Article(id=1274057417332609045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260199, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1773072000000, receivedDateStr=2026-03-10, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1777046400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-25, onlineDate=1781688559134, onlineDateStr=2026-06-17, pubDate=1780502400000, pubDateStr=2026-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781688559134, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781688559134, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688559134, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274057338156769818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='6', pageStart='2561', pageEnd='3114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781688540257, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688602467, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2669, endPage=2694, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274057417768816663, articleId=1274057417332609045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Progress in the genetic resources of deep-sea viruses, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The deep sea encompasses a wide range of ecosystems, including cold seeps, hydrothermal vents, seamounts, and hadal trenches, whose extreme environmental conditions support diverse and unique microbial communities. Among them, viruses, as one of the most abundant biological entities on Earth, exhibit remarkable novelty in terms of genome composition, functional proteins, and evolutionary lineages and play crucial roles in regulating microbial community structure, driving biogeochemical cycles, and facilitating horizontal gene transfer. In recent years, with the rapid development of deep-sea sampling technologies, high-throughput sequencing, multi-omics approaches, and artificial intelligence-based analyses, a vast number of uncultivated deep-sea viral genomes have been identified, revealing a substantial reservoir of viral “dark matter” and significantly expanding our understanding of viral diversity, ecological functions, and adaptive strategies in deep-sea environments. Accumulating evidence indicates that deep-sea viruses participate in ecological processes through diverse infection strategies, including lytic, lysogenic, and chronic infections. During long-term adaptation to extreme environments and virus-host coevolution, deep-sea viruses have accumulated a rich repertoire of unique genetic resources, including virus-encoded functional genes and enzymes with significant potential for biotechnological applications. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the abundance, distribution, diversity, ecological functions, and genetic resource exploration of deep-sea viruses. Furthermore, this paper discusses the main challenges and future perspectives in this field, with the aim of providing a theoretical framework for a deeper understanding of deep-sea microbial ecological processes and the sustainable utilization of deep-sea genetic resources.

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深海涵盖冷泉、热液、海山和深渊等多种生态系统,其极端环境孕育了丰富且独特的微生物群落。其中,病毒作为数量最为庞大的生物实体之一,在基因组、功能蛋白及进化分支等方面具有高度新颖性,在调控微生物群落结构、驱动生物地球化学循环以及促进遗传物质水平转移等方面发挥着关键作用。近年来,随着深海采样技术、高通量测序、多组学方法以及人工智能算法的快速发展,大量未培养的深海病毒基因组得到鉴定,揭示出潜在的病毒“暗物质”,进一步拓展了人们对深海病毒多样性、生态功能和环境适应策略的认知。深海病毒能够通过裂解、溶原和慢性感染等方式参与深海生态过程。在长期适应极端环境以及病毒-宿主协同进化过程中,深海病毒积累了多种功能基因和酶类,形成了具有潜在应用价值的遗传资源库。本文系统综述了近年来深海病毒在丰度与分布、多样性、生态功能及遗传资源开发等方面的研究进展,重点探讨了当前研究面临的主要挑战与发展趋势,旨在为深入理解深海微生物生态过程以及深海生物遗传资源的可持续开发提供理论参考。

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作者贡献声明

郭晓梅:研究构思和设计,数据收集和处理,论文撰写和修改;刘心悦:论文撰写和修改,参与论文讨论;卢梓健:论文修改,参与论文讨论;肖慧:协助绘图,论文修改;董西洋:研究构思和设计,论文撰写和修改,提供指导。

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Isolated phages and archaeal viruses from deep-sea environments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VirusHostIsolation environmentShape (size/nm)Order/FamilyICTV classificationGenome type and sizeG+C content/%Life-styleInduction methodPublication yearReferences
MFTV1Methanocaldococcus fervens AG86TDeep-sea hydrothermal environment, Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California (2 000 m)Head (50), tail (150)FervensviridaeAccepteddsDNA, 31 kb/Temperate/2020[30]
BVE2Bacillus sp. E171Indian Ocean deep-sea sediments (3 189 m)Head (69), tail (187)SiphoviridaeAbolisheddsDNA, 20 kb33.80Virulent/2020[37]
Gxv1Bacillus sp. WP4Western Pacific seamount sediments (5 786 m)Head (42-53), tail (30)PodoviridaeAbolisheddsDNA, 21.8 kb39.69Virulent/2021[38]
NrS-2Nitratiruptor sp. YY08-10Deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney, Hatoma Knoll, Southern Okinawa Trough, Japan (1 457 m)Head (63), tail (213×10)SiphoviridaeAbolisheddsDNA, 40.5 kb39.20TemperateMMC2022[28]
NrS-3Nitratiruptor sp. YY08-14Deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney, Hatoma Knoll, Southern Okinawa Trough, Japan (1 457 m)Head (55), tail (210×10)SiphoviridaeAbolisheddsDNA, 40 kb39.20TemperateMMC2022[28]
NrS-4Nitratiruptor sp. YY08-13Deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney, Hatoma Knoll, Southern Okinawa Trough, Japan (1 457 m)Head (61), tail (337×10)SiphoviridaeAbolisheddsDNA, 43 kb39.00TemperateMMC2022[28]
NrS-5Nitratiruptor sp. YY08-26Deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney, Hatoma Knoll, Southern Okinawa Trough, Japan (1 457 m)Head (61), tail (337×10)SiphoviridaeAbolisheddsDNA, 43 kb39.00TemperateMMC2022[28]
HMP1Halomonas sp. MT08-1The Mariana Trench in the Western Pacific Ocean (8 636 m)Head (56), tail (181×9), tail sheath (22)MyoviridaeAbolisheddsDNA, 38.1 kb59.70TemperateMMC2022[35]
vB_BteM-A9YBacillus tequilensis KCTC 13622Deep-sea sediments in the South China Sea (about 2 000 m)Head (51), tail (202×23)CaudoviricetesAccepteddsDNA, 38.6 kb41.05Virulent/2023[39]
vB_HmeY_H4907Halomonas meridiana H4907The Mariana Trench (8 900 m)Head (65), tail (183)SuviridaeUnassigneddsDNA, 40.5 kb57.64TemperateMMC2023[33]
Phage-zrk29Hujiaoplasma nucleasis zrk29Cold seep in the South China Sea (about 1 200 m)Head (30-40)//dsDNA, 47.9 kb/TemperateExogenous DNA/RNA2023[31]
vB_LagS-V1Labrenzia aggregata RF14The Mariana Trench (4 000 m)Head (56), tail (102)HyphoviridaeUnassigneddsDNA, 39.3 kb59.46TemperateMMC2024[34]
WC36-1Lentisphaerota sp. WC36Cold seep in the South China Sea (1 146 m)/InoviridaeAcceptedssDNA, 8.0 kb/TemperatePolysaccharides2024[32]
WC36-2Lentisphaerota sp. WC36Cold seep in the South China Sea (1 146 m)/CaudoviricetesAccepteddsDNA, 28.3 kb/TemperatePolysaccharides2024[32]
zth2-1Lentisphaerota sp. zth2Cold seep in the South China Sea (1 146 m)/InoviridaeAcceptedssDNA, 8.0 kb/TemperatePolysaccharides2024[32]
zth2-2Lentisphaerota sp. zth2Cold seep in the South China Sea (1 146 m)/CaudoviricetesAccepteddsDNA, 40.4 kb/TemperatePolysaccharides2024[32]
SNW-1Sulfurimonas indica NW79A deep-sea hydrothermal vent in the Carlsberg Ridge of Northwest Indian Ocean (about 3 000 m)/CaudoviricetesAccepteddsDNA, 37.1 kb37.00TemperateMMC2024[29]
KT1Pseudomonas sp. KT_2_4Kermadec Trench (9 300 m)Head (44), tail (111)//dsDNA, 40.6 kb57.70TemperateSpontaneous2025[36]
DP105Bacillus velezensis DP105Mid-ocean ridge in the Indian Ocean (5 669 m)/MyoviridaeAbolished//TemperateMMC2025[40]
DP016Staphylococcus haemolyticus DP016Hadal trench in the Pacific Ocean (4 159 m)/SiphoviridaeAbolished//TemperateMMC2025[40]
), ArticleFig(id=1274087969599296333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057417332609045, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

深海环境中分离的噬菌体及古菌病毒

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
VirusHostIsolation environmentShape (size/nm)Order/FamilyICTV classificationGenome type and sizeG+C content/%Life-styleInduction methodPublication yearReferences
MFTV1Methanocaldococcus fervens AG86TDeep-sea hydrothermal environment, Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California (2 000 m)Head (50), tail (150)FervensviridaeAccepteddsDNA, 31 kb/Temperate/2020[30]
BVE2Bacillus sp. E171Indian Ocean deep-sea sediments (3 189 m)Head (69), tail (187)SiphoviridaeAbolisheddsDNA, 20 kb33.80Virulent/2020[37]
Gxv1Bacillus sp. WP4Western Pacific seamount sediments (5 786 m)Head (42-53), tail (30)PodoviridaeAbolisheddsDNA, 21.8 kb39.69Virulent/2021[38]
NrS-2Nitratiruptor sp. YY08-10Deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney, Hatoma Knoll, Southern Okinawa Trough, Japan (1 457 m)Head (63), tail (213×10)SiphoviridaeAbolisheddsDNA, 40.5 kb39.20TemperateMMC2022[28]
NrS-3Nitratiruptor sp. YY08-14Deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney, Hatoma Knoll, Southern Okinawa Trough, Japan (1 457 m)Head (55), tail (210×10)SiphoviridaeAbolisheddsDNA, 40 kb39.20TemperateMMC2022[28]
NrS-4Nitratiruptor sp. YY08-13Deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney, Hatoma Knoll, Southern Okinawa Trough, Japan (1 457 m)Head (61), tail (337×10)SiphoviridaeAbolisheddsDNA, 43 kb39.00TemperateMMC2022[28]
NrS-5Nitratiruptor sp. YY08-26Deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney, Hatoma Knoll, Southern Okinawa Trough, Japan (1 457 m)Head (61), tail (337×10)SiphoviridaeAbolisheddsDNA, 43 kb39.00TemperateMMC2022[28]
HMP1Halomonas sp. MT08-1The Mariana Trench in the Western Pacific Ocean (8 636 m)Head (56), tail (181×9), tail sheath (22)MyoviridaeAbolisheddsDNA, 38.1 kb59.70TemperateMMC2022[35]
vB_BteM-A9YBacillus tequilensis KCTC 13622Deep-sea sediments in the South China Sea (about 2 000 m)Head (51), tail (202×23)CaudoviricetesAccepteddsDNA, 38.6 kb41.05Virulent/2023[39]
vB_HmeY_H4907Halomonas meridiana H4907The Mariana Trench (8 900 m)Head (65), tail (183)SuviridaeUnassigneddsDNA, 40.5 kb57.64TemperateMMC2023[33]
Phage-zrk29Hujiaoplasma nucleasis zrk29Cold seep in the South China Sea (about 1 200 m)Head (30-40)//dsDNA, 47.9 kb/TemperateExogenous DNA/RNA2023[31]
vB_LagS-V1Labrenzia aggregata RF14The Mariana Trench (4 000 m)Head (56), tail (102)HyphoviridaeUnassigneddsDNA, 39.3 kb59.46TemperateMMC2024[34]
WC36-1Lentisphaerota sp. WC36Cold seep in the South China Sea (1 146 m)/InoviridaeAcceptedssDNA, 8.0 kb/TemperatePolysaccharides2024[32]
WC36-2Lentisphaerota sp. WC36Cold seep in the South China Sea (1 146 m)/CaudoviricetesAccepteddsDNA, 28.3 kb/TemperatePolysaccharides2024[32]
zth2-1Lentisphaerota sp. zth2Cold seep in the South China Sea (1 146 m)/InoviridaeAcceptedssDNA, 8.0 kb/TemperatePolysaccharides2024[32]
zth2-2Lentisphaerota sp. zth2Cold seep in the South China Sea (1 146 m)/CaudoviricetesAccepteddsDNA, 40.4 kb/TemperatePolysaccharides2024[32]
SNW-1Sulfurimonas indica NW79A deep-sea hydrothermal vent in the Carlsberg Ridge of Northwest Indian Ocean (about 3 000 m)/CaudoviricetesAccepteddsDNA, 37.1 kb37.00TemperateMMC2024[29]
KT1Pseudomonas sp. KT_2_4Kermadec Trench (9 300 m)Head (44), tail (111)//dsDNA, 40.6 kb57.70TemperateSpontaneous2025[36]
DP105Bacillus velezensis DP105Mid-ocean ridge in the Indian Ocean (5 669 m)/MyoviridaeAbolished//TemperateMMC2025[40]
DP016Staphylococcus haemolyticus DP016Hadal trench in the Pacific Ocean (4 159 m)/SiphoviridaeAbolished//TemperateMMC2025[40]
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深海病毒遗传资源研究进展
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郭晓梅 1 , 刘心悦 1 , 卢梓健 1, 2 , 肖慧 3 , 董西洋 1
微生物学报 | 综述 2026,66(6): 2669-2694
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微生物学报 | 综述 2026, 66(6): 2669-2694
深海病毒遗传资源研究进展
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郭晓梅1, 刘心悦1, 卢梓健1, 2, 肖慧3, 董西洋1
作者信息
  • 1.自然资源部第三海洋研究所,海洋生物遗传资源重点实验室,福建 厦门
  • 2.厦门大学 海洋与地球学院,福建 厦门
  • 3.华中农业大学 生命科学技术学院,湖北 武汉
Progress in the genetic resources of deep-sea viruses
Xiaomei GUO1, Xinyue LIU1, Zijian LU1, 2, Hui XIAO3, Xiyang DONG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Genetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen, Fujian, China
  • 2.College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
  • 3.College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
出版时间: 2026-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260199
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深海涵盖冷泉、热液、海山和深渊等多种生态系统,其极端环境孕育了丰富且独特的微生物群落。其中,病毒作为数量最为庞大的生物实体之一,在基因组、功能蛋白及进化分支等方面具有高度新颖性,在调控微生物群落结构、驱动生物地球化学循环以及促进遗传物质水平转移等方面发挥着关键作用。近年来,随着深海采样技术、高通量测序、多组学方法以及人工智能算法的快速发展,大量未培养的深海病毒基因组得到鉴定,揭示出潜在的病毒“暗物质”,进一步拓展了人们对深海病毒多样性、生态功能和环境适应策略的认知。深海病毒能够通过裂解、溶原和慢性感染等方式参与深海生态过程。在长期适应极端环境以及病毒-宿主协同进化过程中,深海病毒积累了多种功能基因和酶类,形成了具有潜在应用价值的遗传资源库。本文系统综述了近年来深海病毒在丰度与分布、多样性、生态功能及遗传资源开发等方面的研究进展,重点探讨了当前研究面临的主要挑战与发展趋势,旨在为深入理解深海微生物生态过程以及深海生物遗传资源的可持续开发提供理论参考。

深海病毒  /  遗传资源  /  生态过程  /  核酸代谢相关酶  /  应用潜力

The deep sea encompasses a wide range of ecosystems, including cold seeps, hydrothermal vents, seamounts, and hadal trenches, whose extreme environmental conditions support diverse and unique microbial communities. Among them, viruses, as one of the most abundant biological entities on Earth, exhibit remarkable novelty in terms of genome composition, functional proteins, and evolutionary lineages and play crucial roles in regulating microbial community structure, driving biogeochemical cycles, and facilitating horizontal gene transfer. In recent years, with the rapid development of deep-sea sampling technologies, high-throughput sequencing, multi-omics approaches, and artificial intelligence-based analyses, a vast number of uncultivated deep-sea viral genomes have been identified, revealing a substantial reservoir of viral “dark matter” and significantly expanding our understanding of viral diversity, ecological functions, and adaptive strategies in deep-sea environments. Accumulating evidence indicates that deep-sea viruses participate in ecological processes through diverse infection strategies, including lytic, lysogenic, and chronic infections. During long-term adaptation to extreme environments and virus-host coevolution, deep-sea viruses have accumulated a rich repertoire of unique genetic resources, including virus-encoded functional genes and enzymes with significant potential for biotechnological applications. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the abundance, distribution, diversity, ecological functions, and genetic resource exploration of deep-sea viruses. Furthermore, this paper discusses the main challenges and future perspectives in this field, with the aim of providing a theoretical framework for a deeper understanding of deep-sea microbial ecological processes and the sustainable utilization of deep-sea genetic resources.

deep-sea virus  /  genetic resource  /  ecological process  /  nucleic acid metabolism-related enzyme  /  application potential
郭晓梅, 刘心悦, 卢梓健, 肖慧, 董西洋. 深海病毒遗传资源研究进展. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2669 -2694 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260199
Xiaomei GUO, Xinyue LIU, Zijian LU, Hui XIAO, Xiyang DONG. Progress in the genetic resources of deep-sea viruses[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2669 -2694 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260199
深海环境是地球上最神秘且多样化的生态系统之一,一般指水深超过1 000 m的海域,涵盖冷泉、热液、海山、深渊和平原等多样化生境,整体上表现为高压、黑暗、低温和有机物输入有限等特征,而局部热液环境则具有显著高温特征。深海覆盖了地球表面约65%的面积[1],且海洋中近75%的海底深度处于2 000-6 000 m之间,超过6 000 m的深海区域约占海底面积的1%[2],最深处可达11 000 m[3]
尽管环境条件极端,病毒仍广泛分布于深海的水体与沉积物中,且病毒群落在垂向深度和不同生境之间呈现明显分异[4]。与此同时,越来越多的研究表明深海病毒具有极高的新颖性,大量病毒操作分类单元(viral operational taxonomic units, vOTUs)在现有数据库中缺乏可比对的同源序列[4-7]。因此,深海是研究病毒多样性及其遗传潜力的重要体系。
作为海洋中数量最丰富的生物实体之一,深海病毒发挥着重要的生态功能。其不仅能够通过感染和裂解微生物宿主影响宿主的种群丰度和群落结构[8],还能够释放溶解有机物(dissolved organic matter, DOM),参与深海有机碳的再循环和营养盐再生[9]。此外,部分深海病毒基因组中携带辅助代谢基因(auxiliary metabolic genes, AMGs),能够调控宿主的能量代谢和物质转化过程,从而参与碳、氮、硫等关键元素的生物地球化学循环[5]。与浅海或陆源环境相比,深海病毒在长期适应极端环境的过程中演化出多样的生活史策略和独特的遗传特征[10]。例如,深海病毒能够采取溶原感染(lysogenic infection)或慢性感染(chronic/non-lytic infection)方式与宿主长期共存[8],并通过水平基因转移(horizontal gene transfer, HGT)增强宿主的环境适应能力[11-12]。同时,深海病毒能够编码新型功能基因和潜在工具酶,例如具有优良催化特性的热稳定酶[13]、可用于基因工程的核酸酶[14],以及具有抗菌活性或其他与环境耐受相关的功能蛋白等[15],在生物技术领域具有重要的开发前景。
然而,由于深海样品获取困难、微生物宿主难以培养等因素,在相当长的一段时间内深海病毒的研究受到限制[16]。近年来,深海原位采样、高通量测序、多组学和人工智能等技术快速发展,研究成果日益增多[4],人们对深海病毒,尤其是未培养的深海病毒的认识不断加深,该领域也逐渐由“多样性描述”逐步迈向“生态机制解析与遗传资源挖掘”的新阶段。
虽然近年来已有多项研究和综述关注深海病毒的多样性与生态功能[4-6],但对深海病毒作为海洋遗传资源的系统梳理仍相对不足,尤其是在不同深海生境背景下的病毒遗传资源特征、功能潜力及其挖掘策略方面,尚缺乏综合性的总结与比较。基于此,本文围绕深海病毒遗传资源这一核心主题,系统总结近年来相关研究进展:(1) 总结深海不同生境中病毒的丰度与分布格局;(2) 梳理深海可培养和非培养病毒的研究进展;(3) 解析深海病毒在物质循环、微生物群落调控以及与宿主协同进化中的生态功能;(4) 重点评述深海病毒遗传资源的类型、特征及其潜在应用价值,并讨论当前研究面临的主要挑战与未来的发展方向,以期为深入理解深海病毒的生态作用及其遗传资源的开发提供参考和理论依据。
深海环境是地球上最重要的“病毒储库”之一。即便有机质输入受限、能量通量较低,病毒仍能保持较高丰度。从全球尺度来看,深海沉积物中的病毒总数可达5×1030个,比陆地底部土壤的病毒数量多出约2.5倍[7]。受水体与沉积物介质、垂直深度梯度,以及冷泉、海山和深渊等特定生境的地形特征影响,深海病毒呈现出明显的丰度差异性。在水柱中,病毒丰度通常随深度增加而下降。表层海水中的病毒数量一般为106-108个/mL,而在1 000 m的深层海水中下降至105-106个/mL[17-18],这一垂直梯度与深海中能量、有机物输入有限的环境特征相契合。例如,针对地中海19个站点的大规模调查表明,表层、中层、深层海水的平均病毒丰度分别为2.4×106、7.0×105、3.1×105个/cm3[19],从浅层到深层减少了约1个数量级。值得注意的是,在深水区,病毒丰度并非始终随水深增加而递减。Nunoura等[18]针对马里亚纳海沟的研究表明,病毒样颗粒(virus-like particles, VLPs)丰度由浅层的5.8×106个/mL下降至3.4×104个/mL,随后在约2 000 m深度处实现回升,并在更深层维持在2.2×105-3.6×105个/mL的相对稳定水平。此外,不同水体类型对病毒丰度也存在一定影响。Loke热液羽流的分析显示,羽流水中VLPs丰度为3.9×105个/mL,而周围的海水为3.4×105个/mL[20]
相较水体,深海沉积物中的病毒丰度通常更高,一般达到107-108个/cm3,比相应深度水体高1-2个数量级[7]。这一差异可归因于沉积物中更为复杂的微生物生境、颗粒有机物(particulate organic matter, POM)的持续沉积,以及有利于病毒颗粒长期保存的低温低扰动环境,这些因素共同使沉积物成为深海病毒持续存在并与宿主发生互作的重要生态位[4,9,21]。例如,Danovaro等[22]测得深海海山沉积物样品的病毒丰度约为7.51×108-1.01×109个/g。Yoshida等[23]则报道在马里亚纳海沟的沉积物中,病毒丰度介于2.4×106-5.3×107个/cm3。此外,Peng等[10]发现冷泉沉积物中的病毒丰度可高达7.6×1011个/g,且该研究支持了病毒丰度变化与沉积物深度相关这一观点。在Izu-Bonin海沟沉积物中,Rastelli等[24]发现50 cm以下海底沉积物的病毒丰度为3.0×107个/g,低于表层沉积物的5.9×108个/g。
长期以来,采样难度大、宿主难以培养等问题限制了深海病毒的分离培养。然而,近年来该领域取得了较多进展,一批具有代表性的深海病毒-宿主模型体系逐渐建立,为理解深海病毒的生态策略、遗传特征与进化路径提供了关键的实验证据。其中,来源于东太平洋热液区的噬菌体GVE2及其宿主地芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus sp.) E263是目前研究最深入的深海病毒-宿主模式系统之一。围绕该系统的研究揭示了高温环境下病毒感染、生理调控以及宿主响应的多项重要机制,进一步促进了对热液生态系统中的病毒-宿主互作的理解[13,25-26]
蹇华哗等[27]整理汇总了1968年首株深海病毒报道以来至2019年间共28株可培养深海病毒的分离记录。在此基础上,本文汇总了2019-2025年的新分离的深海病毒,共19株,具体如下。
(1) 热液喷口病毒。Yoshida-Takashima等[28]从日本冲绳海槽南部的Hatoma Knoll热液区的反硝化菌属(Nitratiruptor)中分离得到了NrS-2、NrS-3、NrS-4和NrS-5四株新型噬菌体,比较基因组分析表明,这些噬菌体之间共享核心基因,且这些基因分散分布于其宿主基因组,为病毒与宿主的遗传信息交换和共同进化提供了证据。Li等[29]进一步从深海热液喷口中分离了首个感染氧化硫单胞菌属(Sulfurimonas)的噬菌体SNW-1。Thiroux等[30]从深海热液喷口中分离得到了感染超嗜热古菌的MFTV1,这是首个在该类宿主中发现的头尾型病毒,进一步扩展了对古菌病毒多样性及超嗜热古菌-病毒相互作用的认识。
(2) 冷泉病毒。Zheng等[31]从南海冷泉的无壁细菌Hujiaoplasma nucleasis zrk29中诱导出噬菌体Phage-zrk29,该噬菌体编码核酸水解酶相关的AMGs,能够帮助宿主利用外源DNA/RNA,表明噬菌体能够通过辅助代谢与宿主形成互利或稳定共存的关系。Wang等[32]进一步发现多糖可将噬菌体从黏结球形菌门(Lentisphaerota)菌株WC36和zth2中诱导出来,这些噬菌体能够辅助宿主代谢与利用多糖,该发现拓展了对深海病毒协助宿主获取能量方面的认识。
(3) 海沟病毒。来自马里亚纳海沟的多株新病毒进一步表明了深海病毒群落的高度新颖性。Su等[33]将分离得到的vB_HmeY_H4907划定为新病毒科Suviridae,该类群在全球海洋中分布广泛,为深入理解深海海沟中溶原性噬菌体的系统发育与基因组特征提供了新证据。Gu等[34]分离得到vB_LagS-V1,该病毒被归入新科Hyphoviridae。Hao等[35]分离了基因组以线性质粒形式存在的噬菌体HMP1,该发现将此类噬菌体的分布范围从地表环境扩展到了深海。Middelboe等[36]分离的KT1携带几丁质酶基因,能够帮助宿主降解几丁质以获取营养。
(4) 海山及其他生境病毒。Chen等[37]从印度洋深海沉积物中分离出烈性噬菌体BVE2,其基因组呈明显的镶嵌结构,包含了多种来自其他病毒和宿主的遗传片段,反映出深海环境下频繁的基因水平转移过程。Guo等[38]从西太平洋海山沉积物中分离出新型芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)细菌的噬菌体Gxv1,这是首次从海山环境中获得的噬菌体,为理解Podoviridae在深海沉积物中的生态分布提供了直接证据,并拓展了对深海海山病毒多样性的认识。Chen等[39]从南海深海沉积物中分离得到了vB_BteM-A9Y,该病毒属于尾噬菌体纲(Caudoviricetes)的潜在新属;其基因组中存在多种DNA损伤修复相关基因,可能有助于病毒及宿主在极端环境下维持基因组稳定性。Wang等[40]从古老深海沉积物中纯化出DP105和DP016,实验证明这2株病毒可在小鼠肠道中增殖并引发炎症反应,表明深海病毒可能对哺乳动物的健康产生影响,也为深海生物资源开发的生物安全风险评估提供了新视角。
总体而言,这些病毒主要属于具有典型的头尾结构的Caudoviricetes类群,基因组以20-45 kb的小型双链DNA (double-stranded DNA, dsDNA)为主,生活方式多为温和型(表1)。虽然深海可培养病毒的数量仍然有限,但这些模式体系为认识深海病毒的基因组特征、感染策略和环境适应机制提供了不可替代的实验基础[37-38]
深海生态系统孕育了丰富多样且新颖的病毒。基于电子显微镜的观察揭示了深海病毒具有多样化的形态结构,例如线状、杆状和多面体(或球形)等,从形态学层面体现了深海病毒的复杂性和多样性[7,41-42]。然而,绝大多数深海病毒难以通过传统实验方法实现分离培养。随着高通量测序技术的发展,不依赖培养的宏基因组学方法成为揭示深海病毒多样性的主要手段[43-45]。总体而言,基于宏基因组学方法发现的深海病毒主要是双链DNA病毒,其中大部分是有尾病毒Caudoviricetes,该病毒类群在多个深海生境中占据优势地位。海山、热液、冷泉、深渊等生境的研究均支持上述结论[5-6,46-48]。此外,最近一项基于全球海洋宏基因组及部分宏转录组数据的研究发现,大量核质DNA巨病毒(nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses, NCLDVs)在深海中长期稳定存在,转录活跃,且包含了多个进化分支,这进一步揭示了非培养深海病毒的多样性[49]。目前,大量研究表明深海病毒中包含大量新颖的、未被注释的类群。例如,深渊沉积物中60%以上的vOTUs在已知数据库中无同源序列[48];海山沉积物中超过75%的DNA病毒vOTUs与公共数据库的病毒不具备相似性[5];Laso-Pérez等[50]通过宏基因组手段在墨西哥加州湾深海热液口发现了16个感染厌氧甲烷氧化古菌ANME-1的新病毒科,且病毒基因组中存在明显基因置换特征,推测它们可能影响宿主的代谢和进化路径。近年来,随着宏组学技术的进步,深海RNA病毒的多样性也逐渐被揭示。最新的一项环境病毒组研究从全球深海沉积物中鉴定出超过85 000个RNA病毒vOTUs,其中仅有约1.7%与现有数据库序列匹配[51],其余均代表潜在的新型病毒类群。总之,深海中的新颖病毒类群尚未被系统探究,是潜在的遗传资源发掘宝库。
需要指出的是,基于环境群落序列的组装策略仍受到一定限制,例如病毒基因组碎片化、覆盖度不均,以及算法偏好高丰度序列等因素。此外,目前的测序手段主要面向dsDNA病毒,对单链DNA (single-stranded DNA, ssDNA)病毒或者RNA病毒的检测能力有限,因此这种技术偏倚可能导致部分病毒类群被低估,并影响对病毒多样性和新颖性的评估。在此背景下,单病毒基因组学(single-virus genomics, SVG)技术为深海病毒研究提供了重要补充。该技术通过分选单个病毒颗粒进行全基因组扩增与测序,可以在不依赖群体组装的情况下直接获得病毒基因组信息,从而在一定程度上减少宏基因组组装过程中产生的偏倚,在病毒识别和基因组解析方面具有独特优势[52-53]。研究表明,SVG揭示了大量分布于全球海洋中且丰度较高的病毒类群,并被成功应用于解析深海病毒“暗物质”,深化人们对深海病毒多样性及其生态分布的认识[20,54]。然而,需要注意的是,SVG目前仍受限于扩增偏倚、通量较低和实验成本较高等因素,在实际应用上仍有待进一步提升。
在上述病毒学技术的基础上,病毒研究领域已逐渐建立起较为成熟的生物信息学分析流程,包括病毒识别、功能注释、丰度分布分析、生活史和宿主预测等关键步骤[55]。在病毒序列识别方面,目前已开发了多种识别策略[56],这些工具能从复杂的宏基因组数据中有效识别病毒序列[46,57],为后续的分析提供基础[58-59]。需要注意的是,虽然病毒组学分析工具不断涌现,且在过去20年中呈现指数级增长[55,60],但由于其识别的准确性高度依赖于参考数据,当存在宿主核酸污染、病毒基因高度新颖等情况时仍可能产生误判或遗漏。
由于病毒基因组进化快、变异性高,基于序列同源性对病毒进行识别和注释的难度较大,导致大量的“病毒暗物质”存在。与序列相比,蛋白质结构通常更加保守,因此基于结构层面的同源性分析对于解析新颖病毒蛋白的功能至关重要。近年来,结构生物学和人工智能的发展为应对以上难题提供了新的思路。首先,基于深度学习的蛋白语言模型进一步突破了以往病毒高度依赖序列同源的注释难题。例如,深度学习算法LucaProt被应用于深海环境数据,从中识别出了大量新颖的RNA病毒,并发现深海水体中的RNA病毒种类可能远超表层水域,更新了以往对海洋病毒生态格局的认知[61];整合了蛋白质语言模型ProtT5的ProtPhage能够有效提升病毒蛋白识别与功能注释的性能[62];而PST模型则将病毒基因组视为蛋白质集合以学习和捕获特征,在宏基因组数据中的未培养病毒基因组分析中表现出良好潜力,有助于病毒多样性的解析及潜在功能基因的挖掘。其次,以AlphaFold3[63]为代表的蛋白质结构预测工具,结合Foldseek[64]等结构比对工具,并依托Protein Data Bank (PDB)[65]和Big Fantastic Virus Database (BFVD)[66]等结构数据库,使得在序列相似性较低的情况下,也能够识别结构保守的远缘同源蛋白。最后,近年来多模态人工智能模型逐渐兴起。例如,LucaVirus作为专为病毒设计的多模态模型,能够同时处理核苷酸和氨基酸序列,捕捉病毒基因组在密码子偏好、蛋白同源性和进化等层面的综合信息,在未知蛋白功能预测、病毒进化潜力评估等方面表现较好[67]。然而,需要强调的是,基于结构预测和计算模型的功能注释仍属于假设性推断,必须通过生化和分子生物学实验进一步验证。
与此同时,多种病毒数据库为上述软件和模型提供强而有力的数据支撑[68-69]。其中,欧洲生物信息研究所(European Bioinformatics Institute, EMBL-EBI)维护着多个重要生物信息数据库,如European Nucleotide Archive (ENA)[70]、UniProt[71]和InterPro[72]等,为病毒基因组和蛋白功能研究提供了重要的数据资源和分析平台[73]。此外,MetaVR[74]汇集了来自多种生态系统的大量未培养病毒信息,其作为IMG/VR v4[75]的扩展数据库,进一步扩大了病毒多样性,是截至目前最大的病毒基因组数据库。值得一提的是,近期发表的EnVhogDB进一步整合了来自多类环境和数据库的病毒蛋白,将其聚类成约200万个环境病毒同源蛋白群(environmental viral homologous group, enVhogs),并构建了相应的隐马尔可夫模型,尽管只有约15.9%的enVhogs的功能被注释,但仍覆盖了约44.8%的蛋白质数据集,为识别新型病毒蛋白和推断功能提供了重要参考[76]
虽然深海病毒体量微小,但其数量众多,能够通过感染和裂解作用影响宿主种群动态,以及整个深海生态系统的物质循环与能量流动。一方面,病毒裂解是导致深海微生物宿主死亡的一个重要原因。在全球深海底栖环境中,病毒释放的原核生物生产力高达80%,且在1 000 m以下水深几乎所有的微生物异养生产力最终都转变为有机碎屑,这些有机碎屑为其他微生物提供了重要能量来源[9]。深海病毒通过裂解释放出大量胞内有机物,促进颗粒有机物向DOM转变,例如溶解有机碳(dissolved organic carbon)、溶解有机氮(dissolved organic nitrogen)和溶解有机磷(dissolved organic phosphorus)等;其中相当一部分DOM属于可利用性DOM (labile DOM),可被周围的异养微生物重新吸收和利用,提高了其生长效率。与此同时,深海病毒改变了物质循环和能量流动的走向,促进了营养物质的再矿化,这一过程被称为“病毒分流(viral shunt)”[9]。另一方面,病毒还发挥了穿梭作用(viral shuttle)[77],使得其裂解产生的另一部分结构更复杂、稳定性更高的大分子化合物,如宿主细胞壁和细胞表面大分子等从海水水柱穿梭到海底,这类难降解的惰性DOM (recalcitrant DOM)可长期在深海环境中滞留,促进惰性有机碳库的形成,在微型生物碳泵的长期碳储存过程中发挥重要作用[78-79]。因此,在低温、高压和有机质输入有限的深海环境中,深海病毒的裂解对于有机物的短期循环与长期封存都发挥了重要调节作用[80]。此外,病毒颗粒自身也能参与深海营养物质的循环。研究表明,深海沉积物中约有25%从裂解后的宿主细胞中释放的病毒会在胞外酶等作用下被迅速分解,分解产物进一步形成DOM,从而被重新利用[81]。病毒也可能被异养原生动物等作为食物摄入,使有机物重新返回更高的营养级[80]
深海病毒通常具有一定的宿主特异性,其宿主范围在一定程度上影响了病毒在微生物群落中的生态作用。研究表明,深海病毒能够感染多种优势微生物类群,从而在微生物群落结构和生态功能中发挥重要调控作用[82-84]。基于全球深海热液宏基因组的分析表明,热液喷口病毒的宿主主要为γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)以及假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)等关键类群[45]。在深渊中,病毒的潜在宿主涵盖了Gammaproteobacteria、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)、拟杆菌纲(Bacteroidia)以及芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)、硝化刺菌门(Nitrospinota)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota)和亚硝酸盐球菌门(Nitrososphaerota)等优势类群[48,85-86],其中多为化能自养微生物[85]。此外,Yu等[5]对西太平洋海山沉积物的研究发现,其病毒的潜在宿主横跨2个古菌门与23个细菌门,与该生境沉积物中高丰度的微生物类群高度一致。其中,假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)和嗜热多形菌门(Thermoproteota)分别为最主要的细菌和古菌宿主,后者可调控3-羟基丙/4-羟基丁酸循环参与碳固定过程。
深海病毒能够通过不同的感染策略影响微生物的丰度和群落结构。当生态系统中某些微生物宿主丰度高且生长迅速时,噬菌体倾向于采取裂解性感染,通过对优势类群的裂解来控制其数量,防止单一物种占据主导地位,从而维持群落结构的平衡,这一理论称为“杀死胜利者(Kill-the-Winner)”假说[6,87-88]。此外,也有研究者提出“搭乘胜利者(Piggyback-the-Winner)”理论,对病毒-宿主互作进行了进一步补充。在特定条件下,即当微生物宿主丰度高且环境稳定时,噬菌体可能更加倾向于采取溶原或慢性感染(chronic/non-lytic infection)策略,将自身基因组整合进宿主基因组,随着宿主的复制而复制,以实现“搭乘胜利者”式的长期扩散[89]。具体来说,溶原是指病毒将自身基因组整合入宿主细胞染色体形成前病毒(provirus);慢性感染是指病毒以出芽方式持续释放子代病毒,而非立即裂解宿主。这2种策略使病毒能够“潜伏”于宿主内,等待环境改善或宿主增殖后再进入裂解周期,最大程度地保障自身存续[7-8]。研究表明,溶原性病毒在海洋中分布广泛且丰度极高,全球至少40%的海洋原核微生物基因组中含有前病毒序列[8]。例如,Yu等[5]发现溶原性病毒在深海海山沉积物中普遍存在,其相对丰度约为病毒群落中的34%。Wang等[90]从深海耐压希瓦氏菌(Shewanella piezotolerans)WP3中分离的丝状噬菌体SW1在低温条件下可被成功诱导,并以非裂解方式释放子代病毒,其复制和转录在4 ℃时明显增强[91],体现了在低温环境下偏向慢性感染的适应模式。此外,溶原性病毒通过水平基因转移和交换,可能提高宿主对极端环境的适应性[92],进而有助于自身的增殖。
病毒与宿主之间长期相互作用,驱动了深海微生物群落的共同进化。深海病毒具有独特的进化特征。一方面,在持续的环境选择压力下深海病毒进化迅速,可能通过突变、基因组重组等方式逃逸宿主的抵抗和防御[93-94]。特别是RNA病毒,其基因组复制时RNA依赖的RNA聚合酶(RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, RdRp)通常缺乏校对功能,常导致核苷酸替换、插入和缺失,产生了较高的基因突变率和重组频率[95],同时也为病毒和宿主的共进化提供了丰富的遗传变异资源。另一方面,深海病毒中还演化出了替代遗传密码(alternative genetic codes)等策略,通过重新定义部分密码子的翻译含义来调控基因表达或逃避宿主识别。值得注意的是,深海冷泉中的病毒群体核苷酸多样性极低,且大部分基因处于强净化选择状态,表明在某些稳定的极端环境中病毒可能趋于“遗传保守化”[10]
整合到宿主基因组中的前病毒可能会在某些情况下丧失转变为裂解状态的能力,从而永久留存下来,为宿主的进化提供原始遗传物质。病毒介导的水平基因转移也是深海微生物获得新功能的重要机制之一[96]。例如,有研究发现部分病毒在装配自身的衣壳时会掺入宿主质粒DNA,促进宿主基因片段在群体间的快速传播[97]。作为重要的遗传物质转移载体之一,病毒每年在全球海洋中介导了约1025-1028 bp的DNA转移[98-99],使微生物能够跨越物种界限获取外源基因[100-101]。这些新获得的基因可能使宿主产生有益的适应性性状,如促进能量代谢等,可能有助于宿主在极端生态位中的生存。值得注意的是,微生物也同时承受着病毒基因组等外源DNA带来的压力[102],例如扰动自身基因组稳定等。因此,宿主普遍演化出多种防御机制,如规律成簇的间隔短回文重复序列系统及相关蛋白(clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, CRISPR-associated, CRISPR-Cas)系统和限制-修饰系统(restriction-modification system, R-M system)等,以限制外源DNA入侵并维持基因组完整性。
深海病毒能够携带特定功能的基因以调控宿主的代谢过程。被病毒感染的宿主细胞被称为病毒细胞(virocell),能够表现出有别于未感染细胞的独特代谢模式与生理状态[59]。在感染宿主的过程中,辅助病毒基因(auxiliary viral genes, AVGs)是深海病毒能够进一步调控宿主状态,实现生态功能的重要分子途径[103]。Martin等[104]提出,AVGs是指所有不直接参与病毒结构形成或基本复制过程,但可在感染过程中辅助病毒完成生命周期的功能基因,包括AMGs、辅助生理基因(auxiliary physiological genes, APGs)和辅助调控基因(auxiliary regulatory genes, AReGs)。这类基因可增强宿主在特定环境条件下的代谢效率,从而间接帮助病毒自身增殖。因此,AVGs被认为是深海病毒参与调控深海生态系统稳态的重要机制。
近年来,深海病毒中AVGs的多样性被不断揭示,其中以AMGs的研究最为系统,是目前深海病毒研究的热点之一[56]。通过编码AMGs,病毒可在感染过程中对宿主的代谢网络进行短暂的“重编程”,增强碳、氮、磷和硫等关键元素的代谢通量,从而影响深海环境中的生物地球化学过程[5,105]。例如,在感染硫氧化细菌的深海噬菌体中,其基因组整合了编码反向异化型亚硫酸盐还原酶的基因(rdsrAB)等,用于驱动或加强宿主的硫氧化代谢[106]。部分深海热液病毒甚至同时携带硫氧化与硫同化基因,形成串联模块,并在硫匮乏环境中提高宿主存活率[59]。然而,在不同的深海生境中,病毒所携带的AMGs类型及其功能呈现出明显差异。例如,冷泉病毒编码的AMGs多涉及碳固定、甲烷氧化、烷烃降解等过程,这与冷泉微生物以甲烷和复杂有机质为主要能源的代谢特征相一致。此外,深海病毒还可通过携带宿主基因组中缺失的关键代谢基因对宿主代谢通路进行“补偿”[11]。在南冲绳海槽深海热液喷口系统中,感染SUP05菌群的噬菌体基因组中检测到宿主自身缺失的甲酸盐-四氢叶酸连接酶基因[107]。除AMGs外,部分深海病毒还携带与宿主生理调节和环境应激相关的APGs或AReGs,例如参与辅因子和维生素合成[108]、辅助DNA合成与转录调控[109]的相关基因。
深海生态系统被认为是抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)的潜在天然储库。从生态学角度看,大量研究指出ARGs本质上是微生物长期适应环境的产物[110],是微生物抵御天然抗生素及其他毒性代谢产物的重要功能基因[111]。已有研究表明,病毒能够在复制或包装过程中从宿主基因组中获得ARGs,并且通过转导机制,特别是HGT,使ARGs在不同宿主个体,甚至不同微生物类群之间扩散[112]
宏基因组研究表明,ARGs广泛存在于深海水体与沉积物中,其多样性并不完全依赖于外源输入,例如由有机颗粒沉降、洋流等被携带至深层水体的表层海水中的ARGs[113],而可能是深海微生物长期演化过程中形成的天然抗性机制[114]。其中,深海病毒可能对深海ARGs的传播发挥重要作用。Zhang等[115]通过宏基因组手段在深海水体和沉积物发现了大量ARGs,包括β-内酰胺类耐药基因、利福霉素耐药基因等,其中SRB方法表明病毒是ARGs的潜在载体。Su等[116]从深海海沟中鉴定出48种ARGs,涵盖了12种抗生素类别,其中部分ARGs由未分类病毒携带。在资源有限、环境条件极端的深海生态系统中,深海病毒携带的ARGs可能为宿主提供生存优势,从而延长宿主存活时间、提高自身复制效率。然而,对于深海病毒携带的ARGs的真实表达水平及其直接生态效应等方面仍主要基于生物信息学推断,缺乏实验证据支持。
需要指出的是,虽然基于宏基因组、转录组及宿主预测等研究方法极大地拓展了人们对深海病毒生态功能的认识,但是相关结论在很大程度上仍依赖于间接推断,缺乏机制层面的直接验证。然而,近年来若干来自深海环境的可培养病毒-宿主体系的建立,为部分关键生态功能提供了重要的实验支撑。
在热液噬菌体GVE2-Geobacillus sp. E263模型中,感染实验、转录组和蛋白质组分析的结果表明病毒感染可改变宿主蛋白表达模式,涉及应激响应和代谢相关蛋白等,为在深海高温环境中病毒裂解宿主及调控宿主生理状态提供证据[13,25-26,117]。冷泉来源的Phage-zrk29-Hujiaoplasma nucleasis zrk29模型则证明了慢性感染这种病毒生存策略:外源核酸可诱导宿主以非裂解方式释放子代噬菌体。该噬菌体的基因组中携带编码核酸水解酶类的AMGs,进一步的生长实验显示,Phage-zrk29能够促进宿主zrk29以及另一株海洋细菌施氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri) 273对核酸的利用,从而在不裂解宿主细胞的情况下增强核酸的降解与再矿化过程,表明病毒能够参与深海局部碳、氮元素循环过程[31]。此外,同样来自冷泉的Lentisphaerota门的菌株WC36和zth2能够在多糖诱导下释放出噬菌体,诱导实验与转录组分析表明这些噬菌体与宿主的多糖利用和代谢密切相关[32];对于海沟来源的噬菌体KT1,功能验证结果显示其编码的几丁质酶可协助宿主利用和降解几丁质[36],这些结果共同表明,噬菌体编码的AMG在调节宿主环境适应性和营养获取中发挥重要作用。
总体来看,现有研究从群落结构分析、基因注释及部分实验体系等层面表明,深海病毒在生态系统中发挥着重要的生态功能,包括参与营养物质循环、调控宿主群落、介导协同进化以及携带影响宿主功能的特殊基因等,是深海生态系统不可或缺的组成部分,同时也因此形成了一系列潜在遗传资源(图1)。
深海病毒在长期适应深海极端环境的过程中积累了大量具有独特功能的基因资源。这些基因通常编码具有耐盐、耐压、耐低温或耐热等性质的生物大分子,其产物可能具有更高的催化效率和稳定性,在普通酶失活的条件下仍能保持活性。因此,深海病毒不仅是研究极端生命适应机制的重要切入点,也是新型酶与未知蛋白质的重要储库,在生物催化剂、新型分子生物学工具、药物载体和抗菌药物等方面具有广阔的开发潜力和应用价值(图2)。
从功能类型上看,深海病毒编码的酶类中相当一部分与核酸代谢过程密切相关。这些酶参与核酸的加工、修饰和重排,如整合酶、DNA聚合酶等,在病毒生命周期中发挥关键作用。与常规来源的同类酶相比,深海病毒编码的核酸代谢相关酶有三方面值得关注:首先是极端环境适应性,在常规条件之外仍可能保持活性和稳定性;其次是结构与功能新颖性,可能具有区别于经典核酸代谢酶的催化机制;最后是应用转化潜力,有望从深海病毒来源的这类酶中开发新型核酸编辑工具,用于复杂样品和极端反应条件。
病毒整合酶(integrase, IN)及相关的整合子(integron)是连接病毒、移动遗传元件与宿主基因组的重要分子。整合酶可识别细菌整合子中的特异性位点(如attI/attC),并催化基因卡带的插入与重排,为微生物快速获得新功能基因提供了基础[118]。研究表明,在深海环境中病毒整合酶及其他与溶原性相关的基因普遍存在[119-120]。深海的极端条件可能为整合酶的保留和演化提供了稳定的选择压力。病毒可借助整合酶或与宿主可移动遗传元件的相互作用实现与宿主的长期共存,进而影响深海微生物的代谢与生态功能[108,121]。此外,深海病毒整合酶具有较高的新颖性。Zheng等[122]对西南印度洋深海沉积物病毒组的分析显示,部分完整病毒基因组中携带有整合酶基因,且这些整合酶与已知数据库同源序列的序列相似性极低。Elsaied等[123]对深海热液喷口病毒的研究发现,11个新型的整合子类别中均检测到整合酶基因,其氨基酸序列与已知整合酶的一致性仅为24%-60%,且部分整合酶与硫氧化细菌以及古菌的代谢基因共分布,说明整合酶可能参与病毒-宿主间的功能基因转移。Zhang等[124]对南海冷泉平端深海偏顶蛤(Gigantidas platifrons)鳃组织的病毒研究发现,在高甲烷浓度环境中,病毒整合酶基因与结构基因、限制性内切酶基因等共同高表达,表明在某些深海生态位中整合酶相关活动可能受环境调控。
在基因组工程领域,整合酶被用作高效的基因插入工具,例如从极端环境中的嗜盐古菌中发现的SNJ2病毒整合酶已被广泛应用于基因工程和合成生物学[57],而深海病毒整合酶则为开发耐高压、耐极端条件的新型工具酶提供了潜在资源。Elsaied等[123]从热液喷口病毒中筛选的整合酶可在高压(30 MPa)下维持稳定活性,为深海极端环境微生物改造,如构建耐高压的甲烷氧化工程菌等提供了酶学基础。
DNA聚合酶是催化脱氧核苷酸(dNTP)聚合形成新DNA链的关键酶。目前应用最广泛的是Taq DNA聚合酶,由Brock等[125]于1969年从美国黄石国家公园热泉的嗜热菌——水生栖热菌(Thermus aquaticus)中分离,是现代PCR技术的基石。与热泉相似,深海同样具有独特的极端条件。在能量和底物受限、宿主代谢慢的环境中,推测深海病毒为了提高自身复制效率会携带病毒DNA聚合酶等复制相关基因[124]。这些基因编码的酶可能含有潜在的适应特征,例如具有特殊构象,在高压、高温或低温等条件下仍具有高稳定性、高保真性等[57]。Zheng等[122]从深海沉积物中发现了病毒编码的DNA聚合酶的潜在同源物。Huang等[14]从深海热液病毒NrS-1中发现一种独特的兼具DNA聚合酶和引物酶功能的酶,该酶能够仅利用dNTPs从头合成长链DNA[126],且具有独特的底物选择机制,被归类于古菌-真核生物引物酶(archaeo eukaryotic primase, AEP)超家族的Primase-Polymerase (Prim-Pol)家族[127],其中部分Prim-Pol还能够发挥逆转录酶(reverse transcriptase)的活性[128]。Rambo等[129]首次在感染深海阿斯加德古菌(Asgard archaea)的核质DNA巨病毒中发现Prim-Pol同源蛋白,这种多功能酶使得深海病毒在高温、高压等可能导致DNA损伤的极端条件下仍能进行半自主的基因组复制与修复。从应用潜力来看,这些新颖的深海病毒DNA聚合酶具有适应极端环境、多种功能叠加等优势,有望从中筛选出适用于分子诊断和合成生物学的新型聚合酶工具。
DNA连接酶是DNA复制、修复、重组的核心酶,能够催化相邻DNA片段之间形成磷酸二酯键。目前,应用最为广泛的是T4 DNA连接酶(T4 DNA ligase),由Weiss等[130]从感染大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)的T4噬菌体中分离得到,可应用于基因克隆、载体构建及多种体外DNA操作体系[131]
人们在多种病毒中发现了具有特殊性质的连接酶。例如,Lohman等[132]发现草履虫共生小球藻病毒1 (Paramecium bursaria Chlorella virus 1, PBCV-1)编码的DNA连接酶在RNA-splinted DNA底物上表现出远高于T4 DNA ligase的活性。这一特性使其可用于RNA-splinted DNA探针的原位环化,从而在细胞水平对mRNA进行高灵敏检测[133]。另有研究发现,从沿海水域分离的一株核质DNA巨病毒CroV编码依赖NAD的DNA ligase及多种DNA修复酶,且微阵列分析显示这些基因在感染宿主期间被转录[134],说明其活跃表达。然而,目前针对深海病毒DNA连接酶的研究仍十分有限。Hwang等[135]对深海热液微生物垫的研究表明,热液病毒携带多种复制相关基因,如DNA聚合酶、DNA连接酶等。推测在深海极端条件下,深海病毒可能普遍携带与基因组复制和修复相关的功能基因,有助于维持病毒基因组完整性、应对环境诱导的DNA损伤,有望进一步挖掘和表征,为高效或耐受特殊条件的新型连接工具提供材料。
限制性核酸内切酶(restriction enzyme)是具有DNA位点特异性的内切酶,能够识别并切割特定的核苷酸序列,是原核限制-修饰系统的关键组成部分。部分病毒通过自身编码限制性内切酶和相应的甲基转移酶(methyltransferases, MTases),在感染过程中实现对宿主DNA的降解或对自身基因组的保护[136]。在深海环境中,Zhang等[13]发现深海热液嗜热噬菌GVE2编码的HNH型核酸内切酶在高温下仍能保持高度稳定性,且该酶在与Mn2+或Zn2+结合后表现出不同的DNA切割模式,推测该酶可通过金属依赖性的构象稳定机制来适应深海高温、高压等极端环境。目前,针对深海病毒限制性核酸内切酶的研究较少,但值得期待的是,这类酶有望为高温、高压或高盐条件下的DNA分子操作提供新的工具。
病毒逆转录酶能够以RNA为模板合成互补DNA (complementary DNA, cDNA),常与多样性生成逆转录元件系统(diversity-generating retroelement system, DGR)协同作用。病毒逆转录酶介导的特异性序列突变机制可引入靶结构域或氨基酸水平的多样性,有助于病毒多样性和环境适应性的形成[137]。研究表明,深海环境中存在携带逆转录酶相关基因的病毒群体[51]。Peng等[10]在深海冷泉沉积物中发现病毒携带多种逆转录酶相关元件,包括DGRs、retrons以及UG26和UG28系统,推测其为冷泉病毒快速获得变异和提升适应能力的重要机制之一。Kolundžija等[138]通过宏转录组学和病毒组学对水生生态系统中的RNA病毒进行了分析,发现部分深海RNA病毒携带逆转录基因(RTase genes)。然而,目前对深海病毒逆转录酶的研究仍处于生物信息学预测的初步阶段。深海病毒逆转录酶的酶学特性和应用潜力尚未得到充分挖掘。随着近年来深海RNA病毒的研究逐渐深入和扩大[16,51],未来有望从中开发适用于极端环境样品的新型逆转录酶工具。
病毒的核酸修饰酶是一类通过化学修饰核酸来调控病毒自身基因组功能的酶,在病毒感染、复制及逃避宿主免疫等过程中发挥关键作用,包括甲基转移酶、糖基化酶(glycosylase)和去甲基化酶(demethylase)等。
病毒DNA甲基转移酶(DNA methyltransferase, DNMT)是病毒编码的一类关键功能蛋白,主要通过对自身基因组DNA的甲基化修饰来避免被限制性内切酶识别和切除,实现对宿主防御系统的逃逸[139],是病毒抗防御系统的重要组成部分。DNMT普遍存在于病毒基因组中,其甲基化的靶点通常是病毒的重要功能基因。研究表明,DNMT可能不仅仅充当病毒对抗宿主防御系统的自卫武器,还可能发挥调节病毒自身基因组的复制,以及溶原与裂解2种状态之间的转换等作用[140]。此外,在不同水层或不同科分类水平的病毒在DNA甲基化的机制上存在明显差异,推测病毒的甲基化模式受到强烈的选择压力,且与其遗传特征和生存策略息息相关[140]。因此,深海病毒来源的DNMT可能具有新颖的识别模式和催化特性。近年来,Peng等[10]针对深海冷泉的宏基因组分析发现病毒能够编码MTases。随着深海病毒抗防御系统多样性不断被揭示[141],这类甲基转移酶不仅为理解深海微生物-病毒协同进化提供了新的认识,也为表观遗传调控工具提供了潜在资源。
目前,关于深海病毒来源的核酸修饰相关酶的研究仍较为有限,特别是糖基化酶等,且主要集中在生物信息学预测层面,缺乏体外验证。总之,以上深海病毒来源的核酸代谢相关的酶类不仅丰富了深海病毒遗传资源的功能库,也为筛选特殊条件下的基因工程或工业酶学的候选分子提供了基础[25]
除了与核酸代谢直接相关的酶类遗传资源外,深海病毒还进化出了一系列具有抑菌潜力的功能因子。总体来看,深海来源的病毒抑菌因子具有两方面特点:(1) 深海生态系统与人类环境在地理上长期隔离,病毒在与宿主长期共进化的过程中演化出了独特而多样的抗防御系统和裂解机制,可能形成不同于已知抗生素的新型作用机制和分子靶点,从而降低交叉耐药风险;(2) 在极端环境和宿主的共同选择压力下,这些抑菌因子具有结构稳定性与环境适应性,例如耐低/高温、耐盐、耐压等。因此,在近年来抗生素过度使用加速多重耐药(multidrug-resistant, MDR)细菌传播、传统抗菌策略面临挑战的背景下[142],这类来源于深海病毒的遗传资源在耐药菌精准防治、工程噬菌体优化设计以及复杂场景下的抗菌制剂开发等方面具有重要应用潜力。
在长期的病毒-宿主协同进化过程中,病毒进化出多种抗防御基因(anti-defense genes)以突破宿主的免疫屏障。研究表明,至少20%的病毒基因组中含有1个及以上的抗防御基因,许多病毒甚至同时编码多种抗防御基因,反映出病毒可适应宿主的多重防御策略[143]。目前,对抗防御机制的挖掘和分子层面认识主要来源于大肠埃希氏菌等模式体系[144-146],为深海病毒抗防御基因的研究奠定了基础。
目前,关于深海病毒的抗防御系统研究主要集中于冷泉生境[15]。冷泉病毒可编码对抗多种宿主免疫系统的抗防御基因,且表现出较高的序列和结构新颖性[141]。其中,抗Cas、抗R-M、抗Thoeris和抗Gabija基因普遍存在,而针对RecBCD等DNA修复相关防御系统的广谱抗防御基因仅在少数有尾病毒中发现[141]。此外,部分冷泉病毒来源的抗防御基因已通过噬菌斑实验,成功验证其能够有效拮抗Thoeris、Gabija和CBASS系统[15]。在深海环境的塑造下,病毒抗防御系统可能具有潜在的新颖类型和功能。总之,研究深海病毒与宿主在防御与抗防御方面的博弈不仅具有重要生态学意义,其编码的抗防御蛋白还能开发为分子生物学工具及新型抗菌策略,从而在噬菌体工程设计、优化发酵流程或防治多重耐药病原菌等方面发挥作用[147-148]
病毒溶菌酶(viral endolysins)是噬菌体裂解系统的关键组成部分,可特异性水解细菌细胞壁肽聚糖[149]。自内向外裂解时,病毒溶菌酶通常与穿孔素(holin)和跨膜蛋白(spanin)等辅助蛋白协同作用,通过形成孔洞接触细胞壁,导致宿主细胞内外渗透压失衡,最终引发细胞破裂[150]。研究证明,外源施用的病毒溶菌酶无需依赖辅助蛋白即可在体外迅速裂解细菌细胞壁[151]。目前,病毒溶菌酶被认为是最有前景的酶类抗生素之一[152-153]。与传统抗生素或噬菌体疗法(phage therapy)相比,病毒溶菌酶展现出独特优势:其作用靶点为相对保守的细胞壁结构,不易引起耐药性;同时抗菌谱具有高度特异性,仅针对同属或特定菌株,有助于保护正常微生物群体[154],具有广阔的应用前景。大量体外和动物实验表明,溶菌酶可有效裂解革兰氏阳性菌、革兰氏阴性菌以及其生物膜,且通过工程改造,如将溶菌酶与抗生素或抗菌肽联用,利用溶菌酶与holin等构建嵌合酶等,可显著增强其杀伤力[155-157]。目前,病毒溶菌酶已在临床治疗、食品保鲜、水产养殖和畜牧养殖等领域显示出良好的应用价值[151,154]
在深海的极端条件驱动以及与宿主的长期互作下,深海病毒溶菌酶可能进化出独特的结构和功能特征,是发现新颖病毒溶菌酶的天然储库。然而,针对深海环境的病毒溶菌酶的研究仍然有限,目前大多数相关研究主要关注人类肠道、土壤或废水等环境[153,158],少数涉及湖泊或海洋表层等水生系统[159]。近期报道了深海病毒溶菌酶的最新研究进展。Liu等[15]通过结构搜索比对等手段,从全球冷泉病毒基因组数据集中预测出大量病毒溶菌酶,发现其在序列和结构层面均表现出较高的多样性和新颖性;且体外实验成功验证了病毒溶菌酶的裂解能力,部分溶菌酶的活性甚至明显高于经典的鸡蛋蛋清溶菌酶HEWL [生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司],表明深海病毒溶菌酶的重要抑菌潜力。此外,近年来,针对病毒溶菌酶的数据库如PhaLP 2.0[160]和PDVLPD[161],以及人工智能识别软件如DeepLysin[162]、DeepMineLys[163]和SUBLYME[160]等的出现为高效挖掘深海病毒溶菌酶提供了支持。
病毒解聚酶(depolymerase, DPs)是噬菌体编码的一类酶,能够特异性降解细菌荚膜多糖(capsular polysaccharide, CPS)、脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides)或胞外多糖(exopolysaccharides, EPS),通常在感染早期发挥关键作用,帮助病毒将自身遗传物质注入宿主细胞[164]。由于生物膜结构高度依赖EPS基质,DPs在破坏生物膜和削弱致病菌耐受性方面具有天然优势。已有研究表明,DPs在生物医药和环境修复等领域展现出重要应用潜力,如治疗致病菌、破坏细菌生物膜、作为佐剂增强抗生素疗效等[165-167],表明其可作为传统抗生素的有效替代方案。但目前尚无文献报道深海病毒来源的DPs。宏基因组和病毒组学研究显示,深海病毒群落中存在大量新颖、未注释的序列,其中潜在的DPs家族仍待发掘。此外,已有生物信息学工具可用于识别潜在的解聚酶,如DePolymerase Predictor (DePP)[168]和PhageDPO等[169]。总之,未来有望在深海病毒群落中高通量挖掘新型DPs,用于治疗致病菌导致的慢性感染,以及去除医疗器械或工业设备的微生物污染[165]
噬菌体疗法是一种利用噬菌体靶向杀死特定细菌的抗菌策略。目前,已有大量研究对噬菌体疗法的基础机制与实际应用进行了探讨,该疗法已被应用于临床治疗[142]、食品加工业[170]、环境修复[171]、水产养殖[170,172]和农业等领域[173]。噬菌体疗法的优势在于其高度特异性,当制剂被施用于治疗对象后,噬菌体可感染并裂解特定病原菌,对非靶标微生物的直接影响较小,且能够随着病原菌的增殖而数量增加。随着病原菌被消灭,噬菌体自身也将自然清除,因此该疗法对治疗对象本身的安全风险低。其次,与抗生素相比,细菌对噬菌体产生抵抗和耐受的速度较慢,因为噬菌体能够与宿主共进化,可通过突变快速适应宿主的免疫防御机制[170]。此外,噬菌体自身来源广、类型多样,使得寻找针对耐药性细菌的噬菌体更快、更加经济,因此噬菌体是一种有效的抗生素替代方案。目前,由于采样技术和培养难度等的限制,从深海生境中开发噬菌体疗法的研究仍有待推进,但该领域展现出广阔前景。由于独特的溶菌机制[174]以及特异性的宿主类群,深海病毒可能被开发应用于特殊的海洋场景,例如从中开发新型噬菌体疗法或噬菌体鸡尾酒疗法(phage cocktail therapy),用于海洋环境修复、藻华治理和海水养殖的病害防治等[171]
随着合成生物学和基因编辑技术的进步,噬菌体-抗生素以及定向改造的工程噬菌体等协同使用是噬菌体疗法未来的主流发展趋势之一[173,175]。在此背景下,一些创新思路可用于深海病毒的定向改造,例如通过基因工程技术敲除噬菌体所携带的抗生素抗性基因、毒力基因和溶原基因等,可降低有害基因传播、目标致病菌耐药性增强等安全风险。此外,也可在噬菌体基因组中新增适宜的特异性抗防御基因,提高噬菌体的感染能力,或者敲除或新增辅助病毒基因等,这类“非核心”基因的获得或丢失通常不会对病毒生存造成致命影响。这些方案可灵活应用于合成生物学和基因工程,从而按特定需求改变工程噬菌体的环境适应性,进一步保留或者去除特定的目标微生物[103,172]
综上所述,深海病毒的衍生酶、噬菌体疗法等具有独特的抑菌潜力和优势,主要表现在其高度特异性、低耐药风险和资源多样性等方面,为开发新型的、高度稳定性的生物催化剂、抗菌剂等提供了丰富资源[57]。然而,目前大多数研究仍集中在实验室场景,其在实际应用中,特别是人类的临床治疗上的安全性仍有待考察[173]。在经济效益层面,目前大多数产品仍处于实验室研究阶段,少数已进入临床试验和早期商业化,可以推测最终的经济价值不仅仅依赖于产品疗效,还与监管批准情况以及规模化生产工艺的成熟度等息息相关。
目前的研究充分表明,深海病毒具有极高的丰度和遗传多样性,通过调控宿主群落结构、参与物质循环与能量流动、促进水平基因转移等多种途径,在维持深海生态系统稳定方面发挥了不可替代的作用。近年来技术的快速发展极大地变革了深海病毒研究的模式,加深了人们对深海病毒多样性、生态功能及遗传资源的认识。总体来看,深海病毒遗传资源是在极端环境选择压力与病毒-宿主长期协同进化的共同作用下形成的。这些遗传资源通常具有结构新颖、功能多样和环境适应性强等特点,为新型分子工具、合成生物学和抗菌疗法等的开发提供了重要的候选材料。目前随着调查范围和数据规模的扩大,来自深海的病毒组数据总量急剧增长,但该研究领域仍面临诸多挑战。一方面,大多数深海病毒及其功能基因仍停留在序列预测层面,缺乏系统的分离培养和实验表征;另一方面,参考数据库有限和注释方法的不确定性,制约了对深海病毒功能基因的深入解析。
展望未来,深海病毒遗传资源研究有望在以下几个方面取得突破。
(1) 构建深海原位培养实验室。在深海环境或可维持原位条件的装置中连续培养微生物及其病毒,实现连续监测和采集数据,有助于提高病毒的分离效率以及解析病毒与宿主对极端环境的响应。
(2) 构建深海生态实验模拟体系。从典型深海生境分离代表性微生物宿主及其病毒,或者通过诱导技术分离出深海菌株的前病毒,在高压、低温或高盐等接近深海自然环境的条件下培养,推动病毒-宿主模式系统的建立与深入研究,解析不同条件下病毒与宿主的分子互作机制。
(3) 深化多组学、单病毒测序等不依赖培养的分析,并结合环境因子信息,从群落水平和个体尺度交叉印证病毒的动态调控机制,进一步扩展深海病毒研究的广度与深度。
(4) 借助宏基因组学、人工智能和结构生物学等技术,系统挖掘深海病毒中的新型酶类和蛋白质,并通过实验验证推动其应用开发和商业转化,实现“筛选-验证-转化”的闭环。
(5) 完善深海病毒资源利用的管理与规范体系。从海洋遗传资源管理和生物安全角度出发,逐步完善相关法律法规和伦理框架,并构建深海病毒生物库等,规范深海病毒资源的获取与利用,在技术创新、功能验证与风险评估之间保持平衡。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2024YFC2816200)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2025YFE0219000)
  • 国家自然科学基金(42376115)
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2026年第66卷第6期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260199
  • 接收时间:2026-03-10
  • 首发时间:2026-06-17
  • 出版时间:2026-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-03-10
  • 录用日期:2026-04-25
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the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFC2816200)
国家重点研发计划(2024YFC2816200)
the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2025YFE0219000)
国家重点研发计划(2025YFE0219000)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42376115)
国家自然科学基金(42376115)
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    1.自然资源部第三海洋研究所,海洋生物遗传资源重点实验室,福建 厦门
    2.厦门大学 海洋与地球学院,福建 厦门
    3.华中农业大学 生命科学技术学院,湖北 武汉
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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