Article(id=1274057453927911700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260105, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1770048000000, receivedDateStr=2026-02-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1775664000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-09, onlineDate=1781688567859, onlineDateStr=2026-06-17, pubDate=1780502400000, pubDateStr=2026-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781688567859, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781688567859, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688567859, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274057338156769818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='6', pageStart='2561', pageEnd='3114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781688540257, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688602467, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2974, endPage=2987, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274057454338953494, articleId=1274057453927911700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Evaluation of the inhibitory effect of bamboo leaf-mediated green-synthesized silver nanoparticles on reservoir sulfate-reducing bacteria, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective In view of the issues of reservoir acidification and pipeline corrosion caused by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) during oil and gas field development, this study focused on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with bamboo leaf extract and systematically evaluated their effectiveness and mechanism in inhibiting SRB. Methods Under alkaline conditions (pH 11.0) and at 80 ℃, silver nanoparticles with a particle size of 20-50 nm and good monodispersity were successfully prepared through ultrasonically assisted ethanol extraction of active substances from bamboo leaves. Results Real-time quantitative PCR results showed that 50 μg/mL of silver nanoparticles reduced the total bacterial count from 5.21×109 copies/mL to 2.01×107 copies/mL. Meanwhile, the abundance of sulfate-reducing functional genes dsrB and aprA decreased from 1.76×109 copies/mL and 2.03×109 copies/mL to undetectable levels. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay indicated that silver nanoparticles reduced SRB activity in a dose-dependent manner, with the SRB activity in the 50 μg/mL silver nanoparticles group decreasing to 40% of that in the control group. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay confirmed that the cytotoxic effect of the synthesized silver nanoparticles ranged from 32.8% to 42.1%. Under SEM/TEM, silver nanoparticles were observed to adsorb onto the cell membrane surface, forming a nanoscale coating that altered membrane permeability and disrupted the cell wall structure. At a concentration of 50 μg/mL, silver nanoparticles completely inhibited biofilm formation. Core simulation experiments further validated the effective inhibition of SRB by the nanoparticles in reservoir environments, with hydrogen sulfide production decreasing from 83.16 mg/L to below the limit of detection. Conclusion This study demonstrates that bamboo leaf-mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibit high efficiency in inhibiting SRB, environmental friendliness, and resistance to microbial drug resistance. It provides a green prevention and control strategy for microbial corrosion in oil and gas development processes.

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目的 针对油气田开发过程中硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate-reducing bacteria, SRB)导致的储层酸化和管道腐蚀问题,本研究以竹叶提取物绿色合成银纳米粒子,并系统评估其抑制SRB的效果,解析其作用机制。 方法 在碱性(pH 11.0)、80 ℃条件下,利用超声辅助乙醇提取的竹叶活性物质成功制备出粒径为20-50 nm、单分散性良好的球形银纳米粒子。 结果 实时定量PCR技术结果显示,50 μg/mL银纳米粒子可使总菌量从5.21×109 copies/mL降至2.01×107 copies/mL,同时硫酸盐还原功能基因dsrB与aprA的含量分别从1.76×109 copies/mL和2.03×109 copies/mL下降至检测限值。3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基)-2,5-二苯基四唑溴盐[3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, MTT]还原试验表明,银纳米粒子以剂量依赖性方式降低SRB细胞活性,当银纳米粒子浓度为50 μg/mL时SRB活性降至对照组的40%。乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)释放实验证实合成的银纳米粒子的细胞毒性效应在32.8%-42.1%之间。在SEM/TEM微观视野下,银纳米粒子吸附于细胞膜表面形成纳米级覆盖层,引起膜通透性改变以及细胞壁结构破坏;当银纳米粒子浓度达到50 μg/mL时可完全抑制生物膜形成;岩心模拟实验进一步验证了银纳米粒子在油藏环境中对SRB具有良好的抑制效果,硫化氢产量由83.16 mg/L降至检测限以下。 结论 本研究证实竹叶介导合成的银纳米粒子具有高效抑制SRB、环境友好及抗生物耐药性等特征,为油气开发过程中微生物腐蚀防控提供了绿色防治方案。

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作者贡献声明

王怡滢:论文撰写、图表绘制;冯旺:构建理论框架,文献收集;周芊妍:文献收集、格式修改;陈静文:文稿规范,最终格式修订;张凡:获取基金、提出概念、指导思路;邓舒元:变量选取部分提供指导;佘跃惠:数据分析指导;魏士平:语言规范与格式规范指导。

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Total bacterial count and sulfate-reducing bacteria gene copy number (copies/mL)

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Sample (μg/mL)16S rRNAdsrBaprA
MeanStandard deviationMeanStandard deviationMeanStandard deviation
0.005.21×1092.17×1081.76×1091.65×1082.03×1091.57×108
6.253.26×1091.65×1089.70×1081.78×1077.51×1052.68×104
12.507.33×1083.45×1071.36×1052.35×1041.96×1033.12×102
25.003.98×1082.69×1071.99×1023.12×1000
50.002.01×1073.18×1060000
100.006.64×1051.69×1040000
), ArticleFig(id=1274088317533577729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057453927911700, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

细菌总量以及硫酸盐还原菌基因数量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample (μg/mL)16S rRNAdsrBaprA
MeanStandard deviationMeanStandard deviationMeanStandard deviation
0.005.21×1092.17×1081.76×1091.65×1082.03×1091.57×108
6.253.26×1091.65×1089.70×1081.78×1077.51×1052.68×104
12.507.33×1083.45×1071.36×1052.35×1041.96×1033.12×102
25.003.98×1082.69×1071.99×1023.12×1000
50.002.01×1073.18×1060000
100.006.64×1051.69×1040000
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竹叶绿色合成银纳米粒子对油藏硫酸盐还原菌的抑制作用评价
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王怡滢 1 , 冯旺 2 , 周芊妍 1 , 陈静文 1 , 张凡 1 , 邓舒元 3 , 佘跃惠 3 , 魏士平 4
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(6): 2974-2987
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(6): 2974-2987
竹叶绿色合成银纳米粒子对油藏硫酸盐还原菌的抑制作用评价
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王怡滢1, 冯旺2, 周芊妍1, 陈静文1, 张凡1 , 邓舒元3, 佘跃惠3, 魏士平4
作者信息
  • 1.中国地质大学(北京) 能源学院,北京
  • 2.中国地质大学(北京) 地球物理与信息技术学院,北京
  • 3.长江大学 石油工程学院,湖北 武汉
  • 4.中国地质大学(北京) 海洋学院,北京
Evaluation of the inhibitory effect of bamboo leaf-mediated green-synthesized silver nanoparticles on reservoir sulfate-reducing bacteria
Yiying WANG1, Wang FENG2, Qianyan ZHOU1, Jingwen CHEN1, Fan ZHANG1 , Shuyuan DENG3, Yuehui SHE3, Shiping WEI4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Energy Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China
  • 2.School of Geophysics and Information Technology, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China
  • 3.School of Petroleum Engineering, Yangtze University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
  • 4.School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, China
出版时间: 2026-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260105
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目的 针对油气田开发过程中硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate-reducing bacteria, SRB)导致的储层酸化和管道腐蚀问题,本研究以竹叶提取物绿色合成银纳米粒子,并系统评估其抑制SRB的效果,解析其作用机制。 方法 在碱性(pH 11.0)、80 ℃条件下,利用超声辅助乙醇提取的竹叶活性物质成功制备出粒径为20-50 nm、单分散性良好的球形银纳米粒子。 结果 实时定量PCR技术结果显示,50 μg/mL银纳米粒子可使总菌量从5.21×109 copies/mL降至2.01×107 copies/mL,同时硫酸盐还原功能基因dsrB与aprA的含量分别从1.76×109 copies/mL和2.03×109 copies/mL下降至检测限值。3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基)-2,5-二苯基四唑溴盐[3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, MTT]还原试验表明,银纳米粒子以剂量依赖性方式降低SRB细胞活性,当银纳米粒子浓度为50 μg/mL时SRB活性降至对照组的40%。乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)释放实验证实合成的银纳米粒子的细胞毒性效应在32.8%-42.1%之间。在SEM/TEM微观视野下,银纳米粒子吸附于细胞膜表面形成纳米级覆盖层,引起膜通透性改变以及细胞壁结构破坏;当银纳米粒子浓度达到50 μg/mL时可完全抑制生物膜形成;岩心模拟实验进一步验证了银纳米粒子在油藏环境中对SRB具有良好的抑制效果,硫化氢产量由83.16 mg/L降至检测限以下。 结论 本研究证实竹叶介导合成的银纳米粒子具有高效抑制SRB、环境友好及抗生物耐药性等特征,为油气开发过程中微生物腐蚀防控提供了绿色防治方案。

硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)  /  银纳米粒子  /  绿色合成  /  抑菌活性  /  油藏微生物腐蚀防控

Objective In view of the issues of reservoir acidification and pipeline corrosion caused by sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) during oil and gas field development, this study focused on the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with bamboo leaf extract and systematically evaluated their effectiveness and mechanism in inhibiting SRB. Methods Under alkaline conditions (pH 11.0) and at 80 ℃, silver nanoparticles with a particle size of 20-50 nm and good monodispersity were successfully prepared through ultrasonically assisted ethanol extraction of active substances from bamboo leaves. Results Real-time quantitative PCR results showed that 50 μg/mL of silver nanoparticles reduced the total bacterial count from 5.21×109 copies/mL to 2.01×107 copies/mL. Meanwhile, the abundance of sulfate-reducing functional genes dsrB and aprA decreased from 1.76×109 copies/mL and 2.03×109 copies/mL to undetectable levels. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay indicated that silver nanoparticles reduced SRB activity in a dose-dependent manner, with the SRB activity in the 50 μg/mL silver nanoparticles group decreasing to 40% of that in the control group. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay confirmed that the cytotoxic effect of the synthesized silver nanoparticles ranged from 32.8% to 42.1%. Under SEM/TEM, silver nanoparticles were observed to adsorb onto the cell membrane surface, forming a nanoscale coating that altered membrane permeability and disrupted the cell wall structure. At a concentration of 50 μg/mL, silver nanoparticles completely inhibited biofilm formation. Core simulation experiments further validated the effective inhibition of SRB by the nanoparticles in reservoir environments, with hydrogen sulfide production decreasing from 83.16 mg/L to below the limit of detection. Conclusion This study demonstrates that bamboo leaf-mediated synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibit high efficiency in inhibiting SRB, environmental friendliness, and resistance to microbial drug resistance. It provides a green prevention and control strategy for microbial corrosion in oil and gas development processes.

sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB)  /  silver nanoparticles  /  green synthesis  /  antibacterial activity  /  prevention and control of microbial corrosion in oil reservoirs
王怡滢, 冯旺, 周芊妍, 陈静文, 张凡, 邓舒元, 佘跃惠, 魏士平. 竹叶绿色合成银纳米粒子对油藏硫酸盐还原菌的抑制作用评价. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2974 -2987 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260105
Yiying WANG, Wang FENG, Qianyan ZHOU, Jingwen CHEN, Fan ZHANG, Shuyuan DENG, Yuehui SHE, Shiping WEI. Evaluation of the inhibitory effect of bamboo leaf-mediated green-synthesized silver nanoparticles on reservoir sulfate-reducing bacteria[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2974 -2987 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260105
在石油与天然气行业中,储层酸化、油气管道腐蚀是导致油气生产效率下降和影响油气生产安全的主要因素[1]。随着油气田开发过程的持续推进,特别是以注水开发为主的油藏,硫酸盐还原菌(sulfate-reducing bacteria, SRB)快速繁殖产生的生物硫化氢(H2S)是导致储层酸化以及管道腐蚀的重要原因[2]。如何抑制或杀灭SRB,避免其产生H2S引发油田生产问题已受到广泛关注。传统抑制SRB的方法主要依赖化学杀菌剂和生物竞争抑制法:虽然这些化学杀菌剂能快速见效,但长期使用会导致SRB产生耐药性,降低杀菌效果[3-4]。此外,这类化学杀菌剂具有一定的生物毒性,可能对环境和生物体造成潜在危害[5]。生物竞争抑制法,例如通过注入硝酸盐激活硝酸盐还原菌(nitrate-reducing bacteria, NRB),利用其与SRB竞争生态位和电子供体来抑制SRB的活性,具有环境友好、作用持久的潜力,但其见效相对较慢,且受地层水化学环境、营养物运移等多因素制约,效果存在不确定性[5]。因此,研究开发绿色环保、可持续的SRB控制试剂等已成为行业共识。
目前,银纳米粒子具有良好的抑菌杀菌作用。银纳米粒子(silver nanoparticles, AgNPs)是粒径处于纳米尺度的金属银单质[6],因其独特的量子尺寸效应[7]、体积效应[8]及界面效应[9]等理化特性,已在材料科学、医药、食品加工、农业、环境治理及新能源等多个领域获得广泛应用。近年来,AgNPs在生物医学领域的应用日益拓展。其抗菌机制主要源于银离子与蛋白质功能基团结合,引起蛋白质变性,进而干扰酶、DNA等生物大分子的生物合成过程,并抑制DNA的复制能力,从而表现出显著的抗菌活性[10-11]。此外,银纳米粒子具有良好的热稳定性与高比表面积,有利于银离子的储存与缓释[12],实现持久抑菌,对细菌和真菌均显示出较强的抑制效果[13-14]
目前,银纳米粒子的合成方法主要包括物理法、化学法及生物法[15-16]。物理法以块状银为原料,通过机械粉碎、真空冷凝、激光烧蚀或高压磁控溅射等途径制备银纳米颗粒[17-18];化学法则多采用硝酸银与还原剂(如甲醛、柠檬酸钠等)发生氧化还原反应以生成AgNPs[19];生物还原法,也称绿色合成法,利用微生物、植物提取物或生物大分子作为还原剂和稳定剂,在温和条件下实现银离子的还原与纳米粒子的形成。该方法具备原料来源广泛、成本较低、反应条件可控、环境友好等优势[20],能够有效避免物理法的高能耗与化学法可能带来的环境污染问题[21],因而受到广泛关注。在生物合成路径中,植物提取法因操作简便、无需复杂的微生物培养步骤,已逐渐成为替代传统化学合成法的重要绿色途径之一。其中,以竹叶提取物介导合成银纳米粒子,因其提取物富含多酚、黄酮等生物活性成分,兼具强还原性与良好稳定作用,在纳米粒子形貌控制与生物相容性方面展现出独特潜力[22]。然而,目前利用竹叶提取物绿色合成银纳米粒子,并系统探究其在复杂油藏环境中抑制SRB的生物腐蚀研究仍较为缺乏。
本研究选取竹叶提取物介导绿色合成银纳米粒子,通过电镜实验揭示了银纳米粒子的抑菌机理,通过岩心驱替实验评估了银纳米粒子抑制油藏SRB的潜力,以期为常规及非常规油藏中SRB高效控制提供绿色环保的新型材料与技术策略,推动油田开发向绿色化、可持续化方向发展。
毛竹竹叶,江苏省宿迁市沭阳玖洛丽卡种业有限公司;无水乙醇、溴化钾、硝酸银溶液、氢氧化钠溶液、氯化钠、氯化钾、磷酸氢二钠、磷酸二氢钾,中国医药集团有限公司(分析纯AR);LDH试剂盒,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;DNA提取试剂盒,MO BIO Laboratories公司。
集热式数显磁力搅拌器,上海科瑞生物医药科技有限公司;电热恒温干燥箱,天津市泰斯特仪器有限公司;傅里叶变换红外光谱,ThermoFisher Scientific公司;激光粒度分布仪,丹东百特仪器有限公司;扫描电子显微镜,ZEISS公司;紫外分光光度计,屹谱仪器制造(上海)有限公司;Zeta电位分析测量仪,Anton Paar公司;X射线衍射仪,Rigaku公司;透射电子显微镜,Hitachi公司;填砂管、岩心驱替装置,南通华兴石油仪器有限公司。
取竹叶,用去离子水冲洗以去除表面附着杂质,随后在60 ℃条件下烘干24 h。干燥后,人工去除叶脉,用研钵将叶片研磨成粉末,并过60目标准筛以获得均匀颗粒。称取上述竹叶粉末100.0 g,置于1 000 mL体积分数为65%的乙醇水溶液中(料液比为1:10)。采用超声波细胞破碎仪在55 ℃、400 W功率条件下超声10 min以破碎植物细胞壁。完成后,将混合溶液通过0.22 μm微孔滤膜进行减压过滤,所得澄清滤液即标记为竹叶乙醇提取物溶液,备用。
将制备得到的竹叶提取物经真空冷冻干燥处理后获得固态样品。取约1-2 mg干燥粉末通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier transform infrared spectrum, FTIR)分析[23-25]在波数范围4 000-400 cm-1下测定红外吸收光谱,对竹叶提取物中活性成分的官能团组成进行表征。
以竹叶提取物(OD525=1.5)为还原剂与稳定剂,将其与硝酸银溶液按体积比7:1的比例混合,并用氢氧化钠溶液将混合体系pH值调至11.0。随后,将反应体系置于80 ℃的恒温磁力搅拌器中,在持续搅拌的条件下反应40 min,以合成银纳米粒子。
合成的银纳米粒子经冷冻干燥处理得到固态粉末,使用洗耳球吹扫,使其均匀分布在导电胶上,置于扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)的置物台进行观察。使用Zeta电位分析仪测定浓度为0.1-1.0 mg/mL的银纳米粒子的Zeta电位[26]。将分散剂(超纯水)的折射率设定为1.33,银纳米颗粒近似折射率设定为0.135,最大运行回合数为60,重复测量3次。
对合成的银纳米粒子进行X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)测试[27]:将AgNPs在12 000 r/min离心15 min,去除上清液收集颗粒,将收集的颗粒再用乙醇洗涤3次,并在60 ℃下真空干燥。将干燥后的纳米颗粒研磨至细腻均匀,并用200目筛过滤。将样品粉末负载在硅片上,轻压表面使其平整,但勿过度压实(覆盖面积>1 cm2)。扫描范围设置在20°-80°,扫描速度为2 (°)/min,设置探测器为一维/二维探测器,实时监测衍射图谱,获得的图像与粉末衍射标准(joint committee on powder diffraction standards, JCPDS)库进行比对,以确定晶体结构。
SRB富集培养基A (g/L):NH4Cl 1.0,KH2PO4 0.5,Na2SO4 1.0,CaCl2·2H2O 0.1,MgSO4·7H2O 2.0,乳酸钠2.0,酵母粉1.0及刃天青0.001;另取0.5 g FeSO4·7H2O溶于10 mL蒸馏水为溶液B,0.1 g巯基乙酸钠与0.1 g维生素C溶于10 mL蒸馏水为溶液C。将培养基A煮沸后冷却至室温,依次加入溶液B与C,调节pH至7.8,随后以高纯度氮气(99.999%)吹扫15 min。在厌氧操作箱内,将培养基分装至30 mL厌氧瓶中,经121 ℃灭菌30 min后置于厌氧操作箱中备用。
SRB的富集培养:接种前4 h,将实验室采集保存的MZ油田H43-111油井产出液转移至厌氧操作箱中,随后取2.5 mL产出液接种至装有培养基的厌氧瓶内,设置3个生物学重复。所有厌氧瓶均通入氮气(99.99%)后密封,于37 ℃恒温生物培养箱中富集培养7 d。培养结束后,在厌氧操作箱中将富集培养物摇匀并转移至离心管中,通过4 ℃、12 000 r/min高速冷冻离心15 min收集菌体细胞。
本实验本质为基于膜完整性的细胞毒性测试,通过乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)释放量评估竹叶介导银纳米粒子对SRB的细胞毒性[28]:配制9% Triton® X-100溶液及500 mL Postgate’s C培养基,分装为每瓶30 mL,并设置银纳米粒子浓度梯度(100、50、25、12.5、6.25、0 μg/mL)和同梯度的竹叶提取物作对照。灭菌除氧后,每瓶接入1 mL SRB富集菌液,于60 ℃下静置培养15 d。取样后按LDH试剂盒步骤操作:取2 mL培养物,4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min,弃上清,保留沉淀;加入1 mL 9% Triton® X-100试剂释放细菌中的LDH,冰浴下超声破碎细菌(200 W,超声3 s,间隔10 s,30次循环),再次4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心10 min,保留上清液取100 μL标准液,用蒸馏水倍比稀释至1、0.5、0.25、0.125、0 μmol/mL,分别标记。分别于样品管与对照管中加入相应试剂,37 ℃水浴反应后静置3 min。使用预热30 min的分光光度计,在450 nm波长下以蒸馏水调零,先绘制标准曲线,再测定样品吸光度,以最大LDH释放量表征细胞毒性程度。所有实验均设置3组重复。细胞毒性计算如公式(1)所示。
细胞毒性=样品LDH释放-培养基含最大LDH释放-培养基含×100%
采用MTT法评估竹叶介导合成的银纳米粒子对硫酸盐还原菌的抑菌效应[29-30]。在无菌厌氧环境下,将1 mL SRB培养物接种于含不同浓度银纳米粒子和竹叶提取物(100、50、25、12.5、6.25、0 μg/mL)的Postgate’s C培养基(30 mL/瓶)中,于60 ℃下培养15 d。培养结束后,在厌氧环境内移除旧培养基并更换为等量新鲜培养基,继续培养24 h以确保细菌处于活跃状态。随后,使用无菌注射器吸出所有的培养基(尽量保留沉淀部分),并加入溶于PBS缓冲液的20 μL 0.5 mg/mL的MTT,于60 ℃下继续避光培养24 h。终止培养后,加入适量DMSO溶解不溶于水的蓝紫色结晶晶体,并培养12 h。使用漩涡仪振荡混匀后,于570 nm波长下测定其吸光度值。不同浓度竹叶介导合成银纳米粒子处理后的SRB细胞活性用公式(2)计算。
细胞活力=NPs处理后的细胞未处理细×100%
富集培养物经摇匀后,在厌氧条件下通过4 ℃、12 000 r/min高速冷冻离心15 min收集细胞,随后使用DNA提取试剂盒从细胞沉淀中获取总DNA。取各样品DNA的1/10,采用荧光探针法[31]实时定量PCR (qPCR)对16S rRNA、dsrB和aprA基因进行绝对定量[32];构建目的基因和内参基因的标准品,计算目的基因和内参基因引物的扩增效率,代入计算得出二者的倍数关系,内参基因为单拷贝基因,因此可以得出目的基因拷贝数,计算如公式(3)所示。
拷贝数(copies/μL)=DNA浓度(ng/μL)×10-9×6.02×1023碱基(bp)×660
式中:6.02×1023为摩尔常数,660为碱基(AGCT)平均分子量。
选取银纳米粒子加入量为12.5 μg/mL和50 μg/mL的抑制富集硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)培养液,10 000 r/min离心10 min收集细胞,进行扫描电子显微镜(SEM)与透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM)生物样品制备[33-34]。用溅射镀膜仪喷金45 s。扫描电子显微镜的加速电压为0.02-30.00 kV,10 V步进连续可调,探针束流为3 pA-20 nA,进行图像采集。
石英砂填砂管制备后[35],将其置于37 ℃烘箱中静置固化48 h,随后组装岩心驱替装置,并进行气密性验证,用真空泵抽真空12 h。中间容器加入银纳米流体(50 μg/mL)、SRB富集培养基及SRB菌悬液。在完成管线清洗后,以0.5 mL/min的恒定流速依次注入SRB富集培养基至出口累积体积达200 mL,然后注入SRB菌悬液25 mL。随后连接气体收集装置,在37 ℃条件下进行恒温厌氧培养,每24 h更换气体收集瓶并测定H2S浓度,持续监测72 h。此后以0.5 mL/min每隔10 min交替注入银纳米流体与SRB培养基,共进行5个循环。终止注液后重启气体收集系统,在相同培养条件下继续监测H2S生成量,评估竹叶介导合成的银纳米粒子在模拟油藏环境中的抑菌效果。
竹叶提取物ZY溶液为棕黄色液体(图1A),对该提取物进行UV-Vis测试[36],最大吸收峰出现在525 cm-1处。根据红外光谱图信息,3 389.14 cm-1处的宽吸收峰可归属为N-H键的伸缩振动,2 924.01 cm-1处的吸收峰对应于-CH2中C-H键的伸缩振动,1 653.26 cm-1处的强吸收峰可归因于C=O键的伸缩振动,在约1 102.58 cm-1处的明显吸收峰可能来源于C-O或C-N键的伸缩振动(图1B)。
本研究表明,竹叶提取物中富含有氨基(N-H)、亚甲基(-CH2)、羰基(C=O)及醇羟基(C-O)等活性官能团。其中,黄酮的C=O可作为还原剂参与银离子(Ag+)的还原反应,而多糖类活性物质的C-O可稳定纳米粒子结构,其他活性物质中的芳香环可能通过配位作用调控纳米粒子形貌。这些活性基团赋予竹叶提取物高效介导绿色合成纳米颗粒的能力。
竹叶提取物合成的银纳米粒子的平均粒径为56 nm,其中粒径分布在20-50 nm之间的占比为39.81%,50-100 nm之间的为48.54%。竹叶提取物合成的银纳米粒子的粒径主要集中在100 nm以下(图2)。
利用SEM观察竹叶提取物合成银纳米粒子的微观结构和颗粒形态(图3A),竹叶提取物合成的银纳米粒子粒径为20-50 nm,形状主要为小球形和椭圆形,少部分呈不规则形状,且具有良好的单分散性。目前通过生物绿色方法合成的纳米颗粒被证实具有良好规整的形态与分散性,其中用樟树叶子、根和皮的提取物合成的Ag-Cu纳米颗粒,粒径分别为21.1、46.2、51.8 nm[37];生物表面活性剂提取物合成的Ag纳米颗粒粒径分布在25-75 nm[32]。目前先进的物理合成纳米方法为利用脉冲与激光烧蚀浸的方法,生成的银纳米粒子粒径虽然非常小,平均粒径在2.0-2.5 nm,但能耗较高、生产成本较高,不适合大规模工业化应用。化学方法虽然是目前主流的方法,但合成的纳米颗粒存在形态不均一、粒径较大且分散性较差的问题,并且需要额外加入的分散剂和稳定剂会造成环境污染[16]
竹提取物合成的银纳米粒子XRD能谱如图3B所示,在2θ处的XRD衍射峰分别为38.13°、46.38°、65.21°和77.83°,对应于晶格面(111)、(200)、(220)和(311),它们是Ag纳米粒子的面心立方(fcc)结构特征,证实了Ag纳米粒子的晶体性。其中,Ag纳米粒子的XRD图谱中Ag(111)的衍射峰强度较大,其他特征峰的强度较弱。
Zeta电位是评估纳米粒子胶体分散体系稳定性的关键指标[26]。对本研究合成的银纳米粒子(AgNPs)进行测试,其Zeta电位平均值为-21.2 mV。该负电位值表明,成功附着在AgNPs表面的竹叶提取物活性成分(如多糖、多酚等)携带负电性官能团。这些表面负电荷促使每个纳米粒子周围形成双电层,从而产生强烈的静电斥力,这是有效克服范德华引力、防止粒子间团聚和沉淀的核心机理。此外,溶液电导率为0.606 mS/cm,进一步从离子强度角度佐证了体系的稳定性。综合Zeta电位与电导率数据,表明竹叶介导合成的AgNPs在溶液中分散性良好,胶体体系具备优异的物理稳定性,仅有轻微的团聚现象,为其后续在模拟实验中的良好应用奠定了坚实基础。
乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的释放量是基于膜完整性的细胞毒性测试指标,膜完整性的丧失(细胞裂解但未死亡)会导致LDH从细胞质中漏到生长介质中,测定裂解后的SRB培养基中的LDH含量,即可对银纳米粒子对SRB细胞的毒性进行量化[38],结果如图4A所示。培养液中加入银纳米粒子对SRB富集菌群细胞均有一定毒性,其毒性在32.8%-42.1%之间,随着浓度升高,LDH的释放量也有所增加。这证明了银纳米粒子浓度与细胞毒性之间存在线性关系,在细胞毒性方面,银纳米粒子具有明显使细胞裂解的效果。与银纳米粒子相比,同浓度下竹叶提取物对SRB的细胞毒性影响较弱,毒性率仅为20.5%-26.6%,与空白对照组的毒性水平基本相当,表明其对SRB的作用效果不明显。相较之下,同等浓度下银纳米粒子对应的细胞毒性变化明显,进一步凸显了其在抑制SRB作用方面的优越性。
银纳米粒子对SRB活性的抑制效果如图4B所示,在50 µg/mL的处理浓度下细胞活性下降至接近40%,与对照组相比,银纳米粒子处理后的SRB细胞活性明显下降;随着银纳米粒子浓度增大,在100 µg/mL银纳米粒子浓度时SRB的细胞活性也维持在40%,表明在银纳米粒子浓度超过50 µg/mL后,随着浓度的增加细胞的活性不再受损。在相同浓度下竹叶提取物对照组的实验结果如图4B所示,高浓度竹叶提取物对SRB活性的抑制相对有限,其最高抑制水平仍能使细胞活性维持在约66%。相比之下,银纳米粒子抑制效果显著优于单一竹叶提取物,从而证实银纳米粒子在抑制SRB活性方面具有更优异的性能。金属离子与生物分子(如蛋白质、氨基酸)或有机酸之间发生的配位作用,形成稳定的金属络合物,从而改变了金属离子的化学形态和可及性[39]。基于此推测,在前期转运金属离子过程中虽然随着浓度提升细胞已经死亡,但合成的特定代谢物仍存在于环境中,例如能够螯合或吸附银离子的代谢物,导致银离子的有效浓度降低,从而减缓对线粒体的进一步损伤,对金属离子有一定的缓冲能力。DA-G20作为生物膜中对外界金属离子起缓冲作用的主要转运机制,在低浓度银纳米粒子的处理下失去活性,证明了纳米抗菌技术具有的高表面能可以应对生物膜产生的抗药性,从而有效抑制SRB活性。
从宏观上观察,在不同浓度梯度竹叶介导银纳米粒子抑制SRB富集培养液中,不加银纳米粒子的SRB富集培养液(0 μg/mL)中出现明显的黑色沉淀物质,整个培养液呈现黑色,表明该富集培养液中SRB活性强,产生了大量的硫化氢,其与培养基中的Fe2+以及铁钉发生反应,产生了FeS沉淀;随着银纳米粒子在培养液中浓度的增加,培养液中的黑色沉淀物质逐渐减少,当银纳米粒子浓度达到50 μg/mL时,培养液中几乎无黑色沉淀物,铁钉无明显变黑。宏观实验结果表明,竹叶介导合成的银纳米粒子对SRB的生长以及代谢有一定的抑制作用。
从功能基因上分析,不同浓度梯度竹叶介导银纳米粒子抑制SRB细菌总量以及基因数量如表1所示,未添加银纳米粒子的SRB富集体系中总菌量为5.21×109 copies/mL,其中dsrB、aprA功能基因丰度分别达1.76×109 copies/mL和2.03×109 copies/mL,证实SRB代谢活性处于高表达状态。随银纳米粒子浓度递增,体系微生物总量及SRB功能基因丰度呈指数级衰减,50 μg/mL处理组总菌量降至2.01×107 copies/mL,且SRB特征基因丰度低于检测限值。不同方法合成的纳米银离子中,生物合成的纳米银离子抑菌效果尤为明显,其中浓度为120 mg/L的生物表面活性剂合成的Ag纳米粒子,能将SRB特征基因丰度降到0[32]。相较于传统化学法,单一化学抑制剂可能导致SRB产生抗药性,需要多种化学试剂协同使用,如亚硝酸盐与戊二醛或溴代硝基丙醇的混合应用,但使用材料大多具有挥发性和毒性,使用后可能对环境带来二次污染,且抑制率不高,最高抑制率仅40%左右[40]。通过与其他文献数据结果的对比,证实竹叶介导合成的纳米粒子可显著抑制SRB种群增殖与代谢活性。
加入12.5 μg/mL银纳米粒子的SRB富集培养液中收集细胞,进行SEM与TEM分析,结果如图5A、5B所示。微观视野下(SEM)微生物有一定的细胞量呈现堆叠状,部分细胞表面覆盖有纳米颗粒,同时细胞出现破损,细胞壁上有明显孔洞;TEM图像中也观察到纳米粒子吸附在细胞膜上,部分细胞无明显细胞壁,表明细胞壁已经破损。
加入50 μg/mL银纳米粒子的SRB富集培养液中收集细胞SEM与TEM结果如图5C、5D所示。在SEM视野中,纳米颗粒的数量较多,无明显的微生物堆积,表明微生物数量明显减少,细胞壁绝大部分被纳米颗粒覆盖,TEM图像中观察到大量的纳米颗粒吸附在细胞膜上,细胞膜上的颗粒粒径明显比加入12.5 μg/mL银纳米粒子的SRB富集培养液中细胞上吸附的粒径大。微观图像表明,低浓度银纳米粒子抑菌可能是基于粒径小可穿透细胞破坏细胞壁,达到抑菌的效果,而高浓度银纳米粒子主要通过细胞壁大量吸附,阻止微生物细胞与营养物接触,达到抑菌效果。竹叶介导合成的纳米Ag颗粒与细胞之间的作用机制与其他纳米粒子的抑菌机制一致,如Hu等[41]的研究表明,纳米颗粒可被细胞摄取,导致活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)过多并引发氧化应激,推测抑制机理为纳米粒子进入细胞导致细胞内DNA结构受损;Fu等[37]观察到电镜下Ag-Cu BNPs破坏细胞膜表面。结合大量抗菌机制研究的文献可知,Ag-Cu BNPs能有效地破坏SRB细胞的完整性和活性,使细胞功能受损,抑制SRB生长及其腐蚀行为[42]。综合参考上述依据及大量文献,推测银纳米粒子主要通过接触破坏SRB细胞膜进入细胞内部,导致SRB活性下降,SRB功能基因的拷贝数下降[43-45]
填砂管模拟SRB抑制效果如图6所示。实验过程中,在注入SRB富集菌群与SRB富集培养基的阶段硫酸盐还原菌大量繁殖,72 h时H2S生成量达83.16 mg/L,证实SRB群落呈指数增殖特征。加入银纳米颗粒流体后,硫酸盐还原代谢关键酶活性被显著抑制,H2S生成量呈指数衰减趋势,144 h时降至1.23 mg/L,此后几乎检测不到H2S,抑制效率达到98.5%,表明SRB代谢网络完全失活。生物竞争法是在油藏环境下注入硝酸盐激活硝酸盐还原菌(NRB)抑制SRB的活性,48 d内H2S生成量降低了83.3%,见效慢且抑制效果明显较银纳米粒子差[46];而用化学法还原得到的银纳米粒子抑制SRB时,银纳米粒子浓度低于400 mg/L时抑制效果不明显,≥400 mg/L时,96 h内H2S生成量的衰减效率最高为88.3%[47]。证明在实际油藏条件下,竹叶介导合成银纳米流体也能高效地抑制SRB活性。
本文系统研究了以竹叶提取物为还原剂与稳定剂绿色合成的银纳米粒子对硫酸盐还原菌的抑制效果以及抑制机理。研究表明,竹叶介导合成的银纳米粒子粒径分布均在20-100 nm之间,在50 μg/mL浓度下对SRB的抑制率超过99%。抑制机理研究表明,银纳米粒子可通过吸附于SRB细胞膜破坏其完整性,并诱导氧化,导致细胞内容物泄漏与代谢功能障碍,能完全抑制生物膜形成。岩心模拟SRB抑制实验进一步证实,银纳米粒子可抑制SRB的活性,彻底阻断H2S生成。本研究为油气开发过程中SRB的抑制提供了一种绿色、高效且不易引发耐药性的抗菌新策略,具有良好的应用前景。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52474053)
  • 中国地质大学(北京)大学生创新创业训练计划(202511415056)
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2026年第66卷第6期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260105
  • 接收时间:2026-02-03
  • 首发时间:2026-06-17
  • 出版时间:2026-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-02-03
  • 录用日期:2026-04-09
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the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52474053)
国家自然科学基金(52474053)
the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students of China University of Geosciences (Beijing)(202511415056)
中国地质大学(北京)大学生创新创业训练计划(202511415056)
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    1.中国地质大学(北京) 能源学院,北京
    2.中国地质大学(北京) 地球物理与信息技术学院,北京
    3.长江大学 石油工程学院,湖北 武汉
    4.中国地质大学(北京) 海洋学院,北京
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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