Article(id=1274057385925661478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250651, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1755964800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1762704000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineDate=1781688551646, onlineDateStr=2026-06-17, pubDate=1780502400000, pubDateStr=2026-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781688551646, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781688551646, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688551646, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274057338156769818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='6', pageStart='2561', pageEnd='3114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781688540257, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688602467, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2592, endPage=2616, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274057386336703272, articleId=1274057385925661478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research advances in microbial dark carbon fixation and its significance in the biosphere carbon cycle, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Microbial dark carbon fixation (DCF) is a key biogeochemical process in which chemoautotrophic or heterotrophic microbes convert inorganic carbon to organic carbon in the absence of light. Recent studies have shown that the contribution of this process to the global carbon cycle has long been underestimated, particularly in deep waters, sediments, soils, hot springs, and other extreme environments where it holds significant ecological importance. This review comprehensively summarizes the recent research advances in microbial DCF, with a focus on major carbon fixation pathways, functional microbial groups, and carbon fixation rates across different ecosystems. The published data demonstrate significant variations in microbial DCF rates across different ecosystems. The deep ocean exhibits the highest DCF rate, reaching approximately 2.14×104 µmol C/(m2·d), followed by boreal lakes, where the maximum DCF rate reaches 1.33×104 µmol C/(m2·d). Additionally, in the deep-water layer of stratified boreal lakes, the contribution of DCF to total primary productivity can be as high as 81.4%. In high-temperature hot spring environments, DCF can account for 80%-100% of the total carbon fixation. From the perspective of carbon fixation pathways, the Calvin cycle is the primary pathway for microbial DCF across various habitats, widely existing in ecosystems including lakes, oceans, soils, and hot springs. Meanwhile, different habitats adapt to their specific environmental conditions by incorporating additional metabolic pathways such as the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle (rTCA) pathway to achieve efficient carbon fixation. Temperature, pH, salinity, oxygen concentration, nutrient conditions, and depth are key environmental factors regulating microbial DCF rates. These factors collectively determine the efficiency and contribution ratios of DCF processes in different ecosystems by influencing the community structure of DCF-related microorganisms, the selection of metabolic pathways, and enzyme activities. Finally, the review discusses current limitations in this field, including uncertainties in quantification methods and insufficient understanding of environmental response mechanisms, and highlights key directions for future research. These advances are expected to provide critical scientific evidence for improving the carbon cycle theory, assessing the impacts of climate change, and developing microbe-based carbon sequestration technologies.

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E-mail: YANG Jian,
JIANG Hongchen,
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微生物暗固碳(dark carbon fixation, DCF)是化能自养或异养微生物在无光条件下将无机碳转化为有机碳的关键生物地球化学过程。近年来研究表明,这一过程在全球碳循环中的贡献长期被低估,尤其在深层水体、沉积物、土壤和热泉等极端环境中具有不可忽视的生态重要性。本文系统综述了微生物暗固碳研究的最新进展,重点梳理了主要固碳代谢途径、功能微生物类群及不同生境中的固碳速率特征。综合分析已发表数据发现,不同生境中微生物暗固碳速率差异显著。其中,海洋深水层暗固碳速率最高,约为2.14×104 µmol C/(m2·d);其次是北方湖泊,最高可达1.33×104 µmol C/(m2·d);此外,北方分层湖泊深水层暗固碳对总初级生产力的贡献可达81.4%;高温热泉环境下暗固碳可占总固碳量的80%-100%。从固碳途径来看,卡尔文循环是各生境中微生物暗固碳的最主要途径,广泛存在于湖泊、海洋、土壤、热泉等生境中。同时,不同生境会结合自身环境特点,辅以还原乙酰辅酶A途径、还原型三羧酸循环(reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, rTCA)途径等其他代谢途径实现高效固碳。温度、pH、盐度、氧气浓度、营养条件及深度是调控微生物暗固碳速率的关键环境因子,它们通过影响暗固碳微生物的群落结构、代谢途径选择及酶活性共同决定不同生境中暗固碳过程的效率与贡献占比。最后,本综述还探讨了当前研究的局限性,包括量化方法的不确定性、对环境响应机制认识不足等,并提出了未来研究的重点方向。这些进展将为完善碳循环理论、评估气候变化影响以及开发基于微生物的碳封存技术提供重要科学依据。

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作者贡献声明

赵语菲:撰写文章,文献检索,图表绘制;杨渐:提出概念,基金获取,完成呈现;蒋宏忱:提供资源。

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Nature Communications, 2019, 10: 3567., articleTitle=Ice sheets matter for the global carbon cycle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274088345543151808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057385925661478, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=78, issue=1, pageStart=41, pageEnd=67, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[148], rfOrder=160, authorNames=Hodson A, Anesio AM, Tranter M, Fountain A, Osborn M, Priscu J, Laybourn-Parry J, Sattler B, journalName=Ecological Monographs, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hodson A, Anesio AM, Tranter M, Fountain A, Osborn M, Priscu J, Laybourn-Parry J, Sattler B. Glacial ecosystems[J]. 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Key enzymes, functional genes, microbial taxa, and primary electron donor of autotrophic microbial carbon fixation pathways

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Carbon fixation pathwaysKey enzymesKey functional genesMicrobial taxaPrimary electron donor
Calvin cycleRibulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase

cbbL (rbcL)

cbbM

Plants, algae, Cyanobacteria, most aerobic or facultative aerobic EubacteriaH2, NH3, H2S, SO32-, Fe2+
Reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle

Pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase

2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase

ATP citrate lyase

PorA/nifJ

oorA

aclB

Chlorobiales, Epsilonproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, NitrospiraeH2, reduced sulfides, Fe2+

Reductive acetyl-CoA pathway

Wood-Ljungdahl pathway

CO dehydrogenase

Acetyl-CoA synthase

acsA (cooS)

acsB

Methanogenic, Deltaproteobacteria, anammox bacteriaH2, CO, formic acid/formate, sulfides
3-hydroxypropionate bicycle pathway

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Propionyl-CoA carboxylase

(S)-malyl-CoA lyase

CoA transferase

Pcc/AccChloroflexaceaeH2S, S2O32-, Fe2+, H2
3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutylate cycle

Acetyl-CoA/propionyl-CoA carboxylase

4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase

Sulfolobales, ThermoproteotaNH4+, H2, sulfides
Dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle

Pyruvate synthase

PEP carboxylase

4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase

Ignicoccus hospitalisH2
Reverse glycine cleavage pathwayCandidatus PhosphitivoraxHPO32-
), ArticleFig(id=1274088243424432140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057385925661478, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

自养微生物固碳的主要途径、关键酶、功能基因、微生物类群及主要电子供体

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Carbon fixation pathwaysKey enzymesKey functional genesMicrobial taxaPrimary electron donor
Calvin cycleRibulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase

cbbL (rbcL)

cbbM

Plants, algae, Cyanobacteria, most aerobic or facultative aerobic EubacteriaH2, NH3, H2S, SO32-, Fe2+
Reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle

Pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase

2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase

ATP citrate lyase

PorA/nifJ

oorA

aclB

Chlorobiales, Epsilonproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, NitrospiraeH2, reduced sulfides, Fe2+

Reductive acetyl-CoA pathway

Wood-Ljungdahl pathway

CO dehydrogenase

Acetyl-CoA synthase

acsA (cooS)

acsB

Methanogenic, Deltaproteobacteria, anammox bacteriaH2, CO, formic acid/formate, sulfides
3-hydroxypropionate bicycle pathway

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Propionyl-CoA carboxylase

(S)-malyl-CoA lyase

CoA transferase

Pcc/AccChloroflexaceaeH2S, S2O32-, Fe2+, H2
3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutylate cycle

Acetyl-CoA/propionyl-CoA carboxylase

4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase

Sulfolobales, ThermoproteotaNH4+, H2, sulfides
Dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle

Pyruvate synthase

PEP carboxylase

4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase

Ignicoccus hospitalisH2
Reverse glycine cleavage pathwayCandidatus PhosphitivoraxHPO32-
), ArticleFig(id=1274088243910971405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057385925661478, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Microbial functional groups, primary carbon fixation pathways, and difference of dark carbon fixation (DCF) rates in different ecosystems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EcosystemsMicrobial functional groupsPrimary carbon fixation pathwaysEnvironmental typesDark carbon fixation rateProportion/%References
Lake

Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria,

iron-oxidizing bacteria, methanogenic archaea, ammonia-oxidizing archaea, hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria

CBB

WL

rTCA

Boreal lake170-1.33×104 µmol C/(m2·d)18.5-81.4 (DCF/GPP)[2]
Saline lake8.54–28.2 µmol C/(m2·d)1.58-7.14 (DCF/TCF)[5]
Karstic lake2.68-400 µmol C/(m2·d)4.8-29.2 (DCF/TCF)[132]
Boreal lake sediments4.0×103 µmol C/(m2·d)8.41-37.40 (DCF/BP)[4]
Tropical lake sediments10 µmol C/(m2·d)0.4-80.4 (DCF/BP)[4]
MarineAmmonia-oxidizing archaea, nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, methane-oxidizing bacteria, anaerobic methanotrophic archaea

CBB

rTCA

East Sea4.8–7.96 µmol C/(m2·d)4.5-27.1 (DCF/GPP)[134]
Arabian Sea7.4 Pg C/a15 (DCF/GPP)[3]
North Atlantic1.8×103-3.2×103 µmol C/(m2·d)15-53 (DCF/PCE)[136]
Tyrrhenian Sea2.14×104 µmol C/(m2·d)59.9-94.1 (DCF/PP)[137]
SoilNitrite-oxidizing bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, ammonia-oxidizing archaea, methane-oxidizing bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, acetogens

CBB

rTCA

WL

Temperate forest soil4.5-40 µmol C/(m2·d)1.2-3.9 (DCF/R)[17]
Agricultural soil1.3 μmol/g soil2.7 (DCF/R)[142]
Wetland soil6.67-30 µmol C/(m2·d)27 (DCF/TCF)[143]
Arctic tundra soil0.8-310 µmol C/(m2·d)0.4-16.0 (DCF/R)[9]
Hot springSulfur-oxidizing bacteria

CBB

rTCA

Dragon Spring242 µmol C/(m2·d)100 (DCF/TCF)[23]
Tengchong hot springs138 µg C/(g TOC·h)10-100 (DCF/TCF)[8]
), ArticleFig(id=1274088244288458766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057385925661478, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同生境中的微生物功能类群、主要固碳途径及暗固碳(DCF)速率差异

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
EcosystemsMicrobial functional groupsPrimary carbon fixation pathwaysEnvironmental typesDark carbon fixation rateProportion/%References
Lake

Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria,

iron-oxidizing bacteria, methanogenic archaea, ammonia-oxidizing archaea, hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria

CBB

WL

rTCA

Boreal lake170-1.33×104 µmol C/(m2·d)18.5-81.4 (DCF/GPP)[2]
Saline lake8.54–28.2 µmol C/(m2·d)1.58-7.14 (DCF/TCF)[5]
Karstic lake2.68-400 µmol C/(m2·d)4.8-29.2 (DCF/TCF)[132]
Boreal lake sediments4.0×103 µmol C/(m2·d)8.41-37.40 (DCF/BP)[4]
Tropical lake sediments10 µmol C/(m2·d)0.4-80.4 (DCF/BP)[4]
MarineAmmonia-oxidizing archaea, nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, methane-oxidizing bacteria, anaerobic methanotrophic archaea

CBB

rTCA

East Sea4.8–7.96 µmol C/(m2·d)4.5-27.1 (DCF/GPP)[134]
Arabian Sea7.4 Pg C/a15 (DCF/GPP)[3]
North Atlantic1.8×103-3.2×103 µmol C/(m2·d)15-53 (DCF/PCE)[136]
Tyrrhenian Sea2.14×104 µmol C/(m2·d)59.9-94.1 (DCF/PP)[137]
SoilNitrite-oxidizing bacteria, nitrifying bacteria, ammonia-oxidizing archaea, methane-oxidizing bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, acetogens

CBB

rTCA

WL

Temperate forest soil4.5-40 µmol C/(m2·d)1.2-3.9 (DCF/R)[17]
Agricultural soil1.3 μmol/g soil2.7 (DCF/R)[142]
Wetland soil6.67-30 µmol C/(m2·d)27 (DCF/TCF)[143]
Arctic tundra soil0.8-310 µmol C/(m2·d)0.4-16.0 (DCF/R)[9]
Hot springSulfur-oxidizing bacteria

CBB

rTCA

Dragon Spring242 µmol C/(m2·d)100 (DCF/TCF)[23]
Tengchong hot springs138 µg C/(g TOC·h)10-100 (DCF/TCF)[8]
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微生物暗固碳过程及其在生物圈碳循环中的作用研究进展
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赵语菲 1 , 杨渐 2 , 蒋宏忱 2
微生物学报 | 综述 2026,66(6): 2592-2616
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微生物学报 | 综述 2026, 66(6): 2592-2616
微生物暗固碳过程及其在生物圈碳循环中的作用研究进展
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赵语菲1, 杨渐2 , 蒋宏忱2
作者信息
  • 1.中国地质大学(武汉),地质微生物与环境全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉
  • 2.河南大学 生命科学学院,河南 开封
Research advances in microbial dark carbon fixation and its significance in the biosphere carbon cycle
Yufei ZHAO1, Jian YANG2 , Hongchen JIANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Geomicrobiology and Environmental Changes, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, Hubei, China
  • 2.School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
出版时间: 2026-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250651
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微生物暗固碳(dark carbon fixation, DCF)是化能自养或异养微生物在无光条件下将无机碳转化为有机碳的关键生物地球化学过程。近年来研究表明,这一过程在全球碳循环中的贡献长期被低估,尤其在深层水体、沉积物、土壤和热泉等极端环境中具有不可忽视的生态重要性。本文系统综述了微生物暗固碳研究的最新进展,重点梳理了主要固碳代谢途径、功能微生物类群及不同生境中的固碳速率特征。综合分析已发表数据发现,不同生境中微生物暗固碳速率差异显著。其中,海洋深水层暗固碳速率最高,约为2.14×104 µmol C/(m2·d);其次是北方湖泊,最高可达1.33×104 µmol C/(m2·d);此外,北方分层湖泊深水层暗固碳对总初级生产力的贡献可达81.4%;高温热泉环境下暗固碳可占总固碳量的80%-100%。从固碳途径来看,卡尔文循环是各生境中微生物暗固碳的最主要途径,广泛存在于湖泊、海洋、土壤、热泉等生境中。同时,不同生境会结合自身环境特点,辅以还原乙酰辅酶A途径、还原型三羧酸循环(reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, rTCA)途径等其他代谢途径实现高效固碳。温度、pH、盐度、氧气浓度、营养条件及深度是调控微生物暗固碳速率的关键环境因子,它们通过影响暗固碳微生物的群落结构、代谢途径选择及酶活性共同决定不同生境中暗固碳过程的效率与贡献占比。最后,本综述还探讨了当前研究的局限性,包括量化方法的不确定性、对环境响应机制认识不足等,并提出了未来研究的重点方向。这些进展将为完善碳循环理论、评估气候变化影响以及开发基于微生物的碳封存技术提供重要科学依据。

暗固碳  /  碳循环  /  化能自养微生物  /  代谢途径  /  环境因子

Microbial dark carbon fixation (DCF) is a key biogeochemical process in which chemoautotrophic or heterotrophic microbes convert inorganic carbon to organic carbon in the absence of light. Recent studies have shown that the contribution of this process to the global carbon cycle has long been underestimated, particularly in deep waters, sediments, soils, hot springs, and other extreme environments where it holds significant ecological importance. This review comprehensively summarizes the recent research advances in microbial DCF, with a focus on major carbon fixation pathways, functional microbial groups, and carbon fixation rates across different ecosystems. The published data demonstrate significant variations in microbial DCF rates across different ecosystems. The deep ocean exhibits the highest DCF rate, reaching approximately 2.14×104 µmol C/(m2·d), followed by boreal lakes, where the maximum DCF rate reaches 1.33×104 µmol C/(m2·d). Additionally, in the deep-water layer of stratified boreal lakes, the contribution of DCF to total primary productivity can be as high as 81.4%. In high-temperature hot spring environments, DCF can account for 80%-100% of the total carbon fixation. From the perspective of carbon fixation pathways, the Calvin cycle is the primary pathway for microbial DCF across various habitats, widely existing in ecosystems including lakes, oceans, soils, and hot springs. Meanwhile, different habitats adapt to their specific environmental conditions by incorporating additional metabolic pathways such as the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway and the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle (rTCA) pathway to achieve efficient carbon fixation. Temperature, pH, salinity, oxygen concentration, nutrient conditions, and depth are key environmental factors regulating microbial DCF rates. These factors collectively determine the efficiency and contribution ratios of DCF processes in different ecosystems by influencing the community structure of DCF-related microorganisms, the selection of metabolic pathways, and enzyme activities. Finally, the review discusses current limitations in this field, including uncertainties in quantification methods and insufficient understanding of environmental response mechanisms, and highlights key directions for future research. These advances are expected to provide critical scientific evidence for improving the carbon cycle theory, assessing the impacts of climate change, and developing microbe-based carbon sequestration technologies.

dark carbon fixation  /  carbon cycle  /  chemoautotrophic microorganisms  /  metabolic pathways  /  environmental factors
赵语菲, 杨渐, 蒋宏忱. 微生物暗固碳过程及其在生物圈碳循环中的作用研究进展. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2592 -2616 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250651
Yufei ZHAO, Jian YANG, Hongchen JIANG. Research advances in microbial dark carbon fixation and its significance in the biosphere carbon cycle[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2592 -2616 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250651
碳循环作为地球系统物质循环与能量流动的核心纽带,在全球气候变化和生态系统功能维系中扮演着决定性角色[1]。传统观点认为光合作用是生态系统碳固定的主要途径,然而近年来越来越多的证据表明,微生物介导的暗固碳(dark carbon fixation, DCF)过程在全球碳收支中贡献显著[2-3]。暗固碳是指化能自养或异养微生物在无光条件下将无机碳(如CO2、碳酸盐)转化为有机碳的生物地球化学过程,这一过程在深层水体、沉积物、热泉等无光或弱光环境中尤为活跃[4-5]。随着研究技术的进步和观测网络的完善,科学家们逐渐认识到暗固碳可能是全球碳循环中长期被低估的“隐性碳汇”。
微生物暗固碳的代谢途径远比植物光合作用更为多样。目前已发现7种自养微生物固碳途径[如卡尔文循环(Calvin cycle)、还原型三羧酸循环(reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, rTCA)、还原乙酰辅酶A途径(Wood-Ljungdahl pathway)等]和2种异养微生物固碳途径(草酰乙酸途径、嘧啶和嘌呤核苷酸途径)[6-7]。这些代谢途径使微生物能够适应从深海热液喷口到极地冻土等各种极端环境,展现出惊人的生态适应性[8-9]。特别值得注意的是,不同固碳途径的能量效率和环境适应性存在显著差异,如还原型三羧酸循环在能量利用效率上优于卡尔文循环,而还原乙酰辅酶A途径则特别适合厌氧环境[10-11]。这种代谢多样性为微生物在不同生境中实现高效碳固定提供了基础。
参与暗固碳的微生物功能群极其丰富,包括硫氧化细菌(sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, SOB)、产甲烷古菌(methanogenic archaea, MA)、甲烷氧化菌(methane-oxidizing bacteria, MOB)、氢氧化细菌(hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria, HOB)、硝化细菌(nitrifying bacteria)及铁氧化细菌(iron-oxidizing bacteria, FeOB)等[12-13]。这些微生物通过氧化还原态无机物(如H2S、NH4+、Fe2+等)获取能量驱动CO2固定,构成了“黑暗”生态系统的初级生产力基础[14-15]。例如,在深海热液喷口生态系统中硫氧化细菌通过氧化硫化物固定CO2,支撑了整个喷口生态系统的能量流动[16];而在湖泊沉积物中产甲烷古菌和甲烷氧化菌通过协同作用调节碳的固定与释放[4]。这些功能微生物的活跃使暗固碳成为全球碳循环不可忽视的组成部分。
环境因子对微生物暗固碳过程具有深刻影响。温度、pH、氧气浓度、营养条件等不仅调控着暗固碳微生物的群落结构,还直接影响其固碳活性与途径选择[17-22]。例如,在分层湖泊中深水层的暗固碳对总初级生产的贡献比例可达81.4%,远高于表水层的18.5%[2];而在热泉生态系统中温度升高可能导致固碳途径从光合作用主导转向化能自养主导,同时指出pH是维持暗固碳群落活性的必要条件[8,23]。更令人担忧的是,气候变化可能通过改变环境条件而影响暗固碳过程,如Liu等[24]发现沿海湿地的暗固碳速率在升温条件下每年下降21.6%,这种变化可能对全球碳循环产生深远影响。在对海洋的研究中发现,氧气条件与水深共同调控暗固碳过程,其中缺氧区域暗固碳速率高于周边富氧海域[25]。湖泊沉积物中营养条件(如有机碳含量)能通过改变异养细菌与化能自养菌的竞争关系间接影响暗碳固定速率[4]。除此之外,研究人员在对青藏高原湖泊进行研究时发现,水体盐度也影响湖泊暗固碳微生物的类群结构和主要代谢途径[26]。综上所述,不同的固碳途径、多样的微生物类群以及多种环境因素共同驱动了生境中的暗固碳过程(图1)。
尽管微生物暗固碳研究已取得显著进展,但仍存在诸多亟待解决的科学问题:不同生态系统中暗固碳的精确量化仍存在较大不确定性;环境变化对暗固碳微生物群落功能的影响机制尚不清晰;多种固碳途径的协同与竞争关系需要进一步阐明。本综述系统梳理了微生物暗固碳的代谢途径、功能微生物类群、不同生境中的固碳速率及环境影响因素,旨在为深入理解全球碳循环机制、评估气候变化对生态系统功能的影响提供科学依据,并为开发基于微生物的碳封存技术提供理论支撑。
与植物依赖光合作用固碳不同,微生物拥有一系列更为多样的固碳机制,这些机制涉及多种代谢途径,使其能够在极端环境中高效完成固碳过程[27]。目前,已知的微生物固碳途径主要分为7种自养型(autotrophic)固碳途径和2种异养型(heterotrophic)固碳途径[6-7]。这些途径不仅揭示了微生物在自然界中的生存策略,更为碳捕集与资源化利用提供了潜在的技术启示[10]。具体而言,7种自养微生物固碳途径包括卡尔文循环(Calvin cycle)、还原型三羧酸循环(reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, rTCA)、还原乙酰辅酶A途径(reductive acetyl-CoA pathway, Wood-Ljungdahl pathway)、3-羟基丙酸双循环(3-hydroxypropionate bicycle)、3-羟基丙酸/4-羟基丁酸循环(3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle, 3HP/4HB)、二羧酸/4-羟基丁酸循环(dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle, DC/4HB)和反向甘氨酸裂解途径(reverse glycine cleavage pathway) (表1)[7];异养微生物固碳途径则主要包括草酰乙酸途径(oxalacetate pathway),以及参与嘧啶(pyramidine)和嘌呤(purine)核苷酸合成的代谢途径[28-29]
与植物不同,微生物中各类固碳途径在能量需求、还原力来源及关键酶系上存在显著差异,这些差异直接影响其生态分布和主导地位。如在缺氧或厌氧环境中Wood-Ljungdahl途径与rTCA循环更为高效,常见于厌氧古菌及深海热液口等能量受限环境中;3HP/4HB及DC/4HB循环则常出现在高温或极端生态位中,反映了微生物在适应极端条件时对固碳代谢的优化[30-33]。这些固碳途径并非孤立存在,而是根据环境条件和能量可利用性展现出互补与替代的关系,构成了多样化且动态的微生物固碳网络。这种多样性不仅支撑了生态系统在无光和/或低氧环境条件下有效固定CO2的能力,也为理解全球碳循环及发展新型碳捕集技术提供了重要启示。
卡尔文循环(Calvin cycle),又称卡尔文-本森循环(Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, CBB cycle),是光合作用中的关键过程,也是碳固定的主要途径之一。该循环主要通过3个阶段完成:(1) 碳固定阶段,由1,5-二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, RubisCO)催化CO2与五碳化合物核酮糖二磷酸(ribulose bisphosphate, RuBP)结合,生成3-磷酸甘油酸(3-phosphoglyceric acid, 3-PGA);(2) 还原阶段,消耗NADPH和ATP将中间产物3-PGA转化为甘油醛-3-磷酸(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, G3P);(3) CO2受体再生阶段,部分G3P通过重排与转化反应生成核酮糖-5-磷酸(ribulose-5-phosphate, Ru5P),消耗ATP并通过一系列反应再生RuBP,维持循环运转(图2)[34-35]。化能自养微生物驱动这一循环所需的能量与还原力来源于无机电子供体(如H2、NH3、H2S、SO32-、Fe2+等)的氧化,这些电子通过氢化酶(hydrogenase)、硫氧化酶系统、铁氧化相关的胞色素(如Cyc2)等进入电子传递链[36-39]。在此过程中,电子向终端受体转移,耦合质子跨膜转运驱动ATP合成,而当电子供体电位不足以直接还原NAD(P)+时通过反向电子传递(reverse electron transport, RET)将电子“提升”以还原NAD(P)+,生成循环所需的还原力[35-36,40-42]。Barco等[40]研究氧化铁深海弯曲杆菌(Mariprofundus ferrooxydans) PV-1的电子传递链发现,Fe2+氧化释放的电子由外膜细胞色素Cyc2PV-1接收,再传递至膜上的电子传递链,且该菌能通过反向电子传递还原NAD(P)⁺,生成的还原力供CBB循环利用。因此,电子供体与电子传递过程不仅决定了能量代谢方式,也直接影响化能自养微生物的碳固定效率。
RubisCO是卡尔文循环中碳固定的关键酶,主要有2种进化类型:I型RubisCO和II型RubisCO。I型RubisCO又包括IA型、IB型、IC型和ID型,主要存在于植物、绿藻、蓝藻和一些细菌中,其编码基因结构包括cbbLcbbS基因,分别编码RubisCO的L亚基和S亚基[7,43]。II型RubisCO主要分布在一些细菌和藻类中,结构相对简单,通常由cbbM编码;I型RubisCO的复杂性使其在不同生态环境中表现出较高的适应性,而II型RubisCO的简单性则使其在某些极端环境中具有优势[7,43]。Sayers等[44]指出卡尔文循环是湖泊生态系统中微生物参与碳固定作用的关键途径,浮游植物和部分细菌通过该循环固定CO2,而环境条件变化会显著影响这一过程的效率,从而对湖泊碳循环过程产生重要影响。Santoro等[4]研究显示,在湖泊沉积物中微生物可通过卡尔文循环驱动暗固碳过程,暗示卡尔文循环固碳途径在光照不足环境中的重要性。唐阳等[45]以青藏高原北部6个具有典型盐度梯度的湖泊表层沉积物为研究对象,聚焦参与卡尔文循环的固碳微生物及功能基因,采用构建rbcL基因克隆文库、聚合酶链式反应(PCR)等技术,发现参与卡尔文循环的微生物中假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)是优势菌群且不同盐度湖泊中的优势菌群差异显著。
还原型三羧酸循环(reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle, rTCA cycle),又称为反向三羧酸循环,是一种关键的碳固定途径。它通过逆向运行传统三羧酸循环,将CO2转化为有机分子,能量效率高于卡尔文循环(图3)[42,46]。该循环在深海热液喷口、缺氧区和沉积物等生态系统中尤为常见,为化能自养微生物提供碳源和能量[6,47]。该循环涉及多种关键酶,包括丙酮酸:铁氧化还原蛋白氧化还原酶(pyruvate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, PFOR)、2-氧戊二酸:铁氧还原蛋白氧化还原酶(2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, OGOR)以及ATP-柠檬酸裂解酶(ATP citrate lyase)等,其关键编码基因包括PorA/nifJoorAaclB等。这些酶不仅促进了CO2的还原和固定,还参与了能量的产生和中间代谢产物的形成[46]。rTCA循环的运行依赖于低价无机电子供体(如H2、还原态硫化物、Fe2+等)的氧化,电子通过氢化酶、硫氧化酶及外膜多血红素细胞色素等组分进入电子传递链,并被分配至铁氧还原蛋白(ferredoxin, Fd)等低电位载体,为关键还原反应(如丙酮酸和2-氧戊二酸的还原)提供还原力[48-50]。在对通过rTCA循环进行固碳的微生物[如依普西隆变形菌纲(Epsilonproteobacteria)]进行组学分析时发现,rTCA循环关键酶基因常与氢化酶基因、硫氧化相关基因及呼吸链组分基因存在功能关联,表明电子传递路径是决定rTCA循环的固碳速率与生态位适应性的关键因素[48,51-52]。此外,针对深海热液喷口与缺氧海区的功能基因及蛋白组研究证实,电子供体种类与电子链组成会显著影响rTCA循环对还原型Fd的供给,进而调控固碳速率;其中,通过对深海热液喷口中的加氨热弧菌(Thermovibrio ammonificans)的基因组与蛋白组分析发现,该菌编码Group-4 Ech氢化酶等电子传递组件,直接印证电子链组成对rTCA供给还原型Fd的调控作用[53-54]。Campbell等[55]研究指出,rTCA循环是深海热液喷口中微生物固定CO2与维持初级生产力的关键代谢途径;其对极端环境中的碳循环和生态系统稳定性具有核心意义。Wang等[56]指出rTCA循环广泛存在于缺氧和厌氧环境中,能够支持古细菌群落进行固碳和能量代谢。
还原乙酰辅酶A途径(reductive acetyl-CoA pathway),又称Wood-Ljungdahl (WL)途径,主要存在于某些厌氧微生物中,是氢营养型产甲烷古菌进行碳同化和产能的关键途径之一[57]。该途径主要通过2个分支将CO2转化为乙酰辅酶A,首先,在羰基分支中CO2被一氧化碳脱氢酶(carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, CODH)还原为一氧化碳(CO);在甲基分支中CO2通过甲基四氢叶酸途径(5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid, 5-methyl-THF)转化为甲基(CH3),CO与CH3在乙酰辅酶A合成酶(acetyl-CoA synthetase, ACS)的催化下结合生成乙酰辅酶A,用于合成有机物(图4)[42,58]。其中,CODH和ACS是该途径中的2种关键酶,编码这2种酶的功能基因为cooSacsAacsB[6,59-60]。在WL途径驱动的化能自养体系中常见电子供体为H2、CO、甲酸/甲酸盐与硫化物等,这些电子通过氢化酶、CODH/ACS复合体等组分进入电子传递链,并被分配至低电位载体Fd,以驱动羰基分支和甲基分支的CO2还原反应[61-62]。WL途径的关键酶基因常与hydrogenase基因、Rnf或Ech等膜结合电子传递复合体基因共表达,如研究人员对伍氏醋杆状菌(Acetobacteriumwoodii)的研究发现,在以H2和CO2为底物的自养生长条件下,Rnf复合体不仅能实现还原型铁氧还蛋白(reduced ferredoxin, Fdred)与NAD⁺池之间的电子连接,还可通过催化反应建立跨膜Na+梯度,进而显著提升WL途径的固碳速率[61,63]。Ragsdale等[64]研究表明,WL途径能够通过暗固碳过程对湖泊沉积物中的碳循环产生重要影响,尤其在光照不足和缺氧的湖泊沉积物中表现出了极强的适应性和生态重要性。Jiao等[65]探讨了WL途径在放线菌中的功能和进化意义,同样指出该途径在缺氧和极端环境中至关重要,可能在温室气体调控中发挥潜在作用。
3-羟基丙酸双循环途径(3-hydroxypropionate bicycle pathway, 3HP)主要是某些光合细菌和古菌进行CO2固定的途径,这一循环途径包括2个子循环反应,第1个子循环是CO2的固定,乙酰辅酶A与CO2羧化生成丙酰辅酶A,进一步代谢生成(S)-苹果酰辅酶A [(S)-malyl-CoA lyase],裂解后产生乙醛酸和乙酰辅酶A;第2个子循环是乙醛酸的同化,乙醛酸与丙酰辅酶A进一步反应生成丙酮酸和乙酰辅酶A,完成碳固定(图5)[66-68]。乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(acetyl-CoA carboxylase)、丙酰辅酶A羧化酶(propionyl-CoA carboxylase)、(S)-苹果酰辅酶A裂解酶[(S)-malonyl-CoA lyase]、CoA转移酶(CoA transferase)等关键酶共同参与整个过程,其中,accA基因是编码乙酰辅酶A羧化酶的重要功能基因。这些酶确保了整个循环的有效运作[6,66-68]。虽然在循环中3-羟基丙酸并非最终产物,但3-羟基丙酸是该循环中的重要中间产物,它能在特定步骤中通过与其他代谢物反应生成,并最终与碳固定过程紧密关联。因此整个循环被称为3-羟基丙酸双循环。在通过3HP循环进行暗固碳时化能自养微生物通常利用H2S、S2O32-、Fe2+、H2等无机还原物质作为电子供体,经膜结合的呼吸链将电子转移至NAD(P)+和Fd,同时合成ATP,为后续CO2羧化和还原反应提供还原力[69]。Zarzycki等[67]通过研究橙色绿屈挠菌(Chloroflexus aurantiacus)补全了3HP循环机制,指出该循环中电子传递主要包括NADPH/NAD(P)+和醌/醌H2两对氧化还原对,其中,醌在电子传递过程中接受电子被还原为醌H2,醌H2可进一步通过电子传递链释放电子,用于ATP合成或其他需能反应,实现电子的转移与能量的转化。近年来,来自热泉、沙漠土壤等极端环境的基因组和转录组研究同样揭示了3HP循环在固碳中发挥重要作用[70-71]
3-羟基丙酸/4-羟基丁酸酯循环途径(3-hydroxypropionate/4-hydroxybutylate cycle, 3HP/4HB cycle),是一种主要存在于硫化叶菌目(Sulfolobales)和其他一些古菌中的自养固碳途径[68]。该循环主要分为CO2的固定和中间体的转化2个阶段。首先,在CO2的固定阶段,乙酰辅酶A通过羧化反应固定CO2,生成丙酰辅酶A和3-羟基丙酰辅酶A。在转化过程中,中间产物经还原等反应转化为4-羟基丁酰辅酶A,最终再生乙酰辅酶A,完成循环(图6)。在该循环过程中,乙酰辅酶A/丙酰辅酶A羧化酶(acetyl-CoA/propionyl-CoA carboxylase)和4-羟基丁酰辅酶A脱水酶(4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase)的作用至关重要[11,31,72-73]。化能自养古菌通常以NH4+、H2、硫化物等作为主要电子供体,电子经膜结合呼吸链复合物将电子转移至NAD(P)⁺或Fdred,为3HP/4HB循环的碳固定提供能量和还原力,该循环的多个酶促反应依赖NADPH作为电子供体,用于底物的还原反应[11,31,74]。Leavitt等[74]以海亚硝化侏儒菌(Nitrosopumilus maritimus) SCM1为研究对象,发现该古菌通过氨单加氧酶(ammonia monooxygenase, AMO)氧化NH4+获取电子,以O2作为末端电子受体完成能量代谢,实验通过调控NH4+的供应速率来控制生长速率,印证其对代谢的调控作用。Minic等[30]研究发现,微生物介导的3HP/4HB固碳途径在深海热液喷口环境中广泛存在。Loder等[31]在研究中指出,3HP/4HB固碳途径能够被某些古菌[如勤奋生金球菌(Metallosphaera sedula)]用于极端热/酸环境中的CO2固定。
二羧酸/4-羟基丁酸循环途径(dicarboxylate/4-hydroxybutyrate cycle, DC/4HB cycle)首次由Huber等[75-76]于2008年在适宜粒状火球古菌(Ignicoccus hospitalis)中发现,作为一种在高温、厌氧环境下有效的CO2固定途径,该循环途径的基本过程是:从乙酰辅酶A出发,通过草酰乙酸、琥珀酰辅酶A和4-羟基丁酸等中间体实现CO2的固定与乙酰辅酶A的再生,形成一个高效的碳循环过程(图7);其中,丙酮酸合成酶(pyruvate synthase)、磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEP carboxylase)、4-羟基丁酰辅酶A脱水酶(4-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydratase)发挥着关键作用,构成循环的核心步骤。DC/4HB循环作为一条重要的厌氧固碳途径,以CO2和HCO3-为底物,主要利用H2作为主要电子供体,通过H2还原单质硫获取能量,与卡尔文循环不同,该循环的电子载体体系为“Fdred为主、NAD(P)H+部分参与”,如研究人员在丙酮酸合成酶催化乙酰辅酶A还原性羧化生成丙酮酸的过程中,根据酶活实验中人工电子载体(甲基紫精,常作为Fdred的替代物)选择及循环厌氧代谢特征推断,该反应优先以Fdred为电子供体,是循环中第一个实现CO2固定的酶促反应,可能影响CO2的初始固定效率[75]。Minic等[30]研究指出,深海热泉中的暗固碳过程可能通过这一途径实现。
反向甘氨酸裂解途径(reverse glycine cleavage pathway, rGCP pathway)是甘氨酸裂解系统(glycine cleavage system, GCS)的逆反应,首先,甲酸与四氢叶酸(tetrahydrofolate, THF)反应生成亚甲基四氢叶酸(methylenetetrahydrofolate, CH2-THF);再利用反向甘氨酸裂解系统将CO2与CH2-THF缩合生成甘氨酸;随后甘氨酸与另一分子CH2-THF生成丝氨酸,丝氨酸再转化为丙酮酸,完成碳链的延长与固碳产物的初步形成(图8)[42,77]。Figueroa等[78]Candidatus Phosphitivorax的基因组中发现了与亚磷酸盐(HPO32-)氧化和CO2还原相关的基因,这些基因调控异化亚磷酸盐氧化(dissimilatory phosphite oxidation, DPO)过程,并驱动CO2还原为甲酸,然后通过rGCP途径将甲酸同化为有机质,这一途径发现为微生物在极端环境中的碳固定机制提供了新视角。DPO过程中,亚磷酸盐是核心电子供体,亚磷酸盐被氧化为磷酸盐(PO43-)的过程伴随电子的转移与NADH的生成,为后续固碳相关反应提供能量;在电子传递过程中,亚磷酸盐氧化产生的ATP驱动ATP合酶反向形成跨膜离子梯度,该梯度推动Rnf复合体将Fd还原生成Fdred,再经NfnAB复合体生成NADPH,为催化CO2的还原以及rGCP途径的后续反应提供电子[78]。因此反向甘氨酸裂解途径在微生物固碳中,尤其是在碳固定和有机物合成的过程中具有潜在的重要性。
微生物的固碳途径比植物的光合作用更加多样,尤其是在极端环境下能够在不同的生态环境中高效地固定CO2,展示了微生物的高度适应能力。因此研究这些暗固碳途径对理解微生物生态功能有重要意义。
草酸乙酰途径是一种在特定环境条件下被微生物采用的固碳方式,通过无机碳的同化促进生物体的生长[28]。该途径主要是通过无机羧化酶的催化,使CO2与磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸(phosphoenolpyruvate, PEP)等物质结合生成草酰乙酸。参与这一过程的酶主要有磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶、丙酮酸羧化酶等[79-80]。羧化过程对异养微生物固碳至关重要,能够实现无机碳的额外固定,并参与微生物的氧化还原平衡调节[81]。嘧啶和嘌呤核苷酸途径在异养微生物中的固碳作用是一个较新的研究领域,目前相关的研究报道仍相对较少。然而已有的一些研究表明,嘧啶和嘌呤核苷酸途径在微生物CO2固定和碳代谢过程中发挥着重要作用。嘧啶和嘌呤核苷酸途径最早由Newton等[82]在马耳他布鲁氏菌(Brucella melitensis)中发现,在代谢嘌呤和嘧啶核苷酸时通过14C标记的CO2作为碳源,证实了微生物能够利用CO2进行核苷酸合成。Miltner等[83]研究发现,土壤中的非光合微生物可利用CO2进行嘧啶和嘌呤代谢,强调合成嘧啶和嘌呤核苷酸是碳固定的核心过程。Braakman等[84]研究发现,海洋微生物间存在嘌呤和嘧啶交叉取食的情况。例如,聚球藻分泌的嘌呤会被SAR11微生物群落利用,而SAR11微生物群落通过代谢嘌呤产生的尿素又可被聚球藻重新利用,形成嘌呤-尿素介导的隐蔽氮循环,该循环可能在全球海洋广泛存在,而且在这个循环过程中碳和氮元素会在不同微生物群落间传递,同时实现碳的固定和再利用[84]
化能自养微生物在驱动地球生态系统中的元素循环过程中扮演着关键角色,是暗固碳过程的核心执行者。这些微生物广泛分布于多种生境,包括湖泊、海洋、土壤、热泉或其他极端环境。它们通过氧化诸如H2、CO、CH4、NH4+、NO2-、H2S、Fe2+等还原性物质来获取能量,并利用能量将CO2转化为有机碳。在自然环境中主要的暗固碳微生物功能类群包括硫氧化细菌、产甲烷古菌、甲烷氧化菌、氢氧化细菌、硝化细菌以及铁氧化细菌等[12,85-86]。这些功能类群在不同生态系统中不仅构成了暗固碳的主要驱动力,也塑造了生态系统的初级生产力结构和碳循环模式,在未来的研究中更要综合考察多类群之间的互补关系及其在生态系统尺度上的整体作用。
硫氧化细菌是一类通过氧化还原态无机硫化合物(S2-、S0、SO32-)获取能量,进而支持自身生长和代谢活动的微生物类群,广泛分布于含硫湖泊[87]、海洋沉积物[88]、陆地热泉[89]、深海热液口[37]等自然环境。SOB在氧化过程中会利用CO2作为生长和代谢的碳源,将CO2固定为有机物质,从而实现碳的同化,其中代表属种有硫化螺旋菌属(Sulfurospirillum)、硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)及食硫氢菌属(Sulfurihydrogenibium)等[88-91]。在深海无光区域的热液喷口中,γ-变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)的硫氧化菌(marine gamma-proteobacterial sulfur oxidizers, GSOs)是一种典型的参与暗固碳的硫氧化菌。相关研究显示,GSOs表达了多种与硫氧化和固碳相关的蛋白,如RuBisCO、腺苷磷酸硫酸还原酶(adenosine phosphosulfate reductase)、硫氧化系统(sulfur oxidizing system, Sox)、异化亚硫酸盐还原酶(dissimilatory sulfite reductase)、ATP硫酸化酶(ATP sulfurylase, SAT)、APS还原酶(adenosine-5′-phosphosulfate reductase)、硫酸盐硫酯酶(sulfate thioesterase)等,编码这些酶的基因有cbbLcbbMaprAdsrABSoxB[37,90,92]。Hügler等[16]通过对大西洋Logatchev热液区的微生物种群和功能基因进行分析发现,EpsilonproteobacteriaGammaproteobacteria是参与暗固碳的主要类群,前者可能通过Sox途径氧化硫,并利用rTCA途径固定无机碳;后者则可能通过APS途径(adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate pathway)氧化硫,部分菌株还能利用CBB途径固定无机碳。
产甲烷古菌是一类严格厌氧的古菌,主要以CO2为碳源,并将其固定转化为有机物质,同时将H2或小分子有机物氧化,最终产物主要为甲烷(CH4)[93]。这类微生物广泛分布于湿地[94]、海洋沉积物[95]、湖泊沉积物[96]等环境。其中,产甲烷古菌的代表属有甲烷杆菌属(Methanobacterium)、甲烷八叠球菌属(Methanosarcina)、甲烷短杆菌属(Methanobrevibacter)等[97]。前人研究表明,深海沉积物中的产甲烷古菌表达了多种与固碳和甲烷代谢相关的酶[94,97]。Thevasundaram等[98]研究发现产甲烷古菌,如海沼甲烷球菌(Methanococcus maripaludis),可以利用改良的WL途径固碳。Yue等[99]在其研究中同样指出,在冷泉生境中产甲烷古菌会利用WL途径进行自养代谢,参与固碳过程。
甲烷氧化菌是一类以CH4作为碳源和能量来源的微生物,根据其代谢过程中是否依赖环境中的氧气作为电子受体可分为好氧甲烷氧化菌和厌氧甲烷氧化菌[100-101]。这类微生物在湖泊[102]、森林土壤[103]、冷泉[104]以及海洋沉积物[105]等环境中普遍存在。好氧甲烷氧化菌根据细胞结构主要分为Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型和Ⅹ型等,其中Ⅰ型和Ⅹ型属于γ-变形菌纲,代表属有甲基球菌属(Methylococcus)、甲基杆状菌属(Methylobacter)等;Ⅱ型属于α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria),代表属有甲基弯曲菌属(Methylosinus)、甲基胞囊菌属(Methylocystis)等[100,106]。Rasigraf等[107]还发现属于NC10门的亚硝酸盐型厌氧甲烷氧化细菌(Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera)可利用CBB循环进行自养型固碳,且其基因组中的CBB循环基因能够完整且高效表达。厌氧甲烷氧化古菌(anaerobic methanotrophic archaea, ANME)能与硫酸盐还原菌协同作用,通过电子交换共同完成厌氧甲烷氧化(anaerobic methane oxidation, AOM)过程[108-109]。Yang等[13]聚焦于冷泉生态系统中ANME的代谢功能,经高压生物反应器模拟实验发现ANME-2a通过WL途径固碳,并能通过AOM过程产生乙酸为群落提供有机碳源。Beal等[110]的研究发现ANME可利用锰(水钠锰矿)和铁(纤铁矿)作为AOM过程的电子受体,扩展微生物介导的甲烷氧化途径,提升暗固碳效率。
氢氧化细菌是一类利用氢气(H2)为电子供体,通过化能自养途径固定CO2的微生物,其代表属有食氢产水菌属(Hydrogenophaga)、水弧菌属(Hydrogenovibrio)、罗尔斯通氏菌属(Ralstonia)、硫卵菌属(Sulfurovum)等[111-113]。在热泉[114]、沙漠土壤[115]、湖泊[116]、深海热液喷口[15]等环境中表现活跃。在固碳过程中,HOB主要依赖氢化酶催化H2氧化,产生质子动力势为细胞合成ATP提供能量,从而驱动碳固定过程,如[NiFe]-氢化酶、[FeFe]-氢化酶等,相关编码基因为hupLhoxH[117-119]。Garritano等[114]在氢杆菌属(Hydrogenobacter)和硝化螺菌门(Nitrospirota)等多个细菌属中发现了rTCA循环相关的功能基因,暗示部分HOB具备通过rTCA途径进行固碳的能力。Petersen等[15]通过对南大西洋中脊贻贝共生体(硫氧化共生体作为氢氧化细菌的一种)的基因组分析发现,部分HOB还可以通过CBB循环途径进行碳固定。
硝化细菌是一类通过化能自养途径利用硝化过程中产生的能量进行碳固定的微生物,即通过氧化无机氮化合物(如NH4、N‎O2-)获取能量[120]。这类微生物在海洋[99]、湖泊沉积物[121]、污水处理系统[93]、土壤和淡水环境[122]中广泛存在,主要包括氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea, AOA)、氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AOB)和亚硝酸盐氧化细菌(nitrite-oxidizing bacteria, NOB)。硝化作用主要包括氨氧化和亚硝酸盐氧化2个过程:首先AOA或AOB利用氨单加氧酶,将氨氧化生成亚硝酸盐;然后NOB利用亚硝酸盐氧化还原酶(nitrite oxidoreductase, NXR)将亚硝酸盐进一步氧化为硝酸盐[122]。已有研究显示,部分AOB和NOB依赖CBB途径进行碳固定,AOA通过3HP/4HB途径进行碳固定[120]。Yue等[99]通过对印度洋深海沉积物进行宏基因组分析发现,硝化刺菌门(Nitrospinota)的硝化刺菌科(Nitrospinaceae)参与了海洋氮循环和碳循环耦合过程,并且携带CBB循环和rTCA循环相关功能基因,如rbcLkorABfrdA等,暗示部分硝化细菌具备利用rTCA途径进行碳固定作用的可能性。
铁氧化细菌主要依赖氧化亚铁离子(Fe2+)或其他还原态的铁化合物获取能量生存,广泛存在于湖泊沉积物[2]、深海热液口[123]、海洋[124]、湿地与淡水环境[125]等多种生态系统中。根据环境条件和代谢模式的差异,可将FeOB分为嗜酸性铁氧化菌和嗜中性铁氧化菌[126-127]。目前已有的研究发现,与暗固碳有关的FeOB主要分布于嘉利翁氏菌科(Gallionellaceae)和着色菌科(Chromatiaceae)等[2]。这些FeOB表达了多种与铁氧化和碳固定相关的酶。例如,Tothero等[128]通过基因组分析发现,赭色纤发菌(Leptothrix ochracea)含有铁氧化酶和周质电子载体相关的酶,相关编码基因包括mtoAcyc2,这些酶能够传递电子,促进铁氧化过程;同时发现这类细菌可通过CBB途径进行碳固定。
在湖泊、海洋、土壤、热泉等多重生境中暗固碳过程普遍存在。不同生态系统中暗固碳速率的差异揭示了不同微生物功能类群及固碳途径对环境适应性的多样化策略。湖泊深水层、海洋缺氧区及高温热泉等极端环境中通常表现出较高的固碳速率,说明在缺氧、高温或营养条件显著的生态位中化能自养过程成为主导的碳固定方式。因此未来在评估暗固碳贡献时要综合环境因子、微生物类群与代谢途径的交互作用才能更准确地理解不同生态系统对全球碳循环的整体贡献和潜在响应。
湖泊,作为一种重要的自然水生生态系统,其构成要素包括湖盆、湖水及其中蕴含的各类物质[129]。在这一重要的内陆水生生态系统中暗固碳过程并非由单一机制主导,而是由多类功能微生物及多种代谢途径共同驱动。湖泊中参与暗固碳的微生物包括铁氧化菌[如嘉利翁氏菌科(Gallionellaceae)]、硫氧化细菌[如着色菌科(Chromatiaceae)、盐硫小杆菌属(Halothiobacillus)]、产甲烷古菌[如甲烷球菌科(Methanococcaceae)]、氨氧化古菌[如亚硝化球形菌纲(Nitrososphaeria)]及氢氧化细菌(如Hydrogenovibrio)等,它们主要借助CBB循环、WL途径等固定CO2,少数也可通过rTCA途径进行固碳[2,5,26,130]。不同功能类群与代谢途径在湖泊中的主导地位随环境因子而显著变化。例如,Fang等[26]对青藏高原小柴旦湖及入湖河流的25个沉积物样本(盐度梯度范围为0.54-82.6 g/L)进行自养原核生物群落宏基因组学分析发现,自养微生物的相对丰度随盐度降低而显著升高,暗固碳途径也从WL循环途径转向能量效率较低的CBB循环途径。这表明盐度不仅影响湖泊暗固碳微生物的类群结构和主导代谢途径,还可能进一步调控暗固碳速率及其对初级生产力的贡献。在对中国青海省7个典型盐碱湖展开固碳速率相关分析时发现,盐度对表层沉积物中暗固碳速率的影响呈现“非单调但整体抑制”的特征:低盐度(0.8 g/L)至中盐度(29.0 g/L)时速率递增至峰值,盐度超中盐(≥30 g/L)进入高盐、极高盐后速率显著递减,部分极高盐湖泊(如盐度为341.9 g/L的茶卡湖)中该速率甚至低于检测下限[131]。Wang等[130]对青藏高原湖泊的研究同样发现低盐湖泊(<35 g/L)暗固碳速率显著高于高盐湖泊(>35 g/L),同时明确暗固碳速率不仅与盐度显著相关,还受温度、营养条件共同调控。
湖泊暗固碳速率存在温度与季节性差异。Zhao等[18]在对中国西南地区乌江流域沉积物的研究中发现,温度通过增强化能合成酶的活性提升固碳速率,且在高温条件下速率更高。通过研究位于西班牙东北部的岩溶湖(Lake Banyoles C-III)氧化还原层中的固碳过程发现,依普西隆变形菌在冬季占主导,对暗固碳贡献显著;然而夏季主要由光合微生物(绿硫细菌)主导,暗固碳贡献占比明显降低。例如,在Lake Banyoles氧化还原层(深度约22 m),冬季暗固碳速率为2.68 µmol C/(m2·d),占全湖总固碳的29.2%;而夏季的速率为400 µmol C/(m2·d),仅占总固碳的4.8%[132]。Martin等[2]在对16个瑞典北方湖泊的研究中检测到了暗固碳过程,其速率在170-13 300 µmol C/(m2·d)之间波动;该过程的速率与水层深度密切相关:在表水层(epilimnion,即湖泊近水面、光照充足的水层),暗固碳占总初级生产力的中位数比例为18.5%;而在深水层(hypolimnion,指湖泊深处、光照受限水层),此比例的中位数则高达81.4%。结果表明,在北方具有明显分层的湖泊中,尤其是较深水层,暗固碳对整体初级生产力贡献举足轻重。另有研究以青海湖(中国最大的咸水湖)为案例,通过碳同位素标记法揭示了不同水深下微生物的固碳速率;其中,暗固碳速率为8.54-28.2 µmol C/(m2·d),对总固碳的贡献为1.58%-7.14%;研究还指出咸湖水体中固碳速率受营养条件的显著影响,如溶解无机碳(dissolved inorganic carbon, DIC)和溶解有机碳(dissolved organic carbon, DOC)等[5]
湖泊沉积物中的营养条件会通过改变异养细菌与化能自养菌的营养竞争关系间接影响暗碳固定速率。Santoro等[4]通过对比瑞典4个北方湖泊与巴西7个热带湖泊沉积物中的暗固碳过程研究发现,在高有机碳环境下,异养细菌可通过分解有机碳获取更高效的能量与营养(如碳源、氮源),其生长速率显著高于化能自养菌,进而通过竞争氧气、硝酸盐等关键底物抑制化能自养菌主导的暗固碳过程;而低有机碳环境中异养竞争减弱,化能自养菌的暗固碳活性更易凸显;数据显示,瑞典北方湖泊沉积物中固碳速率最高可达4.0×103 µmol C/(m2·d),占总异养细菌生产的8.41%-37.4%,但在巴西热带湖泊沉积物中仅10 µmol C/(m2·d),仅占总异养细菌生产的0.40%-80.4%,这一研究结果表明暗固碳在部分湖泊中对细菌生物量的贡献显著,是细菌获取碳元素用于生长繁殖的重要途径。
海洋覆盖了地球表面约71%的面积,其水体和其沉积物是至关重要的碳汇。全球海洋化能自养固碳总量约为每年0.77 Pg C (1 Pg=1015 g)。其中,海洋水体贡献了约52%的总固碳量(包括光合层硝化细菌固碳的37%和深海硝化细菌固碳的15%)[133];沉积物中的化能自养微生物则以每年0.37 Pg C的固碳速率,占总量的48%[133]。参与海洋暗固碳过程的微生物功能类群包括氨氧化古菌、亚硝酸盐氧化细菌、厌氧氨氧化菌anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, AnAOA)、硫氧化细菌[如贝日阿托氏菌属(Beggiatoa)]、甲烷氧化菌、厌氧甲烷氧化古菌等,主要通过CBB循环、rTCA途径固碳这些过程共同构成了海洋的总暗固碳[25,99]
海洋暗固碳过程受多种环境因子调控,Jang等[134]通过对东海3个不同站点的水柱积分值进行计算后发现,在800 m水深范围内暗固碳速率为4.8-7.96 µmol C/(m2·d),且对总初级生产的贡献占比在不同站点有所差异,范围处于4.5%-27.1%之间,平均值为(16.5±11.3)%。Braun等[135]在其研究中指出,海洋表层水的暗/光固定比约为0.1,且该比值随深度增加而变化。在北大西洋深层海洋(125-3 000 m)中,研究人员采集不同位置水体样本,通过添加14C-碳酸氢盐进行固碳速率测量,结果显示样本暗固碳速率范围为(1.8-3.2)×103 µmol C/(m2·d),占浮游植物固碳通量的15%-53%[136]。Yakimov等[137]通过对Tyrrhenian Sea监测站全水柱(200 m至海底)的暗固碳速率进行测量,经过模型外推得到全水柱平均暗固碳量为2.14×104 µmol C/(m2·d),与该海域光合作用产生的生物量中值[(2.27-3.58)×104 µmol C/(m2·d)]相当。在海洋的不同区域,占比同样存在差异。Saxena等[3]测定了阿拉伯海不同区域(亚缺氧区域、缺氧区域和氧跃层区域)的暗固碳速率,涵盖了不同深度和不同含氧条件下的水体样本,说明深度、氧气条件共同调控暗固碳过程;通过模型外推到全球海洋相应区域的水体,计算出全球海洋暗固碳速率为7.4 Pg C/a,对海洋初级生产的贡献程度约为15%。在东热带北太平洋的缺氧区,微生物通过厌氧氨氧化和硫化物氧化驱动的暗固碳,其速率是周边富氧海域的3-5倍;而在缺氧-有氧过渡带(边界区域),氧气浓度高且底物(如氨、硫化物)充足,成为化能自养微生物聚集点,暗固碳速率达到峰值[25]。因此水深和氧气浓度对暗固碳过程具有不可忽视的作用。
土壤是陆地生态系统中最重要的碳储存库之一,土壤中的微生物具备较强的固碳能力,年固碳量为0.3-3.7 Pg C[138]。介导土壤暗固碳的核心类群包括氨氧化古菌[如嗜热多形菌门(Thermoproteota)]、亚硝酸盐氧化细菌[如硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)]、硝化细菌(如Pseudomonadota)、甲烷氧化菌[如甲基荚膜菌属(Methylocapsa)、甲基胞菌属(Methylocella)]、革兰氏阳性细菌(Gram-positive bacteria)、产乙酸菌(acetogens)等,它们主要借助CBB循环参与固碳,少数微生物也可通过WL途径和rTCA途径固碳[64,103,135,139-140]。Akinyede等[140]研究德国温带山毛榉森林土壤发现,暗固碳速率受微生物生物量和CO2浓度驱动,并推算出全球温带森林年固碳量可达0.19-0.33 Pg。Spohn等[17]同样研究了温带森林土壤中的暗固碳过程,将实验的土壤深度分为3个层次,经实验研究发现暗固碳速率范围为4.5-40 µmol C/(m2·d),占呼吸速率的1.2%-3.9%,且速率与土壤CO2浓度正相关,但在不同土壤深度和区域存在差异。
农业土壤的暗固碳作用同样十分活跃[141]。Miltner等[142]的研究发现,农田土壤的暗固碳量约为1.3 μmol/g土壤,呼吸量为48.9 μmol/g土壤,暗固碳量占呼吸作用的比例为2.7%;而在微生物活性被氯仿熏蒸抑制的土壤样本中,暗固碳量约为0.07 μmol/g土壤,呼吸量为13.2 μmol/g土壤,暗固碳占呼吸作用的比例仅为0.5%。该数据说明微生物活性的抑制极大地降低了碳固定在呼吸作用中的占比,进一步证明土壤微生物活动在固碳过程中的关键作用。
除了森林土壤与农田土壤,还有其他土壤生态系统对陆地系统的碳循环具有重要贡献。在苔藓主导的湿地中,暗固碳可以贡献相当大比例的土壤碳输入,特别是在土壤表层。Beulig等[143]研究了洪泛区湿地土壤在高浓度CO2下的碳转换过程,计算出不同CO2浓度下的固碳速率范围为6.67-30 µmol C/(m2·d),发现约27%的新形成有机碳是来源于化能自养微生物固定的大气CO2。研究人员在长江口湿地生态系统野外站进行了为期4年、平均年增温1.5 ℃的野外实验发现,沿海湿地的暗固碳速率显著受到升温的抑制,平均每年下降21.6%,指出气候变化可能引起含水量或总有机碳含量等环境条件的变化,进而影响化能自养微生物的丰度和多样性,从而对固碳速率产生调控作用,并有可能改变固碳途径或模式[24]。在北极冻原土壤中暗固碳过程同样普遍存在。Šantrůčková等[9]研究发现,冻土区土壤总固碳速率为0.8-310 µmol C/(m2·d),并指出在不同土壤层中固碳量占净呼吸碳量的比例有所不同,其中有机层平均占比为0.4%,冻融扰动有机层为1.0%,矿质层为1.1%,永久冻土层达16%。在深层土壤中暗固碳占比明显增加,对土壤内部碳循环起到重要作用。
陆地热泉生态系统,作为与地球早期环境最为相似的现存生态系统之一,栖息着多种多样的暗固碳微生物群落,推动着热泉生态系统的物质循环和能量流动[144]。其中,硫氧化细菌是热泉暗固碳的关键功能群,如ε-变形菌主要通过rTCA途径固碳,γ-变形菌通过CBB循环,进一步支持“硫氧化-碳固定”耦合的化能自养模式[16,89,145]
温度与pH是调控热泉暗固碳速率的重要环境因子。研究人员以位于黄石公园的龙泉(pH 3.1)为研究对象,选择泉源温度为73 ℃ (实验设定温度),此时温度已超过酸性环境中光合微生物的生存上限,聚球藻(Synechococcus)无法存活,该温度下主要由附着于沉淀元素S (S°絮体)的微生物群落进行暗固碳,数据显示泉源处的S°絮状物的固碳速率为242 µmol C/(m2·d),并通过实验对比该群落分别在光照和黑暗条件下的CO2摄取情况,发现两者并无显著差异;这表明该温度下的微生物群落完全依赖化能自养实现CO2的吸收与固定,不依赖光合作用进行;同时实验通过添加柠檬酸盐缓冲液将反应体系的pH维持在3.0,发现能显著降低微生物的变异度,说明稳定的pH条件是维持暗固碳群落活性的必要条件[23]。Zhang等[8]对云南腾冲热泉的5个站点进行研究发现,在最高温度(75 ℃)下测得的暗碳固定速率为138 μg C/(g TOC·h),其固定碳量占总固碳量的比例高达80%-100%。这表明在高温环境下,化能自养微生物的固碳作用显著;而在温度范围约为69-73 ℃时暗固碳量占总固碳量的占比相对较低,平均仅为10%,说明在中低温环境下光合固碳是主要的固碳途径;同时指出在不同温度条件下暗固碳速率会因微生物群落结构的变化或者酶活性的改变而呈现出差异。
表2所示,基于已发表文献数据总结了暗固碳速率在不同生境之间呈现显著的差异。
在生态系统中,除了湖泊、海洋、土壤和热泉等常见的环境具有活跃的暗固碳过程外,其他极端生态系统也因其独特的环境条件,在微生物暗固碳研究领域展现出重要的研究价值与潜在的探索空间。例如,深海热液喷口[145]、冰川[146]等生态系统同样是暗固碳的重要场所。
在深海热液生态系统里,初级生产力主要通过化能自养微生物的碳固定作用实现。其中,还原态硫化物的氧化是微生物固碳的关键能量来源,为整个生态系统不断提供有机碳源。Meier等[14]的研究证实,SOB在暗固碳过程中发挥着关键作用,如Sulfurovum、氧化硫单胞菌属(Sulfurimonas)、SUP05-clade等主要通过rTCA循环和卡尔文循环实现固碳,从而维持深海热液生态系统的能量流动和物质循环。
微生物介导的冰川暗固碳过程在全球碳循环中扮演着关键角色,然而其重要性仍未得到充分认识。研究表明冰盖储存的有机碳量已超过104 Pg。这些冰体环境孕育了独特的微生物群落,它们能够适应低温和黑暗等极端条件。例如,格陵兰冰盖(Greenland ice Sheet)表面的微生物群落主要由冰藻构成;在冰尘洞(cryoconite holes)中蓝藻、α-变形菌和β-变形菌是优势类群[147]。此外,在冰层深处,尤其是在冰床附近的冰间隙以及冰下沉积物中也广泛分布着多样化的化能自养型和异养型微生物[148]。目前,全球变暖导致冰川加速融化,这可能会显著影响微生物的固碳能力。因此未来研究亟需深入探究这些环境变化对全球碳循环的长期效应。
本综述系统梳理了微生物暗固碳研究的最新进展,揭示了这一过程在全球碳循环中的关键作用。主要结论可归纳为以下4个方面。(1) 微生物暗固碳通过多样化的代谢途径实现,包括7种自养途径(如卡尔文循环、还原型三羧酸循环等)和2种异养途径(草酰乙酸途径、嘧啶和嘌呤核苷酸途径)。这些途径使微生物能够适应从深海热液到极地冻土等各种极端环境。特别值得注意的是,不同固碳途径展现出显著的能量效率差异和环境适应性。(2) 暗固碳微生物功能群具有高度多样性,包括硫氧化细菌、产甲烷古菌、甲烷氧化菌等关键类群。这些微生物通过氧化还原态无机物获取能量,在无光环境中构建了独特的初级生产力基础。(3) 暗固碳速率在不同生态系统中差异显著,在分层湖泊的深水层,暗固碳可占总初级生产的81.4%;海洋沉积物中的暗固碳量约占全球海洋化能自养固碳总量的48%;而在高温热泉中暗固碳占比可达100%。这些数据表明暗固碳是许多生态系统碳输入的重要途径。(4) 环境因子对暗固碳过程具有多重调控作用,温度、氧气、营养条件等不仅影响微生物群落结构,还调控固碳途径的选择和效率。特别值得关注的是,气候变化可能显著改变暗固碳格局,如沿海湿地升温导致暗固碳速率年下降21.6%,这种变化可能对全球碳循环产生深远影响。
当前微生物暗固碳研究仍存在多方面不足:(1) 暗固碳量化方法无统一标准,不同生态系统测定手段差异大导致数据可比性低,且极地冻土、深层生物圈等关键区域数据匮乏,使其全球碳收支贡献评估存在不确定性;(2) 对环境变化(如变暖、缺氧)的响应机制认识不足,微生物群落适应策略、代谢途径转换阈值等尚不明确;(3) 微生物固碳代谢网络的机制解析不深入,对途径协同竞争、关键酶调控及电子传递与固碳的耦合机制认知有限;(4) 对暗固碳微生物的高效固碳基因(如cbbLacsA)、代谢途径的改造与应用探索较少,尚未形成可产业化的微生物碳捕集与资源化技术,难以将基础研究成果转化为应对气候变化的实践方案;(5) 跨学科研究薄弱,对暗固碳与氮、硫等元素循环的耦合规律探索不足。
基于当前研究现状和以上不足,未来微生物暗固碳研究应重点关注以下几个方向。
(1) 生态系统碳收支的精准量化。未来要建立标准化的速率测量方法和数据共享平台,扩大对关键区域的调查并发展耦合物理-生物地球化学的暗固碳模型,将暗固碳模块纳入地球系统模型,提升全球碳收支评估的准确性。
(2) 环境变化与微生物响应的机制解析。重点研究全球变化背景下(如变暖、缺氧、酸化等),暗固碳微生物群落的适应策略和功能演变。结合长期定位观测与控制实验,阐明环境变化对暗固碳过程的长期影响及分子调控机理。
(3) 多组学技术与原位观测的融合应用。将宏基因组、宏转录组、蛋白质组等组学技术与稳定同位素标记(如13C、14C)、单细胞拉曼光谱结合纳米二次离子质谱(NanoSIMS)等技术相结合,在分子水平解析暗固碳微生物的代谢网络。同时开发高分辨率原位观测技术,实现从基因到生态系统尺度的全面认知,完善代谢途径协同机制的认知。
(4) 合成生物学与生物技术应用。利用合成生物学和代谢工程挖掘和改造高效固碳基因元件,设计人工固碳途径,开发基于微生物的碳捕集与资源化技术(如生物塑料生产、温室气体转化)推动基础研究向低碳技术转化。
(5) 跨学科交叉研究。促进微生物学、地球化学、生态学和气候科学的深度融合,重点解决暗固碳与氮、硫、铁等元素循环的耦合机制(如嘌呤-尿素循环驱动的碳氮协同循环)。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42272356)
  • 青海省盐湖地质与环境重点实验室奖励经费(2024-KFKT-A08)
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2026年第66卷第6期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250651
  • 接收时间:2025-08-24
  • 首发时间:2026-06-17
  • 出版时间:2026-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-24
  • 录用日期:2025-11-10
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the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42272356)
国家自然科学基金(42272356)
the Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Geology and Environment of Salt Lakes Project(2024-KFKT-A08)
青海省盐湖地质与环境重点实验室奖励经费(2024-KFKT-A08)
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    1.中国地质大学(武汉),地质微生物与环境全国重点实验室,湖北 武汉
    2.河南大学 生命科学学院,河南 开封
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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