Article(id=1274057502426685979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250856, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1763222400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1769443200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-27, onlineDate=1781688579421, onlineDateStr=2026-06-17, pubDate=1780502400000, pubDateStr=2026-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781688579421, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781688579421, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688579421, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274057338156769818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='6', pageStart='2561', pageEnd='3114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781688540257, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688602467, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2810, endPage=2824, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274057502862893597, articleId=1274057502426685979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Uranium bioleaching from stone coal waste rock by the indigenous mixotrophic bacterium Alicyclobacillus ferrooxydans S1-24WXX: effects and mechanisms, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective The uranium pollution risk and resource value associated with stone coal waste rock stockpiles constitute a core contradiction in mine environmental management and resource recovery. Microbial leaching is a key technology for recovering low-grade uranium resources, yet the potential of mixotrophic bacteria, which combine the advantages of both autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism, remains unclear in this field. This study investigated the uranium leaching effect and mechanism of the indigenous mixotrophic bacterium Alicyclobacillus ferrooxydans S1-24WXX from stone coal waste rock, aiming to achieve the synergy between pollution control and resource utilization. Methods The indigenous acidophilic mixotrophic strain A. ferrooxydans S1-24WXX was isolated from a stone coal mine in Shangrao, Jiangxi. Leaching experiments were conducted with three groups of organic matter addition (TOM), no organic matter addition (TNOM), and a sterile control (CK) to systematically evaluate the uranium leaching efficiency of this strain from uranium-rich stone coal waste rock. X-ray diffraction was used for mineral characterization of the raw ore and leaching residues. Dynamic monitoring was performed on changes in pH, redox potential (Eh), iron ion concentration, and uranium leaching rate during the process. Results Inoculation with S1-24WXX significantly enhanced the acidity (pH<2.0), Eh (≈600 mV), and Fe3+ concentration (≈1 000 mg/L) of the leaching system, all of which far exceeded those of the chemical leaching control group. Under TOM and TNOM conditions, the maximum uranium leaching rates reached 46.9% and 44.2%, respectively, which were 4.07 and 3.84 times that of the control group. Mineral analysis indicated that the strain catalyzed pyrite oxidation, leading to the formation of a strongly acidic, highly oxidizing, and Fe3+-rich leaching environment, which was the dominant mechanism of promoting uranium release. Conclusion This study reveals the significant potential of the mixotrophic bacterium A. ferrooxydans in uranium bioleaching. The bacterium drives uranium dissolution through inorganic acidification rather than organic acid complexation, providing a new pathway for the green recovery of low-grade uranium resources. This holds important academic value for mine environmental management and sustainable resource utilization.

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E-mail:
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目的 石煤废石堆存引发的铀污染风险与其资源价值构成了矿山环境治理与资源回收的核心矛盾。微生物浸出是回收低品位铀资源的关键技术,但兼具自养与异养代谢优势的兼性营养菌在此领域的潜力尚不明确。本研究旨在探讨土著兼性营养菌氧化铁脂环酸芽孢杆菌(Alicyclobacillus ferrooxydans) S1-24WXX对石煤废石中铀浸出的影响及作用机制,以解决污染控制与资源化协同问题。 方法 从江西上饶某石煤矿山分离出土著嗜酸兼性营养菌A. ferrooxydans S1-24WXX,通过设置添加有机质(TOM)、不添加有机质(TNOM)及无菌对照(CK)的浸出实验,系统评估该菌株在富铀石煤废石中的铀浸出效率。采用X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)对原矿及浸出残渣进行矿物表征,并动态监测浸出过程中pH、氧化还原电位(redox potential, Eh)、铁离子浓度及铀浸出率的变化。 结果 接种A. ferrooxydans S1-24WXX显著提升了浸出体系的酸度(pH<2.0)、氧化还原电位(Eh≈600 mV)及Fe3+浓度(约1 000 mg/L),各项指标均远超化学浸出对照组。在TOM和TNOM条件下,铀浸出率最高分别达46.9%和44.2%,分别为对照组的4.07倍和3.84倍。矿物分析表明,菌株通过催化黄铁矿氧化形成强酸性、强氧化性且富Fe3+的浸出环境,这是促进铀释放的主导机制。 结论 本研究揭示了兼性营养菌A. ferrooxydans在铀生物浸出中的显著潜力,其通过无机酸化作用而非有机酸络合驱动铀溶出,为低品位铀资源的绿色回收提供了新途径,对矿山环境治理与资源可持续利用具有重要学术价值。

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作者贡献声明

魏信祥:试验设计、论文撰写和修改;曹琪:试验执行、数据收集与处理;李江:结果解释、论文修改;朱芳芳:试验方案优化、论文审阅。

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The GenBank accession numbers were displayed within parentheses. The numbers at the branch points indicated confidence levels. The scale bar represented the degree of genetic variation., figureFileSmall=p/w31xxodICKU8KVHm74QA==, figureFileBig=VLAENa+XhtXcUxTgFwCpcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088072166757064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057502426685979, language=CN, label=图1, caption=菌株S1-24WXX的系统发育树, figureFileSmall=p/w31xxodICKU8KVHm74QA==, figureFileBig=VLAENa+XhtXcUxTgFwCpcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088072422609609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057502426685979, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Temporal variation of pH during the leaching process in the three experimental systems. TOM: Inoculated with organic matter; TNOM: Inoculated without organic matter; CK: Sterile control., figureFileSmall=WQKZKuiXQ7TwJo/yFsnZZw==, figureFileBig=qJAZAhY9EGMheIUvTziw4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088072481329866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057502426685979, language=CN, label=图2, caption=三组试验体系浸出过程中pH值随时间的变化, figureFileSmall=WQKZKuiXQ7TwJo/yFsnZZw==, figureFileBig=qJAZAhY9EGMheIUvTziw4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088072548438731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057502426685979, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Temporal variation of Eh during the leaching process in the three experimental systems. 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TOM: Inoculated with organic matter; TNOM: Inoculated without organic matter; CK: Sterile control., figureFileSmall=BzmDySzaGg9hQnSveFlO3g==, figureFileBig=5K55NO4Yszy0TpF8BV+vJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088072938509008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057502426685979, language=CN, label=图5, caption=三组试验体系浸出过程中铀浸出率随时间的变化, figureFileSmall=BzmDySzaGg9hQnSveFlO3g==, figureFileBig=5K55NO4Yszy0TpF8BV+vJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088073131446993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057502426685979, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=XRD patterns of the stone coal waste rock sample pre-and post-leaching. A: Inoculated with organic matter (TOM); B: Inoculated without organic matter (TNOM); C: Sterile control (CK); D: Raw ore. 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Chemical composition and the mode of occurrence of uranium of the sample

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CompositionContentCompositionContent
SiO260.82%LOI25.35%
Al2O36.29%S4.10%
CaO0.27%TOC18.0%
Fe2O33.63%Utot172.0 mg/kg
K2O1.89%U01.23 mg/kg
MgO0.37%U15.66 mg/kg
MnO0.01%U247.3 mg/kg
Na2O0.04%U381.8 mg/kg
P2O50.17%U437.1 mg/kg
), ArticleFig(id=1274088073630569176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057502426685979, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样品化学组成及铀赋存形态

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CompositionContentCompositionContent
SiO260.82%LOI25.35%
Al2O36.29%S4.10%
CaO0.27%TOC18.0%
Fe2O33.63%Utot172.0 mg/kg
K2O1.89%U01.23 mg/kg
MgO0.37%U15.66 mg/kg
MnO0.01%U247.3 mg/kg
Na2O0.04%U381.8 mg/kg
P2O50.17%U437.1 mg/kg
), ArticleFig(id=1274088073693483737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057502426685979, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Temporal variation of uranium concentrations during the leaching process in the three experimental systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t/dTOM/(μg/L)TNOM/(μg/L)CK/(μg/L)
0757851829
57.246.965.00
1015911581.3
15560404187
202 8182 9281 076
254 0203 8051 464
306 9025 8721 592
357 9857 5223 920
407 0867 0774 739
), ArticleFig(id=1274088073756398298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057502426685979, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

三组试验体系浸出过程中铀浓度随时间的变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
t/dTOM/(μg/L)TNOM/(μg/L)CK/(μg/L)
0757851829
57.246.965.00
1015911581.3
15560404187
202 8182 9281 076
254 0203 8051 464
306 9025 8721 592
357 9857 5223 920
407 0867 0774 739
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土著兼性营养菌氧化铁脂环酸芽孢杆菌S1-24WXX对石煤废石中铀的生物浸出作用与机制
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魏信祥 1 , 曹琪 1 , 李江 2 , 朱芳芳 3
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(6): 2810-2824
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(6): 2810-2824
土著兼性营养菌氧化铁脂环酸芽孢杆菌S1-24WXX对石煤废石中铀的生物浸出作用与机制
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魏信祥1 , 曹琪1, 李江2, 朱芳芳3
作者信息
  • 1.南昌师范学院,江西 南昌
  • 2.东华理工大学,江西 南昌
  • 3.云南开放大学,云南 昆明
Uranium bioleaching from stone coal waste rock by the indigenous mixotrophic bacterium Alicyclobacillus ferrooxydans S1-24WXX: effects and mechanisms
Xinxiang WEI1 , Qi CAO1, Jiang LI2, Fangfang ZHU3
Affiliations
  • 1.Nanchang Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
  • 2.East China University of Technology, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
  • 3.Yunnan Open University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
出版时间: 2026-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250856
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目的 石煤废石堆存引发的铀污染风险与其资源价值构成了矿山环境治理与资源回收的核心矛盾。微生物浸出是回收低品位铀资源的关键技术,但兼具自养与异养代谢优势的兼性营养菌在此领域的潜力尚不明确。本研究旨在探讨土著兼性营养菌氧化铁脂环酸芽孢杆菌(Alicyclobacillus ferrooxydans) S1-24WXX对石煤废石中铀浸出的影响及作用机制,以解决污染控制与资源化协同问题。 方法 从江西上饶某石煤矿山分离出土著嗜酸兼性营养菌A. ferrooxydans S1-24WXX,通过设置添加有机质(TOM)、不添加有机质(TNOM)及无菌对照(CK)的浸出实验,系统评估该菌株在富铀石煤废石中的铀浸出效率。采用X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)对原矿及浸出残渣进行矿物表征,并动态监测浸出过程中pH、氧化还原电位(redox potential, Eh)、铁离子浓度及铀浸出率的变化。 结果 接种A. ferrooxydans S1-24WXX显著提升了浸出体系的酸度(pH<2.0)、氧化还原电位(Eh≈600 mV)及Fe3+浓度(约1 000 mg/L),各项指标均远超化学浸出对照组。在TOM和TNOM条件下,铀浸出率最高分别达46.9%和44.2%,分别为对照组的4.07倍和3.84倍。矿物分析表明,菌株通过催化黄铁矿氧化形成强酸性、强氧化性且富Fe3+的浸出环境,这是促进铀释放的主导机制。 结论 本研究揭示了兼性营养菌A. ferrooxydans在铀生物浸出中的显著潜力,其通过无机酸化作用而非有机酸络合驱动铀溶出,为低品位铀资源的绿色回收提供了新途径,对矿山环境治理与资源可持续利用具有重要学术价值。

兼性营养菌  /  氧化铁脂环酸芽孢杆菌  /  铀  /  浸出  /  石煤废石

Objective The uranium pollution risk and resource value associated with stone coal waste rock stockpiles constitute a core contradiction in mine environmental management and resource recovery. Microbial leaching is a key technology for recovering low-grade uranium resources, yet the potential of mixotrophic bacteria, which combine the advantages of both autotrophic and heterotrophic metabolism, remains unclear in this field. This study investigated the uranium leaching effect and mechanism of the indigenous mixotrophic bacterium Alicyclobacillus ferrooxydans S1-24WXX from stone coal waste rock, aiming to achieve the synergy between pollution control and resource utilization. Methods The indigenous acidophilic mixotrophic strain A. ferrooxydans S1-24WXX was isolated from a stone coal mine in Shangrao, Jiangxi. Leaching experiments were conducted with three groups of organic matter addition (TOM), no organic matter addition (TNOM), and a sterile control (CK) to systematically evaluate the uranium leaching efficiency of this strain from uranium-rich stone coal waste rock. X-ray diffraction was used for mineral characterization of the raw ore and leaching residues. Dynamic monitoring was performed on changes in pH, redox potential (Eh), iron ion concentration, and uranium leaching rate during the process. Results Inoculation with S1-24WXX significantly enhanced the acidity (pH<2.0), Eh (≈600 mV), and Fe3+ concentration (≈1 000 mg/L) of the leaching system, all of which far exceeded those of the chemical leaching control group. Under TOM and TNOM conditions, the maximum uranium leaching rates reached 46.9% and 44.2%, respectively, which were 4.07 and 3.84 times that of the control group. Mineral analysis indicated that the strain catalyzed pyrite oxidation, leading to the formation of a strongly acidic, highly oxidizing, and Fe3+-rich leaching environment, which was the dominant mechanism of promoting uranium release. Conclusion This study reveals the significant potential of the mixotrophic bacterium A. ferrooxydans in uranium bioleaching. The bacterium drives uranium dissolution through inorganic acidification rather than organic acid complexation, providing a new pathway for the green recovery of low-grade uranium resources. This holds important academic value for mine environmental management and sustainable resource utilization.

mixotrophic bacteria  /  Alicyclobacillus ferrooxydans  /  uranium  /  leaching  /  stone coal waste rock
魏信祥, 曹琪, 李江, 朱芳芳. 土著兼性营养菌氧化铁脂环酸芽孢杆菌S1-24WXX对石煤废石中铀的生物浸出作用与机制. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2810 -2824 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250856
Xinxiang WEI, Qi CAO, Jiang LI, Fangfang ZHU. Uranium bioleaching from stone coal waste rock by the indigenous mixotrophic bacterium Alicyclobacillus ferrooxydans S1-24WXX: effects and mechanisms[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2810 -2824 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250856
在我国南方地区广泛分布的石煤是一种由菌藻类生物在早古生代的浅海、潟湖及海湾等环境中形成的低热值富铀固体可燃矿产[1]。近年来,随着多数石煤矿山因发热量低、开发污染严重而陆续关停,产生了大量富铀石煤废石。这些废石在长期风化淋滤作用下持续释放铀等污染物,对矿区及周边生态环境构成严重威胁[2-3]。然而,从资源角度看,石煤废石分布广、总量大,虽铀品位低,但仍被视为一种对我国铀资源中远期可持续供给具有潜在战略意义的非常规铀资源[4]。因此,实现石煤废石中铀的高效、绿色提取,是协同推进矿山环境治理与资源回收的关键课题具有重要的环境与资源双重价值。
目前,从石煤及伴生黑色岩系中提取铀的主要技术仍以硫酸酸浸法为主[5-7]。该方法虽工艺成熟,但存在药剂消耗量大(如硫酸、H2O2、KClO3等)、成本高且易造成二次污染等问题[8]。与之相比,微生物浸出技术凭借其成本低、环境友好等优势,在处理低品位矿产资源方面展现出巨大潜力[9-10]。黑色岩系中通常富含黄铁矿,嗜酸铁/硫氧化菌,例如亚铁氧化酸硫杆状菌(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans)可催化其氧化,形成强酸性、强氧化的硫酸铁浸出剂,从而有效释放矿石中的铀[11]。Wang等[12]利用江西修水地区的土著A. ferrooxidans浸出低品位铀矿石,铀提取率最高达85.14%,证明了自养型微生物技术的有效性。
然而,以A. ferrooxidans为代表的自养型浸出菌普遍存在生长速度慢、浸出周期长等局限,且其主导的强酸性浸出环境易导致大量酸性废水产生,增加了后续处理的环境风险[13]。为克服这些限制,学者尝试利用异养菌[14]进行铀浸出。这类菌株生长繁殖快,可通过代谢产生草酸、柠檬酸等有机酸与铀络合,促进其溶出[15-16]。异养菌浸出通常需外源添加有机基质,增加了成本,且其浸出效率通常低于基于无机酸溶解的自养体系[17]
兼具自养与异养代谢能力的兼性营养菌,为上述挑战提供了新的解决思路。此类微生物(如脂环酸芽孢杆菌的部分菌株)代谢模式灵活,既能利用无机物(如Fe2+、硫化物)进行自养生长,也可利用有机物进行异养生长[18]。它们可能兼具自养菌强氧化能力与异养菌快速生长的优势,在底物利用与环境适应性方面潜力突出。特别是那些能够氧化黄铁矿与亚铁的菌株,在低品位铀矿石生物浸出中应用前景广阔。然而,目前关于兼性营养菌在铀浸出中作用的研究仍较为缺乏[19],其具体的影响机制也尚不明确。
江西省是我国石煤资源储量最丰富的地区之一,总储量约68亿t,堆存有大量富铀石煤废石[20],为本研究提供了理想的研究对象和场地。本研究从江西上饶某废弃石煤矿山分离出一株土著嗜酸兼性营养菌:氧化铁脂环酸芽孢杆菌(Alicyclobacillus ferrooxydans) S1-24WXX。该菌株为革兰氏阳性菌,杆状,好氧或兼性厌氧,嗜酸(生长pH不超过6.0),具备广泛的底物利用能力,不仅能利用糖类、醇类等有机物进行异养生长,还可氧化Fe2+、黄铁矿及还原性硫化物[21]。该菌株的获得为深入揭示兼性营养菌在铀浸出过程中的作用机制提供了良好契机。基于以上背景,本研究旨在系统探讨土著A. ferrooxydans S1-24WXX对石煤废石中铀浸出的影响及作用机制,具体目标包括:(1) 分析添加有机质接菌(TOM)、不添加有机质接菌(TNOM)及无菌对照(CK) 3种体系中pH、氧化还原电位(redox potential, Eh)及铁离子浓度的动态变化;(2) 评估该菌对废石中铀浸出的效果;(3) 揭示其促进铀浸出的作用机制。本研究结果有望深化对兼性营养菌在铀生物浸出中作用的认识,并为石煤废石中铀的资源回收提供理论基础和菌种来源。
试验所用石煤废石样品采自江西上饶某废弃石煤矿山。为获得具有代表性的均质化样品,参照Wang等[12]的方法,对采集的原始样品进行逐级破碎。随后,使用标准筛筛分出40-100目的粒径组分。选择此粒径范围是基于前期试验:既能保证足够的解离度以利于铀的浸出,又避免了过细颗粒在振荡过程中对细菌生长产生潜在负面影响。筛分后样品采用四分法反复混匀至少5次,并从混匀后的样品中随机抽取3份子样进行铀含量分析,其相对标准偏差<5%,证实了样品具有良好的均匀性与代表性。最终制备的均质化样品用于生物浸出试验。样品的化学组成及铀的赋存形态分析结果见表1
试验中所使用的菌株同样从该石煤矿山酸性矿坑沉积物中分离获得。培养基(g/L):(NH4)2SO4 2.00,K2HPO4 0.25,KCl 0.10,MgSO4·7H2O 0.25,葡萄糖1.00,酵母提取物0.10。培养基使用前以5 mol/L H2SO4调节初始pH至2.5,以模拟其野外酸性环境,并于121 ℃蒸汽灭菌30 min。采用琼脂平板分离法对细菌进行纯化,挑取形态单一、生长良好的菌落进行后续纯培养。取分离菌株新鲜菌液进行总DNA提取,使用1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测抽提的基因组DNA质量,并利用超微量紫外分光光度计测定DNA浓度和纯度。以上述提取的DNA为模板,利用携带barcode序列的上游引物338F (5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3′)和下游引物806R (5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTC TAAT-3′)对基因V3-V4可变区进行PCR扩增。PCR反应由上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司完成。PCR反应体系:5×TransStart FastPfu缓冲液4 μL,dNTPs (2.5 mmol/L) 2 μL,上、下游引物(5 µmol/L)各0.8 μL,TransStart FastPfu DNA聚合酶0.4 μL,模板DNA 10 ng,补足至20 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性3 min;95 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,共27个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。
测序得到的原始16S rRNA基因序列已上传至NCBI GenBank数据库中,登录号为PRJNA1399952。通过BLAST对比测序序列与已知序列的同源性,选取15株序列相似度较高的菌株作为参考序列,在MEGA 11.0软件中采用邻接法构建系统发育树,bootstrap值设定为1 000。菌株S1-24WXX与数据库中的Alicyclobacillus ferrooxydans TC-34相似度为99.77% (图1)。菌株保存于东华理工大学核资源与环境国家重点实验室的嗜酸性浸铀微生物菌种库。
为增强菌株对石煤废石浸出体系的适应性,在正式浸出实验前对纯化菌株进行了驯化培养。在BSYG培养基中逐步增加灭菌石煤废石的添加量,使矿浆密度从0.5 g/100 mL逐步提高至2 g/100 mL,连续进行3次转接传代。细菌驯化在30 ℃、150 r/min的恒温振荡培养箱中进行,每天监测pH、Eh和吸光度(OD600),当菌株生长至指数期时,以10%比例转接至更高矿浆密度的体系中继续驯化培养,最终获得对石煤废石环境具有良好耐受性的菌株用于后续实验。
所有浸出试验均在好氧条件下进行,具体操作如下:将反应体系置于500 mL锥形瓶中,于30 ℃、150 r/min的恒温振荡培养箱中持续培养40 d。试验共设置3个组:(1) TOM组:接种菌液,并添加含有机营养物的BSYG培养基;(2) TNOM组:接种菌液,添加不含有机营养物的BSYG基础盐培养基;(3) CK组:非生物对照组,不接种菌液,加入含有机营养物的BSYG培养基。所有组别液固比均为10:1 (mL/g),初始pH为2.5。浸出过程分为2个阶段:(1) 非生物预浸出阶段,浸出初期添加5 mol/L H2SO4以维持体系酸性环境;(2) 细菌浸出阶段:当体系pH值稳定低于4.5时,向TOM和TNOM组接种10%经驯化的活性菌液。分别于第0、5、10、15、20、25、30、35、40天进行取样。样品静置1 h后,无菌采集5 mL上清液,经0.22 μm无菌滤膜过滤,测试滤液的pH、Eh值及Fe2+、Fe3+和铀浓度。每次取样后各组补加等量相应培养基以维持恒定的液固比。
所有浸出实验均设置3个平行。数据处理方式如下:pH与Eh值取3个平行样的平均值并计算标准偏差;其他指标则将3个平行样品等体积混合后,对形成的混合样进行测定,以获得反映浸出体系整体化学状态的平均浓度。浸出结束后,收集废石残渣,反复用去离子水冲洗3次,烘干后用于后续X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)分析。
浸出液pH和Eh值的测定采用电极法,使用pH-Eh计(Ag/AgCl电对)进行测量。Fe2+浓度用二氮杂菲分光光度法测定,测量仪器为紫外可见分光光度计,该方法检出限为0.04 mg/L。总Fe浓度采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪进行测定。Fe3+浓度由总Fe浓度与Fe2+浓度差值计算获取。铀浓度采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪进行检测。铀浸出率由公式(1)公式(2)计算获得。
Pi=(Qi/C)×100%
Qi=Li×V/m
式中:Pi为不同浸出阶段的铀浸出率(%),Qi是浸出量(μg/kg),Li是浸出液中铀浓度(μg/L),V是浸出液体积(L),m是浸出废石样品质量(kg),C是废石样品中铀的含量(μg/kg)。
废石及浸出残渣样品矿物组成分析采用理学X射线衍射仪完成。测试条件为:扫描范围5°-90° (2θ),步宽0.02°,扫描速度2 (°)/min。利用MDI Jade软件对衍射图谱进行物相鉴定与半定量分析。
金属硫化物生物浸矿体系中pH值不仅是调控细菌生长与代谢活性的关键环境因子,其动态变化也直接反映了该类细菌的代谢强度,从而对铀的浸出行为起到关键调控作用[11,22-23]。3组试验体系浸出过程中pH随时间变化如图2所示。在浸出初期(前5 d),各组pH均迅速上升至5.0以上,其中TOM组平均pH最高,达到5.9。该现象主要归因于废石中方解石等碱性矿物的溶出及其对酸的消耗作用,此趋势与Lin等[24]在石煤废石矾浸出试验中的观测结果一致。预浸出第5天进行体系酸化处理,并于第10天接入菌液。接种后,体系pH开始持续下降,直至试验结束。与无菌对照组(CK)相比,接种A. ferrooxydans S1-24WXX的TOM与TNOM组pH下降更为明显。实验结束时,CK、TOM和TNOM组的平均pH分别稳定在2.5、1.6和1.7。这一结果表明,A. ferrooxydans S1-24WXX的引入增强了体系的酸化程度,从而为铀的浸出创造了更有利的化学环境。
铀矿微生物浸出工程实践已经证明,浸出体系Eh和Fe3+浓度在铀的氧化溶解中起到至关重要的作用,同时也是浸矿菌代谢活性的指示剂[25]。本研究各体系Eh值和铁离子浓度的动态变化如图3图4所示。从图3可以看出,3组体系Eh值随浸出时间的变化趋势与pH大致相反。在前5 d的预浸出阶段,TOM、TNOM和CK组的平均Eh值分别从407、410、407 mV下降至316、257、256 mV。接菌之后,TOM、TNOM组的Eh值迅速上升,并最终稳定在640 mV左右,明显高于对照组(CK)的427 mV。浸出液Eh值主要受其中Fe3+/Fe2+比值的控制[26]。浸出初期,废石中碱性耗酸矿物与浸出液H+发生中和,导致pH升高,引发Fe3+水解沉淀,从而使得Eh下降。随着浸出进行,废石中黄铁矿氧化持续产酸,体系pH降低,促进了Fe3+的溶解,从而推动Eh回升。在细菌浸出前期,相较于TNOM组,添加了有机质基质的TOM组Eh上升更快,而到了浸出后期,这2个生物组Eh值趋于接近,表明A. ferrooxydans S1-24WXX在有无外源有机质条件下均能有效提升体系的氧化环境。
在废石浸出过程中,溶解的铁以Fe2+和Fe3+形式存在,铁的浸出浓度表征着黄铁矿的氧化程度[27]。如图4所示,体系Eh值与Fe3+浓度及Fe3+/Fe2+比值均呈正相关。在TOM组中,接种前的预浸出阶段浸出液中总铁浓度最高仅为10.67 mg/L,且以Fe2+为主。接菌后总铁浓度缓慢上升,至第25天达到425 mg/L,其中Fe3+占据绝对优势(416 mg/L)。随着浸出的继续进行,总铁浓度进一步升至峰值1 085 mg/L,同时体系pH持续下降、Eh大幅上升。这表明A. ferrooxydans S1-24WXX有效促进了废石中黄铁矿的氧化与产酸。
TNOM组铁浓度变化趋势和TOM组相似,但Fe3+浓度及Fe3+/Fe2+比值的升高出现更晚一些,这进一步印证了外源有机质对菌体生长及Fe2+氧化速率的促进作用。相比之下,无菌对照组(CK)在整个浸出过程中总铁浓度始终较低,第30天时仅为270 mg/L,且仍以Fe2+为主(187 mg/L),说明在无微生物催化的条件下,Fe2+在空气中的自然氧化速率更慢。这一现象与以往对自养型铁/硫氧化菌(如A. ferrooxidans)的研究结果一致,已有报道指出此类微生物可将Fe2+的氧化速率提高5个数量级[28-29]
浸出试验后期,3组体系中的总铁浓度均呈现下降趋势(图4)。这主要归因于两方面因素:一方面,后期浸出液中的铁主要以Fe3+形式存在,而Fe3+不稳定,容易发生水解;另一方面,酸性体系下高浓度的硫酸根会促使Fe3+形成黄钾铁矾等次生矿物而发生沉淀[30]。该推断在浸出结束后得到证实:在锥形瓶内壁均观察到明显的黄色沉淀物,其为黄钾铁矾生成的直观证据。
石煤废石中铀的浸出浓度与浸出率随时间的变化特征分别列于表2图5。如图5所示,接种A. ferrooxydans S1-24WXX的TOM与TNOM组表现出相似的铀浸出规律,而与无菌对照组(CK)存在明显差异。受浸出初期(前5 d)体系pH升高的影响,各组浸出液铀浓度均出现急剧下降。以TOM组为例,其铀浓度从初始的757 μg/L降至第5天的7.24 μg/L,此阶段3组体系的铀浸出率均低于1%。在体系酸化并接种菌液后,TOM与TNOM组铀浓度开始迅速上升,并于第35天达到峰值,分别为7 985 μg/L和7 522 μg/L,对应的铀浸出率分别为46.9%与44.2%,分别为同期CK组浸出率的4.07倍与3.84倍。值得注意的是,在浸出末期,TOM与TNOM组中铀的浓度出现一定下降,表明部分已浸出溶解的铀发生了再沉淀。该现象在其他黑色页岩体系的生物浸出研究中也有报道,如韩国Deokpyeong地区富铀黑色页岩的风化土壤浸铀试验[31]及中国湖北十堰含钒黑色页岩浸钒试验[32]
废石的矿物组成对铀在浸出过程中的释放与迁移行为具有重要影响[33]。本研究采用XRD分析了浸出前后样品的矿物相变化(图6)。原矿XRD图谱显示,废石主要由石英、黏土矿物、云母、方解石及黄铁矿组成(图6D)。未检测到明确的含铀矿物衍射峰,主要是由于其含量低于XRD的检测限。与原矿相比,浸出后残渣的矿物组成发生了明显变化(图6A-6C)。首先,所有浸出残渣中黄铁矿的衍射峰均基本消失,表明其在浸出过程中被充分氧化溶解。其次,原矿中的耗酸矿物方解石在浸出后也基本消失,这主要归因于浸出后期体系持续强酸环境对其的溶解作用。值得注意的是,在浸出残渣中检测到次生矿物黄钾铁矾的生成,发现其在接种A. ferrooxydans S1-24WXX的TOM与TNOM组中衍射峰强度明显高于对照组(CK),表明更高的Fe3+浓度促进了更多黄钾铁矾的沉淀。黄钾铁矾是硫化物矿石生物浸出体系中的常见次生相,其可能在矿石表面形成钝化层,阻碍浸出剂与矿石接触,从而抑制金属的进一步溶出[32]。该次生矿物的生成也为浸出后期观察到的总铁浓度下降现象提供了物相佐证。
在石煤及伴生黑色岩系这类低品位铀资源中,微生物浸出技术因其经济性与环境友好性而备受关注。目前开展的研究多集中于自养型铁/硫氧化菌(如A. ferrooxidans),其最高铀浸出率可达65%-85%[12,34],高于本研究所用的土著兼性营养菌A. ferrooxydans S1-24WXX。在自养型铁/硫氧化菌的浸铀体系中常以添加初始浓度5 g/L Fe2+的9K培养基为基础[25-26]。这使得体系内能生成更高浓度的Fe3+,从而形成氧化性更强、酸度更高的浸出环境。因此,相较于本研究的兼性营养菌体系,其通常能促进更多的铀释放。本研究中接种该菌的TOM组最大铀浸出率为46.9%,虽低于上述报道值,但相较于非生物对照组,浸出效率提升了约4倍(图5),表明该菌株对铀的浸出仍具有明显强化作用。接菌前后铀释放行为的显著变化进一步印证了该菌株的浸出效能。接菌前,TOM与TNOM组的铀释放率分别仅为0.93%与0.68%;接菌后,两者在第35天迅速上升至46.9%与44.2%。这一大幅提升反映出A. ferrooxydans S1-24WXX的代谢活动在驱动铀释放中的关键作用,证实了其在低品位铀矿石生物冶金中的应用潜力。本研究揭示了该兼性营养菌在铀生物浸出中的重要作用,并拓宽了对其浸出机制的认识。
除浸出环境外,矿石中铀的赋存形态也是影响其浸出释放行为的另一根本性因素[31]。已报道的江西修水地区黑色页岩中铀主要赋存于易氧化溶解的沥青铀矿和铀石,在硫酸酸化和高Fe3+浓度条件下,这些铀被氧化形成可溶的铀酰离子和硫酸合铀酰,从而达到接近85%的铀浸出率[12]。本次研究的石煤废石逐级提取结果表明,铀主要赋存于可氧化态、可还原态及残渣态,其中可氧化态铀占比达到47.6% (表1);这主要是由于废石中存在高含量有机质,TOC含量达到18% (表1),铀主要以铀酰离子或其络合物形式吸附在有机质中[1]。然而易于从废石中浸出的水溶态与弱酸提取态铀占比极低(4.0%),即便在强酸与强氧化条件下,废石中铀也难以被完全释放[19],从而在一定程度上限制了其最终的浸出率。
在浸出末期,尽管体系仍维持较强的酸性与氧化条件,铀浸出率却出现小幅下降。这一现象看似矛盾,因为强酸与强氧化环境通常更利于铀的溶解[35-36]。然而,类似的溶解态金属再沉淀现象已在多项浸出试验研究中被报道[37-38]。其主要原因在于,浸出后期液相中积累的SO42-、Fe3+、K+等离子为次生矿物黄钾铁矾的形成提供了条件(图6)。该矿物对铀具有较强的吸附与共沉淀能力,从而导致液相铀浓度降低。浸出后期Fe3+浓度的下降也间接支持了这一推论。这一机制在其他研究中也得到验证。Armstrong等[39]发现,爱尔兰西部黑色页岩风化产生的黄钾铁矾可有效固定U、As、Se等有害元素。Yu等[37]通过逐级提取与长期氧化实验证实,次生含铁矿物(如黄钾铁矾)对溶出金属的吸附是限制其最终释放量的关键因素。Wei等[32]的实验进一步提供了直接证据:将浸出中生成的黄钾铁矾分离并进行硫酸清洗,可使其中31.6%的金属重新释放,明确揭示了共沉淀是导致浸出率下降的主要原因。
微生物可通过多种途径促进铀的溶解与释放,包括无机酸溶、Fe3+氧化溶解以及有机酸络合等。其中,自养菌(例如A. ferrooxidans)浸铀的关键途径是生物源Fe3+的氧化作用:细菌催化产生的Fe3+充当化学氧化剂,将U(IV)转化为U(VI),从而大幅提高铀的迁移性[9,23]。异养菌主要通过代谢产生有机酸与铀络合来实现其迁移[15,36]。已有研究尝试通过混合嗜酸自养菌与异养菌来优化铀的浸出,试验结果表明异养菌的加入对铀浸出率的增强效果有限[40]。本研究采用的土著菌Alicyclobacillus ferrooxydans为一类嗜酸兼性营养菌,可在pH≤6.0的环境下生长,既能以亚铁为能源底物进行自养生长,又能利用糖类、醇类等有机物进行异养代谢[21]。关于该类特殊的兼性营养菌促进铀释放的机制尚不清楚。根据本研究结果,推断有机酸络合可能并非其在本次实验中促进铀浸出的主导机制,原因如下:首先,实验所用为寡营养培养基,外源添加的葡萄糖与酵母提取物含量极低,分别为1.0 g/L和0.1 g/L,限制了菌体通过异养代谢大量产酸的能力;其次,浸出体系后期始终维持pH<3.0的强酸性环境。已有研究指出,在此条件下铀的溶解主要受无机酸驱动,有机酸的贡献相对较弱[41]。最为直接的证据来自TNOM组的实验结果,该组未添加任何外源有机质,但其铀浸出率与添加有机质的TOM组相当(图5)。这一结果进一步表明,A. ferrooxydans S1-24WXX对铀浸出的促进作用并非主要依赖于有机酸络合。
虽然黑色岩系中的有机质(干酪根)一直以来被认为是稳定且不易降解的,但从波兰Kupferschiefer页岩中萃取的有机质已证实可被土著异养微生物作为唯一碳源和能量来源进行降解[42]。石煤废石中高含量的有机质可能并不能直接作为菌株S1-24WXX的有效生长能源,前期研究显示,在未添加初始有机质的TNOM体系中,接菌前后培养液中有机化合物几乎一致,并未检测到有机质降解的产物释放[19]。本研究的石煤废石和Kupferschiefer页岩中的有机质虽然均为古有机质,但前者并未用氯仿萃取;此外,石煤废石中石英含量较高(图6),有机质主要充填于石英孔隙(图7),这些因素导致石煤废石中的有机质可能无法直接被菌株S1-24WXX有效降解。
除利用有机物外,A. ferrooxydans还被实验证实能够以Fe2+和黄铁矿作为能源物质进行生长[21],这一特性使其在硫化矿生物冶金领域展现出重要潜力[43]。石煤废石中黄铁矿含量普遍丰富(2%-4%)[44],且其中广泛存在易于氧化的草莓状黄铁矿(图7),该形态被认为是产生酸性矿山排水(acid mine drainage, AMD)的关键物相[45]。以下实验结果为A. ferrooxydans S1-24WXX催化黄铁矿氧化提供了直接证据:(1) XRD分析表明,与对照组相比,生物反应器中浸出残渣的黄铁矿特征衍射峰明显减弱甚至消失(图6);(2) 生物反应器体系中的总铁浓度及Fe3+/Fe2+比值远高于对照组(图4)。这些结果与自养型A. ferrooxidans的作用机制相似[28],证实A. ferrooxydans S1-24WXX同样具有催化黄铁矿氧化溶解的能力。基于上述结果推断,A. ferrooxydans S1-24WXX促进石煤废石中铀浸出的主要机制为其对黄铁矿的生物氧化作用(图8)。在该过程中,黄铁矿被氧化生成H+、SO42-和Fe2+,Fe2+在细菌催化下进一步氧化为对铀具有强溶解能力的Fe3+,最终形成具有低pH、高Eh及高Fe3+浓度的AMD环境,为铀的浸出释放提供了理想环境(图8)。本研究结果表明,兼性营养菌A. ferrooxydans S1-24WXX也可作为铀生物浸出领域中一种极具潜力的功能菌株。
本研究通过浸出实验与矿物学分析,证实土著兼性营养菌Alicyclobacillus ferrooxydans S1-24WXX能够通过催化石煤废石中黄铁矿的生物氧化,构建强酸性(pH<2.0)、高氧化性(Eh≈600 mV)且富含Fe3+ (约1 000 mg/L)的浸出环境,从而显著提升铀的浸出效率。在有无外源有机质条件下,铀浸出率分别达46.9%和44.2%,较化学浸出提升约4倍,表明其作用机制以无机酸化驱动为主,而非有机酸络合作用。尽管浸出末期部分铀的浸出率(或浓度)因次生矿物(如黄钾铁矾)的吸附与共沉淀而略有下降,但该菌株仍展现出在低品位铀资源绿色回收与矿山环境治理中的潜在应用价值。研究结果为兼性营养菌在铀生物浸出领域的应用提供了理论依据与菌种资源。在未来的研究中需系统开展浸出过程中菌株生物量、特定代谢产物及多组学(如转录组、蛋白质组)分析,以期在分子生物学水平上进一步揭示铀浸出的关键机制。
  • 南昌师范学院博士科研启动基金(NSBSJJ2025018)
  • 江西省教育厅科技项目(GJJ2409202)
  • 江西省地质局核与能源类公益性项目(2024HYN11)
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2026年第66卷第6期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250856
  • 接收时间:2025-11-16
  • 首发时间:2026-06-17
  • 出版时间:2026-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-16
  • 录用日期:2026-01-27
基金
the Doctoral Research Start-up Fund of Nanchang Normal University(NSBSJJ2025018)
南昌师范学院博士科研启动基金(NSBSJJ2025018)
the Science and Technology Project of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Education(GJJ2409202)
江西省教育厅科技项目(GJJ2409202)
the Public Welfare Project for Nuclear and Energy of Jiangxi Bureau of Geology(2024HYN11)
江西省地质局核与能源类公益性项目(2024HYN11)
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    1.南昌师范学院,江西 南昌
    2.东华理工大学,江西 南昌
    3.云南开放大学,云南 昆明
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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