10d3.30±0.10c4.64±0.14b
GQ-B118.48±0.08d7.18±0.14d2.57±0.06de4.64±0.10b
GQ-B219.58±1.02c9.05±0.20b2.16±0.11gh3.83±0.01ef
MTB-B113.07±0.13g5.55±0.15g2.36±0.07efg4.43±0.02c
WN-B126.92±0.38a13.17±0.29a2.04±0.03h5.09±0.03a
LK-B18.20±0.26j4.05±0.40i2.04±0.21h4.13±0.01d
QBS-B214.72±0.10f5.37±0.10g2.74±0.03d4.03±0.02d
QBS-B412.70±0.44g6.37±0.23f2.00±0.06h4.94±0.17a
ML-B311.00±0.50i4.37±0.13h2.52±0.04def4.13±0.01d
MY-B127.18±0.10a3.48±0.20j7.82±0.46a3.20±0.03g
), ArticleFig(id=1274106541499208294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同产酸细菌的变色圈 D/d 比值和pH情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain numberD/mmd/mmD/d ratiopH
HT-B111.73±0.20h1.98±0.13l5.93±0.34b3.82±0.08ef
HTQ-B124.08±0.48b3.13±0.18k7.70±0.29a3.69±0.13f
XT-B113.32±0.33g6.08±0.15f2.19±0.05gh4.33±0.01c
OJC-B115.88±0.23e7.03±0.12d2.26±0.07fgh4.43±0.02c
QST-B116.15±0.26e6.63±0.03e2.43±0.05efg4.68±0.11b
QST-B219.40±0.74c8.08±0.12c2.40±0.08efg3.96±0.01de
BS-B119.48±0.63c8.13±0.08c2.40±0.07efg3.98±0.35de
BS-B223.40±0.58b7.08±0.10d3.30±0.10c4.64±0.14b
GQ-B118.48±0.08d7.18±0.14d2.57±0.06de4.64±0.10b
GQ-B219.58±1.02c9.05±0.20b2.16±0.11gh3.83±0.01ef
MTB-B113.07±0.13g5.55±0.15g2.36±0.07efg4.43±0.02c
WN-B126.92±0.38a13.17±0.29a2.04±0.03h5.09±0.03a
LK-B18.20±0.26j4.05±0.40i2.04±0.21h4.13±0.01d
QBS-B214.72±0.10f5.37±0.10g2.74±0.03d4.03±0.02d
QBS-B412.70±0.44g6.37±0.23f2.00±0.06h4.94±0.17a
ML-B311.00±0.50i4.37±0.13h2.52±0.04def4.13±0.01d
MY-B127.18±0.10a3.48±0.20j7.82±0.46a3.20±0.03g
), ArticleFig(id=1274106541616648807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

The CIR and growth status of acid-producing bacteria under different cadmium concentration conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain number5 mg/L10 mg/L15 mg/L20 mg/L
CIR/%

Growth

status

CIR/%

Growth

status

CIR/%

Growth

status

CIR/%

Growth

status

HT-B126.76±1.29d+++48.61±1.66c+++73.24±1.08d++100.00±0.00a-
HTQ-B11.86±0.67g++++5.51±0.61f++++8.33±1.08f++++17.39±1.84b++++
QST-B287.37±0.54b+94.09±0.09b+100.00±0.00a-100.00±0.00a-
BS-B192.36±0.08a+95.79±0.31b+100.00±0.00a-100.00±0.00a-
GQ-B287.32±0.95b+100.00±0.00a-100.00±0.00a-100.00±0.00a-
LK-B176.63±0.48c+100.00±0.00a-100.00±0.00a-100.00±0.00a-
QBS-B24.48±0.53f++++32.00±2.29e+++76.11±0.63c+100.00±0.00a-
ML-B327.71±0.51d+++35.71±0.11d+++87.88±0.22b+100.00±0.00a-
MY-B116.72±0.22e++++48.20±0.06c+++69.44±1.28e++100.00±0.00a-
), ArticleFig(id=1274106542170296936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

产酸细菌在不同镉浓度条件下的生长情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain number5 mg/L10 mg/L15 mg/L20 mg/L
CIR/%

Growth

status

CIR/%

Growth

status

CIR/%

Growth

status

CIR/%

Growth

status

HT-B126.76±1.29d+++48.61±1.66c+++73.24±1.08d++100.00±0.00a-
HTQ-B11.86±0.67g++++5.51±0.61f++++8.33±1.08f++++17.39±1.84b++++
QST-B287.37±0.54b+94.09±0.09b+100.00±0.00a-100.00±0.00a-
BS-B192.36±0.08a+95.79±0.31b+100.00±0.00a-100.00±0.00a-
GQ-B287.32±0.95b+100.00±0.00a-100.00±0.00a-100.00±0.00a-
LK-B176.63±0.48c+100.00±0.00a-100.00±0.00a-100.00±0.00a-
QBS-B24.48±0.53f++++32.00±2.29e+++76.11±0.63c+100.00±0.00a-
ML-B327.71±0.51d+++35.71±0.11d+++87.88±0.22b+100.00±0.00a-
MY-B116.72±0.22e++++48.20±0.06c+++69.44±1.28e++100.00±0.00a-
), ArticleFig(id=1274106542728139370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Phosphorus solubilization rate and cadmium activation rate of acid-producing bacteria under different culture media conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberInorganic mediumCd-containing medium
pHPAR/%pHCAR/%
CK7.11±0.01b0.00±0.00g6.76±0.10a9.57±1.38f
HT-B15.28±0.15de2.13±0.02e4.84±0.08c86.37±6.23b
HTQ-B17.21±0.03a0.66±0.01f3.68±0.03f95.75±2.19a
QST-B24.94±0.01g7.18±0.02b6.11±0.07b35.58±4.55e
BS-B15.19±0.03ef5.28±0.05c4.15±0.03e48.11±2.73d
QBS-B25.30±0.01d4.33±0.10d3.65±0.09f92.27±1.85ab
ML-B36.47±0.03c0.57±0.01f4.52±0.03d58.93±4.70c
MY-B14.32±0.02h17.13±0.43a3.30±0.06g96.50±1.76a
), ArticleFig(id=1274106543030129260, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

产酸细菌在不同培养基条件下的活磷率和活镉率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NumberInorganic mediumCd-containing medium
pHPAR/%pHCAR/%
CK7.11±0.01b0.00±0.00g6.76±0.10a9.57±1.38f
HT-B15.28±0.15de2.13±0.02e4.84±0.08c86.37±6.23b
HTQ-B17.21±0.03a0.66±0.01f3.68±0.03f95.75±2.19a
QST-B24.94±0.01g7.18±0.02b6.11±0.07b35.58±4.55e
BS-B15.19±0.03ef5.28±0.05c4.15±0.03e48.11±2.73d
QBS-B25.30±0.01d4.33±0.10d3.65±0.09f92.27±1.85ab
ML-B36.47±0.03c0.57±0.01f4.52±0.03d58.93±4.70c
MY-B14.32±0.02h17.13±0.43a3.30±0.06g96.50±1.76a
), ArticleFig(id=1274106544821097069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

BLAST alignment results of different acid-producing bacteria

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain numberLength of 16S rRNA gene sequence/bpThe species with the highest BLAST similarity
HT-B11 455Staphylococcus epidermidis
HTQ-B11 453Staphylococcus hominis
QBS-B21 454Priestia megaterium
MY-B11 443Acinetobacter sp.
), ArticleFig(id=1274106544913371758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

产酸细菌的BLAST比对结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain numberLength of 16S rRNA gene sequence/bpThe species with the highest BLAST similarity
HT-B11 455Staphylococcus epidermidis
HTQ-B11 453Staphylococcus hominis
QBS-B21 454Priestia megaterium
MY-B11 443Acinetobacter sp.
), ArticleFig(id=1274106545253110383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Activation effect of acid-producing bacterium QBS-B2 on soil phosphorus and cadmium

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentspHAcid-producing bacteria/(×106 CFU/g)Available phosphorus/(mg/L)Available cadmium/(mg/kg)CAR/%
CK6.06±0.04de0.03±0.02d24.28±0.71cd1.85±0.05f-
OF7.53±0.08a0.13±0.04d116.01±8.05b1.89±0.05ef1.25
CF6.20±0.07d0.09±0.03d110.61±1.39b1.99±0.03de3.69
NS5.95±0.07e0.27±0.04d21.12±0.68d2.05±0.04cd5.62
BA6.17±0.04d3.03±0.57cd30.31±1.10c1.99±0.03de3.80
BAOF7.36±0.11b37.00±4.58a143.75±12.95a2.12±0.05bc7.62
BACF6.48±0.08c4.47±0.57c116.24±1.91b2.47±0.16a17.37
BANS5.46±0.10f14.00±4.36b33.13±1.29c2.22±0.02b10.38
), ArticleFig(id=1274106545345385072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057506696499643, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

产酸细菌QBS-B2对土壤磷镉的活化效果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentspHAcid-producing bacteria/(×106 CFU/g)Available phosphorus/(mg/L)Available cadmium/(mg/kg)CAR/%
CK6.06±0.04de0.03±0.02d24.28±0.71cd1.85±0.05f-
OF7.53±0.08a0.13±0.04d116.01±8.05b1.89±0.05ef1.25
CF6.20±0.07d0.09±0.03d110.61±1.39b1.99±0.03de3.69
NS5.95±0.07e0.27±0.04d21.12±0.68d2.05±0.04cd5.62
BA6.17±0.04d3.03±0.57cd30.31±1.10c1.99±0.03de3.80
BAOF7.36±0.11b37.00±4.58a143.75±12.95a2.12±0.05bc7.62
BACF6.48±0.08c4.47±0.57c116.24±1.91b2.47±0.16a17.37
BANS5.46±0.10f14.00±4.36b33.13±1.29c2.22±0.02b10.38
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产酸细菌巨大普里斯特氏菌(Priestia megaterium) QBS-B2的分离鉴定及其对土壤镉的活化效果
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陈超 1, 2 , 谢运河 2 , 戴良英 1 , 罗卓 2, 3 , 高鹏 1, 2, 3 , 陈梓勋 2, 3 , 崔新卫 2, 3 , 褚飞 2, 3 , 李向荣 2 , 鲁耀雄 1, 2, 3
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(6): 2845-2862
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(6): 2845-2862
产酸细菌巨大普里斯特氏菌(Priestia megaterium) QBS-B2的分离鉴定及其对土壤镉的活化效果
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陈超1, 2, 谢运河2, 戴良英1, 罗卓2, 3, 高鹏1, 2, 3, 陈梓勋2, 3, 崔新卫2, 3, 褚飞2, 3, 李向荣2 , 鲁耀雄1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.湖南农业大学 植物保护学院,湖南 长沙
  • 2.湖南省农业科学院耕地与农业环境生态研究所,湖南 长沙
  • 3.长沙市新型肥料工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙
Isolation and identification of an acid-producing bacterium Priestia megaterium QBS-B2 and evaluation of its activation effect on soil cadmium
Chao CHEN1, 2, Yunhe XIE2, Liangying DAI1, Zhuo LUO2, 3, Peng GAO1, 2, 3, Zixun CHEN2, 3, Xinwei CUI2, 3, Fei CHU2, 3, Xiangrong LI2 , Yaoxiong LU1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
  • 2.Institute of Agricultural Soil and Eco-Environment, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
  • 3.Changsha New Fertilizer Engineering Technology Research Center, Changsha, Hunan, China
出版时间: 2026-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250881
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目的 针对超富集植物修复镉污染土壤效率偏低这一技术瓶颈,筛选能够高效活化土壤镉的微生物菌株。 方法 采集湖南省各地存在镉污染风险的耕地土壤,采用以溴甲酚紫为指示剂的变色圈法初筛产酸细菌,比较各菌株发酵液的pH值、氯化镉耐受性及碳酸镉活化效果,获得优势菌株并进行菌种鉴定。在此基础上,进一步筛选出具有应用潜力的菌株,通过摇瓶试验研究不同碳氮源处理下该菌株对土壤镉的解吸效果,并利用盆钵培养试验分析不同营养条件下其对土壤镉的活化作用。 结果 采用溴甲酚紫变色圈法获得了372株产酸细菌,通过研究不同产酸细菌的平板变色圈直径(D)与菌落直径(d)的比值(D/d)、发酵液pH、氯化镉耐受性及碳酸镉活化试验,筛选出HT-B1、HTQ-B1、QBS-B2、MY-B1等4株优异菌株,经分子生物学鉴定分别为表皮葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus epidermidis)、人葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus hominis)、巨大普里斯特氏菌(Priestia megaterium)、不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.)。依据微生物肥料安全标准优选出菌株QBS-B2,其发酵液pH最低可达3.65,对碳酸镉的活化率为92.27%。以葡萄糖为碳源、氯化铵为氮源有利于提高菌株QBS-B2对土壤镉的解吸效果,镉浓度可达170.77 μg/L,比CK提高了66.5倍,对土壤镉的解吸率为46.21%。菌株QBS-B2 能显著提高土壤有效镉和有效磷含量,其中配施复合肥可提高菌株QBS-B2对土壤镉的活化效果,土壤镉活化率为17.37%,而配施有机肥则显著促进菌株在土壤中的定殖与生长,使土壤有效磷含量提高5.9倍。 结论 本研究为开发以菌株P. megaterium QBS-B2为核心的活镉微生物菌剂和生物有机肥提供了优异的菌种资源,为生物强化超富集植物移除修复镉污染土壤提供了理论基础和应用潜力。

镉污染土壤  /  产酸细菌  /  分离鉴定  /  巨大普里斯特氏菌  /  有效镉

Objective To screen the microbial strains capable of efficiently activating soil cadmium, addressing the technical bottleneck of low efficiency in cadmium-contaminated soil remediation by hyperaccumulators. Methods Farmland soils with potential Cd contamination were collected from various locations in Hunan Province. Acid-producing bacteria were initially screened via the bromocresol purple discoloration method. The pH of the fermentation broth, cadmium chloride tolerance, and cadmium carbonate activation capacity were compared among strains to identify dominant strains, which were then subjected to species identification. On this basis, bacterial strains with application potential were further screened. The desorption effect of the selected strain on soil cadmium under different carbon and nitrogen sources was investigated through shake flask experiments. Pot experiments were carried out to analyze the activation effect on soil cadmium under different nutrient conditions. Results A total of 372 acid-producing bacterial strains were isolated via the bromocresol purple discoloration method. Through comprehensive screening based on the ratio of the discoloration zone diameter (D) to the colony diameter (d) on solid plates, fermentation broth pH, cadmium chloride tolerance, and cadmium carbonate activation assays, four elite strains, designated HT-B1, HTQ-B1, QBS-B2, and MY-B1, were selected. They were identified as Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hominis, Priestia megaterium, and Acinetobacter sp., respectively, based on molecular evidence. In accordance with microbial fertilizer safety standards, strain QBS-B2 was prioritized for further study. This strain exhibited a minimum fermentation broth pH of 3.65 and achieved a cadmium carbonate activation rate of 92.27%. Culture with glucose as the carbon source and ammonium chloride as the nitrogen source were found to be optimal for enhancing cadmium desorption from soil by strain QBS-B2. Under these conditions, the soluble cadmium concentration reached 170.77 μg/L, which was 66.5 times higher than that of the control group, corresponding to a soil cadmium desorption rate of 46.21%. Furthermore, strain QBS-B2 significantly increased the content of available cadmium and available phosphorus in the soil. The application of compound fertilizer enhanced the cadmium activation of QBS-B2, resulting in a soil cadmium activation rate of 17.37%. The application of organic fertilizer significantly promoted the colonization and growth of the strain in the soil and increased the available phosphorus content by 5.9 times compared with the control. Conclusion This study provides elite microbial resources for the development of cadmium-activating microbial inoculants and bio-organic fertilizers based on P. megaterium QBS-B2. Furthermore, it establishes a theoretical foundation and demonstrates application potential for bio-augmented phytoextraction in the remediation of cadmium-contaminated soils.

cadmium-contaminated soil  /  acid-producing bacteria  /  isolation and identification  /  Priestia megaterium  /  available cadmium
陈超, 谢运河, 戴良英, 罗卓, 高鹏, 陈梓勋, 崔新卫, 褚飞, 李向荣, 鲁耀雄. 产酸细菌巨大普里斯特氏菌(Priestia megaterium) QBS-B2的分离鉴定及其对土壤镉的活化效果. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2845 -2862 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250881
Chao CHEN, Yunhe XIE, Liangying DAI, Zhuo LUO, Peng GAO, Zixun CHEN, Xinwei CUI, Fei CHU, Xiangrong LI, Yaoxiong LU. Isolation and identification of an acid-producing bacterium Priestia megaterium QBS-B2 and evaluation of its activation effect on soil cadmium[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2845 -2862 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250881
镉(cadmium, Cd)是土壤中普遍存在的一种重金属元素,在自然条件下,土壤中镉含量处于较低水平。随着工农业的快速发展,人类活动导致的镉污染土壤面积不断增加,尤其是耕地土壤镉污染问题尤为突出[1]。据统计[2],在中国五大粮食主产区中耕地土壤重金属点位超标率为21.49%,其中Cd污染耕地点位超标率高达17.39%,耕地镉污染是自然条件与人类活动共同作用的结果,其中人为因素占据主导地位,主要来源于化肥农药等农业物资的长期不合理使用、污水灌溉以及人为源的大气沉降[3-5]。土壤镉迁移性较强、生物毒性高,易被作物吸收、富集,过量镉积累会引起叶绿体和线粒体退化、抑制DNA修复、刺激氧化应激反应和诱导细胞死亡等[6],进而造成农作物减产甚至绝收。镉通过农产品进入食物链,在人体内富集可引发慢性中毒、肺癌、心血管疾病和肾功能障碍等人体健康问题[7]。因此,土壤镉污染已成为威胁粮食安全和公众健康的重大环境问题[8],对其开展修复治理工作刻不容缓。
目前,耕地土壤镉污染的原位修复主要采用2种策略:钝化修复和减量化修复[9]。钝化修复是通过向镉污染土壤中施加功能微生物、硅酸盐化合物、磷酸盐化合物、金属氧化物、碱性材料、生物炭等[10-11],固化或稳定化土壤镉,从而降低其在土壤中的生物有效性和迁移率[12]。钝化修复方式成本低、操作简单、见效快,但仅能暂时抑制镉的生物有效性,存在二次活化风险[13],而减量化修复依赖超富集植物对镉的吸收、积累与移除,能够逐步降低土壤中镉的总量[14]。然而,该技术的效果常因土壤中镉的生物有效性低而受限[15]。为提高修复效率,常辅以物理、化学、微生物或农艺调控等强化手段。其中,微生物强化措施具有生态环保、不会产生二次污染的优点,微生物联合超富集植物强化移除重金属镉已成为生物修复污染土壤的研究热点[16-17]。土壤微生物通过代谢活动产生氨基酸、有机酸(如草酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、苹果酸等),提高镉的生物有效性,促进超富集植物根系对镉的吸收累积[18-19]。低分子有机酸在土壤环境中可改变根际土壤理化性状,促进土壤中镉的溶解,提高镉在土壤中的生物有效性[20-21],同时还能溶解土壤中植物所需的营养元素,有助于植物对养分的吸收[22],从而加强超富集植物对污染土壤镉的吸收和移除。杨卓等[23]研究发现巨大普里斯特氏菌(Bacillus megaterium,现名Priestia megaterium)和胶胨样类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus mucilaginosus)能产生多种低分子量的有机酸(苹果酸、酒石酸、草酸等),活化土壤镉,改变镉在土壤中的生物有效性,进而促进芥菜对镉的吸收,提高了土壤镉的修复效率。因此,如何筛选挖掘出高产酸菌以增强污染土壤重金属镉的生物有效性,再联合超富集植物对其进行移除修复是耕地镉污染土壤原位减量化修复的关键技术途径。
本研究从湖南省各地存在镉污染风险的耕地土壤中采集样品,以溴甲酚紫为指示剂,通过梯度稀释涂布平板法分离筛选产酸菌(菌落周围具有明显变色圈的菌株即为产酸菌),进一步选取发酵液pH较低的产酸菌进行镉耐受和镉活化试验,获得兼具耐镉和活镉能力较强的优异菌株进行菌种鉴定,并探索其对土壤镉的活化效果,以期为生物强化超富集植物减量化修复镉污染土壤提供优异菌株和理论基础。
样品来源于湖南省各地存在镉污染风险的耕地土壤,用无菌密封袋包装好后置于有冰袋的泡沫箱中带回实验室,临时保存在4 ℃冰箱中尽快分离筛选产酸菌。
高镉污染土壤采集于七宝山矿区附近(28°09′N, 113°52′E)的耕地土壤,经除杂、风干、研磨后过20目标准筛,密封保存备用,用于产酸菌活化土壤镉的小盆试验。高镉污染土壤基本理化性质如下:有机质42.2 g/kg,全氮2.45 g/kg,全磷1.43 g/kg,全钾15.5 g/kg,碱解氮231 mg/kg,有效磷28.0 mg/kg,速效钾192 mg/kg,全镉3.57 mg/kg,有效镉2.06 mg/kg,pH 5.4。
有机肥(长沙飞宇生物肥业有限公司):利用牛粪、秸秆等经高温发酵腐熟生产的牛粪有机肥。其基本理化性质:有机质532.35 g/kg,全氮1.15 g/kg,全磷1.61 g/kg,全钾1.33 g/kg,全镉0.6 mg/kg,pH 7.89。
牛肉膏蛋白胨固体培养基(g/L)[24]:牛肉膏3.0,蛋白胨10.0,NaCl 5.0,琼脂20.0 (液体培养基无此项),pH值7.2±0.2,121 ℃灭菌30 min。
产酸菌筛选固体培养基(g/L,优化培养基配方)[25]:葡萄糖6.0,酵母膏1.0,蛋白胨1.0,CaCO3 1.0,NaCl 0.3,KCl 0.3,MgSO4·7H2O 0.3,1.6%溴甲酚紫溶液3滴,琼脂20.0,pH 7.2±0.2,121 ℃灭菌20 min。
产酸菌固体培养基(g/L):葡萄糖6.0,酵母膏1.0,蛋白胨1.0,CaCO3 1.0,NaCl 0.3,KCl 0.3,MgSO4·7H2O 0.3,琼脂20.0 (液体培养基无此项),pH 7.2±0.2,121 ℃灭菌20 min。
蒙金娜无机磷液体培养基(g/L)[26]:葡萄糖10.00,Ca3(PO4)2 5.00,(NH4)2SO4 0.50,MgSO4·7H2O 0.30,NaCl 0.30,KCl 0.30,FeSO4·7H2O 0.03g,MnSO4·7H2O 0.03,酵母膏0.40,pH 7.0-7.5,121 ℃灭菌20 min。
取采集的土壤样品5 g置于装有45 mL无菌水的150 mL锥形瓶中,180 r/min培养30 min,然后采用稀释涂布平板法,分别吸取10-3、10-4、10-5这3个稀释梯度的菌悬液各0.1 mL,均匀涂布于产酸菌固体培养基表面,每稀释度涂布4个平板,将平板倒置于30 ℃恒温培养箱培养2 d。由于植物病原菌中真菌占比最高,且真菌菌种制备菌剂时相比细菌更为繁琐,本研究仅筛选产酸细菌。在产酸菌筛选固体培养基上挑选出具有明显黄色变色圈的细菌单菌落(即为目标产酸细菌),经多次划线培养获得细菌纯菌株,将菌落大小、颜色和边缘形状一致的细菌归为同种菌。菌株编号以地名(拼音首字母)+微生物类型(细菌简写B)+数字进行编号(如在浏阳七宝山土壤中分离到第一株产酸细菌,则编号为QBS-B1)。将获得的产酸细菌菌株编号后,于-80 ℃超低温冰箱中保存备用。
将筛选出具有明显黄色变色圈的纯菌株分别点接到产酸菌固体培养基上,置入30 ℃的培养箱中培养2 d,采用十字交叉法测定不同菌株的变色圈直径(D)和菌落直径(d),并计算变色圈直径(D)与菌落直径(d)的比值(D/d)。选取D/d比值较大的菌株接种到产酸菌液体培养基中,每菌株设3个生物学重复,置于30 ℃、180 r/min培养2 d后,用酸度计(上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司)测定菌株发酵液的pH值。
用氯化镉(CdCl2)配制Cd2+浓度为1 000 mg/L的母液,经0.22 µm的无菌滤膜过滤除菌后,按所需比例添加至已灭菌的牛肉膏蛋白胨固体培养基中,制备Cd2+浓度分别为5、10、15、20 mg/L的含镉牛肉膏蛋白胨固体培养基,以未添加Cd2+的牛肉膏蛋白胨固体培养基作为对照。将优选的菌株分别点样到含镉牛肉膏蛋白胨固体培养基上,每株菌在单个平板上设4个样点(以平板中心为圆点,采用十字交叉在距圆点2.5 cm的位置点样),每株菌在每个Cd2+浓度下设3个平板,置于30 ℃恒温培养箱中培养5 d。选择每菌株在同一Cd2+浓度平板上具有代表性的3个菌落,采用十字交叉法,使用游标卡尺测定并记录产酸细菌的菌落直径,并按公式(1)计算不同Cd2+浓度对产酸细菌生长的菌落抑制率(colony inhibition rate, CIR)。
菌落抑制(CIR)=对照组菌落直(D)-处理组菌落直(d)对照组菌落直(D) ×100%
将菌株分别接入到牛肉膏蛋白胨液体培养基中,30 ℃、180 r/min培养2 d,制成产酸细菌菌液备用(菌体浓度为109 CFU/mL,下同)。将产酸细菌菌液以体积分数2%接种到装有50 mL的蒙金娜无机磷液体培养基的150 mL三角瓶中,以未接种产酸细菌的蒙金娜无机磷液体培养基为空白对照,每菌株设3次重复,置于30 ℃、180 r/min的恒温摇床中培养3 d后,发酵液经10 000 r/min离心10 min,收集上清液,测定其pH,并采用碳酸氢钠提取-钼锑抗比色法测定有效磷[27]测定上清液的有效磷,并按公式(2)计算不同产酸细菌对磷活化率[28] (phosphorus activation rate, PAR)。
磷活化率(PAR)=菌株处理的有效磷总量-对照的有效磷总量液体培养基加入磷酸三钙中磷总×100%
同时,将各产酸细菌菌液按体积分数2%接种到含0.02 g/L碳酸镉(CdCO3,土壤碳酸盐结合态Cd性质与碳酸镉的性质类似,易被酸性物质活化成可交换态且占比较大,约为土壤镉含量的25%,其转化成可交换态Cd是研究产酸细菌有效活化土壤镉的关键)的产酸菌液体培养基中,以未接种产酸细菌的含碳酸镉(CdCO3)的产酸菌液体培养基作为空白对照,具体操作步骤与方法同上述产酸菌对磷酸三钙的活化试验一致。培养结束后,收集发酵液上清液,分别测定其pH值,并采用原子吸收分光光度计(atomic absorption spectrophotometry, AAS)测定上清液中Cd2+含量,并按公式(3)计算不同产酸细菌对镉活化率[29] (cadmium activation rate, CAR)。
镉活化率(CAR)=菌株处理的水溶态镉总-对照的水溶态镉总液体培养基加入碳酸镉中镉总量×100%
以细菌16S rRNA基因通用引物27F (5′-AG AGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3′)和1492R (5′-GG TTACCTTGTTACGACTT-3′)进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系(20 μL):ddH2O 13.0 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各0.4 μL,Taq DNA聚合酶(5 U/μL) 0.2 μL,DNA模板2.0 μL,10×PCR Buffer 2.0 μL,dNTPs混合物2.0 μL。PCR反应条件:94 ℃预变性3 min;94 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸1 min,共30个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min;4 ℃保温终止[30]。PCR产物经1.0%琼脂糖凝胶电泳(120 V, 30 min)检测,确认片段大小符合预期后,送至生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司进行双向测序,序列经SeqMan软件拼接校正。将拼接序列通过NCBI数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/)进行BLAST序列比对,在GenBank数据库(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/)中下载高同源性参考菌株序列后,借助MEGA 7.0软件以邻接法(neighbor-joining method)构建菌株的系统发育树,依据序列相似性及系统发育关系确定目标菌株的分类地位。
经分子生物学鉴定后,参考《微生物肥料质量安全评价通用准则》[31],选取无安全风险且镉活化能力强的菌株,划线接种于牛肉膏蛋白胨固体培养基上,置于30 ℃恒温培养箱中静置培养,观察并记录单菌落的大小、颜色、透明度、边缘特征、湿润度、菌落凸起或凹陷等特征。挑取单菌落进行革兰氏染色,用光学显微镜(10×100油镜)观察菌体形态、大小及排列方式,并记录相关结果。
水溶态镉具有较高的生物有效性,迁移性强,可直接被植物根系吸收。了解不同碳氮源条件下产酸细菌QBS-B2对土壤镉的解吸效果,有利于促进植物对镉的吸收利用。将优选的产酸细菌QBS-B2接种于牛肉膏蛋白胨液体培养基中,30 ℃振荡培养48 h制作菌液。试验设计以产酸菌液体培养基为基础,分别以6.0 g/L的麦芽糖、蔗糖、可溶性淀粉、酵母膏、牛肉膏替换产酸菌液体培养基中的葡萄糖,同时设置产酸菌液体培养基加菌株QBS-B2和产酸菌液体培养基不加菌株QBS-B2为对照,共7个处理。各处理添加50 g/L的镉污染土壤制成培养液,并用150 mL三角瓶装50 mL,经高温灭菌后,按2%接种量接入QBS-B2菌液,每处理设置3个平行。将三角瓶置于30 ℃、180 r/min的恒温摇床中振荡培养3 d。发酵液在8 000 r/min条件下离心10 min,收集上清液,测定其pH值和Cd2+浓度。
以产酸菌液体培养基为基础,选取上述碳源试验中对土壤镉解吸效果最佳的碳源进行添加,分别以2.0 g/L的硫酸铵、氯化铵、尿素、硝酸钾、复合氨基酸、蛋白胨替代产酸液体培养基中作为氮源的1.0 g/L酵母膏与1.0 g/L蛋白胨;以不含菌株QBS-B2的基础产酸菌液体培养基作为对照,共7个处理。具体操作步骤与方法同碳源试验,培养结束后收集上清液,测定其pH值和Cd2+浓度。
利用圆台形小盒开展产酸细菌QBS-B2对镉污染土壤的活化试验,设8个处理。(1) 对照(CK):不做任何处理;(2) 有机肥处理(OF):添加有机肥50 g/kg (有机肥的添加量为4 500 kg/hm2,油菜90 000兜/hm2,按照有机肥料穴施与每兜油菜1 kg的根区土壤混合进行折算用量,与镉污染土壤均匀混合,下同);(3) 复合肥处理(CF):添加10 g/kg复合肥(按照复合肥的添加量为900 kg/hm2折算,复合肥总养分为45%,N:P2O5:K2O=18:10:12,由尿素、硫酸铵、氯化铵、氯化钾等化肥原料经过滚筒造粒而成,下同);(4) 营养液处理(NS):将上述试验中解吸土壤镉效果最佳的碳源和氮源种类添加到产酸液体培养基中,作为产酸菌的营养液,营养液的添加量为10 mL/kg;(5) 菌剂处理(BA):添加2 mL/kg的产酸细菌QBS-B2 (按照菌体的添加量为180 L/hm2折算,菌体浓度109 CFU/mL,下同);(6) 菌剂+有机肥处理(BAOF):添加2 mL/kg菌剂和50 g/kg有机肥;(7) 菌剂+复合肥处理(BACF):添加2 mL/kg菌剂和10 g/kg复合肥;(8) 菌剂+营养液处理(BANS):添加2 mL/kg菌剂和10 mL/kg营养液,每处理设3次重复。试验圆台形小盒上、下底内径8.90 cm×7.12 cm,内高4.15 cm,底部开有小孔,每盒装土量为150 g,装土深度约为3.8 cm,所有处理置于30 ℃恒温培养箱中培养7 d后测定相关指标。土壤pH值采用土水比1:5浸提法测定[27],土壤有效磷含量采用碳酸氢钠提取-钼锑抗比色法测定,土壤中产酸菌QBS-B2的菌体浓度采用产酸菌筛选培养基,通过稀释涂布平板法计数,土壤有效态镉含量采用二乙烯三胺五乙酸(diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, DTPA)浸提剂提取,用原子吸收分光光度计测定[32]
试验数据采用WPS Office 2020和SAS 8.1软件进行统计分析,采用最小显著差异法(least significant difference, LSD)进行多重比较,采用Origin 2017软件制图,用MEGA 7.0软件构建菌株系统发育树。
以产酸菌筛选固体培养基作为选择培养基,分离筛选产酸细菌。从不同地方采集的218个土壤样品中共获得372株具有明显变色圈的细菌。其中,D/d比值大于2.00的菌株有17株,其D/d比值和产酸菌液体培养基发酵液pH见表1。产酸细菌中变色圈直径最大的是菌株MY-B1 (图1A),为27.18 mm;其次是菌株WN-B1,为26.92 mm;最小的是菌株LK-B1,为8.20 mm。其中,菌株MY-B1和WN-B1的变色圈直径显著高于其他菌株。菌落直径最大的是菌株WN-B1,为13.17 mm;其次是菌株GQ-B2,为9.05 mm;最小的是菌株HT-B1,为1.98 mm。其中,菌株WN-B1的菌落直径显著高于其他菌株。D/d比值最大的是菌株MY-B1,为7.82;其次是菌株HTQ-B1,为7.70;最小的是菌株QBS-B4,为2.00。其中,菌株MY-B1和HTQ-B1的D/d比值显著高于其他菌株。产酸细菌发酵液的pH以菌株MY-B1最低,为3.20;次低的分别为菌株HTQ-B1、HT-B1和GQ-B2,分别为3.69、3.82和3.83。其中,菌株MY-B1发酵液的pH显著低于其他菌株。不同产酸细菌接种到产酸菌液体培养基后,其发酵液pH与在产酸菌筛选固体培养基中的D/d比值呈极显著线性相关(P<0.01,图1B),说明可通过变色圈直径与菌落直径的D/d比值来表征产酸细菌的产酸能力,据此选取发酵液pH低于4.20的9株产酸细菌开展耐镉试验。
产酸细菌在不同Cd2+浓度条件下的生长情况见表2。在10 mg/L Cd2+浓度条件下,菌株GQ-B2和LK-B1的生长被完全抑制,无明显的菌落;而5 mg/L Cd2+浓度时这2株菌均未被完全抑制,因此5 mg/L Cd2+浓度为这2株菌的最高耐镉浓度。在15 mg/L Cd2+浓度条件下,菌株QST-B2、BS-B1的生长被完全抑制,无明显的菌落;而10 mg/L Cd2+浓度下这2株菌均未被完全抑制,所以10 mg/L Cd2+浓度为这2株菌的最高耐镉浓度。在20 mg/L Cd2+浓度条件下,菌株HT-B1、QBS-B2、ML-B3和MY-B1的生长被完全抑制,无明显的菌落;而15 mg/L Cd2+浓度时这4株菌均未被完全抑制,因此15 mg/L Cd2+浓度为这4株菌的最高耐镉浓度。在不同Cd2+浓度条件下,菌株HTQ-B1的生长受到抑制较小,菌落相对较大。选取在10 mg/L Cd2+胁迫条件下可正常生长的7株产酸细菌,开展其对磷酸三钙与碳酸镉的活化效果研究。
产酸细菌对磷酸三钙与碳酸镉的活化效果见表3。在蒙金娜无机磷液体培养基中,发酵液pH最低的是菌株MY-B1,为4.32;其次是菌株QST-B2,为4.94,菌株MY-B1的发酵液pH显著低于其他菌株。PAR值最高的是MY-B1,为17.13%;其次是QST-B2,为7.18%,菌株MY-B1对磷酸三钙的PAR值显著高于其他菌株。在含有碳酸镉的产酸菌液体培养基中,发酵液pH最低的是菌株MY-B1,为3.30;其次是菌株QBS-B2和HTQ-B1,分别为3.65和3.68,菌株MY-B1的发酵液pH显著低于其他菌株。CAR值最高的是菌株MY-B1,为96.50%;其次是菌株HTQ-B1和QBS-B2,分别为95.75%和92.27%,菌株MY-B1、HTQ-B1和QBS-B2的CAR值相差不显著,它们都显著高于其他菌株。因此,选取CAR值超过85.00%的4株产酸细菌进行菌种鉴定。同时,建立活磷率和活镉率与pH的相关性(图2),其中活磷率与pH的相关方程为y=-4.134 5x+28.111 (R2=0.633, P<0.01),活镉率与pH的相关方程为y=-22.478x+172.524 (R2=0.700, P<0.01)。产酸细菌的活磷率、活镉率与其pH呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),说明产酸细菌的产酸强弱(即pH高低)是其活磷活镉能力的主要因素。
将菌株的16S rRNA基因序列输入到NCBI数据库中进行BLAST相似性比对分析,获得产酸细菌的种属信息,见表4。菌株HT-B1和菌株HTQ-B1属于葡萄球菌属,为革兰氏阳性球菌,是条件致病菌,用于生产菌剂存在环境安全风险;菌株QBS-B2属于芽孢杆菌属,为革兰氏阳性杆菌,能够形成芽孢抵御不利环境,有利于保存和载体互配制备菌剂;菌株MY-B1属于不动杆菌属,为革兰阴性球杆菌,是条件致病菌,并且菌株在自然条件下很容易死亡,不利于保存。根据菌株BLAST相似性比对信息和微生物肥料质量安全评价要求,优选QBS-B2为产酸活镉目标菌株。以菌株QBS-B2的16S rRNA基因序列同源性为基础,从结果中选取11株具有代表性的菌株(比对序列长度为1 261-1 497 bp,其中菌株Streptomyces fradiae A3作为外群设置),采用MEGA 7.0软件构建该菌株的系统发育树(bootstrap重复检测1 000次)。菌株QBS-B2的遗传进化与芽孢杆菌属的距离最近,与已知菌株Priestia megaterium L36 (KU179342.1)和Priestia megaterium DK2 (MK318796.1)处于一个最小的分支,同源性达到100% (图3),可以确定菌株QBS-B2为巨大普里斯特氏菌(Priestia megaterium)。
将菌株QBS-B2接种到牛肉膏蛋白胨固体培养基上,在30 ℃条件下培养3 d形成的纯培养物(图4A、4B)具有如下特征:菌落为乳白色,无光泽,不透明,表面干燥、扁平起皱,边缘不规则。经革兰氏染色后,显微镜下观察发现菌株QBS-B2菌体呈蓝紫色,芽孢无色透明,杆状,末端圆,单个或呈短链排列,大小为(1.2-1.5) μm×(2.0-4.0) μm,芽孢椭圆形,中生或次端生。
不同碳源对产酸细菌QBS-B2发酵液pH及土壤镉解吸效果的影响如图5A所示。在供试碳源中,蔗糖组发酵液pH最低,为5.48,蔗糖组发酵液pH显著低于其余处理(P<0.05);麦芽糖与葡萄糖组pH次之,牛肉膏组pH最高。从土壤镉的解吸效果分析,葡萄糖组发酵液中镉浓度最高,为72.84 μg/L,其发酵液镉浓度显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),较CK提升32.41倍,对土壤镉的解吸率为19.53%;蔗糖组次之,发酵液镉浓度为63.66 μg/L,较CK提升28.20倍,解吸率为17.06%,酵母膏组发酵液镉浓度最低。
不同氮源对菌株QBS-B2发酵液pH及镉解吸效果的影响如图5B所示。供试氮源中,硫酸铵组发酵液pH最低,为4.43,其发酵液pH显著低于其他处理(P<0.05);氯化铵组发酵液pH次之,尿素组发酵液pH最高。土壤镉的解吸效果显示,氯化铵组发酵液镉浓度最高,为170.77 μg/L,其发酵液镉浓度显著高于其余处理(P<0.05),较CK提升66.50倍,土壤镉的解吸率为46.21%;硫酸铵组次之,其发酵液镉浓度为134.48 μg/L,较CK提升52.15倍,解吸率为36.22%,尿素组发酵液镉浓度最低。
综上所述,在本研究试验条件下,产酸细菌QBS-B2对土壤镉的解吸效果以葡萄糖为碳源、氯化铵为氮源表现最佳。
不同处理条件下产酸细菌QBS-B2对土壤镉的活化效果见表5。土壤的pH以BANS最低,为5.46;其次是CK,为6.06;最高为OF和BAOF,分别为7.53和7.36。土壤中产酸细菌的数量以BAOF为最多,为3.7×107 CFU/g,其次是BANS,为1.4×107 CFU/g,最少是CK,为0.3×105 CFU/g。其中,BAOF的产酸细菌数量显著高于其他处理(P<0.05),BANS的产酸细菌数量显著高于除BAOF的其他处理。土壤中有效磷含量以BAOF为最高,为143.75 mg/kg;其次是BACF、OF和CF,分别为116.24、116.01和110.61 mg/kg;最低是NS,为21.12 mg/kg。其中,BAOF的有效磷含量显著高于其他处理,与CK相比土壤有效磷含量提高了5.9倍;BACF、OF和CF的有效磷含量相差不显著,但均显著高于除BAOF的其他处理(P<0.05)。土壤中有效镉含量以BACF为最高,为2.47 mg/kg;其次是BANS,为2.22 mg/kg;最低是CK,为1.85 mg/kg。其中,BACF的有效镉含量显著高于其他处理(P<0.05)。土壤的CAR值以BACF为最高,为17.37%;其次为BANS和BAOF,分别为10.38%、7.62%。试验数据表明,在镉污染的土壤中喷洒QBS-B2菌剂配施有机肥最有利于促进产酸细菌的生长繁殖,喷洒QBS-B2菌剂配施复合肥最有利于提高产酸细菌对土壤镉的活化效率。
土壤不仅是人类赖以生存的关键自然资源,更是维系农产品供给、保障粮食安全的物质基础。镉(Cd)作为一种高毒性重金属元素,具有易迁移、隐蔽性强、易生物富集的特点,是危害耕地土壤环境质量和农产品安全的主要污染物。土壤镉的生物毒性不仅取决于土壤总镉的含量,更与其在土壤中的化学形态及生物有效性密切相关。根据Tessier分级法,土壤中镉的化学形态分为可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态、有机结合态、残渣态[33],其存在形态直接关系到其生物有效性的差异[34]。多数作物对Cd的吸收量与土壤中总镉及有效态镉含量呈显著正相关[35-37]。其中,可交换态Cd可直接被生物吸收,而碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态及有机结合态Cd属于潜在有效态,在特定条件下可转化为可交换态。据邓继宝等[38]、邓朝阳等[39]对15个土壤样品的分析,不同形态Cd的平均占比依次为:可交换态(43.36%)>碳酸盐结合态(26.54%)>残渣态(18.75%)>铁锰氧化物结合态(7.32%)>有机结合态(4.02%)。其中,可交换态Cd生物有效性最高,易被植物吸收利用;铁锰氧化物态Cd主要在还原条件下释放;有机物结合态Cd释放依赖有机质降解,过程缓慢;残渣态的Cd与沉积物结合最为稳定,生物有效性极低[40];而碳酸盐结合态Cd占比高且具有显著活化潜力,促进其向可交换态转化,是土壤镉污染修复(特别是活化移除技术)的关键。研究表明,土壤pH值是影响镉形态分布的关键因子。可交换态与碳酸盐结合态Cd具有较高的生物有效性,且后者极易随pH变化发生迁移转化,当土壤pH<5.0时易转化为可交换态Cd[41-42]。鉴于碳酸盐结合态Cd对pH高度敏感,利用产酸微生物降低根际pH是活化土壤镉的有效途径。本研究采用溴甲酚紫(BCP)指示剂筛选培养基(pH<5.2变黄),从土壤中定向筛选并获得一株高产酸细菌QBS-B2。经鉴定,该菌株为P. megaterium,其最高耐Cd2+浓度为15 mg/L。发酵实验表明,QBS-B2在含磷酸三钙或碳酸镉的培养基中可将pH分别降至5.30和3.65,对应的溶磷率为5.28%,镉活化率高达92.27%。这说明产酸细菌QBS-B2主要通过分泌酸性物质(具体分泌何种或几种酸性物质有待下一步探究)降低溶液pH,从而对磷酸三钙、碳酸镉进行有效活化。这一结果与大量研究结论一致,即产酸微生物可通过分泌小分子有机酸降低环境pH,从而将难溶态镉转化为可溶态[43-47]。周雪芳[48]利用筛选的溶磷菌对CdCO3进行活化,发现阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)、不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.)、大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)、荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)、克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella sp.)对CdCO3的活化能力较强,溶镉量在27.65-38.23 mg/L之间,活镉率在70.89%-98.02%。与之相比,本研究筛选的QBS-B2展现出了接近最高水平的镉活化能力(92.27%)。更为重要的是,QBS-B2属于安全性较高的芽孢杆菌,相比上述报道中的部分条件致病菌,其在配合超富集植物进行土壤重金属镉活化移除方面具有更优异的应用潜力。
在重金属镉污染的土壤中,一部分微生物通过吸附、矿化、沉淀等方式降低镉的生物有效性,从而缓解镉污染;一部分微生物通过代谢作用能够产生草酸、乙酸、柠檬酸、乳酸等多种低分子有机酸,增加了土壤中镉的生物有效性[49-52],并且利用微生物的促生、活化等作用提高超富集植物对Cd2+的吸收从而达到去除土壤重金属镉的目的。周雪芳[48]通过代谢组学分析发现,荧光假单胞菌(P. fluorescens)依靠葡萄糖酸对CdCO3的进行溶解活化,镉活化率为42.4%,而蜡样芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)主要产生丙酮酸和乙醇酸。反硝化琼斯氏菌(Listeria denitrificans)、环状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus circulans)和格雷氏李斯特氏菌(Listeria grayi)能够分泌草酸、酒石酸、苹果酸等低分子量有机酸,这些酸类物质提高了土壤中Cd的生物有效性,促进了印度芥菜对重金属Cd的吸收累积[23]。有机酸拥有一个或多个羧基(-COOH),根据羧基的解离性质和数目,有机酸携带一个或多个负电荷[18]。有机酸通过自身的吸附改变土壤表面的电荷性质来影响重金属离子的吸附,同时有机酸阴离子可与重金属阳离子形成稳定络合物[53],从而提高重金属镉在土壤中的生物有效性。有机酸还可以降低土壤对磷的吸附能力,使磷复合物解离为有效磷,增加磷素有效性,促进植物生长,从而提高超富集植物的生物量和产量[22],增强植物对重金属的富集效果,使其镉移除效率增加[54]。此外,微生物产生的铁载体、表面活性剂也对土壤中的重金属镉具有活化作用。两者活化重金属镉是通过其分子结构中的功能基团与Cd2+形成可溶性络合物,提高重金属镉的溶解度以增加植物的吸收[55]。荧光假单胞菌生产的铁载体对不同结合态镉的活化率为22.0%-48.3%[56],而熊蜂生斯塔莫酵母(Starmerella bombicola)产生的表面活性剂对土壤的镉去除率为83.6%[57]。因此,微生物可以利用其代谢产物对土壤重金属镉进行活化去除,具有可再生、易降解、无残留的特点,不会形成二次污染,使其在土壤重金属镉的污染治理方面具有广阔的应用前景。
土壤重金属镉的原位减量化修复常采用微生物或合理施肥等方式联合超富集植物进行修复,这是一类环境友好、可持续的生物修复技术[58]。施肥不仅能改善土壤肥力、促进植物生长及生物量积累,还能通过调控土壤微环境影响镉的形态转化,加强植物对镉的吸收富集,从而达到强化移除修复的目的。有机肥富含氮、磷、钾等大量元素和钙、铁等微量元素,能为土壤微生物提供丰富的碳源和能源,促进微生物生长繁殖,提高土壤细菌数量和多样性[59]。本研究中,有机肥的施用能够显著增加产酸细菌QBS-B2的数量,有利于菌株QBS-B2对土壤镉的活化效果,提高土壤镉的生物有效性。同时,施用有机肥能提高土壤有机质含量[60]。有机质在分解的过程中会产生多种有机酸,因此土壤pH值与有机质含量常呈负相关关系[61-62];与此同时,在堆肥过程中有机肥内部也会产生大量的低分子有机酸。有机质分解导致的酸化和堆肥本身所含的低分子有机酸均能有效活化土壤中的碳酸盐结合态镉,进而增加有效态镉的含量。长期施用化肥可以显著降低农田土壤pH,尤其在旱地上降低幅度最大[63]。本研究中复合肥含有NH4Cl和(NH4)2SO4能显著促进Cd的溶出,主要是NH4Cl和(NH4)2SO4能降低土壤pH[64],促使土壤中铁锰氧化物结合态Cd向可交换态及碳酸盐结合态Cd转化,增加Cd的有效性[65]。复合肥的Cl-阴离子还能够与Cd发生络合反应[66],增加土壤镉的溶出,提高了有效镉的含量。在镉污染的土壤中喷洒QBS-B2菌剂配施有机肥最有利于促进产酸细菌的生长繁殖,喷施菌株QBS-B2配施复合肥可以显著提高土壤有效镉含量。基于此,下一步工作将致力于研发负载QBS-B2的生物有机肥,并配合化肥施用,构建“生物有机肥-化肥-超富集植物”协同修复体系,多方联合移除修复镉污染土壤。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1700100)
  • 湖南省农业科技创新资金(2025CX65)
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2026年第66卷第6期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250881
  • 接收时间:2025-11-28
  • 首发时间:2026-06-17
  • 出版时间:2026-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-28
  • 录用日期:2026-01-26
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the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1700100)
国家重点研发计划(2022YFD1700100)
the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Hunan Province(2025CX65)
湖南省农业科技创新资金(2025CX65)
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    1.湖南农业大学 植物保护学院,湖南 长沙
    2.湖南省农业科学院耕地与农业环境生态研究所,湖南 长沙
    3.长沙市新型肥料工程技术研究中心,湖南 长沙
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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