Article(id=1274057491039113644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260165, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1772380800000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1773244800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-12, onlineDate=1781688576707, onlineDateStr=2026-06-17, pubDate=1780502400000, pubDateStr=2026-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781688576707, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781688576707, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688576707, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274057338156769818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='6', pageStart='2561', pageEnd='3114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781688540257, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688602467, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=3020, endPage=3040, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274057491483709870, articleId=1274057491039113644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Metagenomic analysis of the microbial community in Xiaochaidan Salt Lake, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To determine the composition, diversity, functional metabolic characteristics, and their association with environmental factors of the microbial community in Xiaochaidan Salt Lake, and to evaluate its ecological functions and potential risk as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Methods Metagenomic sequencing was applied to water-sediment mixed samples from the lake. Databases including non-redundant protein database (NR), clusters of orthologous groups of proteins (COG), Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG), carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy), and comprehensive antibiotic resistance database (CARD) were used to annotate microbial taxonomy, functional genes, metabolic pathways, and ARGs. Additionally, Hellinger transformation-based principal component analysis (tb-PCA) was conducted to link microbial community structures with environmental factors. Results The salt lake exhibited high microbial diversity (Shannon index: 5.620-6.112), with a total of 16 850 identified species. Bacteria dominated the microbial community (relative abundance of 91.89%), mainly represented by Pseudomonadota (57.22%) and Bacteroidota (14.64%). Archaea (3.77%) were absolutely dominated by Euryarchaeota (92.64%). Siphoviridae and saprotrophic Oomycetes were the most dominant taxa in the viral and eukaryotic communities, respectively. Association analysis with environmental factors demonstrated that bacterial distribution was primarily driven by Cl-, whereas archaeal community distribution was co-driven by Na+, Cl-, and SO42-. Metabolic functions related to amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism were highly active, as reflected by the enrichment of glycosyltransferase and glycoside hydrolase genes. Notably, diverse ARGs were detected, which were primarily conferred by efflux pump systems (e.g., novA). Conclusion Xiaochaidan Salt Lake harbors a complex and functionally synergistic microbial ecosystem. Local differences in ionic concentrations represent the primary driver of niche differentiation between bacteria and archaea. To adapt to this extreme habitat, indigenous microbes have evolved a strategy that integrates conservative osmoregulation and flexible carbon metabolism. The high abundance of efflux pump-associated ARGs implies that this hypersaline lake serves as a natural reservoir for ARGs, underscoring the potential risk of their ecological dissemination.

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E-mail: XING Jiangwa,
LI Yongzhen,
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目的 解析小柴旦盐湖微生物群落的组成、多样性、功能代谢特征及其与环境因子的关联性,评估该群落的生态功能及潜在的抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)储存库风险。 方法 采集湖水泥混合物样本,基于宏基因组测序技术,结合non-redundant protein database (NR)、clusters of orthologous groups of proteins (COG)、kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG)、carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy)、comprehensive antibiotic resistance database (CARD)等数据库,对微生物物种组成、功能基因、代谢通路及抗生素抗性进行注释分析;利用基于Hellinger转化的主成分分析(transformation-based principal component analysis, tb-PCA)探究微生物群落与环境因子的关系。 结果 该盐湖微生物多样性较高(Shannon指数5.620-6.112),共鉴定出16 850个物种。细菌(相对丰度91.89%)以假单胞菌门(57.22%)和拟杆菌门(14.64%)为优势菌门;古菌(3.77%)以广古菌门(92.64%)为绝对优势类群。病毒与真核群落分别由长尾噬菌体科与腐生性卵菌主导。环境因子关联分析表明,细菌群落分布主要受Cl-驱动,而古菌群落则受Na+、Cl-和SO42-共同驱动。功能注释显示,氨基酸与碳水化合物代谢最为活跃,糖基转移酶和糖苷水解酶基因丰度最高。同时,检出多种抗生素抗性基因,其中以外排泵机制(如novA基因)为主。 结论 小柴旦盐湖形成了结构复杂、功能协同的微生物生态系统,局部离子浓度差异是驱动细菌与古菌生态位分化的核心因素。为适应极端环境,微生物演化出保守渗透调节与灵活碳代谢相结合的生存策略。该生境中存在大量以主动外排泵为主的抗性基因,提示高盐环境可能作为ARGs的天然储存库,具有潜在的生态扩散风险。

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作者贡献声明

万子合:宏基因组数据处理与分析,论文撰写与修改;孙昕玥:群落结构与多样性分析与讨论;龙启福:样品采集,生化分析;朱德锐:宏基因组测序,环境因子关联性分析;李永臻、邢江娃:项目设计与指导,项目管理,论文修订。

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Metagenomic sequencing results of samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleRaw readsClean readsEffective rate/%Clean data/Gb
XCD-199 642 08498 410 90498.7614.84
XCD-285 128 87483 792 53298.4312.63
XCD-386 824 52085 675 10498.6812.92
XCD-479 315 75677 203 05297.3411.62
), ArticleFig(id=1274088185517822203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057491039113644, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

样本宏基因组测序结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleRaw readsClean readsEffective rate/%Clean data/Gb
XCD-199 642 08498 410 90498.7614.84
XCD-285 128 87483 792 53298.4312.63
XCD-386 824 52085 675 10498.6812.92
XCD-479 315 75677 203 05297.3411.62
), ArticleFig(id=1274088185601708284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057491039113644, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Sample sequencing, assembly, and gene prediction results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleContigsContigs bases/GbN50/bpMax contigs/kbORFsTotal gene length/GbAverage gene length/bp
XCD-11 327 8411.09936808.641 907 2290.95498
XCD-21 138 5130.82780323.601 533 8420.72466
XCD-31 281 6171.00867296.891 795 4340.87484
XCD-4561 3870.491 103433.44830 3690.41496
), ArticleFig(id=1274088185673011453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057491039113644, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

样本测序拼接组装及基因预测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleContigsContigs bases/GbN50/bpMax contigs/kbORFsTotal gene length/GbAverage gene length/bp
XCD-11 327 8411.09936808.641 907 2290.95498
XCD-21 138 5130.82780323.601 533 8420.72466
XCD-31 281 6171.00867296.891 795 4340.87484
XCD-4561 3870.491 103433.44830 3690.41496
), ArticleFig(id=1274088185740120318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057491039113644, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Microbial alpha diversity statistics

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleSobsACE indexChao1 indexShannon indexSimpson indexCoverage
XCD-13 1493 1493 1496.1120.006>0.99
XCD-23 0593 0593 0595.9410.010>0.99
XCD-33 0863 0863 0866.1110.006>0.99
XCD-43 0443 0443 0445.6200.015>0.99
), ArticleFig(id=1274088185849172223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057491039113644, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

微生物α多样性统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleSobsACE indexChao1 indexShannon indexSimpson indexCoverage
XCD-13 1493 1493 1496.1120.006>0.99
XCD-23 0593 0593 0595.9410.010>0.99
XCD-33 0863 0863 0866.1110.006>0.99
XCD-43 0443 0443 0445.6200.015>0.99
), ArticleFig(id=1274088185933058304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057491039113644, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

CARD functional annotation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene nameDrug classResistance mechanismARO descriptionTotal reads
tlrBMacrolideAntibiotic target modificationAntibiotic target modifying enzyme; gene involved in self resistance to antibiotic; macrolide resistance gene180
myrAAntibiotic target modifying enzyme; gene involved in self resistance to antibiotic; macrolide resistance gene190
chrBAntibiotic target modifying enzyme; gene involved in self resistance to antibiotic; macrolide resistance gene70
tlrCAntibiotic effluxEfflux pump conferring antibiotic resistance13 218
novAAminocoumarinEfflux pump conferring antibiotic resistance38 778
), ArticleFig(id=1274088186016944385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057491039113644, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

CARD功能注释

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene nameDrug classResistance mechanismARO descriptionTotal reads
tlrBMacrolideAntibiotic target modificationAntibiotic target modifying enzyme; gene involved in self resistance to antibiotic; macrolide resistance gene180
myrAAntibiotic target modifying enzyme; gene involved in self resistance to antibiotic; macrolide resistance gene190
chrBAntibiotic target modifying enzyme; gene involved in self resistance to antibiotic; macrolide resistance gene70
tlrCAntibiotic effluxEfflux pump conferring antibiotic resistance13 218
novAAminocoumarinEfflux pump conferring antibiotic resistance38 778
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小柴旦盐湖微生物群落的宏基因组学解析
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万子合 1 , 孙昕玥 1 , 龙启福 1 , 朱德锐 1 , 李永臻 1 , 邢江娃 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(6): 3020-3040
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(6): 3020-3040
小柴旦盐湖微生物群落的宏基因组学解析
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万子合1, 孙昕玥1, 龙启福1, 朱德锐1, 李永臻1 , 邢江娃2
作者信息
  • 1.青海大学 医学院基础医学部,青海 西宁
  • 2.遵义医科大学珠海校区 基础教学部,广东 珠海
Metagenomic analysis of the microbial community in Xiaochaidan Salt Lake
Zihe WAN1, Xinyue SUN1, Qifu LONG1, Derui ZHU1, Yongzhen LI1 , Jiangwa XING2
Affiliations
  • 1.Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai, China
  • 2.Department of Basic Education, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2026-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260165
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目的 解析小柴旦盐湖微生物群落的组成、多样性、功能代谢特征及其与环境因子的关联性,评估该群落的生态功能及潜在的抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)储存库风险。 方法 采集湖水泥混合物样本,基于宏基因组测序技术,结合non-redundant protein database (NR)、clusters of orthologous groups of proteins (COG)、kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG)、carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy)、comprehensive antibiotic resistance database (CARD)等数据库,对微生物物种组成、功能基因、代谢通路及抗生素抗性进行注释分析;利用基于Hellinger转化的主成分分析(transformation-based principal component analysis, tb-PCA)探究微生物群落与环境因子的关系。 结果 该盐湖微生物多样性较高(Shannon指数5.620-6.112),共鉴定出16 850个物种。细菌(相对丰度91.89%)以假单胞菌门(57.22%)和拟杆菌门(14.64%)为优势菌门;古菌(3.77%)以广古菌门(92.64%)为绝对优势类群。病毒与真核群落分别由长尾噬菌体科与腐生性卵菌主导。环境因子关联分析表明,细菌群落分布主要受Cl-驱动,而古菌群落则受Na+、Cl-和SO42-共同驱动。功能注释显示,氨基酸与碳水化合物代谢最为活跃,糖基转移酶和糖苷水解酶基因丰度最高。同时,检出多种抗生素抗性基因,其中以外排泵机制(如novA基因)为主。 结论 小柴旦盐湖形成了结构复杂、功能协同的微生物生态系统,局部离子浓度差异是驱动细菌与古菌生态位分化的核心因素。为适应极端环境,微生物演化出保守渗透调节与灵活碳代谢相结合的生存策略。该生境中存在大量以主动外排泵为主的抗性基因,提示高盐环境可能作为ARGs的天然储存库,具有潜在的生态扩散风险。

小柴旦盐湖  /  微生物多样性  /  宏基因组  /  生态功能  /  基因功能  /  遗传进化

Objective To determine the composition, diversity, functional metabolic characteristics, and their association with environmental factors of the microbial community in Xiaochaidan Salt Lake, and to evaluate its ecological functions and potential risk as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Methods Metagenomic sequencing was applied to water-sediment mixed samples from the lake. Databases including non-redundant protein database (NR), clusters of orthologous groups of proteins (COG), Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG), carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy), and comprehensive antibiotic resistance database (CARD) were used to annotate microbial taxonomy, functional genes, metabolic pathways, and ARGs. Additionally, Hellinger transformation-based principal component analysis (tb-PCA) was conducted to link microbial community structures with environmental factors. Results The salt lake exhibited high microbial diversity (Shannon index: 5.620-6.112), with a total of 16 850 identified species. Bacteria dominated the microbial community (relative abundance of 91.89%), mainly represented by Pseudomonadota (57.22%) and Bacteroidota (14.64%). Archaea (3.77%) were absolutely dominated by Euryarchaeota (92.64%). Siphoviridae and saprotrophic Oomycetes were the most dominant taxa in the viral and eukaryotic communities, respectively. Association analysis with environmental factors demonstrated that bacterial distribution was primarily driven by Cl-, whereas archaeal community distribution was co-driven by Na+, Cl-, and SO42-. Metabolic functions related to amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism were highly active, as reflected by the enrichment of glycosyltransferase and glycoside hydrolase genes. Notably, diverse ARGs were detected, which were primarily conferred by efflux pump systems (e.g., novA). Conclusion Xiaochaidan Salt Lake harbors a complex and functionally synergistic microbial ecosystem. Local differences in ionic concentrations represent the primary driver of niche differentiation between bacteria and archaea. To adapt to this extreme habitat, indigenous microbes have evolved a strategy that integrates conservative osmoregulation and flexible carbon metabolism. The high abundance of efflux pump-associated ARGs implies that this hypersaline lake serves as a natural reservoir for ARGs, underscoring the potential risk of their ecological dissemination.

Xiaochaidan Salt Lake  /  microbial diversity  /  metagenome  /  ecological function  /  gene function  /  genetic evolution
万子合, 孙昕玥, 龙启福, 朱德锐, 李永臻, 邢江娃. 小柴旦盐湖微生物群落的宏基因组学解析. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (6) : 3020 -3040 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260165
Zihe WAN, Xinyue SUN, Qifu LONG, Derui ZHU, Yongzhen LI, Jiangwa XING. Metagenomic analysis of the microbial community in Xiaochaidan Salt Lake[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (6) : 3020 -3040 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260165
嗜盐微生物是一类能适应高盐环境的特殊微生物,通常其最适生长或代谢需要一定浓度的盐介质(>0.2 mol/L)[1],主要分布于盐湖、盐田、盐沼等极端环境。盐度是导致不同极端环境中嗜盐微生物多样性及群落组成存在差异的主要因素[2-3]。根据最适生长NaCl浓度的不同,Kushner[4]将嗜盐微生物划分为:轻度嗜盐微生物(0.2-0.5 mol/L)、中度嗜盐微生物(0.5-2.5 mol/L)、极端嗜盐微生物(2.5-5.2 mol/L)。为适应不同盐度胁迫,各类群进化出了独特的适应机制:轻度嗜盐菌主要依靠调节胞内外离子浓度以维持渗透压来存活;中度嗜盐菌通过选择性地累积相容性物质来适应盐胁迫;极端嗜盐菌(如嗜盐古菌)为应对高盐环境进化出特殊的细胞壁、结构蛋白及代谢系统[5]。同时,在极端环境下嗜盐微生物可产生多种具有抗菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤、抗氧化等特殊作用的生物活性化合物,如嗜盐菌素(halocin)、胞外多糖(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS)、抗菌多肽、萜类、多聚羟基丁酸(polyhydroxybutyrate, PHB)、四氢嘧啶(ectoine)等[1]。这些活性化合物在生物医药、食品工业、环境修复生态学、生物塑料及化学工业等领域展现出十分广阔的应用前景[6-7]
在高海拔盐湖中广泛栖息着适应性强、物种繁多的嗜盐微生物。已有研究表明,青藏高原盐湖微生物的群落组成与多样性的变化趋势受到多种环境变量的综合制约和影响,盐度、离子组成、酸碱度(pH)及地理距离是影响青藏高原湖泊细菌群落结构与多样性的关键环境因子[8-9]。Zaitseva等[3]和Yang等[10]发现,盐度是影响湖泊生态系统中微生物多样性及其群落结构的关键环境因子,在中高盐盐湖中主要以α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)和γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)等为优势类群,在淡水及低盐条件下β-变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)的相对丰度较高[11]。青藏高原盐湖根据其主要离子成分可分为3种类型:氯化物型、硫酸盐型(包括硫酸钠和硫酸镁2种亚型)和碳酸盐型[12]。基于上述划分,3类盐湖中的微生物优势类群可概括如下:硫酸盐型盐湖中,细菌优势类群主要为假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)[13-14],广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)是最常见的古菌类群[15];氯化物型盐湖中,优势菌门以PseudomonadotaBacillotaBacteroidota及放线菌门(Actinomycetota)为主[16-17];碳酸盐型盐湖中,古菌占绝对数量优势,以Euryarchaeota门为主,细菌中BacteroidotaPseudomonadota为丰度最高的门类[18-19]
由于盐湖微生物极端的生长环境难以完全人工模拟,且多数微生物无法单独分离培养,免培养技术是研究盐湖微生物群落结构与功能不可或缺的方法。16S rRNA基因扩增子测序(amplicon sequencing)作为经典方法,可通过测定特定可变区序列有效鉴定环境样品中的微生物种类组成及其相对丰度[20]。但该方法存在诸多问题:一是微生物基因功能解析受限;二是方法学偏差会影响物种定量的准确性;三是数据库的可靠性有限,降低了分类判读的准确度。这些问题显著制约了对微生物生态功能的深入探索[21]。相比之下,宏基因组测序(metagenomics)技术不仅能捕获环境样本中低丰度物种信息,最大限度还原群落真实组成,更能够直接基于Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG,https://www.kegg.jp/)、comprehensive antibiotic resistance database (CARD, https://card.mcmaster.ca/)等基因数据库解析功能基因分布、挖掘生物合成基因簇(biosynthetic gene clusters, BGCs)及抗生素抗性基因,揭示微生物的环境适应机制与种间相互作用[22-23],为深入解构高盐环境微生物组的结构与功能关系提供了理想工具。
小柴旦盐湖位于青海省海西州柴达木盆地的东北边缘(37°48′-37°54′N,95°47′-95°56′E),湖区平均海拔约3 171 m,总盐度为108.82-113.84 g/L,pH值7.8-8.2,主要离子组成为Na+、Mg2+、Cl-和SO42-,属于典型的硫酸镁亚型盐湖[24-25]。近年来,围绕小柴旦盐湖的研究集中在微生物适应性机制[26]、种群多样性与微生物资源开发潜力[27]、环境特征与生物分布的相互作用[28]等方面。目前,关于盐湖微生物群落在微观尺度上如何受核心理化因子驱动并产生生态位分化,群落底层的碳代谢网络如何重构以适应极端渗透压胁迫,以及高盐环境压力下抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)的赋存与传播规律,目前仍缺乏系统性的宏基因组学解析。
本研究以小柴旦盐湖水-泥混合物为分析样本,基于宏基因组测序技术系统地解析微生物群落的组成、分布特征及生化代谢功能,重点解析细菌与古菌的群落组成及其环境驱动机制,挖掘群落核心代谢通路的极端环境适应策略,并全面评估生境中ARGs的主要抗性机制及潜在生态风险。本研究以期有助于丰富青藏高原硫酸镁亚型盐湖在微生态网络与功能方面的基础研究,深化对极端环境微生物生态演化机制的认知,并为评估全球环境变化背景下盐化水体中ARGs的生态扩散风险提供科学参考。
本研究于2020年8月采集小柴旦盐湖(海拔3 128 m,37°27′47″N,95°34′36″E)的水-泥混合样本(19.3 ℃,pH 7.68)。采样深度为水下10-40 cm,共设置4个采样点,各采样点间距约100 m,分别标记为XCD-1、XCD-2、XCD-3与XCD-4。部分水样送交上海微谱化工技术服务有限公司,检测总盐度(total salinity, TS)、总碳(total carbon, TC)、总氮(total nitrogen, TN)及无机离子(Na+、K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、CO32-、Cl-)等理化指标,其余样品经预处理后用于宏基因组测序分析。
将水样通过0.22 μm孔径的水系滤膜进行过滤。随后,对滤膜进行物理破碎,并参照DNeasy® PowerSoil® Pro Kit (Qiagen公司)操作流程完成样本基因组DNA提取,通过1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳评估样本DNA分子的完整性。使用NanoDrop分光光度计(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)测定OD260/OD280比值,以验证样本DNA纯度;同步利用QuantusTM微型荧光仪(Promega公司)分析测定DNA浓度。经质控验证的有效样本,委托上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司完成宏基因组测序。本研究所获得的宏基因组原始测序数据已提交至NCBI的sequence read archive (SRA)数据库(登录号为PRJNA1433262),各样本对应的BioSample ID依次为SAMN56360487-SAMN56360490。
原始测序序列(raw reads)的接头修剪与低质量碱基筛除工作利用Fastp软件(https://github.com/OpenGene/fastp)完成[29]。为确保下游分析的准确性,进一步剔除平均质量分数低于20且片段长度不足50 bp的冗余序列,从而获取高质量序列(clean reads)。随后,采用FLASH软件(https://ccb.jhu.edu/software/FLASH/)将质控达标的片段拼接组装为长度≥300 bp的重叠群(contigs)[30]。基于N50/N90指标评估contigs质量后,利用Prodigal软件(https://github.com/hyattpd/Prodigal)对高质量的contigs进行开放阅读框(open reading frame, ORF)预测[31]
通过CD-HIT软件(http://weizhong-lab.ucsd.edu/cd-hit/)对测序得到的样品基因序列进行聚类,将参数identity与coverage均设置为90%[32]。选取各聚类中最长的基因作为代表序列,从而构建unigenes。利用non-redundant protein database (NR, https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/db/FASTA/)、clusters of orthologous groups of proteins (COG, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/COG/)、KEGG、carbohydrate-active enzymes database (CAZy, http://www.cazy.org/)、CARD等数据库对unigenes进行注释分析。
使用Diamond软件(https://github.com/bbuchfink/diamond)将unigenes与NR数据库比对(参数设置为E-value≤1×10-5)[33],结合NR数据库对应的分类学信息库获得物种注释。根据比对结果计算基因丰度,并在物种水平聚合,最终获得各样本在不同分类学层级(界、门、纲、目、科、属、种)的物种和丰度信息。基于KEGG数据库进行基因功能注释并解析代谢通路丰度特征,在物种组成和基因功能2个层面对基因丰度数据开展统计比较与可视化分析。利用CAZy数据库(v5.0),经hmmscan工具(http://hmmer.org/)比对(E-value≤1×10-5)获得碳水化合物活性酶注释,并据此计算相应丰度[34];抗生素抗性基因注释则通过BLASTp (https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi)对CARD数据库进行严格比对完成[35]
为消除占据绝对高丰度的细菌(91.89%)对低丰度古菌造成的稀释效应(swamping effect),防止真实生态分布规律被掩盖,本研究将细菌与古菌的核心优势属拆分为独立的分析模块。
由于本研究样本量较小且环境因子较多,直接使用常规的冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)容易导致模型过拟合。此外,不同优势微生物的丰度数量级差异极其悬殊,若直接使用常规欧氏距离进行分析易产生群落结构评估偏差。鉴于Hellinger转化在处理包含大量零值和不同数量级数据的物种丰度矩阵时具有优势[36],本研究采用基于此转化的主成分分析(transformation-based principal component analysis, tb-PCA)进行分析。在R语言中使用vegan包的envfit函数[37],经999次蒙特卡洛置换检验(permutation test),将标准化后的环境因子向量投影到tb-PCA图中。通过这种方式筛选出解释度(R2)较高且具有统计学意义的核心环境因子,进而明确影响这两大类群分布的主要理化因素。
小柴旦盐湖采样点水体的主要理化分析结果显示,TS为102.62 g/L,TC、TN和TP分别为7.80、71.93、0.42 mg/L。该湖水中Cl-、SO42-及Na+等离子浓度较高,依次为40.38、22.02、32.09 g/L;其余离子Mg2+、K+、Ca2+、CO32-分别为1.69、0.59、0.46、0.13 g/L。
表1所示,各样本经质控后保留的高质量reads比例均超过97.00%,有效数据量在11.62-14.84 Gb之间。对样本数据进行拼接组装与基因预测(表2),各样本的N50值处于780-1 103 bp之间,预测基因的平均长度集中在466-498 bp,测序与组装数据质量良好。
宏基因组共鉴定出16 850个物种,涵盖8界134门297纲755目1 412科3 433属。在样本中检测到细菌、古菌、病毒和真菌等多种微生物类群,其中细菌占优势(91.89%),其次为古菌、病毒和真核生物(图1)。
在门水平上(图2A),细菌以Pseudomonadota (57.22%)为主要的优势菌群,其余依次为Bacteroidota (14.64%)、Actinomycetota (8.64%)、浮霉状菌门(Planctomycetota, 3.32%)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobiota, 2.83%)、unclassified_d__Bacteria (2.00%)、Bacillota (2.00%)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteriota, 1.87%)、出芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadota, 1.62%)、奇异球菌门(Deinococcota, 1.28%)及其他(others, 5.52%);古菌群落中以Euryarchaeota为绝对优势类群,其相对丰度为92.64%。此外,还检测到unclassified_d__Archaea (4.88%)、嗜热多形菌门(Thermoproteota, 1.03%)及其他(others, 1.45%)等(图2E)。
在纲水平上(图2B),Alphaproteobacteria (25.20%)与Gammaproteobacteria (21.83%)是细菌优势菌纲,其余依次为δ-变形菌纲(Deltaproteobacteria, 6.63%)、放线菌纲(Actinomycetes, 6.23%)、黄杆菌纲(Flavobacteriia, 6.08%)、浮霉状菌纲(Planctomycetia, 2.83%)、噬纤维菌纲(Cytophagia, 2.82%)、拟杆菌纲(Bacteroidia, 2.71%)及Betaproteobacteria (2.66%)等。古菌优势菌纲为广古菌门下的需盐小杆菌纲(Halobacteria, 83.28%);此外,还包括unclassified_d__Archaea (4.88%)、甲烷微菌纲(Methanomicrobia, 3.67%)、unclassified_p__Euryarchaeota (2.85%)、热原体纲(Thermoplasmata, 1.07%)及其他(others, 4.25%) (图2F)。
在科水平上(图2C),细菌丰度较高的依次为红细菌科(Rhodobacteraceae, 13.53%)、unclassified_c__Gammaproteobacteria (6.18%)、黄杆菌科(Flavobacteriaceae, 4.20%)、红螺菌科(Rhodospirillaceae, 2.66%)、浮霉状菌科(Planctomycetaceae, 2.58%)、微杆菌科(Microbacteriaceae, 2.15%)、海绵杆菌科(Spongiibacteraceae, 2.05%)、unclassified_d__Bacteria (1.98%)、生丝单胞菌科(Hyphomonadaceae, 1.60%)、unclassified_o__Myxococcales (1.57%)、解腈菌科(Nitriliruptoraceae, 1.54%)等;古菌的核心优势菌科为需盐小杆菌科(Halobacteriaceae, 56.03%),其次为富盐菌科(Haloferacaceae, 14.34%)和无色需碱菌科(Natrialbaceae, 12.12%)、unclassified_d__Archaea (4.88%)、unclassified_p__Euryarchaeota (2.85%)、甲烷八叠球菌科(Methanosarcinaceae, 1.87%)及其他(others, 7.90%) (图2G)。
在属水平上(图2D),细菌优势菌属依次为unclassified_c__Gammaproteobacteria (5.20%)、玫瑰变色菌属(Roseovarius, 2.22%)、unclassified_d__Bacteria (1.93%)、硝解腈杆菌属(Nitriliruptor, 1.54%)、水黏细菌属(Enhygromyxa, 1.49%)、unclassified_c__Actinobacteria (1.40%)、中山站菌属(Zhongshania, 1.34%)、出芽单胞菌属(Gemmatimonas, 1.12%)、海杆菌属(Marinobacter, 1.06%)、unclassified_f__Rhodobacteraceae (1.03%)、unclassified_f__Microbacteriaceae (1.01%)及其他(others, 80.68%)。古菌相对丰度较高的依次为盐碱球菌属(Halalkalicoccus, 32.67%)、unclassified_d__Archaea (4.88%)、盐红菌属(Halorubrum, 4.13%)、盐盒菌属(Haloarcula, 3.50%)、盐球古菌属(Halococcus, 3.14%)、富盐菌属(Haloferax, 3.07%)、unclassified_p__Euryarchaeota (2.79%)、唯盐菌属(Halosimplex, 2.53%)、候选盐棒菌属(Candidatus Halobonum, 2.50%)、适盐菌属(Haladaptatus, 2.49%)、盐几何形菌属(Halogeometricum, 2.47%)、盐微菌属(Halomicrobium, 2.34%)等(图2H)。
除原核微生物外,病毒与真核生物也是小柴旦盐湖生态系统中的重要组成部分(图2I、2J)。病毒方面,长尾噬菌体科(Siphoviridae)、藻类DNA病毒科(Phycodnaviridae)和肌尾噬菌体科(Myoviridae)占据前三。短尾噬菌体科(Podoviridae)及拟态病毒科(Mimiviridae)紧随其后。从功能层面看,Siphoviridae等噬菌体主要通过裂解细菌来控制原核生物量;而Phycodnaviridae和Mimiviridae的富集意味着二者通过调控真核藻类及原生生物种群,进而驱动着碳元素的生物地球化学循环。真核群落呈现出由类真菌的卵菌主导,藻类与黏菌共存的独特格局。在丰度排名前5的优势属中,疫霉属(Phytophthora)、丝囊霉属(Aphanomyces)和水霉属(Saprolegnia)均属于卵菌纲(Oomycetes),主要以腐生或寄生方式分解有机碎屑,是驱动盐湖有机质降解的关键力量。位列第3的褐藻纲水云属(Ectocarpus)承担了主要的初级生产任务,通过光合作用固定碳源;而排名第5的黏菌门(Mycetozoa)网柄菌属(Dictyostelium)为一种捕食性黏菌,通过摄食细菌进一步疏通了微食物环的能量流动通道。
表3所示,所有样本的覆盖度(coverage)均大于0.99,且ACE、Chao1和Sobs值的一致性证实样本中的物种近乎被完整捕获。各样本的Sobs指数为3 044-3 149,Shannon指数分布在5.620-6.112之间,Simpson指数处于0.006-0.015的较低水平。
在细菌群落中(图3A),两轴累计解释了91.15%的总变异。envfit置换检验结果表明,在有限的样本量下,Cl- (R2=0.999 7, P=0.041 7)呈现出显著的相关性,是影响细菌群落分布的主要环境因子;Mg2+ (R2=1.000 0, P=0.083 3)和TN (R2=0.999 5, P=0.083 3)也表现出较强的关联趋势。在物种分布上,Enhygromyxa及unclassified_c__Gammaproteobacteria等优势细菌类群与上述因子向量方向基本一致,呈正相关。古菌群落对环境因子的响应则呈现出不同的模式(图3B)。古菌的PC1轴解释度高达91.26%,驱动该群落变异的核心因子为Na+、Cl-和SO42-。其中,Na+和Cl-表现出显著的相关性(R2=1.000 0, P=0.041 7),SO42-同样对古菌群落呈现出明显的驱动作用(R2=0.997 4, P=0.083 3)。图中大部分嗜盐古菌[如Halosimplex、盐扁平菌属(Haloplanus)等]密集分布于坐标原点附近,表明这些古菌的丰度变化受局部离子浓度波动的影响较小;而丰度最高的Halalkalicoccus属则沿PC1轴负方向占据独立位置,与Na+、Cl-和SO42-的向量方向夹角为锐角。这表明Halalkalicoccus未受高盐胁迫的抑制,且展现出与高浓度离子环境更强的正向适应与耐受能力,是驱动小柴旦盐湖古菌群落结构变异的核心物种。
上述结果表明,在小柴旦硫酸镁亚型盐湖中,除了整体的高盐度背景,局部特定离子浓度的波动也会促使微生物产生生态位分化。细菌群落对Cl-、Mg2+和TN的浓度变化较为敏感,而极端嗜盐的古菌群落则主要受Na+、Cl-和SO42-等浓度的驱动。
将宏基因组测序数据与COG数据库进行比对,共注释到706 116个基因(图4),这些基因属于9种不同的功能分类。其中,参与细胞壁/膜/包膜生物合成(M)和信号转导机制(T)的基因数目最高,分别为206 651和171 949个;核结构(Y)的基因数目最少,仅有4个。
KEGG注释共识别出76 379个基因,基因功能分布在代谢(64.32%)、遗传信息处理(11.15%)、环境信息处理(8.65%)、细胞过程(7.48%)、人类疾病(5.58%)以及有机体系统(2.83%) 6大类别(图5)。在二级代谢通路中,样本共注释到46条通路,其中全局总览图(10.98%)、碳水化合物代谢(10.53%)与氨基酸代谢(10.38%)占据主导。
使用CAZy数据库对碳水化合物活性酶(carbohydrate-active enzymes, CAZymes)进行基因功能注释。如图6所示,小柴旦盐湖样本中共注释到156 857个CAZymes基因,分布在496个功能家族,分属于6个功能类。其中糖基转移酶(glycosyltransferases, GTs)与糖苷水解酶(glycoside hydrolases, GHs)为主要的酶类,分别占比34.05%和33.64%;多糖裂解酶(polysaccharide lyases, PL)基因数目最少,仅占2.96%。
CARD注释检测到5种ARGs,归属于氨基香豆素类(aminocoumarin)与大环内酯类(macrolide)两大药物类别(表4)。其中,针对氨基香豆素类的novA基因丰度占据绝对优势(38 778 reads)。其余4种检出基因(tlrCtlrBmyrAchrB)均归属于大环内酯类抗性基因。在抗性机制分布上,编码抗生素主动外排泵(antibiotic efflux)功能的基因在数量和丰度上显著高于靶点修饰类基因,构成了该生境下检测到的最主要抗性机制。
为直观展示小柴旦盐湖微生物群落的功能代谢特征及各样本间的贡献差异,利用Circos弦图对KEGG与CAZy功能注释结果进行了可视化分析(图7),清晰呈现了环境胁迫下微生物群落的功能富集特征。在KEGG代谢网络中(图7A),所有样本在碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢、能量代谢及ATP结合盒(ATP-binding cassette, ABC)转运等核心通路上均呈现一致的富集趋势。在CAZy酶谱构成上(图7B),GHs和GTs构建了群落碳代谢的主体框架。
本研究发现,小柴旦盐湖细菌群落主要由PseudomonadotaBacteroidota构成。这与青藏高原盐湖的常见细菌群落组成[8,11]一致,可能与此类细菌在高盐环境中极强的适应能力有关[38-39]。此外,非优势类群同样发挥着不可忽视的生态功能。例如,Planctomycetota可能参与耐药基因的传播[40]Verrucomicrobiota不仅能氧化甲烷[41],还能作为环境变化的指示类群[42]。在更精细的分类水平上,以RhodobacteraceaeFlavobacteriaceae为代表的优势菌科,以及RoseovariusNitriliruptor等优势菌属,共同驱动了盐湖生境中的光能异养与氮转化等生化过程[43-44]。这些特定功能类群对于维持盐湖微生态系统结构的整体稳定性具有重要意义。古菌群落组成相对单一,以Euryarchaeota为优势菌门,Halobacteria及其下属的Halobacteriaceae为主要类群。这种古菌在门、纲水平上的优势类群特征,与柴达木盆地东台吉纳尔盐湖[45]及内蒙古巴丹吉林沙漠盐湖的研究结果基本一致[46]。与刘静等[25]基于16S rRNA基因的研究相比,二者对Marinobacter等核心细菌的结果相似。这种跨方法学的复现性确证了该属在小柴旦盐湖中稳定的生态适应性。然而,本研究中的古菌群落解析结果与之存在显著差异[25],这是因为本研究使用的宏基因组技术避免了16S rRNA基因通用引物的扩增偏好性,从而更客观地揭示了群落结构。
此外,宏基因组学分析进一步揭示了病毒与真核生物在盐湖微生态网络中的调控潜力。以Siphoviridae和Phycodnaviridae为主的病毒类群,不仅印证了全球高盐水体中有尾噬菌体(Caudovirales)的优势地位[47],其通过裂解作用驱动的病毒分流(viral shunt)机制也加速了原核生物量的周转与有机质释放[48]。同时,藻类病毒与优势藻类的对应关系支持了kill-the-winner假说,通过抑制优势物种过度扩张维持了群落多样性[49]。在真核生物方面,卵菌和黏菌的存在补全了经典微食物环(microbial loop)模型[50]。它们不仅参与大分子有机物的降解,还通过捕食作用自上而下地控制细菌数量。
α多样性分析揭示出小柴旦盐湖微生物群落具有较高的物种多样性与均匀度。这种结构表明群落为多物种并存且相互作用复杂[51],增强了微生物系统对外界环境波动的抵抗力和恢复力,从而降低了系统因环境扰动而崩溃的风险[43]。结合环境因子关联分析进一步发现,盐度及离子浓度是塑造盐湖微生物群落结构及功能的关键驱动因素[52],且细菌与古菌对不同理化因子的敏感度不同,使其在空间分布上形成生态位分离,降低了物种间的直接竞争,有利于微生物在极端高盐条件下的稳定共存。
在功能代谢层面,盐湖微生物演化出了保守与灵活并存的适应策略。COG功能注释显示细胞壁/膜/包膜生物合成(M)基因占比最高,反映了嗜盐微生物通过修饰细胞壁/细胞膜来抵御高渗环境[1]。结合KEGG与CAZy注释的整合分析发现,基础代谢的活跃是其核心适应机制。一方面,KEGG通路中氨基酸代谢与ABC转运功能显著富集,这与弧菌科(Vibrionaceae)等类群在高盐下合成并转运甘氨酸甜菜碱等相容性溶质的渗透压平衡策略一致[53];同时硫代谢与离子转运通路的活跃也提示了群落维持体内离子稳态的重要性。另一方面,CAZy酶谱显示GTs与GHs基因数目显著高于其他类别,这些酶在分解大分子碳水化合物与合成次级代谢产物的过程中发挥着关键作用[54],表明小柴旦盐湖中大部分物种倾向于直接利用简单的寡糖来快速获取能量,或用于构建特定的自身结构单元。这种利用高耗能途径合成相容性溶质,同时高效利用有限碳源的代谢模式,是维持该极端生态系统运转的内在基础。
Xie等[55]的最新研究指出,全球盐化湖泊中普遍存在ARGs,且其动态演替与微生物群落响应环境压力密切相关。本研究的CARD注释检测到小柴旦盐湖中存在多种ARGs,并以外排泵机制为主。例如,针对氨基香豆素类的novA基因丰度最高,该基因编码的III型ABC转运蛋白可主动外排新生霉素[56];由于novA基因也广泛分布于铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)等致病菌中,其介导的外排泵机制同样可能对β-内酰胺类和喹诺酮类等抗生素产生抗性。此外,检出的大环内酯类抗性基因(tlrCtlrBmyrAchrB)也具有潜在风险。tlrCtlrB为高风险基因,tlrC行使外排功能,而tlrB则通过修饰核糖体靶点产生泰乐菌素抗性;myrAchrB虽在常规环境中主要参与β-月桂烯氧化[57]及铬酸盐应答[58],但在该生境下同样表现出大环内酯类抗性特征。高盐环境中的微生物为了外排体内多余的离子,可能广泛表达此类多重外排泵,从而表现出对多种抗生素的交叉抗性。这进一步证实了盐湖等极端环境能够作为ARGs的天然储存库,并存在通过基因水平转移向致病菌扩散的生态风险。
本研究的采样点集中于湖区局部,可能未能完全捕捉整个盐湖的空间异质性;同时,尽管测序深度已能解析优势类群,但对一些低丰度但可能具有特殊功能(如新型次级代谢产物合成潜力)的微生物基因组的覆盖可能不足。这些因素可能影响了对群落功能潜力全面性的评估。
本研究通过宏基因组学手段揭示了小柴旦盐湖微生物组在群落构建、环境适应及生态功能方面的内在规律,主要结论如下。
小柴旦盐湖形成了高度特化与广泛适应性并存的微生态网络。细菌在水-泥混合物采集样本中占据压倒性优势(相对丰度91.89%),以PseudomonadotaBacteroidota为核心类群;古菌群落则呈现高度特化,以极端嗜盐的Euryarchaeota主导。这种由优势菌群构建的稳定框架,协同高丰度的病毒裂解与真核卵菌的腐生作用,共同支撑了极端生境下群落的高物种多样性与生态系统稳态。
局部特定离子浓度的变化导致微生物的生态位分化。除了受到整体高盐环境的宏观限制外,盐湖微生物的空间分布更多地取决于具体离子的微小波动。其中,细菌群落对Cl-、Mg2+和TN的浓度变化较为敏感;而古菌群落主要受Na+、Cl-和SO42-浓度的筛选。这种机制促使嗜盐微生物根据自身的耐受特点在空间上错位分布,从而有效缓解种间竞争。
复杂群落演化出了不同嗜盐策略相融合的综合代谢模式。为适应高渗且寡营养的极端环境,盐湖微生物一方面保留了高度保守的氨基酸代谢与ABC转运途径,以积累相容性溶质维持渗透压;另一方面进化出了以GTs和GHs为主的灵活碳代谢系统。这种渗透调节与高效碳氮源降解利用相结合的灵活策略,是群落克服环境胁迫的核心机制。
高盐环境已成为ARGs的天然储存库。盐湖微生物中广泛存在以主动外排泵机制(如novAtlrC基因)为主的抗性策略,表明环境压力可能与抗生素抗性存在共进化关系。高丰度的可移动抗性基因库的存在,暗示了ARGs向环境或临床菌株扩散的潜在生态风险。
  • 国家自然科学基金地区项目(21967018)
  • 遵义医科大学校内博士后培养资金(F-ZH-2025-038)
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2026年第66卷第6期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260165
  • 接收时间:2026-03-02
  • 首发时间:2026-06-17
  • 出版时间:2026-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-02
  • 录用日期:2026-03-12
基金
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21967018)
国家自然科学基金地区项目(21967018)
the Postdoctoral Fellowship Fund of Zunyi Medical University(F-ZH-2025-038)
遵义医科大学校内博士后培养资金(F-ZH-2025-038)
作者信息
    1.青海大学 医学院基础医学部,青海 西宁
    2.遵义医科大学珠海校区 基础教学部,广东 珠海
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/CN/10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260165
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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