Article(id=1274057479223796060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250792, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1761235200000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1765814400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-16, onlineDate=1781688573890, onlineDateStr=2026-06-17, pubDate=1780502400000, pubDateStr=2026-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781688573890, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781688573890, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688573890, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274057338156769818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='6', pageStart='2561', pageEnd='3114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781688540257, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688602467, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2757, endPage=2774, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274057479647420766, articleId=1274057479223796060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Effects of sulfate-reducing bacteria on microbial community structure and functions in the vertical soil profile of a coal gangue pile, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Open-air piling of coal gangue severely disrupts the soil structure and regional ecosystem health. Inoculation with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is an effective strategy to control acid pollution derived from coal gangue, as SRB can reduce sulfate and immobilize heavy metals. However, the remediation performance of SRB in coal gangue piles and the associated ecological response patterns along the depth gradient remain unclear. Objective To elucidate the overall ameliorating effect of SRB remediation on coal gangue piles, and to characterize the differentiation patterns and driving mechanisms of soil physicochemical properties, microbial community structure, and microbial functions along the vertical profile during remediation. Methods A typical coal gangue pile in an open-pit coal mine in Yulin City, Shaanxi Province, China was selected as the study site. Coal gangue piles with SRB remediation (treatment group) and without remediation (control group) were established. In the control dump, 0-20 cm mixed soil samples were collected to represent the background condition. In the SRB-remediated pile, soil samples were collected from the 0-5 cm shallow layer (SL), 5-10 cm middle layer (ML), and 10-20 cm deep layer (DL). Soil physicochemical properties were determined, and 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing was performed. PICRUSt2 was used to predict microbial functions. Differences between groups and between vertical gradients within the treatment group were compared. Results Compared with the control, SRB remediation significantly increased the overall soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and soil organic matter (SOM) content of the coal gangue pile, and markedly enhanced the alpha diversity and altered the structure of the bacterial community. With the increase in depth of the remediated pile, pH, EC, and SOM increased progressively, while available potassium first increased and then decreased. The relative abundance of dominant bacterial phyla changed significantly along the depth gradient, and the complexity of the co-occurrence network (number of nodes, number of edges, and average degree) also increased. Soil pH and EC were identified as key environmental drivers of community structural variations. Functional prediction indicated that the abundance of genes related to carbon fixation, nitrogen cycling, and sulfur cycling in the deep layer was significantly higher than that in shallow and middle layers. Conclusion SRB bioremediation not only improved the overall soil environment and microbial community of the coal gangue pile but also shaped a depth-dependent differentiation pattern of environmental conditions and microbial functions within the pile. These findings provide an important theoretical basis for the long-term stable remediation of coal gangue piles and the regulation of microbially mediated processes.

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E-mail: WANG Yao,
LIU Yongde,
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煤矸石露天堆放严重破坏了土壤结构,损害了区域生态系统健康。添加硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate-reducing bacteria, SRB)是控制煤矸石酸性污染的有效手段,SRB可还原硫酸根并固定重金属,但其在煤矸石堆中的修复效果及沿深度梯度的生态响应规律尚不明确。 目的 阐明SRB修复对煤矸石堆的整体改良效应,揭示修复过程中土壤理化性质、微生物群落结构与功能沿垂直剖面的分异规律及驱动机制。 方法 以陕西省榆林市某典型露天煤矿的煤矸石堆为研究对象,设置SRB修复煤矸石堆(处理组)和未修复煤矸石堆(对照组)。对照组采集0-20 cm混合样,代表本底状态;处理组按0-5 cm浅层区(shallow layer, SL)、5-10 cm中层区(middle layer, ML)、10-20 cm深层区(deep layer, DL)分层取样。通过测定土壤理化指标、16S rRNA基因高通量测序和PICRUSt2功能预测,比较组间差异及处理组内部的垂直梯度变化。 结果 与对照组相比,SRB修复显著提升了煤矸石堆土壤的整体pH值、电导率(electrical conductivity, EC)和有机质(soil organic matter, SOM)含量,显著提高了细菌群落的α多样性,改变了群落结构。在处理堆体内部,随着深度增加,pH、EC和SOM逐渐升高,速效钾(available potassium, AK)呈先升后降趋势。细菌优势菌门的相对丰度随深度发生显著变化;共现网络的复杂度(节点数、边数、平均度)也随深度增加。土壤pH和EC是驱动群落结构变异的关键环境因子。功能预测表明,深层土壤中与碳固定、氮循环和硫循环相关的功能基因丰度显著高于浅层和中层。 结论 SRB生物修复不仅在整体上改善了煤矸石堆土壤环境与微生物群落,还在堆体内部形成了沿深度梯度的环境与微生物功能分异格局,为煤矸石堆长期稳定修复及微生物过程调控提供了重要理论依据。

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作者贡献声明

王翔冬:方法设计、调查研究、数据分析、结果可视化、论文撰写与修订;刘永德:调查研究、方法设计、项目管理;赵强:提供资源、执行调研;陈春磊:调查研究、论文修改;张晓雪:论文修改、结果可视化;郝新伟:论文修改、提供资源;刘孝珍、刘兴宇:课题指导、论文修改;沈锡辉:研究概念生成、获取基金;王瑶:研究概念生成、方法设计、论文撰写与修订、课题监管与指导。

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Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2011, 9(6): 452-466., articleTitle=How sulphate-reducing microorganisms cope with stress: lessons from systems biology, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1274088148851266211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, awardId=32330004, language=EN, fundingSource=the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32330004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1274088148909986468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, awardId=32330004, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32330004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1274088148977095333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, awardId=32170130, language=EN, fundingSource=the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170130), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1274088149040009894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, awardId=32170130, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32170130), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1274088127145742911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274088127154131520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, companyId=1274088127145742911, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-efficiency Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microorganism, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274088127166714433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, companyId=1274088127145742911, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.西北农林科技大学 生命科学学院,作物抗逆与高效生产全国重点实验室,陕西省农业与环境微生物重点实验室,陕西 杨凌)]), AuthorCompany(id=1274088127238017602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274088127246406211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, companyId=1274088127238017602, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Qingyang Longfeng Sponge City Construction Management Operation Co. , Ltd. , Qingyang, Gansu, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274088127254794820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, companyId=1274088127238017602, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.庆阳陇沣海绵城市建设管理运营有限责任公司,甘肃 庆阳)]), AuthorCompany(id=1274088127380623942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274088127389012551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, companyId=1274088127380623942, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Institute of Earth Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274088127397401160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, companyId=1274088127380623942, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中国地质大学(北京)科学研究院,北京)]), AuthorCompany(id=1274088127640670794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274088127657448011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, companyId=1274088127640670794, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274088127665836620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, companyId=1274088127640670794, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.中国农业科学院草原研究所,内蒙古 呼和浩特)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1274088144849900171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Physicochemical properties of soils from the control group and different depths of the treatment group. A: pH; B: Electrical conductivity (EC); C: Available potassium (AK); D: Soil organic matter (SOM). CK (n=3): Soil samples from the control group; SL (n=9): Soil samples from the shallow layer of the treatment group; ML (n=9): Soil samples from the middle layer of the treatment group; DL (n=9): Soil samples from the deep layer of the treatment group. Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among groups (P<0.05); The same below., figureFileSmall=rPKwewH62aNL+SOPobN3tg==, figureFileBig=XxoM8daswxkd1jTXqM7alA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088145244164748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=CN, label=图1, caption=对照组和处理组不同深度土壤理化性质, figureFileSmall=rPKwewH62aNL+SOPobN3tg==, figureFileBig=XxoM8daswxkd1jTXqM7alA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088145374188173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=PCoA analysis of bacterial communities in soils from the control group and different depths of the treatment group., figureFileSmall=2vt2/eBItrjJdsyD4btTvA==, figureFileBig=eoXNczDC6Xe8qRbnbHEtdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088145449685646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=CN, label=图2, caption=对照组和处理组不同深度土壤细菌群落PCoA分析, figureFileSmall=2vt2/eBItrjJdsyD4btTvA==, figureFileBig=eoXNczDC6Xe8qRbnbHEtdw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088145525183119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Bacterial community composition of soils from the control and treatment groups at different depths. A: Phylum level; B: Genus level. * indicates a significant difference between groups (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=Ms1Ewz21Xz8QK0MF+7BJFw==, figureFileBig=Xv6WjM6Zmi3oNK4ZIG0XUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088145671983760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=CN, label=图3, caption=对照组和处理组不同深度土壤细菌群落结构组成, figureFileSmall=Ms1Ewz21Xz8QK0MF+7BJFw==, figureFileBig=Xv6WjM6Zmi3oNK4ZIG0XUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088145764258449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Co-occurrence networks of bacterial communities in soils at different depths of the treatment group. A: SL; B: ML; C: DL. In the networks, nodes represent ASVs, green edges and red edges represent significant positive correlations and negative correlations, respectively. Node colors indicate bacterial phylum categories., figureFileSmall=kOGYHbbQ9AUvX1eQ6c+cag==, figureFileBig=vnzOb3gP+NwrMqgRrz9l9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088145835561618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=CN, label=图4, caption=处理组不同深度土壤细菌微生物的共现网络, figureFileSmall=kOGYHbbQ9AUvX1eQ6c+cag==, figureFileBig=vnzOb3gP+NwrMqgRrz9l9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088145902670483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Correlation analysis between bacterial communities and environmental factors. A: CCA analysis; B: Mantel analysis. EC: Electrical conductivity; AK: Available potassium; SOM: Soil organic matter. ** indicates significant correlations (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=eruHm54/NqpotAGDtXhd8Q==, figureFileBig=jzQ4uRTHEBwNhDNFIVu6LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088145973973652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=CN, label=图5, caption=细菌群落与环境因子的关联分析, figureFileSmall=eruHm54/NqpotAGDtXhd8Q==, figureFileBig=jzQ4uRTHEBwNhDNFIVu6LQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088146099802773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Enrichment patterns of functional genes involved in carbon fixation (A), nitrogen cycling (B), and sulfur cycling (C). * indicates a significant difference between groups (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=Q76FYOWwh4fTbw9h5xZfqQ==, figureFileBig=xfQjuacRyRj4E4Z/1nfhvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088146213048982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=CN, label=图6, caption=参与碳固定(A)、氮循环(B)和硫循环(C)的功能基因的富集情况, figureFileSmall=Q76FYOWwh4fTbw9h5xZfqQ==, figureFileBig=xfQjuacRyRj4E4Z/1nfhvg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088147840438935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Alpha diversity of microbial communities in soils from the control and treatment groups at different depths

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Alpha diversity indexCKSLMLDL
Chao1 index2 497.75±170.05b4 376.64±140.27a4 487.64±132.38a4 305.82±216.83a
Shannon index4.05±0.36b6.21±0.94a6.80±0.11a6.63±0.47a
Simpson index0.057±0.002b0.007±0.005a0.005±0.003a0.008±0.006a
Observed index1 920.00±250.31b4 075.66±198.77a4 261.44±161.81a4 066.33±240.91a
), ArticleFig(id=1274088147953685144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

对照组和处理组不同深度土壤微生物群落α多样性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Alpha diversity indexCKSLMLDL
Chao1 index2 497.75±170.05b4 376.64±140.27a4 487.64±132.38a4 305.82±216.83a
Shannon index4.05±0.36b6.21±0.94a6.80±0.11a6.63±0.47a
Simpson index0.057±0.002b0.007±0.005a0.005±0.003a0.008±0.006a
Observed index1 920.00±250.31b4 075.66±198.77a4 261.44±161.81a4 066.33±240.91a
), ArticleFig(id=1274088148041765529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of permutational multivariate analysis of variance based on Bray-Curtis dissimilarities

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group comparisonEffect of locationValue
SL vs. MLR20.207
P0.001
SL vs. DLR20.244
P0.001
ML vs. DLR20.160
P0.004
), ArticleFig(id=1274088148096291482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

基于Bray-Curtis相异度的置换多元方差分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Group comparisonEffect of locationValue
SL vs. MLR20.207
P0.001
SL vs. DLR20.244
P0.001
ML vs. DLR20.160
P0.004
), ArticleFig(id=1274088148155011739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Relative abundance (%) of bacterial phyla across different depths in the control and treatment groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PhylumCKSLMLDL
Pseudomonadota53.93±36.51a37.53±10.87a47.75±8.85a50.11±8.86a
Actinomycetota23.88±21.84a10.50±4.06b13.46±3.21b28.93±12.64a
Bacteroidota0.84±1.18c25.64±15.41a17.48±5.79ab8.65±5.49b
Chloroflexota11.95±13.95a1.49±1.03b2.24±0.75b2.78±1.20b
Gemmatimonadota0.36±0.29b1.61±0.89a2.24±0.62a2.11±0.65a
Saccharimonadota2.56±4.32b21.08±10.57a10.19±7.74ab4.30±6.13b
Acidobacteriota0.28±0.32b1.18±0.77a1.75±0.47a2.05±0.87a
Bacillota5.15±4.85a0.41±0.25b0.44±0.21b0.49±0.37b
Verrucomicrobiota0.23±0.29b1.00±0.52a0.96±0.26a1.05±0.47a
Armatimonadota0.05±0.06b0.64±0.37a1.04±0.67a0.63±0.55a
), ArticleFig(id=1274088148222120604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各门在对照组和处理组不同深度的相对丰度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PhylumCKSLMLDL
Pseudomonadota53.93±36.51a37.53±10.87a47.75±8.85a50.11±8.86a
Actinomycetota23.88±21.84a10.50±4.06b13.46±3.21b28.93±12.64a
Bacteroidota0.84±1.18c25.64±15.41a17.48±5.79ab8.65±5.49b
Chloroflexota11.95±13.95a1.49±1.03b2.24±0.75b2.78±1.20b
Gemmatimonadota0.36±0.29b1.61±0.89a2.24±0.62a2.11±0.65a
Saccharimonadota2.56±4.32b21.08±10.57a10.19±7.74ab4.30±6.13b
Acidobacteriota0.28±0.32b1.18±0.77a1.75±0.47a2.05±0.87a
Bacillota5.15±4.85a0.41±0.25b0.44±0.21b0.49±0.37b
Verrucomicrobiota0.23±0.29b1.00±0.52a0.96±0.26a1.05±0.47a
Armatimonadota0.05±0.06b0.64±0.37a1.04±0.67a0.63±0.55a
), ArticleFig(id=1274088148318589597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Relative abundance (%) of bacterial genera across different depths in the control and treatment groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenusCKSLMLDL
Sphingomonas1.28±1.09b4.87±3.07b10.69±3.66ab7.84±5.70ab
Nocardioides1.90±1.81b0.77±0.27b1.15±0.28a3.05±2.36ab
Arthrobacter0.84±0.90a3.21±1.85b3.66±1.47a4.73±1.91ab
Flavisolibacter0.55±0.93a3.07±2.67b2.87±1.97b0.93±1.03a
Flavobacterium0.02±0.01b9.49±20.66a1.36±1.56b0.29±0.22b
Pseudomonas39.16±42.26a2.69±3.36b0.75±0.26b3.28±3.91b
Herpetosiphon4.06±3.90a0.05±0.04b0.13±0.05b0.25±0.31b
Thiobacillus0.10±0.08c2.25±2.32b6.41±4.07a7.31±4.85a
Crossiella8.31±7.65a0.01±0.01b0.01±0.00b0.01±0.01b
), ArticleFig(id=1274088148394087070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各属在对照组和处理组不同深度的相对丰度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GenusCKSLMLDL
Sphingomonas1.28±1.09b4.87±3.07b10.69±3.66ab7.84±5.70ab
Nocardioides1.90±1.81b0.77±0.27b1.15±0.28a3.05±2.36ab
Arthrobacter0.84±0.90a3.21±1.85b3.66±1.47a4.73±1.91ab
Flavisolibacter0.55±0.93a3.07±2.67b2.87±1.97b0.93±1.03a
Flavobacterium0.02±0.01b9.49±20.66a1.36±1.56b0.29±0.22b
Pseudomonas39.16±42.26a2.69±3.36b0.75±0.26b3.28±3.91b
Herpetosiphon4.06±3.90a0.05±0.04b0.13±0.05b0.25±0.31b
Thiobacillus0.10±0.08c2.25±2.32b6.41±4.07a7.31±4.85a
Crossiella8.31±7.65a0.01±0.01b0.01±0.00b0.01±0.01b
), ArticleFig(id=1274088148469584543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Topological characteristics of bacterial communities co-occurrence networks in soils at different depths of the treatment group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Treatment groupSLMLDL
Number of nodes527624807
Number of edges6027671 161
Proportion of positive edges/%88.0370.1475.11
Proportion of negative edges/%11.9729.8624.89
Average degree2.282.462.88
Clustering coefficient0.400.340.40
Modularity0.940.860.89
), ArticleFig(id=1274088148528304800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

处理组不同深度土壤细菌群落共现网络的拓扑特征

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Treatment groupSLMLDL
Number of nodes527624807
Number of edges6027671 161
Proportion of positive edges/%88.0370.1475.11
Proportion of negative edges/%11.9729.8624.89
Average degree2.282.462.88
Clustering coefficient0.400.340.40
Modularity0.940.860.89
), ArticleFig(id=1274088148587025057, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Mantel analysis results at the bacterial phylum level

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PhylumpHECAKSOM
rPrPrPrP
Actinomycetota0.390.0010.240.0120.080.1550.250.015
Bacteroidota0.310.0030.210.0480.080.2230.020.368
Chloroflexota0.410.0010.290.0010.020.3220.240.006
Bacillota-0.010.5310.020.036-0.040.6520.140.089
Pseudomonadota-0.010.5310.100.1430.020.3810.270.007
Saccharimonadota0.430.0010.180.0160.100.084-0.060.773
), ArticleFig(id=1274088148670911138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057479223796060, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

细菌门水平上的Mantel分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PhylumpHECAKSOM
rPrPrPrP
Actinomycetota0.390.0010.240.0120.080.1550.250.015
Bacteroidota0.310.0030.210.0480.080.2230.020.368
Chloroflexota0.410.0010.290.0010.020.3220.240.006
Bacillota-0.010.5310.020.036-0.040.6520.140.089
Pseudomonadota-0.010.5310.100.1430.020.3810.270.007
Saccharimonadota0.430.0010.180.0160.100.084-0.060.773
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硫酸盐还原菌对煤矸石堆土壤垂直剖面微生物群落结构和功能的影响
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王翔冬 1 , 刘永德 1, 2 , 赵强 2 , 陈春磊 1 , 张晓雪 1 , 郝新伟 1 , 刘孝珍 4 , 刘兴宇 3 , 沈锡辉 1 , 王瑶 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(6): 2757-2774
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(6): 2757-2774
硫酸盐还原菌对煤矸石堆土壤垂直剖面微生物群落结构和功能的影响
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王翔冬1, 刘永德1, 2 , 赵强2, 陈春磊1, 张晓雪1, 郝新伟1, 刘孝珍4, 刘兴宇3, 沈锡辉1, 王瑶1
作者信息
  • 1.西北农林科技大学 生命科学学院,作物抗逆与高效生产全国重点实验室,陕西省农业与环境微生物重点实验室,陕西 杨凌
  • 2.庆阳陇沣海绵城市建设管理运营有限责任公司,甘肃 庆阳
  • 3.中国地质大学(北京)科学研究院,北京
  • 4.中国农业科学院草原研究所,内蒙古 呼和浩特
Effects of sulfate-reducing bacteria on microbial community structure and functions in the vertical soil profile of a coal gangue pile
Xiangdong WANG1, Yongde LIU1, 2 , Qiang ZHAO2, Chunlei CHEN1, Xiaoxue ZHANG1, Xinwei HAO1, Xiaozhen LIU4, Xingyu LIU3, Xihui SHEN1, Yao WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-efficiency Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microorganism, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
  • 2.Qingyang Longfeng Sponge City Construction Management Operation Co. , Ltd. , Qingyang, Gansu, China
  • 3.Institute of Earth Science, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China
  • 4.Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
出版时间: 2026-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250792
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煤矸石露天堆放严重破坏了土壤结构,损害了区域生态系统健康。添加硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate-reducing bacteria, SRB)是控制煤矸石酸性污染的有效手段,SRB可还原硫酸根并固定重金属,但其在煤矸石堆中的修复效果及沿深度梯度的生态响应规律尚不明确。 目的 阐明SRB修复对煤矸石堆的整体改良效应,揭示修复过程中土壤理化性质、微生物群落结构与功能沿垂直剖面的分异规律及驱动机制。 方法 以陕西省榆林市某典型露天煤矿的煤矸石堆为研究对象,设置SRB修复煤矸石堆(处理组)和未修复煤矸石堆(对照组)。对照组采集0-20 cm混合样,代表本底状态;处理组按0-5 cm浅层区(shallow layer, SL)、5-10 cm中层区(middle layer, ML)、10-20 cm深层区(deep layer, DL)分层取样。通过测定土壤理化指标、16S rRNA基因高通量测序和PICRUSt2功能预测,比较组间差异及处理组内部的垂直梯度变化。 结果 与对照组相比,SRB修复显著提升了煤矸石堆土壤的整体pH值、电导率(electrical conductivity, EC)和有机质(soil organic matter, SOM)含量,显著提高了细菌群落的α多样性,改变了群落结构。在处理堆体内部,随着深度增加,pH、EC和SOM逐渐升高,速效钾(available potassium, AK)呈先升后降趋势。细菌优势菌门的相对丰度随深度发生显著变化;共现网络的复杂度(节点数、边数、平均度)也随深度增加。土壤pH和EC是驱动群落结构变异的关键环境因子。功能预测表明,深层土壤中与碳固定、氮循环和硫循环相关的功能基因丰度显著高于浅层和中层。 结论 SRB生物修复不仅在整体上改善了煤矸石堆土壤环境与微生物群落,还在堆体内部形成了沿深度梯度的环境与微生物功能分异格局,为煤矸石堆长期稳定修复及微生物过程调控提供了重要理论依据。

煤矸石  /  硫酸盐还原菌  /  微生物群落  /  土壤理化性质  /  生态修复

Open-air piling of coal gangue severely disrupts the soil structure and regional ecosystem health. Inoculation with sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) is an effective strategy to control acid pollution derived from coal gangue, as SRB can reduce sulfate and immobilize heavy metals. However, the remediation performance of SRB in coal gangue piles and the associated ecological response patterns along the depth gradient remain unclear. Objective To elucidate the overall ameliorating effect of SRB remediation on coal gangue piles, and to characterize the differentiation patterns and driving mechanisms of soil physicochemical properties, microbial community structure, and microbial functions along the vertical profile during remediation. Methods A typical coal gangue pile in an open-pit coal mine in Yulin City, Shaanxi Province, China was selected as the study site. Coal gangue piles with SRB remediation (treatment group) and without remediation (control group) were established. In the control dump, 0-20 cm mixed soil samples were collected to represent the background condition. In the SRB-remediated pile, soil samples were collected from the 0-5 cm shallow layer (SL), 5-10 cm middle layer (ML), and 10-20 cm deep layer (DL). Soil physicochemical properties were determined, and 16S rRNA gene high-throughput sequencing was performed. PICRUSt2 was used to predict microbial functions. Differences between groups and between vertical gradients within the treatment group were compared. Results Compared with the control, SRB remediation significantly increased the overall soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and soil organic matter (SOM) content of the coal gangue pile, and markedly enhanced the alpha diversity and altered the structure of the bacterial community. With the increase in depth of the remediated pile, pH, EC, and SOM increased progressively, while available potassium first increased and then decreased. The relative abundance of dominant bacterial phyla changed significantly along the depth gradient, and the complexity of the co-occurrence network (number of nodes, number of edges, and average degree) also increased. Soil pH and EC were identified as key environmental drivers of community structural variations. Functional prediction indicated that the abundance of genes related to carbon fixation, nitrogen cycling, and sulfur cycling in the deep layer was significantly higher than that in shallow and middle layers. Conclusion SRB bioremediation not only improved the overall soil environment and microbial community of the coal gangue pile but also shaped a depth-dependent differentiation pattern of environmental conditions and microbial functions within the pile. These findings provide an important theoretical basis for the long-term stable remediation of coal gangue piles and the regulation of microbially mediated processes.

coal gangue  /  sulfate-reducing bacteria  /  microbial community  /  soil physicochemical properties  /  ecological restoration
王翔冬, 刘永德, 赵强, 陈春磊, 张晓雪, 郝新伟, 刘孝珍, 刘兴宇, 沈锡辉, 王瑶. 硫酸盐还原菌对煤矸石堆土壤垂直剖面微生物群落结构和功能的影响. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2757 -2774 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250792
Xiangdong WANG, Yongde LIU, Qiang ZHAO, Chunlei CHEN, Xiaoxue ZHANG, Xinwei HAO, Xiaozhen LIU, Xingyu LIU, Xihui SHEN, Yao WANG. Effects of sulfate-reducing bacteria on microbial community structure and functions in the vertical soil profile of a coal gangue pile[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2757 -2774 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250792
我国是煤炭生产大国,年产量高达47亿t[1]。在煤炭开采、洗涤和加工过程中会产生煤矸石,约占原煤产量的10%-20%[2]。煤矸石是我国积存量最大的工业固体废物之一,年产量约为7.43亿t,预计2025年我国煤矸石产量将达到8亿t[3-4]。由于其热值较低且利用难度较大,通常被露天堆放于矿区周边的地表,导致矿区周边土地资源被占用、土壤结构遭到破坏及区域生态系统退化等环境问题[5]。煤矸石中含有较高比例的黄铁矿(FeS2)及其他硫化物,这些物质易被雨水浸出并在氧化菌催化作用下氧化,进而产生含有高浓度硫酸盐和重金属离子的酸性矿井排水[6]。此外,煤矸石中的可燃性成分在适宜条件下易发生自燃,进一步加剧污染与生态破坏[7]。因此,对煤矿区内煤矸石堆的治理和生态修复已成为亟需解决的环境问题之一。近年来,传统物理化学修复技术常因成本高、易产生二次污染等局限性使其应用场景受限,而生物修复技术凭借环境友好、适应性强、成本可控的核心优势,已成为矿区污染土壤修复领域的研究热点与主流方向[8]
硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate-reducing bacteria, SRB)是一类典型的厌氧功能微生物,能以有机化合物为供体,将土壤中的硫酸根离子(SO42-)还原为硫化氢(H2S),进而与游离态重金属离子结合生成稳定的硫化物沉淀,从而达到改良酸性土壤和固定重金属离子的双重修复效果,在煤矿区生态修复中展现出重要的应用前景[9-10]。胡振琪等[11]将硫酸盐还原菌接种于煤矸石堆21 d后,煤矸石浸出液的pH值从2.9升高至7.1,同时降低了电导率和SO42-含量。唐婕琳等[12]从湖南某煤矸石土壤中分离出一株SRB菌株,该菌株处理煤矸石的淋溶水后的溶液pH值在2 d内从4.0升高至6.5,并且溶液中的重金属离子被去除。然而,在实际应用中煤矸石堆复杂的环境以及土壤中复杂的微生物互作关系,对SRB的生物活性和修复效率构成了多重挑战:一方面,SRB作为厌氧微生物,其代谢活性易受表层土壤有氧环境、深层土壤营养不足等因素抑制;另一方面,矿区土壤中存在大量铁硫氧化菌等竞争性微生物,SRB需与这类微生物争夺有限的碳源、氮源等营养物质及生存空间,使其修复功能的发挥受限[10]。例如,Phyo等[13]研究发现,SRB可与铁和硫氧化微生物竞争,进而抑制黄铁矿氧化。
值得注意的是,微生物作为土壤最活跃的组分,其群落结构和功能会迅速响应外界环境变化[14]。煤矸石早期氧化过程中的微生物群落结构会发生显著更替,功能微生物类群的占比与污染治理效果有关[15]。微生物群落的结构组成决定了其功能潜能,因为特定的系统发育类群携带并表达了参与关键生物地球化学循环的功能基因。Zhu等[16]研究发现,经过SRB处理的煤矸石表现出与氮循环相关的基因丰度增加,而与硫循环相关的其他基因的丰度均显著降低。由上述可知,SRB的引入不仅会改变煤矸石堆的理化性质,更会通过营养竞争、代谢产物互作等方式重塑周围微生物群落结构和功能,而群落的动态变化又反作用于SRB的修复效率。随着土壤化学成分和物理结构等土壤性质从表层到深层发生变化,土壤微生物组也同样随深度呈现显著的变异性,包括群落组成和功能特征[17]。苗志加等[9]研究发现,SRB作为厌氧微生物,其在深层缺氧环境中的代谢活性可能更强,而在表层则受氧气抑制。Wang等[18]研究发现,深层土壤中积累的硫酸盐和重金属也可能为SRB提供更多底物,从而影响其还原效率与群落构建。目前对SRB改良煤矸石堆的研究,主要集中于两大方向:对硫化物氧化产生的酸性矿井排水的修复效果和不同重金属的选择性去除及沉淀效果。然而,目前关于SRB修复过程中不同深度土壤微生物群落的共现网络结构、功能基因分布及其与环境因子的耦合关系仍不清楚,这限制了对SRB修复机制的系统认知与技术优化。
本研究以陕西省榆林市某典型露天煤矿煤矸石堆为对象,设置施加硫酸盐还原菌的煤矸石堆(处理组)和未修复煤矸石堆(对照组),在整体尺度上评估SRB修复对土壤理化性质和细菌群落结构的改良效应,并在SRB修复堆体内部沿垂直剖面解析土壤理化因子、细菌群落α和β多样性、群落组成及功能预测的分异格局。旨在明确SRB修复条件下不同深度土壤环境变化与微生物群落及功能分异之间的联系,揭示其主要驱动因素,并为煤矸石堆修复技术优化提供理论依据。
胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤(tryptic soy broth, TSB)培养基(g/L):胰酪胨17.0,大豆木瓜蛋白酶水解物3.0,K2HPO4 2.5,NaCl 5.0,葡萄糖2.5。调节pH值至7.0,121 ℃灭菌20 min。菌液扩大培养基(g/L):酵母提取物1.0,葡萄糖0.2,KH2PO4 0.5,NaCl 1.0,MgSO4 1.0和60%乳酸钠溶液1 mL。将各成分按比例分别加入到0.5 m3和3 m3聚乙烯材质储水桶中,注入清水并充分溶解后使用[19]
脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio sp.) B304作为硫酸盐还原菌制备菌剂[20]。首先,在实验室将菌株接种于300 mL无菌胰蛋白胨大豆肉汤(TSB)液体培养基中,30 ℃、160 r/min扩大培养,待菌液OD600生长至1.0时,4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心30 min后收集菌体。收集后的菌体重悬于新的300 mL无菌TSB液体培养基中,用作试验现场菌剂种子液。试验场地配备多个3 m3和0.5 m3 PE材质储水桶,根据储水桶体积加入扩大培养基,用作微生物培养装置。第二步扩大培养在0.5 m3培养桶中进行,培养3 d后将培养液平均加入到多个3 m3培养桶中,进行第三步扩大培养。待3 m3培养桶中微生物菌剂OD600生长至约0.5时可用于现场菌液喷淋。每次喷淋后桶中剩余约1/5菌液可作为种子液,补加液体培养基后进行重复扩大培养。自2023年6月初开始喷淋微生物菌剂,按照每周2次的喷淋频率共计喷淋8次,每100 m2场地总计喷淋0.1 m3微生物菌液,对照区喷淋同样量的清水[19]
2023年11月,在陕西省榆林市某典型露天煤矿2类煤矸石堆开展土壤样品采集。分为处理组与对照组:处理组为2023年6月起经SRB修复的煤矸石堆;对照组为同一矿区内未施加SRB的煤矸石堆。在SRB处理后的煤矸石堆上随机设置3个采样区域;针对每个采样区域,按垂直深度梯度采集土壤样品,具体深度及对应区域为:0-5 cm煤矸石浅层区(shallow layer, SL)、5-10 cm煤矸石中层区(middle layer, ML)、10-20 cm煤矸石深层区(deep layer, DL);每个深度均设置3组重复样品。为表征整体未修复背景特征,在每个对照堆体上随机选择3个采样点,采集0-20 cm土壤并充分混合形成1个混合样品,共获得3个混合样品(每个样品对应1个对照堆体),作为对照组的3个生物学重复。所采集的30份土壤样品密封保存于4 ℃车载冰箱,返回实验室后储存于-20 ℃冰箱分别用于分析土壤理化性质和微生物群落组成与功能。
采集的土壤样品剔除石砾、动植物残体等杂质,充分混合后分成2份;一份在实验室阴凉处风干过2 mm筛,用于测定土壤pH、电导率(electrical conductivity, EC)、有机质(soil organic matter, SOM)和速效钾(available potassium, AK)这4个理化指标;另一份新鲜土壤直接提取土壤微生物总DNA,用于微生物高通量测序分析。AK采用醋酸铵浸提-火焰原子吸收法测定[21],SOM含量采用重铬酸盐氧化法测定[22],pH采用电位法测定,水土质量比为2.5:1,测定使用pH计(上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司),EC使用电导率仪(上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司)进行测定,水土质量比为1:5。所有理化指标测定及微生物总DNA提取实验均以每个采样点的3组重复样品为基础平行操作。
从30份土壤样品中各取0.5 g均质样品,用于土壤微生物总DNA的提取,总DNA提取操作严格参照FastDNA试剂盒(MP Biomedicals公司)说明书进行。提取得到的总DNA采用微量紫外分光光度计(赛默飞世尔科技公司)测定其浓度与纯度,同时通过琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA完整性。采用引物799F (5′-AACMGGATT AGATACCCKG-3′)和1193R (5′-ACGTCATCCC CACCTTCC-3′)扩增16S rRNA基因V5-V7区。PCR反应体系(50 μL):2×Phanta Max Mix (南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司) 25 µL,799F、1193R引物(10 µmol/L)各2.5 µL,DNA模板1 µL,ddH2O 19 µL。PCR反应条件:95 °C预变性5 min;95 °C变性15 s,55 °C退火15 s,72 °C延伸1 min,共30个循环;72 °C终延伸5 min。PCR扩增结束后,通过1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测PCR产物,使用凝胶回收试剂盒[天根生化科技(北京)有限公司]对PCR混合产物进行回收,最后用TE缓冲液洗脱以获得回收的目标DNA片段。采用Illumina公司开发的NEBNext® UltraTM II DNA Library Prep Kit (新英格兰生物实验室公司)制备测序文库;文库构建完成后,先经Qubit和Q-PCR定量检测确认合格,再送至广东美格基因科技有限公司,使用Illumina Nova 6000平台对扩增子文库进行PE250双端测序。获取的原始序列使用EasyAmplicon流程进行分析[23]。首先对原始序列进行合并,并切除双端引物和barcode序列;随后进行质控(质量值≥20,VSEARCH 2.7.1)、去噪(最小唯一序列数>10,UNOISE3)和去嵌合体,获得初始扩增子序列变异体表。基于贝叶斯算法,使用SILVA核糖体RNA基因数据库(ribosomal RNA gene database, SILVA)数据库获取细菌扩增子序列变异体(amplicon sequence variants, ASVs)的分类学信息,随后去除线粒体和叶绿体序列。将所有样本的序列数进行抽平处理至统一深度,最终的ASVs表用于后续分析[24]
所得数据统计均使用SPSS 22.0,并使用平均值和标准差描述数据。使用SPSS 22.0进行正态性检验,所有变量经Shapiro-Wilk检验均符合正态分布(P>0.05),因此使用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)比较煤矸石场地土壤理化性质的显著性。使用Vegan包进行土壤细菌α多样性的计算。利用Bray-Curtis相似性系数对不同类型土壤细菌群落结构进行主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis, PCoA)。使用linkET包执行Mantel test,结果在在线工具ChiPlot (https://www.chiplot.online/)上可视化。采用R语言“psych”包计算ASVs节点间的Spearman相关系数(r),计算前先筛选出相对丰度大于0.01%的ASVs;后续仅保留相关系数绝对值大于0.7且经假发现率(false discovery rate, FDR)校正后P<0.01的节点与边。随后,使用R语言“igraph”包对上述筛选后数据的网络拓扑特性进行分析,分析指标包括节点数、边数、平均度、聚类系数等参数。最终将数据导入Gephi软件完成可视化绘图[25]。上述分析采用R (v.4.3.3)对数据进行处理、统计分析与绘图。
利用PICRUSt2与数据库比对16S rRNA基因测序数据,预测基因的功能并构建KEGG Orthology (https://www.kegg.jp/)编号及其对应代谢途径丰度表。基于KO丰度数据,计算各代谢通路的相对值,生成标准化后的通路热图。采用单因素方差分析结合最小显著性差异检验,比较不同深度土壤样本中微生物群落在各代谢通路丰度上的差异。
为探究接种SRB对堆体土壤理化性质的影响,本研究对对照组和处理组的土壤理化性质进行分析。结果显示,SRB显著改变了煤矸石堆土壤的理化性质。如图1A所示,对照组pH值(pH 6.1)最低,显著低于处理组均值(pH 7.5,P<0.05)。在修复堆体中,SL与ML、DL的土壤pH值差异显著(P<0.05),均值分别为6.8、7.6和7.7。如图1B所示,处理组EC均值为437 μS/cm,是对照组(255 μS/cm)的1.7倍。其中,ML和DL土壤EC的均值分别为475 μS/cm和521 μS/cm,且显著高于SL (315 μS/cm)。如图1C所示,处理组AK含量(10.6 mg/kg)较对照组(8.2 mg/kg)无显著差异。处理组内AK含量呈先升后降趋势,其中ML的AK含量最高,均值达到13.4 mg/kg。如图1D所示,土壤SOM含量在处理各组间差异显著(P<0.05),整体呈上升趋势。其中DL组土壤SOM含量最高,均值达到38.8 g/kg;ML和SL次之,均值分别为32.2 g/kg和26.4 g/kg。修复堆体SOM含量均值高达33.0 g/kg,是对照组(5.5 g/kg)的6.1倍(图1D)。
为探究SRB处理对细菌群落结构的整体影响,本研究进行了α多样性和β多样性分析。由表1可知,处理组的土壤细菌群落丰度和多样性较对照组均显著增加。处理组土壤细菌群落的Observed、Chao1、Simpson和Shannon指数较对照组均显著上升(P<0.05)。处理组Chao1指数>4 000.00,而对照组<3 000.00,表明SRB修复显著增加了土壤微生物群落丰度。PCoA结果如图2所示,基于Bray-Curtis距离的主坐标分析的第一个主坐标轴(PCoA1)和第二个主坐标轴(PCoA2)的方差贡献率分别为22.61%和13.95%,累计方差贡献率为36.56%,表明该主坐标分析可解释36.56%的微生物群落变异。其中,对照组与处理各组之间呈现明显的空间分异规律。为明确SRB修复对煤矸石堆土壤微生物群落的整体影响,本研究进一步采用置换多元方差分析。结果表明,当仅考虑修复处理(CK vs. SRB)这一因素时,其对细菌群落β多样性变异的解释度为20.8% (R2=0.208,P=0.001)。这说明SRB修复显著改变了土壤微生物群落结构组成。进一步地,在SRB修复煤矸石堆内部,以垂直深度分组(SL、ML、DL)为自变量,基于Bray-Curtis距离进行置换多元方差分析。结果显示,深度分组这一因素可解释细菌群落β多样性变异的25.9% (R2=0.259,P=0.001)。如表2所示,SL与ML、SL与DL以及ML与DL之间的细菌群落β多样性差异均具有统计学显著性,对应的R2值分别为0.207、0.244和0.160 (表2)。其中SL与DL之间的R2最大,提示表层与深层土壤细菌群落组成差异最为显著,而ML与DL之间的差异相对较小。
为了探究SRB对煤矸石堆土壤群落结构的影响,本研究进行了物种组成分析。如图3A、3B所示,SRB显著改变了土壤细菌群落结构。如表3所示,在门水平上假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexota)、糖单胞菌门(Saccharimonadota)和芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)是煤矸石堆土壤微生物群落中最丰富的6个细菌门,相对丰度占比大于80.00%。其中,假单胞菌门占主导地位(47.57%),表明假单胞菌门在维持煤矸石堆土壤生态环境稳定性中起着重要作用。此外,单个门的相对丰度在对照组和处理组间发生明显变化。例如,拟杆菌门和糖单胞菌门在处理组中的平均相对丰度分别为17.26%和11.86%,显著高于对照组CK的0.84%和2.56%;相反,绿屈挠菌门在CK组中的相对丰度为11.95%,而在处理组中的平均相对丰度仅为2.17%。在处理堆体中,随着深度的增加,假单胞菌门和放线菌门的相对丰度显著升高;尤其是放线菌门从10.50%增加到28.93%;而拟杆菌门和糖单胞菌门的相对丰度略有下降,由浅层区土壤的25.64%和21.08%下降至深层区土壤的8.65%和4.30%。如表4所示,在属水平上处理组和对照组的群落结构差异较大。例如,对照组中假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)的相对丰度为39.16%,但在处理组内占比仅不到4.00%。在处理堆体中,随着深度的增加硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)和诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides)的相对丰度升高。尤其是硫杆菌属,其相对丰度由浅层区的2.25%升至深层区的7.31%。
为了探究接种SRB下土壤微生物群落内网络相互作用,对各处理组土壤细菌群落在ASVs水平上进行共现网络分析(图4)。如表5所示,不同土壤深度梯度细菌共生网络的特征差异较大。浅层区土壤微生物网络由527个节点和602条边组成,而深层区土壤微生物网络由807个节点和1 161条边组成,增加幅度分别为53%和92%。细菌网络中节点连接以正相关为主,随着深度梯度增加,网络的节点数量和平均度明显增加,但正相关边数占比却呈现先降后升的趋势,分别为88.03%、70.14%和75.11%。细菌网络的聚类系数和模块性系数并未表现为一致性变化。这一趋势表明,随着矿区土壤深度的增加,土壤微生物群落内的相互作用更加活跃,网络结构也更加复杂。
为了探究修复土壤中微生物群落与环境因子之间的潜在关系,基于ASVs序列丰度进行典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis, CCA)。如图5A所示,环境因子共同解释了处理堆体细菌群落结构的18.24%的总变异(CCA1和CCA2的解释率分别为10.99%和7.25%)。微生物群落变异的关键驱动因子包括pH (R2=0.23,P=0.034)、EC (R2=0.28,P=0.022),表明其对群落结构的调控作用最强。从空间分布来看,SL组与DL组形成明显的聚类分离,深层土壤微生物多集中于高pH和EC的区域,而浅层和中层区土壤微生物多集中于高SOM和AK的区域,表明了环境因子对微生物群落结构的显著影响。环境因子与门水平优势菌的Mantel分析结果表明(图5B),pH是影响群落结构的重要环境因子,与假单胞菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、绿屈挠菌门和糖单胞菌门均呈显著正相关(P<0.01),并与芽孢杆菌门呈负相关。如表6所示,EC与多类群也存在显著关联,其中与放线菌门、拟杆菌门、绿屈挠菌门、芽孢杆菌门及糖单胞菌门呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与假单胞菌门呈负相关。SOM与放线菌门、绿屈挠菌门和假单胞菌门呈显著正相关(P<0.01),而与糖单胞菌门呈负相关。总体而言,pH、EC和SOM均对主要菌门的分布模式具有显著驱动作用。
为探究不同深度土壤细菌的功能变化,本研究使用PICRUSt2工具进行预测,最终获得526个通路模块和8 669个功能基因的相对丰度数据。结果表明对照组CK在碳固定、氮循环和硫循环的功能基因表达丰度较低。如图6A所示,与浅层区SL相比,DL组中CO2固定相关基因(cooSFcdhE)的表达丰度较高。如图6B所示,微生物参与氮循环的主要过程包括固氮、同化硝酸盐还原、异化硝酸盐还原、硝化和反硝化过程,还包括有机氮的生物合成。对照组CK在异化硝酸盐还原(nirBD)和有机氮代谢(ureAglnA)相关功能基因的丰度较高(图6B)。与浅层区SL相比,深层土壤中固氮作用(nifDKH)、硝化作用(amoChaonxrAB)、反硝化作用(nirKnorC)和异化硝酸盐还原(napABnarHInrfHnirD)等功能基因的丰度较高;然而,对同化硝酸盐还原(nasABnirA)基因丰度无显著影响。在硫循环中(图6C),硫酸盐还原菌特有的同化硫酸盐还原(cysH)和异化硫酸盐还原相关关键基因(aprABdsrAB)在处理组深度区土壤中富集,且呈现出随土壤深度增加,上述功能基因相对丰度逐渐升高的趋势。
大量研究表明,煤矸石中的硫化矿物氧化形成的酸化产物会使土壤酸化,低pH值是煤矸石的关键特征之一[18]。土壤pH值是土壤许多化学性质的综合反映,它对土壤元素的转化、土壤微生物活动、养分的可用性以及作物的生长发育有着深远影响[26]。本研究发现对照组土壤呈酸性,处理组的平均pH值显著高于对照组。处理组随土壤深度增加,pH值逐渐升高,这可能与SRB对SO42-的消耗有关。SRB将SO42-作为酸性条件下的电子受体,随着SO42-的消耗使得土壤酸度得到改善[15]。其次,SRB在代谢过程中会产生碳酸氢根(HCO3-)和部分碳酸盐(CO32-),这些碱性产物能够缓冲酸性环境,进一步促进pH升高[10]。深层土壤中pH升高幅度更明显,这可能是由于SRB在厌氧环境下活性增强,硫酸盐还原过程更充分,而表层土壤由于风化过程加速了煤矸石中酸性物质的释放[27]。高EC会通过抑制微生物活动、降低土壤渗透潜力、限制植物水分和营养吸收而影响土壤质量,而EC过低则意味着土壤养分匮乏和对土壤酸化的缓冲能力丧失[28]。Zhu等[6]研究表明,SRB在适宜条件下可提高煤矸石渗滤液的EC。本研究拓展了这一结果,SRB不仅提高了煤矸石土壤整体的EC,且随着深度增加,EC也呈增加趋势。厌氧条件促进了硫酸盐还原作用的进行,使得深层土壤中SO42-被大量还原,其中伴随产生的HCO3-、CO32-等可溶性离子浓度增加所导致的局部碱性环境增强了矿物溶解释放,提高了某些离子的溶解度和迁移能力,间接促进了EC的升高[10]。土壤SOM含量与养分供应能力密切相关,是土壤质量的关键指标[29]。相关研究发现,土壤有机质含量与土壤微生物多样性呈正相关[30]。结合α多样性结果,说明SRB通过改善理化性质促进了细菌多样性和微生物生物量的增加。随之产生的微生物残体、胞外聚合物等有机质输入,进一步推动了SOM的累积[31]。因此,处理组SOM含量的升高在很大程度上可以视为SRB诱导的微生物扩增与群落重构的综合结果。此外,本研究还发现,处理堆体内随土壤深度增加SOM含量也表现出增加的趋势。这可能是因为随着土壤深度增加导致氧气不足,限制了好氧分解菌的活性,降低了有机碳氧化速率,促进了有机质的保存与积累[32]。总之,SRB改善了煤矸石土壤的理化性质,使土壤肥力得到提升。
煤矸石表面营养贫乏,细菌的丰度和多样性低[33]。本研究表明SRB显著增强土壤微生物群落结构的稳定性。相较于对照组,处理组微生物群落多样性和物种丰度显著提升,且微生物群落结构有着显著的空间异质性。此外,综合考虑SRB处理因素的置换多元方差分析结果可知,SRB修复处理整体上显著改变了煤矸石堆土壤细菌群落结构,是导致处理组与对照组之间微生物群落结构差异的重要因素。SL、ML、DL三层之间的置换多元方差分析结果显示,SL与DL之间的R2值最高,说明表层与深层土壤的群落组成差异最为显著,而ML与DL之间的解释度相对较低,表明中层和深层群落在SRB修复作用下趋于更高的相似性。这一模式与本研究在理化性质上的观测结果相吻合:在SRB修复堆体中随深度增加土壤pH、EC和SOM逐渐升高,营造出更加稳定、富营养且还原性更强的深层微环境,而表层则更易受到外界气候波动和氧化条件的影响,导致微生境差异在群落水平上得到放大。微生物随着适应新环境而改变,群落结构也发生相应变化。本研究发现,土壤的优势门在对照组和处理各组的组成相似,分别是假单胞菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、绿屈挠菌门、糖单胞菌门和芽孢杆菌门。这些发现与之前关于矿区污染土壤中细菌群落组成的研究一致[34]。已有研究证实,假单胞菌门在各种贫瘠土壤中(例如酸性、碱性和缺乏养分的土壤)具有很强的适应性[35]。例如,Zhao等[36]研究表明,假单胞菌门在煤矿污染的土壤中是占比最优势的细菌门。本研究结果与之类似,假单胞菌门在各组中是占比最高的优势物种(相对丰度>30%)。同时,部分假单胞菌门参与氮循环、碳循环和改善土壤养分利用率[21]。放线菌门在各组中的相对丰度较高。这与先前研究结果一致,放线菌门在矸石层土壤占比仅次于丰度最高的假单胞菌门,是煤矸石土壤中代谢活性较强类群[21,37]。放线菌门的相对丰度呈现出随深度增加而递增的趋势,这与Naylor等[17]研究结果一致。这是因为放线菌门能够更好地适应碱性、低营养和缺氧土壤;且放线菌门能够降解难降解的碳源,由于深层土壤中活性有机碳含量较低,与其他微生物相比,它们可能在深层土壤中更具优势[38]。此外,放线菌门还能形成孢子进入休眠状态。Eilers等[39]认为,拟杆菌门通常是富营养的,并且在具有大量不稳定有机碳的土壤中最为丰富。因此,结合本研究中浅层区拟杆菌门相对丰度更高这一结果,我们推测SRB修复后表层更易获得新输入的有机底物(如微生物生物量增长带来的可溶性有机物/残体、表层外源输入等),从而为拟杆菌门提供了更有利的资源条件。糖单胞菌门并不是常见的土壤优势菌门。有研究报道糖单胞菌门的存在与土壤重金属镉呈正相关[40],而本研究的处理环境可能创造了类似地选择压力。结合其已知的寡营养与寄生特性,推测该菌群比例的上升可能与处理导致的生态位变化及其独特的环境适应策略有关。因此,从浅层土壤到深层土壤,SRB影响了土壤微生物群落结构的多样性和物种丰度,并诱导特定微生物群落的建立。
共现网络用于分析微生物群落的模式并探索微生物群落内的关系[33],且细菌多样性对于维持生态系统的稳定性至关重要[41]。在本研究中,SRB处理显著影响了不同深度梯度下的土壤微生物网络节点、边数、平均度和模块化。较高的平均度反映微生物群落更好的活力和更大的复杂性,这与微生物群落的稳定性呈正相关[42]。本研究表明,深层区土壤细菌群落的共现网络表现出更高的节点数和平均度。这意味着深层区土壤细菌群落的多功能性能够更好地应对环境变化。高模块性系数反映了营养异构网络[43]。网络边的正相关性是指在外部环境变动之下,微生物群落成员间展现出的协同作用,如可能共享生态位或协同参与资源分解;相反,负相关性则暗示微生物间的互动可能是竞争或抑制性质的,如对资源的争夺。然而,更为激烈的竞争关系往往有利于群落稳定性的保持[25]。本研究结果显示,浅层区土壤细菌群落中有着更高的正相关边数占比和模块性系数,这表明浅层区土壤细菌群落中细菌有着牢固的合作关系以适应不断变化的土壤条件,而深层区的土壤细菌群落存在更激烈的资源竞争。
土壤微生物群落结构很大程度上受土壤理化性质的影响[44]。本研究发现经SRB修复的煤矸石堆中的细菌群落主要受pH和EC的影响。土壤pH是塑造土壤细菌群落的关键因素[45]。本研究结果表明pH与假单胞菌门、放线菌门、拟杆菌门、绿屈挠菌门和糖单胞菌门呈显著正相关。许多研究报道了特定细菌类群对土壤pH值的反应,假单胞菌门、放线菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度与高pH值之间存在很强的正相关关系,这种关联可能与碳的可用性有关[46]。Zhao等[35]发现,pH值影响重金属的浸出和营养物质的调节,导致微生物群落结构的变化,而适宜的pH值本身就有利于大多数细菌的生长。Bastida等[47]研究表明,较高的SOM质量和数量通常意味着更高的微生物生物量。其次,放线菌门与假单胞菌门通常具有较强的有机质降解能力,能够利用SOM中的复杂碳源,因此在SOM较高的土壤中更易富集[35]。此外,嗜酸菌不能利用SOM,一些嗜酸细菌甚至可以被SOM抑制或杀死[48]。相比之下,异养SRB的生长完全依赖于复杂的SOM,并且可以通过SOM促进自身的生长。本研究表明处理组的微生物生物量和SOM含量远高于对照组,且SOM与放线菌门、绿屈挠菌门和假单胞菌门呈显著正相关。EC是煤矸石土壤最具特征的化学性质,其在塑造细菌群落结构方面的积极作用已被Yin等[28]研究证实。本研究结果也表明EC也是微生物群落变异的关键驱动因子。Mantel分析和CCA结果进一步验证:SRB通过改变土壤理化性质,间接驱动微生物群落结构的显著变化。
土壤微生物群落构成了土壤生态系统的命脉,参与各种土壤功能,如碳循环和固定、养分循环和初级生产[49]。本研究结果表明,SRB修复显著提高了煤矸石堆土壤的pH、EC和SOM含量,改良了土壤环境;同时显著提升了细菌α多样性并重塑了群落结构,pH和EC等理化因子是驱动群落β多样性变异的主要环境因子。在此基础上,进一步采用PICRUSt2对土壤微生物群落的潜在功能组成及相关功能基因丰度进行预测[50]。本研究发现,深层土壤中碳、氮、硫循环及金属还原相关功能基因丰度显著提高,表明SRB不仅改变了群落结构,也促进了关键生物地球化学过程。本研究显示,在深层区土壤有着较高的碳固定相关功能基因(cooSFcdhE)。处理组中,随着土壤深度增加绿屈挠菌门和放线菌门的相对丰度增加,而这2个细菌门以卡尔文循环为主要碳代谢通路进行碳固定[45]。绿屈挠菌门利用卡尔文循环实现CO2固定并将其转为有机碳,既能满足自身的生长和繁殖的需求,也为土壤生态系统提供了基础有机碳源[51]。放线菌门可通过分泌胞外酶将复杂有机物降解为小分子物质并进入三羧酸循环,为菌群的生长、繁殖等生理活动提供充足的能量[51]。SRB修复形成的弱碱性、较高SOM和低氧环境下,深层土壤更有利于化能自养及异养微生物参与碳固定与有机碳积累。Peng等[34]研究表明,矿区高水平的重金属污染会抑制参与氮循环的特定功能微生物群落,从而降低微生物介导的反硝化和异化硝酸盐还原活性。本研究结果表明,较对照组相比,SRB改良后的煤矸石土壤微生物的硝化作用、反硝化作用、固氮作用和异化硝酸盐还原的部分功能基因在深层区显著富集。SRB修复不仅改善了土壤理化环境,还通过促进细菌多样性和生物量增加,强化了煤矸石堆土壤的氮转化与再生能力。从群落功能层面看,本研究中氮获取/氮代谢相关功能基因的升高提示土壤微生物对氮资源的获取压力可能增强,进而导致微生物之间对氮的竞争更加激烈。硫酸盐还原途径包括同化硫酸盐还原(assimilatory sulfate reduction, ASR)和异化硫酸盐还原(dissimilatory sulfate reduction, DSR)。Zhang等[52]研究表明,在硫酸盐还原过程中只有少量的硫酸盐通过ASR途径合成含硫成分,大量的硫酸盐通过DSR途径还原为硫化物。此外,SO42-在SRB细胞中并不能被铁氧还蛋白或NADH直接还原。因此,在DSR途径中,SO42-必须首先在硫酸腺苷酸化酶(sulfate adenylyltransferase, Sat)作用下活化为腺苷酰硫酸,随后在腺苷酰硫酸还原酶(adenylylsulfate reductase, AprAB)作用下还原为SO32-,最终经异化亚硫酸盐还原酶(dissimilatory sulfite reductase, DsrAB)还原为S2-[53]。DSR途径是SRB主要的代谢方式,且其功能基因dsrAB的相对丰度可以反映SRB的活性[54-55]。本研究结果表明,异化硫酸盐还原相关关键基因(dsrABaprAB)从处理组表层土壤到处理组深层土壤的丰度逐渐升高,且显著高于对照组。这一结果与SRB以SO42-为电子受体、在深层土壤中具有更高代谢活性的特征高度一致,也与前述深层土壤pH升高、EC和SOM增强的理化环境改善相吻合。
本研究以陕西省榆林市典型露天煤矿煤矸石堆为对象,系统评估了硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)修复对土壤理化性质、细菌群落结构及潜在功能的影响。结果表明,与未修复堆体相比,SRB处理显著提高了土壤pH、电导率和有机质含量,增强了细菌群落α多样性,并显著改变了群落结构,说明SRB修复能够有效改善煤矸石堆土壤环境,促进微生物群落恢复。在修复堆体内部,土壤性质和微生物特征沿垂直深度呈现明显分异。随着深度增加,土壤pH、电导率和有机质含量总体升高,速效钾呈先升后降趋势。同时,细菌群落组成持续变化,共现网络的节点数、边数和平均度增加,表明深层土壤中的微生物相互作用更为复杂。功能预测结果进一步表明,深层土壤中与碳固定、氮循环和硫循环相关的功能基因丰度较高,显示出更强的物质转化与元素循环潜力。综合来看,SRB修复对煤矸石堆具有显著的整体改良作用,且深层土壤表现出更强的生态功能潜力。本研究为揭示SRB修复煤矸石堆的生态机制及优化矿区生物修复技术提供了理论依据。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32330004)
  • 国家自然科学基金(32170130)
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2026年第66卷第6期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250792
  • 接收时间:2025-10-24
  • 首发时间:2026-06-17
  • 出版时间:2026-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-24
  • 录用日期:2025-12-16
基金
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32330004)
国家自然科学基金(32330004)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170130)
国家自然科学基金(32170130)
作者信息
    1.西北农林科技大学 生命科学学院,作物抗逆与高效生产全国重点实验室,陕西省农业与环境微生物重点实验室,陕西 杨凌
    2.庆阳陇沣海绵城市建设管理运营有限责任公司,甘肃 庆阳
    3.中国地质大学(北京)科学研究院,北京
    4.中国农业科学院草原研究所,内蒙古 呼和浩特
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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