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Objective Microbial-Fenton process driven by dissimilatory iron reduction is increasingly recognized as a major source of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) in redox-fluctuating environments (e.g., tidal sediments), thereby playing an important role in biogeochemical element cycling. However, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which are ubiquitous and closely associated with the cell-mineral interface, remain poorly understood in terms of their regulatory roles in this process. This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms by which EPS derived from Shewanella decolorationis influence •OH generation under oxic-anoxic conditions. Methods S. decolorationis S12, its extracellular electron transfer-deficient mutants (S12ΔBA and S12ΔccmA), extracted EPS, and ferrihydrite were employed as model components. By simulating oxic-anoxic alternating conditions, we employed a combination of chemical and spectroscopic approaches to characterize the physicochemical properties of EPS and to investigate their effects on iron reduction and •OH generation. Results Although EPS exhibited intrinsic redox activity and could mediate electron transfer in S. decolorationis, they exerted inhibitory effects on iron reduction efficiency and •OH generation under oxic-anoxic conditions, decreasing the Fe(Ⅱ) accumulation and •OH production by up to (56.63±4.67)% and (26.86±5.30)%, respectively. This inhibition was primarily attributed to the strong affinity between EPS and iron minerals, which led to the formation of EPS-Fe(Ⅲ) complexes that hindered electron transfer efficiency. In addition, EPS promoted the transformation of ferrihydrite into secondary iron mineral phases with lower bioavailability, thereby decreasing the reducibility of Fe(Ⅲ) and further suppressing •OH generation. Conclusion EPS act as a critical interfacial chemical mediator in the microbe-iron mineral system, regulating dissimilatory iron reduction and consequently influencing •OH production. These findings provide new insights into the biogeochemical processes in tidal soil and water environments such as intertidal sediments.

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E-mail: WANG Yi,
ZHOU Shaofeng,
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铁还原菌通过异化铁还原调控铁的价态变化,触发羟基自由基(•OH)生成,该过程被认为是有氧-缺氧交替环境(如潮间带沉积物)中活性氧基团的重要来源,对地球化学元素循环具有重要贡献。然而,针对普遍存在且紧密分布于细胞-矿物界面的胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS)在其中的作用仍缺乏系统认识。 目的 基于脱色希瓦氏菌及其分泌的EPS,探究在厌氧-有氧过程中EPS对•OH生成过程的影响机制。 方法 以脱色希瓦氏菌(Shewanelladecolorationis) S12及其胞外电子传递缺陷突变株(S12ΔBA和S12ΔccmA)、提取的EPS和水铁矿为研究对象,采用多种化学手段解析EPS的理化性质以及其对脱色希瓦氏菌产•OH过程的影响。 结果 尽管EPS具有一定的氧化还原活性,可介导脱色希瓦氏菌的胞外电子传递,但其在有氧-缺氧环境下对铁还原效率与•OH生成速率存在宏观上的抑制作用,其效率分别降低(56.63±4.67)%和(26.86±5.30)%,这主要是因为EPS对铁矿物具有强亲和性,使两者形成EPS-Fe(Ⅲ)复合体,降低了胞外电子传递效率。此外,EPS在脱色希瓦氏菌产•OH过程中可促进水铁矿向生物可利用性较低的矿物形态转化,从而降低Fe(Ⅲ)的可还原性,抑制•OH的生成。 结论 EPS作为微生物-铁矿界面的重要化学介质,是调控铁还原菌等微生物产生•OH的关键因子。本研究结论对深入认识潮间带沉积物等感潮水土环境中的生物地球化学过程具有重要意义。

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作者贡献声明

黄蕴琪:论文撰写,实验研究,数据整理与分析;王逸:审阅与修改,项目获取;安文文:参与铁矿表征实验;甘翠芬:参与死活细胞染色实验;周少锋:审阅与修改,项目获取,研究构思;许玫英:审阅与修改,项目获取。

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A: Schematic illustration for experiments of microbial-Fenton process; B-D: The variation of total Fe(Ⅱ), •OH accumulated and soluble Fe(Ⅱ) content during the operation inoculated with S. decolorationis S12, the shaded grey areas indicate the anoxic conditions., figureFileSmall=UmG5IKzU5yxmZvZecMZ5yg==, figureFileBig=DupRyhbDzSjTQsRMGVJT0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088234591215935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057445610655875, language=CN, label=图1, caption=Shewanelladecolorationis S12在有氧-缺氧条件下的Fe(Ⅱ)•OH累积量变化情况, figureFileSmall=UmG5IKzU5yxmZvZecMZ5yg==, figureFileBig=DupRyhbDzSjTQsRMGVJT0Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088235350384960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057445610655875, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Comparison of cell viability in different systems. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images of cells after live/dead staining on days 2. A: S12+Fh group; B: S12+EPS+Fh group., figureFileSmall=3awwtHMhB+E/VG0NWfUTRw==, figureFileBig=SDuNp2BU+sBf2JjA8wec3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088235421688129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057445610655875, language=CN, label=图2, caption=不同体系中细胞活性比较, figureFileSmall=3awwtHMhB+E/VG0NWfUTRw==, figureFileBig=SDuNp2BU+sBf2JjA8wec3Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088235778203970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057445610655875, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Influence of environmentally relevant EPS (sediment and sludge) on Fe(Ⅱ) accumulation and •OH generation during the operation inoculated with Shewanella decolorationis S12. A: The variation of total Fe(Ⅱ); B: •OH accumulated during the operation., figureFileSmall=4jA+VUqPq/uV9KtOoPKW+A==, figureFileBig=E3NK/3n05sfm/JXvP9YRrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088237497868611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057445610655875, language=CN, label=图3, caption=环境相关来源(沉积物和活性污泥) EPS对接种 Shewanelladecolorationis S12体系中Fe(Ⅱ)累积与•OH生成的影响, figureFileSmall=4jA+VUqPq/uV9KtOoPKW+A==, figureFileBig=E3NK/3n05sfm/JXvP9YRrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088237904716100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057445610655875, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Variation of total Fe(Ⅱ) and •OH generation during operation inoculated with two Shewanella decolorationis S12 mutants. A-B: Total Fe(Ⅱ) variation inoculated with S12ΔBA and S12ΔccmA; C-D: •OH generation inoculated with S12ΔBA and S12ΔccmA., figureFileSmall=V8Dphvq4sZz64lu2z1dkUA==, figureFileBig=J+ezBWhNBx9Xu3Fybvw6sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088237976019269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057445610655875, language=CN, label=图4, caption=两种 Shewanelladecolorationis S12突变株反应体系中总Fe(Ⅱ)•OH的变化, figureFileSmall=V8Dphvq4sZz64lu2z1dkUA==, figureFileBig=J+ezBWhNBx9Xu3Fybvw6sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088238290592070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057445610655875, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Characterization of EPS composition and electrochemical properties from Shewanelladecolorationis S12. A: 3D-EEM fluorescence spectrum; B: Schematic diagram of the electrochemical workstation setup; C: Cyclic voltammogram; D: Reductive and oxidative current responses of EPS; E: Electron transfer capacity of EPS calculated based on the reductive and oxidative current responses. The EDC and EAC stand for electron-donating and -accepting capacity., figureFileSmall=NTlLwhwdHotTZpaQLakE1g==, figureFileBig=ZSNUp4t+H4jH8t8LiazlGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088238387061063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057445610655875, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Shewanelladecolorationis S12EPS组分及电化学特性表征, figureFileSmall=NTlLwhwdHotTZpaQLakE1g==, figureFileBig=ZSNUp4t+H4jH8t8LiazlGA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088238710022472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057445610655875, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=EPS interacted with Fh. A: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra of the interactions between EPS and various concentrations of Fh (0-2 g/L); B-C: Synchronous and asynchronous maps obtained from 2D-COS analyses based on FTIR datasets (25 ℃) (EDS spectra of the bacteria after redox cycles); D: S12+Fh group; E: S12+EPS+Fh group [The Roman numerals in the spectrum designate the following elements: Ⅱ: Phosphorus (P); Ⅲ: Iron (Fe); Ⅳ: Oxygen (O); V: chlorine (Cl)]; F: Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images of cells after live/dead staining on days 2 (I: Fh group; Ⅱ: EPS+Fh group)., figureFileSmall=ivEAHf1bm3M6OFqTKnx9wQ==, figureFileBig=Y8/XopoQpfxhpI4SidIv8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088238781325641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057445610655875, language=CN, label=图6, caption=EPSFh的相互作用, figureFileSmall=ivEAHf1bm3M6OFqTKnx9wQ==, figureFileBig=Y8/XopoQpfxhpI4SidIv8g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088239146230091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057445610655875, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=Transformation of Fh after redox cycles. 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胞外聚合物调控脱色希瓦氏菌异化铁还原及羟基自由基生成的作用机制
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黄蕴琪 1, 2 , 王逸 1 , 安文文 2 , 甘翠芬 2 , 周少锋 2 , 许玫英 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(6): 3088-3104
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(6): 3088-3104
胞外聚合物调控脱色希瓦氏菌异化铁还原及羟基自由基生成的作用机制
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黄蕴琪1, 2, 王逸1 , 安文文2, 甘翠芬2, 周少锋2 , 许玫英2
作者信息
  • 1.广东工业大学 环境科学与工程学院,广东省环境催化与健康风险控制重点实验室,环境健康与污染控制研究院,广东省固体废物资源化与无害化工程技术研究中心,广东 广州
  • 2.广东省科学院微生物研究所,华南应用微生物国家重点实验室,广东省菌种保藏与应用重点实验室,广东 广州
Role of extracellular polymeric substances in regulation of dissimilatory iron reduction and hydroxyl radical generation in Shewanelladecolorationis
Yunqi HUANG1, 2, Yi WANG1 , Wenwen AN2, Cuifen GAN2, Shaofeng ZHOU2 , Meiying XU2
Affiliations
  • 1.Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Solid Waste Recycling and Safe Treatment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2026-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260193
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铁还原菌通过异化铁还原调控铁的价态变化,触发羟基自由基(•OH)生成,该过程被认为是有氧-缺氧交替环境(如潮间带沉积物)中活性氧基团的重要来源,对地球化学元素循环具有重要贡献。然而,针对普遍存在且紧密分布于细胞-矿物界面的胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS)在其中的作用仍缺乏系统认识。 目的 基于脱色希瓦氏菌及其分泌的EPS,探究在厌氧-有氧过程中EPS对•OH生成过程的影响机制。 方法 以脱色希瓦氏菌(Shewanelladecolorationis) S12及其胞外电子传递缺陷突变株(S12ΔBA和S12ΔccmA)、提取的EPS和水铁矿为研究对象,采用多种化学手段解析EPS的理化性质以及其对脱色希瓦氏菌产•OH过程的影响。 结果 尽管EPS具有一定的氧化还原活性,可介导脱色希瓦氏菌的胞外电子传递,但其在有氧-缺氧环境下对铁还原效率与•OH生成速率存在宏观上的抑制作用,其效率分别降低(56.63±4.67)%和(26.86±5.30)%,这主要是因为EPS对铁矿物具有强亲和性,使两者形成EPS-Fe(Ⅲ)复合体,降低了胞外电子传递效率。此外,EPS在脱色希瓦氏菌产•OH过程中可促进水铁矿向生物可利用性较低的矿物形态转化,从而降低Fe(Ⅲ)的可还原性,抑制•OH的生成。 结论 EPS作为微生物-铁矿界面的重要化学介质,是调控铁还原菌等微生物产生•OH的关键因子。本研究结论对深入认识潮间带沉积物等感潮水土环境中的生物地球化学过程具有重要意义。

脱色希瓦氏菌  /  胞外聚合物  /  微生物芬顿反应  /  胞外电子传递  /  异化铁还原

Objective Microbial-Fenton process driven by dissimilatory iron reduction is increasingly recognized as a major source of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) in redox-fluctuating environments (e.g., tidal sediments), thereby playing an important role in biogeochemical element cycling. However, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which are ubiquitous and closely associated with the cell-mineral interface, remain poorly understood in terms of their regulatory roles in this process. This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms by which EPS derived from Shewanella decolorationis influence •OH generation under oxic-anoxic conditions. Methods S. decolorationis S12, its extracellular electron transfer-deficient mutants (S12ΔBA and S12ΔccmA), extracted EPS, and ferrihydrite were employed as model components. By simulating oxic-anoxic alternating conditions, we employed a combination of chemical and spectroscopic approaches to characterize the physicochemical properties of EPS and to investigate their effects on iron reduction and •OH generation. Results Although EPS exhibited intrinsic redox activity and could mediate electron transfer in S. decolorationis, they exerted inhibitory effects on iron reduction efficiency and •OH generation under oxic-anoxic conditions, decreasing the Fe(Ⅱ) accumulation and •OH production by up to (56.63±4.67)% and (26.86±5.30)%, respectively. This inhibition was primarily attributed to the strong affinity between EPS and iron minerals, which led to the formation of EPS-Fe(Ⅲ) complexes that hindered electron transfer efficiency. In addition, EPS promoted the transformation of ferrihydrite into secondary iron mineral phases with lower bioavailability, thereby decreasing the reducibility of Fe(Ⅲ) and further suppressing •OH generation. Conclusion EPS act as a critical interfacial chemical mediator in the microbe-iron mineral system, regulating dissimilatory iron reduction and consequently influencing •OH production. These findings provide new insights into the biogeochemical processes in tidal soil and water environments such as intertidal sediments.

Shewanella decolorationis  /  extracellular polymeric substances  /  microbial-Fenton process  /  extracellular electron transfer  /  dissimilatory iron reduction
黄蕴琪, 王逸, 安文文, 甘翠芬, 周少锋, 许玫英. 胞外聚合物调控脱色希瓦氏菌异化铁还原及羟基自由基生成的作用机制. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (6) : 3088 -3104 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260193
Yunqi HUANG, Yi WANG, Wenwen AN, Cuifen GAN, Shaofeng ZHOU, Meiying XU. Role of extracellular polymeric substances in regulation of dissimilatory iron reduction and hydroxyl radical generation in Shewanelladecolorationis[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (6) : 3088 -3104 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260193
潮间带沉积物(如红树林、河口区域)是陆海生态系统的重要组成部分,在维持全球生物地球化学循环、保障生态系统功能健康以及维护生物多样性方面发挥着至关重要的作用[1-4]。潮汐作用引发的淹水效应使沉积物频繁经历有氧与缺氧交替状态,进而形成动态的氧化还原环境以及特殊的微生物代谢过程。在有氧条件下,沉积物中的微生物可通过有氧呼吸生成并释放活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS),如过氧化氢(hydrogen peroxide, H2O2)和超氧离子自由基(superoxide radicals, O2•-)等。同时,这些活性氧物种(H2O2和O2•-)能够与厌氧条件下异化铁还原过程中积累的Fe(Ⅱ)发生反应,进而触发芬顿反应生成羟基自由基(hydroxyl radical, •OH)[5-6]。由于异化铁还原菌(dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria, DIRB)在沉积物中广泛分布,由DIRB驱动的芬顿反应成为潮间带环境独特的生物地球化学机制,被认为是驱动生态系统中元素循环与物质转化的重要动力[7-9]
典型的DIRB (如希瓦氏菌)具有显著的胞外电子传递(extracellular electron transfer, EET)能力,能够利用水铁矿(ferrihydrite, Fh)等铁氧化物作为末端电子受体。该铁氧化还原循环不仅维系了氧-铁耦合的代谢过程,还促进了•OH的生成[6,10-12]。然而,该过程通常受微生物细胞周围环境介质的显著影响。例如,溶解性有机质(dissolved organic matter, DOM)含有大量氧化还原活性物质[如腐殖质(humic substances, HS)][13-14],可作为铁还原菌胞外电子传递过程的电子穿梭体,加速Fe(Ⅲ)还原[12,15-16]。尽管如此,仍有研究表明DOM (如HS)的氧化还原活性具有剂量依赖性,过量DOM可能清除ROS或形成惰性的铁-有机物复合物,从而抑制自由基的生成[17-19]。同时,铁与有机物的结合以及微生物活动还可能改变DOM中氧化还原活性结构的稳定性,进而削弱其在较长时间尺度上维持电子传递的能力[17,20]。因此,EPS的作用仍存在一定争议。
胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS)是微生物生长代谢过程自发分泌的一类有机混合物,主要由蛋白质、多糖及类腐殖质组成[21],在海洋环境中可占总DOM的40%以上[22]。与DOM类似,EPS能够通过影响矿物溶解与转化调控EET过程,并与•OH发生相互作用[21,23-24]。然而,EPS又具有区别于DOM的独特微生物属性,EPS中含有c型细胞色素(cytochrome c, Cyt-c)和核黄素等氧化还原组分,且该组分与细胞膜结构及微生物代谢过程(如电子传递)密切相关[21,25-26]。因此,EPS可能对微生物芬顿反应产生•OH的过程有直接显著的影响,但其具体作用机制仍有待进一步阐明。
基于此,本研究以典型的兼性铁还原菌模式菌——脱色希瓦氏菌(Shewanelladecolorationis) S12及其EET缺陷突变株S12ΔBA和S12ΔccmA为研究对象,阐明EPS在有氧-缺氧周期性循环条件下对微生物异化铁还原过程及其后续ROS生成的调控作用,以期为揭示含EPS体系中•OH生成机制提供新的认识。
本研究采用从活性污泥中筛选的脱色希瓦氏菌(S. decolorationis)S12野生型菌株[27],及其2个突变株:敲除部分核黄素合成基因(ribBA)的突变株S12ΔBA和敲除c型细胞色素(Cyt-c)合成基因(ccmA)的突变株S12ΔccmA[28-31]。水铁矿(ferrihydrite, Fh)按照文献[32]方法制备:将1 mol/L NaOH溶液逐滴加入持续搅拌的0.2 mol/L FeCl3溶液中,直至pH约为7.0。生成的红棕色氢氧化铁悬浮液静置过夜后,于6 000 r/min离心10 min,离心2次后收集沉淀。所得沉淀用超纯水洗涤至少3次后,转入冷冻干燥机干燥72 h。干燥完成后取出样品,置于4 ℃冰箱保存备用。
香豆素(COU, 99%)、7-羟基香豆素(7-hCOU, 98%),上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;三氯化铁(FeCl3, 99.9%),上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;酵母提取物及胰蛋白胨,Oxoid公司;液相色谱级乙腈,CNW Technologies GmbH公司;氯化钠(NaCl, 99.8%)、乳酸钠(50%)、氢氧化钠(NaOH, 98%)、甲醇及其他试剂,广州化学试剂厂;死活染料试剂盒LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kits,ThermoFisher Scientific公司;其余化学品均为分析纯,且所有溶液均使用超纯水配制。
总有机碳分析仪(total organic carbon analyzer, TOC),Shimadzu公司;傅里叶变换红外光谱仪,Bruker公司;激光共聚焦显微镜,Carl Zeiss公司;荧光光谱仪,Edinburgh Instruments公司;酶标仪,Agilent Technologies公司。
采用改进的热提取法从S. decolorationis S12中提取EPS[33-34]。首先在LB培养基中活化菌株24 h,于6 000 r/min离心5 min收集菌体,并用0.9% NaCl溶液反复离心洗涤以去除残留培养基。随后将细胞悬浮液置于60 ℃水浴中孵育30 min以收集菌体颗粒,再以10 000×g离心25 min。所得上清液经0.22 μm滤膜过滤去除细胞碎片及微小颗粒后,装入透析袋(截留分子量100 Da),在超纯水中透析30 min以去除残留盐分等杂质,从而提升EPS样品纯度并减少对后续表征分析的干扰。透析后的EPS溶液于4 ℃避光保存,并使用总有机碳分析仪测定其总有机碳浓度。此外,为比较不同来源EPS的特性,本研究还选取了沉积物及活性污泥2种环境基质提取的EPS进行对比。沉积物样品采自广州珠江沿岸分布的红树林湿地系统海鸥岛的岸边交互带,该区域处于典型的陆海相互作用带,受潮汐作用影响显著,且具有复杂的氧化还原条件及丰富的天然有机质来源,其EPS具有较强的环境响应特征和天然生态代表性。活性污泥样品取自广州净水公司大坦沙净水厂,代表了典型的人工污水处理体系微生物系统,其EPS通常具有丰富稳定的组成结构和较强的适应能力。为了保证组分的可比性,对上述2种不同来源的样品采用了与S. decolorationis S12相同的方法的提取EPS。采用三维荧光光谱(three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix, 3D-EEM)分析EPS的组分特征[35],激发波长与发射波长分别为200-500 nm和250-550 nm,扫描幅度为5 nm/次,带宽均为2.5 nm。使用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪在4 000-400 cm-1波数范围内以4 cm-1分辨率对EPS官能团进行表征[35],并采用OPUS 7.5软件进行水汽校正和基线校准。对不同浓度的EPS与水铁矿络合后的荧光光谱进行二维相关光谱(two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy, 2D-COS)分析,进一步探究EPS在25 ℃条件下与水铁矿络合后的结构变化。
实验体系参照Han等[6]的研究,在100 mL棕色血清瓶(反应体积为50 mL)中进行(pH 7.0)。以1.1节中合成的水铁矿(Fh, 1 g/L)作为电子受体。培养基参照Liu等[36]的研究,其组成成分为(g/L):乳酸钠(作为电子供体和碳源) 4.48,Na2HPO4 4.50,NaH2PO4 1.72,NH4Cl 1.50,KCl 0.10,10.00 mL/L维生素溶液和5.00 mL/L矿物质溶液。接种前培养基持续通入N2 (30 min)以去除溶解氧。血清瓶用丁基橡胶塞和铝盖密封,并配备不锈钢针用于取样和实验过程中的曝气。
三种菌株在LB培养基中扩大培养,经6 000 r/min离心5 min后收集菌体颗粒,之后在0.9% NaCl溶液重悬并接种至血清瓶中,终浓度约为108 cells/mL (OD600≈0.5)。反应体系中加入1.2节中提取的EPS (初始浓度为20 mg TOC/L),反应过程使用磁力搅拌器持续搅拌(300 r/min)。实验共进行3个循环(3 d),每一个循环首先向反应体系中连续通入约15 h的高纯N2,以保持反应体系的厌氧环境,随后分别连续通入空气、N2、空气各3 h,即一个完整循环(24 h)。通气速率均为100 mL/min同时设置多组对照体系,包括单因素对照(分别仅添加S12、EPS或Fh)以及双因素对照(S12+EPS和EPS+Fh)。此外,设置接种突变株的反应体系(如S12ΔBA+Fh、S12ΔccmA+Fh及其添加EPS的体系)用于对比分析电子传递能力变化对反应过程的影响。各体系其余实验条件保持一致。实验于每个好氧或厌氧阶段结束时采集样品用于测定Fe(Ⅱ)和•OH浓度,运行3 d后收集反应器中的沉淀用于后续分析。反应结束后,采用死活染料试剂盒进行染色,并使用激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞活性。所有实验均在(25±3) ℃条件下进行,且均设置3次平行。
采用1,10-菲啰啉比色法测定Fe(Ⅱ)浓度[6]。测定可溶性Fe2+时,取反应体系中1 mL悬浮液经0.22 μm滤膜过滤;测定总Fe2+时,将1 mL悬浮液与等体积0.1 mol/L HCl混合,反应15 min后再经0.22 μm滤膜过滤。所得滤液依次加入乙酸钠缓冲液(10%, 1 mL)和1,10-菲啰啉溶液(0.1%, 1 mL),混匀反应15 min后,使用酶标仪在510 nm波长下测定吸光度。
•OH浓度采用Han等[6]报道的COU荧光探针法测定。取1 mL样品与1 mL COU溶液(1.5 mmol/L)混合,在空气中反应3 h,生成稳定的荧光产物7-hCOU。随后加入0.5 mL甲醇终止反应,溶液经0.22 μm滤膜过滤后,使用荧光光谱仪进行测定,设置激发波长为350 nm,发射波长为460 nm。根据0.01-10.00 μmol/L范围内的校准曲线定量7-hCOU的生成量。•OH总量按[7-hCOU]/14.5%计算,该方法检出限为0.034 μmol/L[6]
在厌氧-好氧交替阶段中,总Fe(Ⅱ)含量和•OH浓度呈现周期性波动(图1)。在厌氧条件下,S12释放的电子转移至Fh中,将Fe(Ⅲ)还原为Fe(Ⅱ),且在重新通氧后,Fe(Ⅱ)又迅速被氧化为Fe(Ⅲ)。在S12+Fh组中,总Fe(Ⅱ)的积累量最高可达(192.07±51.99) mg/L,而未接种S12的对照组几乎未检测到Fe(Ⅱ),表明在缺乏DIRB参与的情况下,EPS无法独立实现水铁矿的还原。相较于S12+Fh组,S12+EPS+Fh组显著抑制了Fe(Ⅱ)的积累,其Fe(Ⅱ)浓度降低了约(56.63±4.67)%,可见EPS对异化铁还原过程具有明显的抑制作用,该结果与Cui等[37]关于DOM的研究结果一致。考虑到EPS在组成和功能上与DOM具有一定的相似性,推测EPS可能通过类似机制参与调控铁循环:EPS可能与Fh结合形成复合体,阻碍水铁矿表面活性位点,从而影响S. decolorationis的电子转移速率,导致Fe(Ⅱ)积累量下降。此外,各处理组中的可溶性Fe(Ⅱ)含量均较低(图1D),表明微生物产生的Fe(Ⅱ)更可能参与固态次生矿物的形成,而非以溶解态释放。
在氧化过程中含Fe(Ⅱ)矿物通过芬顿反应生成•OH[6,38-40],且•OH主要在反应体系的复氧瞬间(即厌氧阶段结束、有氧阶段开始)生成,随后在有氧阶段末尾回落(图1C)。这主要是由于Fe(Ⅱ)与O2•-等氧化剂产生•OH的过程具有较快的反应速率[41],因此在反应体系的复氧瞬间,通入的氧气经过一系列生物化学过程与厌氧过程中累积的Fe(Ⅱ)反应快速生成•OH;而在有氧阶段末期,由于Fe(Ⅱ)被迅速消耗转化为Fe(Ⅲ) (且多为固态形式,利用率低),Fe(Ⅲ)与氧化剂的反应速率远低于Fe(Ⅱ),从而导致•OH生成缓慢甚至停滞。由于•OH具有高氧化性,其化学寿命不长且易与反应体系中的各种有机质反应,使其在有氧阶段的末期出现了浓度降低的情况。
图1C所示,S12+Fh组•OH产量最高达(8.05±1.48) μmol/L,而在缺乏S12的体系中未检测到自由基,表明微生物芬顿反应的发生依赖于DIRB的参与,该浓度水平的•OH并不会对细菌造成明显损伤。活/死菌荧光染色结果显示,在整个氧化还原循环过程中,大部分S12细胞仍保持活性(图2),这与已有研究结果一致,即S. oneidensis MR-1能够耐受较低水平的•OH[17]。此外,研究表明,在氧化阶段失活的细胞可释放核黄素类电子穿梭体,并保持一定的Fe(Ⅲ)还原活性,从而增强存活细胞的电子传递能力,并在后期促进Fe(Ⅱ)的进一步累积[42]
本研究发现尽管EPS对Fe(Ⅱ)的积累存在抑制作用,但其对自由基水平的影响相对较小。如图1所示,S12+EPS+Fh实验组的•OH最高浓度约为(5.88±0.43) μmol/L,仅略低于S12+Fh组,相比下降了(26.86±5.30)%。该现象表明可能存在一种由EPS介导的•OH生成途径,即S. decolorationis可利用EPS本身的氧化还原活性进行有氧呼吸生成一定量的•OH。这也与前期研究希瓦氏菌可利用DOM在有氧-缺氧条件下生成•OH的机理类似[43-44]。有研究表明,EPS中的腐殖质类物质可作为电子穿梭体,在微生物呼吸过程中介导胞内电子向外部电子受体的传递,通过醌/半醌的可逆氧化还原循环促进ROS的生成[45-46]。这一点也体现在仅含S12的体系中(该体系虽未添加EPS,但脱色希瓦氏菌在其生长代谢过程中也会分泌EPS),该体系的•OH浓度可达(4.06±0.62) μmol/L,而仅含Fh或EPS的体系中•OH生成可忽略不计(图1C),进一步表明微生物参与是微生物芬顿反应发生的必要条件。总体而言,尽管EPS对脱色希瓦氏菌的铁还原过程存在剂量效应[即添加的过量EPS抑制了Fe(Ⅱ)积累],但对•OH生成的宏观影响较为有限。
不同来源的EPS在氧化还原循环过程中表现出显著差异的调控特征(图3),与脱色希瓦氏菌EPS类似,均对反应体系中Fe(Ⅱ)生成有较强的抑制作用。其中EPS-S12和EPS-Sediment组的Fe(Ⅱ)峰值分别下降至约(83.29±8.96) mg/L和(81.43±8.62) mg/L。相比之下,EPS-Sludge组表现出更为显著的抑制效应,Fe(Ⅱ)累积量仅约为(52.39±16.82) mg/L,表明活性污泥来源的EPS对矿物还原过程具有更强的干扰能力。•OH生成也存在一定程度的下降。EPS-S12和EPS-Sediment组的•OH峰值分别为(5.88±0.43) μmol/L和(5.81±0.42) μmol/L,尽管Fe(Ⅱ)浓度明显下降,但体系仍维持相对较高的自由基水平。这可能与EPS中含有具有氧化还原活性的组分有关。相比之下,EPS-Sludge组的•OH峰值仅为(3.84±0.57) μmol/L,这说明较低的Fe(Ⅱ)前体水平直接限制了芬顿反应的发生。
在未添加EPS的条件下,S12ΔBA+Fh组和S12ΔccmA+Fh组中总Fe(Ⅱ)的最大浓度分别为(134.21±27.57) mg/L和(100.09±12.85) mg/L (图4A、4B),均显著低于S12+Fh组(192.07±51.99) mg/L。这一结果表明核黄素或Cyt-c合成基因的缺失削弱了希瓦氏菌的胞外电子传递效率,从而影响了Fe(Ⅲ)还原。在有氧-缺氧循环过程中,EPS的添加进一步加剧了对突变株Fe(Ⅲ)还原能力的抑制效应。如图4A、4B所示,添加EPS后,S12ΔBA和S12ΔccmA体系中的总Fe(Ⅱ)分别降低(34.76±20.23)%和(37.30±17.64)%。在该过程中,微生物与矿物之间的界面接触是电子传递的关键环节,而EPS在矿物表面形成的覆盖层可能阻碍细胞与矿物的直接接触,从而显著抑制Fe(Ⅲ)还原过程。相比之下,由于突变株S12ΔccmA的Cyt-c合成受阻,其直接电子传递能力下降,对Fe(Ⅲ)还原主要依赖于间接电子传递。因此,在额外添加EPS之后,野生株S12反应体系中总Fe(Ⅱ)累积量的下降幅度大于突变株S12ΔccmA。即便如此,由于野生型S12相较于突变株具有完整的电子传递链,其总Fe(Ⅱ)累积量仍然大于突变株S12ΔccmA。
突变株体系中•OH的生成规律与其铁还原能力的趋势一致。S12ΔBA+Fh组和S12ΔccmA+Fh组产生的•OH浓度分别为(7.33±0.58) μmol/L和(6.29±1.52) μmol/L (图4C、4D),均低于S12+Fh组(8.05±1.48) μmol/L。其中,S12ΔccmA组中•OH的下降更为明显,表明Cyt-c在该过程中发挥主导作用。Liu等[47]的研究表明,类核黄素介导的电子穿梭在富含电子受体的介质中同样能够贡献EET能力,这也解释了S12ΔccmA仍可通过基于核黄素的途径保留部分•OH生成能力。如图4C、4D所示,加入EPS后,S12ΔBA组与S12组类似,其•OH产量下降约(29.98±5.25)%,而S12ΔccmA组的•OH生成量则有所增加。这一现象表明,EPS中基于核黄素或其他可溶性氧化还原活性组分的电子穿梭机制在一定程度上能够弥补Cyt-c途径缺失所造成的影响[17,48-49]。因此,EPS在不同体系中对•OH的生成过程表现出双重作用:在EET功能完整的体系(S12、S12ΔBA)中主要表现为抑制效应,而在缺失关键电子载体的体系(S12ΔccmA)中则可能提供一定程度的功能补偿。
为进一步阐明这种差异性,对EPS进行了3D-EEM表征。结果显示,EPS中以可溶性微生物代谢产物(峰a,Ex/Em=275-290/315-345)和腐殖质类物质(峰b,Ex/Em=435-470/510-550)为主要组分(图5A)。这些峰主要反映具有相似光谱特征的一类有机物组分,而非特定的单一化学物质[50],其具体分类参照Chen等[51]提出的荧光区域积分法。其电化学特性采用图5B所示装置进行测定。与超纯水(即空白对照)相比,EPS在循环伏安曲线中呈现出明显的氧化还原峰(图5C),表明其具有一定的氧化还原活性。定量结果进一步表明,来源于S12的EPS含有多种赋予电子供体能力(electron-donating capacity, EDC)和电子受体能力(electron-accepting capacity, EAC)的氧化还原活性基团(图5D、5E)。这些基团可在微生物呼吸过程中充当可再生的电子中介体[52-53]。对于S12ΔccmA菌株,这种补偿性的氧化还原活性为添加EPS在该体系中增加•OH生成的现象提供了合理解释。这一特性与DOM类似,扩大微生物代谢的空间范围,使沉积物中更多含Fe(Ⅲ)的物质能够作为电子受体参与反应。因此,由DIRB驱动的微生物芬顿反应能够在更广的空间和时间尺度上影响潮间带沉积物环境的化学元素循环和物质转化。
图6A所示,本研究将EPS与不同浓度的Fh混合制备了一系列复合样品,用于后续FTIR和二维相关光谱(2D-COS)分析。FTIR结果表明,EPS具有O-H (3 420 cm-1)、C=O (1 630 cm-1)、COO- (1 403 cm-1)和C-O-C (1 250 cm-1)等特征吸收峰,分别对应羟基、羰基、羧酸和醚基官能团。这些官能团可与Fh表面的Fe发生配位,参与电子捕获与传递,并形成EPS-Fe复合物[21,54]。该相互作用通过覆盖或包裹矿物表面降低铁的生物可利用性,进而抑制电子传递及微生物芬顿过程[12,55]
激光共聚焦扫描显微镜结果进一步证实了EPS在Fh表面的包裹作用(图6F)。加入EPS后,矿物表面出现液态附着物,颗粒边缘变得模糊;而在仅含Fh的体系中未观察到该现象,说明该附着物可能阻碍细菌与矿物表面的直接接触[56-57]。为探究Fh与EPS的络合关系,2D-COS分析了EPS官能团的动态响应。在25 ℃下,响应顺序为3 420 cm-1 (O-H)→1 630 cm-1 (C=O)→1 250 cm-1 (C-O-C)→1 403 cm-1 (COO-),其中3 420 cm-1的最早响应,表明Fe与羟基的快速相互作用(图6B、6C)。如图6D、6E所示,EPS的加入降低了Fe在细菌表面的吸附量。总体来看,EPS能动态结合固态铁,并通过包覆矿物限制细胞对Fe的接触,从而降低Fe(Ⅲ)的生物可利用性。
为阐明EPS在氧化还原过程中对铁矿物演化的影响,本研究采用X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction, XRD)和透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscope, TEM)对反应前后的矿物进行了表征(图7)。XRD结果显示,在S12+Fh组中,Fe(Ⅲ)在Cyt-c和核黄素作用下被还原生成Fe(Ⅱ),随后与磷酸盐反应沉淀,形成蓝铁矿及其他次生矿物(如赤铁矿) (图7C),且TEM进一步揭示了其显著的形态变化(图7I-7L)。EPS的加入并未显著改变次生矿物的形成。在细菌作用下,铁矿物表面呈粗糙状(图7E-7H),而在EPS+Fh组中矿物表面更加光滑,可能与EPS的包覆作用有关。在纯Fh组中仍可检测到水铁矿,未发生明显相转变(图7A)。当EPS加入Fh体系后,仍有少量Fe(Ⅱ)生成(约2 mg/L) (图1D),为后续矿物转化提供了必要的反应前驱体。已有研究表明,HS与Fe(Ⅱ)共存可促进蓝铁矿的形成[58]。考虑到EPS与HS具有相似性,EPS也可能参与类似反应,促进蓝铁矿的生成,并伴随赤铁矿的形成(图7B)[59]。与已有研究中有机配体主要通过调控Fe(Ⅱ)介导的矿物转化过程不同[59-64],本研究发现EPS主要通过络合Fh并占据其表面活性位点抑制Fe(Ⅱ)生成,从而改变矿物转化途径及ROS的产生[59-60],并可能进一步促进沉积物中含铁矿物的结构异质性和形态多样性。
本研究探究了脱色希瓦氏菌(S. decolorationis)分泌的EPS对其在厌氧-有氧过程中•OH生成过程的影响机制,揭示了EPS在调控微生物芬顿反应过程中的重要作用。研究表明EPS具有一定的氧化还原活性,使其能够作为电子穿梭体参与微生物介导的Fe(Ⅲ)/Fe(Ⅱ)循环,其作用具有明显的剂量效应。当EPS含量过高时,会抑制Fe(Ⅲ)还原并降低•OH生成。这种抑制作用主要源于EPS包裹铁矿物形成复合物并降低其生物可还原性。本研究的研究结论对深入认识影响潮间带沉积物等感潮水土环境中的生物地球化学过程及污染物削减具有重要意义。此外,由于本研究基于实验室模拟体系开展,尽管该体系能够在一定程度上反映潮间带沉积物中氧化还原振荡条件下的微生物-铁矿物相互作用过程,但天然环境中仍存在更加复杂的矿物组成、有机质类型及微生物群落结构。因此,EPS在天然沉积物中的实际作用仍需通过原位或沉积物体系进一步验证。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42377132)
  • 国家自然科学基金(U24A20637)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42377242)
  • 国家自然科学基金(41907122)
  • 广东省科学院发展专项资金(2024GDASZH-2024010102)
  • 广东省科学院优秀青年项目(2024GDASQNRC-0201)
  • “广东特支计划”杰出人才项目(2023JC07L096)
  • “广东省特支计划”青年拔尖人才项目(2024TQ08A621)
  • 广东省“百千万工程”农村科技特派员项目(STKJ2025040)
  • 广州市基础与应用基础研究项目(2025A04J5265)
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2026年第66卷第6期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260193
  • 接收时间:2026-03-09
  • 首发时间:2026-06-17
  • 出版时间:2026-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-09
  • 录用日期:2026-04-10
基金
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42377132)
国家自然科学基金(42377132)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U24A20637)
国家自然科学基金(U24A20637)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42377242)
国家自然科学基金(42377242)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41907122)
国家自然科学基金(41907122)
the GDAS’ Special Project of Science and Technology Development(2024GDASZH-2024010102)
广东省科学院发展专项资金(2024GDASZH-2024010102)
the Young Talent Project of GDAS(2024GDASQNRC-0201)
广东省科学院优秀青年项目(2024GDASQNRC-0201)
the Guangdong Special Support Plan for Outstanding Talents(2023JC07L096)
“广东特支计划”杰出人才项目(2023JC07L096)
the Guangdong Special Support Program for Young Talents(2024TQ08A621)
“广东省特支计划”青年拔尖人才项目(2024TQ08A621)
the Guangdong Rural Science and Technology Commissioner Project(STKJ2025040)
广东省“百千万工程”农村科技特派员项目(STKJ2025040)
the Guangzhou Science and Technology Program(2025A04J5265)
广州市基础与应用基础研究项目(2025A04J5265)
作者信息
    1.广东工业大学 环境科学与工程学院,广东省环境催化与健康风险控制重点实验室,环境健康与污染控制研究院,广东省固体废物资源化与无害化工程技术研究中心,广东 广州
    2.广东省科学院微生物研究所,华南应用微生物国家重点实验室,广东省菌种保藏与应用重点实验室,广东 广州
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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