Article(id=1274057360592065153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250796, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1761321600000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1765382400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-11, onlineDate=1781688545606, onlineDateStr=2026-06-17, pubDate=1780502400000, pubDateStr=2026-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781688545606, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781688545606, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688545606, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274057338156769818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='6', pageStart='2561', pageEnd='3114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781688540257, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688602467, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2791, endPage=2809, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274057361217016451, articleId=1274057360592065153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Effects of carbon-to-nitrogen ratio on the community structure of functional bacteria involved in dissimilatory nitrate reduction pathways in paddy soil, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects of the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) on dissimilatory nitrate reduction pathways in paddy soil and clarify the competition between microbially mediated denitrification (DEN) and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), thus providing a theoretical basis for managing nitrogen fate through C/N regulation. Methods An anaerobic incubation experiment was conducted with paddy soil. Soil C/N was adjusted by applying different ratios of potassium nitrate (KNO3) and trisodium citrate (C6H5Na3O7). Two treatments C/N=5:1 and C/N=20:1 were established. The effects of C/N on nitrate reduction pathways were evaluated by measuring nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) accumulation. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing and bioinformatic analysis were employed to analyze the bacterial community structure under different C/N, thereby revealing the underlying microbial regulatory mechanisms. Results The high C/N treatment (C/N=20:1) showed significantly lower cumulative N2O release than the low C/N treatment (C/N=5:1), with the cumulative release being reduced by 32.87%. Furthermore, high C/N promoted NH4+-N accumulation, resulting in an increase of 276.61 mg/kg in NH4+-N accumulation compared with low C/N. Microbial analysis indicated that the C/N significantly influenced bacterial community structure, with higher C/N enhancing bacterial richness and diversity. In addition, high C/N increased the diversity of DNRA-associated bacteria (e.g., Anaeromyxobacter, Nitrospira, and Myxococcus), while suppressing the abundance of DEN-associated bacteria (e.g., Achromobacter and Pseudomonas). Network analysis further revealed that high C/N weakened the interspecific interactions among DEN-related bacteria, reducing the complexity and stability of their co-occurrence network, while promoting tighter and more stable interactions among DNRA-related bacteria. Conclusion The soil C/N was a key environmental factor governing the competition between DEN and DNRA in paddy soil. High C/N significantly reduced N2O emissions, promoted NH4+-N accumulation, reshaped the composition and interactions of functional bacteria (reducing the abundance of DEN-related bacteria and increasing the diversity of DNRA-related bacteria). This study provides theoretical support for understanding the microbially driven nitrogen retention mechanisms in soil and lays a foundation for developing novel fertilization strategies through C/N regulation.

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目的 探究碳氮比(carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, C/N)对水稻土壤硝酸盐异化还原途径的影响,揭示微生物对反硝化作用(denitrification, DEN)与异化硝酸盐还原为铵作用(dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, DNRA)的调控机制,为利用碳氮管理调控土壤氮素去向提供理论依据。 方法 开展室内模拟水稻土壤厌氧培养试验,通过添加不同比例的KNO3与C6H5Na3O7调节土壤C/N,设置2个处理组(C/N=5:1、C/N=20:1)。通过测定DEN中间产物N2O排放量与DNRA产物NH4+-N含量,初步明确C/N对2条还原途径的影响;结合16S rRNA基因扩增子测序与生物信息学方法,解析不同C/N下DEN与DNRA功能细菌群落结构差异。 结果 高C/N试验组(C/N=20:1)的N2O累积释放量比低C/N试验组(C/N=5:1)降低32.87%。同时,高C/N促进NH4+-N积累,C/N=20:1试验组的NH4+-N含量比C/N=5:1试验组升高276.61 mg/kg。此外,C/N显著影响细菌群落结构,高C/N提升了细菌群落的丰富度与多样性。同时,高C/N促进了DNRA功能细菌(如厌氧黏细菌属、硝化螺菌属、黏球菌属)的多样性,同时抑制了DEN功能细菌(如无色杆菌属、假单胞菌属)的丰度。网络分析进一步显示,高C/N削弱了DEN功能细菌的种间互作,降低其网络稳定性,而有利于DNRA功能细菌形成更紧密、稳定的互作网络。 结论 C/N是调控水稻土壤中DEN与DNRA竞争关系的关键环境因子。高C/N可显著降低N2O排放,促进NH4+-N积累,并重塑功能细菌的组成与种间互作模式,抑制DEN功能细菌丰度,强化DNRA功能细菌多样性。本研究为解析微生物驱动的土壤氮素保留机制提供了理论支撑,也为通过碳氮调控开发新型施肥策略奠定了基础。

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作者贡献声明

史明子:研究构思与设计,论文撰写与修改,基金获取;姚怡彩:实验操作与数据分析;张钰奇:实验操作;余科佳:数据收集处理;赵舒畅:数据分析;庞越阳、张森:协助实验操作;周奕恺、周旺:执行调研;王明道:研究构思与设计,指导文章撰写与修改,基金获取。

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Journal of Inner Mongolia University of Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2025, 44(3): 210-216 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274088061244826197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=38, issue=1, pageStart=166, pageEnd=170, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=53, authorNames=李卫芬, 郑佳佳, 张小平, 邓斌, journalName=水生生物学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李卫芬, 郑佳佳, 张小平, 邓斌. 反硝化酶及其环境影响因子的研究进展[J]. 水生生物学报, 2014, 38(1): 166-170., articleTitle=反硝化酶及其环境影响因子的研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274088061311935062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=38, issue=1, pageStart=166, pageEnd=170, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=54, authorNames=Li WF, Zheng JJ, Zhang XP, Deng B, journalName=Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li WF, Zheng JJ, Zhang XP, Deng B. Progress in studies on denitrification enzymes and environmental impact factors[J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2014, 38(1): 166-170 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1274088054491996698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, awardId=42507344, language=EN, fundingSource=the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42507344), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1274088054559105563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, awardId=42507344, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(42507344), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1274088054630408732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, awardId=25B180009, language=EN, fundingSource=the Key Scientific Research Project of Higher Education Institutions of Henan Province(25B180009), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1274088054693323293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, awardId=25B180009, language=CN, fundingSource=河南省高等学校重点科研项目计划(25B180009), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1274088054777209374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, awardId=26B180004, language=EN, fundingSource=the Key Scientific Research Project of Higher Education Institutions of Henan Province(26B180004), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1274088054852706847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, awardId=26B180004, language=CN, fundingSource=河南省高等学校重点科研项目计划(26B180004), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1274088033176543687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274088033184932296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, companyId=1274088033176543687, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1274088033197515209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, companyId=1274088033176543687, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=河南农业大学 生命科学学院,河南 郑州)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1274088050859729414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Emission of N2O in different C/N paddy soils. 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A, B, and C were the overall data; D, E, and F were split data for different sampling times. Different lowercase letters indicated significant differences (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=+4Sz9wtn0Gs0VQTn71jzAw==, figureFileBig=rAuQ8q7/8A1kicPvsYWOsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088051669230091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同C/N水稻土壤细菌α多样性指数, figureFileSmall=+4Sz9wtn0Gs0VQTn71jzAw==, figureFileBig=rAuQ8q7/8A1kicPvsYWOsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088051744727564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Analysis of bacterial community structure in paddy soil with different C/N ratios. A: NMDS analysis; B: Anosim analysis. Different points represent different paddy soil samples. Red indicated the low C/N experimental group, and gray indicated the high C/N experimental group. Circles represented the 0th day of incubation, triangles represented the 1st day of incubation, squares represented the 7th day of incubation, diamonds represented the 14th day of incubation, and pentagrams represented the 28th day of incubation. 90% confidence interval ellipse., figureFileSmall=Y4NCg6mjvwmU0M0ZRZwM7g==, figureFileBig=iKh9dPluyG5ySF18KLJaXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088051811836429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同C/N水稻土壤细菌群落结构分析, figureFileSmall=Y4NCg6mjvwmU0M0ZRZwM7g==, figureFileBig=iKh9dPluyG5ySF18KLJaXQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088051883139598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Bacterial community composition at the phylum level in paddy soils with different C/N. A: Stacked bar chart of the top 20 phylum level; B: Relative abundance of Pseudomonadota; C: Relative abundance of Bacillota; D: Relative abundance of Bacteroidota; E: Relative abundance of Deinococcota. Different lowercase letters indicated significant differences (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=QNJUxah3TFC9DL+508qJ+w==, figureFileBig=seZRrl5PTbqyHoZs9n7GBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088052034134543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同C/N水稻土壤门水平细菌组成, figureFileSmall=QNJUxah3TFC9DL+508qJ+w==, figureFileBig=seZRrl5PTbqyHoZs9n7GBA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088052097049104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Heatmap of the abundance of bacteria at the genus level in paddy soils with different C/N. 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In the network diagram, the node size was defined by the value of the genus-level connectivity centrality. The node color was used to distinguish the phylum level classification of species. The edge color indicated the type of interspecific interactions., figureFileSmall=XPyHPTr9bapTF6n28Dnaqg==, figureFileBig=4kYb0qBKCVgFzjriXstqKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088052323541523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, language=CN, label=图7, caption=细菌共现网络分析, figureFileSmall=XPyHPTr9bapTF6n28Dnaqg==, figureFileBig=4kYb0qBKCVgFzjriXstqKQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274088052411621908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Basic physicochemical properties of soil

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemResults
pH5.28±0.00
C/N11.25
Moisture content/%53.55±0.10
Organic matter/%1.93±0.08
Total nitrogen/(g/kg)1.00±0.04
NH4+-N/(mg/kg)260.39±0.90
NO3--N/(mg/kg)50.08±0.87
), ArticleFig(id=1274088052478730773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

水稻土壤基本理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemResults
pH5.28±0.00
C/N11.25
Moisture content/%53.55±0.10
Organic matter/%1.93±0.08
Total nitrogen/(g/kg)1.00±0.04
NH4+-N/(mg/kg)260.39±0.90
NO3--N/(mg/kg)50.08±0.87
), ArticleFig(id=1274088052554228246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Experimental settings for C/N in different paddy soils

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Experimental groupC6H5Na3O7KNO3C/N
Low C/N experimental group-0.27 g5:1
High C/N experimental group1.05 g-20:1
), ArticleFig(id=1274088052621337111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同水稻土壤C/N试验设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Experimental groupC6H5Na3O7KNO3C/N
Low C/N experimental group-0.27 g5:1
High C/N experimental group1.05 g-20:1
), ArticleFig(id=1274088054269698584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Topological parameters of the co-occurrence network of DEN and DNRA functional bacteria

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NetworksNumber of nodesNumber of edgesAverage number of neighborsAverage path lengthAverage clustering coefficientModularity“Small world”
DEN functional bacteria under low C/N21457.2001.2140.9220.347Yes
DEN functional bacteria under high C/N17243.6001.0400.9620.667Yes
DNRA functional bacteria under low C/N1281.3331.1110.7500.750Yes
DNRA functional bacteria under high C/N12133.2001.1330.9170.556Yes
), ArticleFig(id=1274088054336807449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057360592065153, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

DENDNRA功能细菌共现网络拓扑参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NetworksNumber of nodesNumber of edgesAverage number of neighborsAverage path lengthAverage clustering coefficientModularity“Small world”
DEN functional bacteria under low C/N21457.2001.2140.9220.347Yes
DEN functional bacteria under high C/N17243.6001.0400.9620.667Yes
DNRA functional bacteria under low C/N1281.3331.1110.7500.750Yes
DNRA functional bacteria under high C/N12133.2001.1330.9170.556Yes
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碳氮比对水稻土壤硝酸盐异化还原途径功能细菌群落结构的影响
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史明子 , 姚怡彩 , 张钰奇 , 余科佳 , 赵舒畅 , 庞越阳 , 张森 , 周奕恺 , 周旺 , 王明道
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(6): 2791-2809
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(6): 2791-2809
碳氮比对水稻土壤硝酸盐异化还原途径功能细菌群落结构的影响
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史明子, 姚怡彩, 张钰奇, 余科佳, 赵舒畅, 庞越阳, 张森, 周奕恺, 周旺, 王明道
作者信息
  • 河南农业大学 生命科学学院,河南 郑州
Effects of carbon-to-nitrogen ratio on the community structure of functional bacteria involved in dissimilatory nitrate reduction pathways in paddy soil
Mingzi SHI, Yicai YAO, Yuqi ZHANG, Kejia YU, Shuchang ZHAO, Yueyang PANG, Sen ZHANG, Yikai ZHOU, Wang ZHOU, Mingdao WANG
Affiliations
  • College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
出版时间: 2026-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250796
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目的 探究碳氮比(carbon-to-nitrogen ratio, C/N)对水稻土壤硝酸盐异化还原途径的影响,揭示微生物对反硝化作用(denitrification, DEN)与异化硝酸盐还原为铵作用(dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, DNRA)的调控机制,为利用碳氮管理调控土壤氮素去向提供理论依据。 方法 开展室内模拟水稻土壤厌氧培养试验,通过添加不同比例的KNO3与C6H5Na3O7调节土壤C/N,设置2个处理组(C/N=5:1、C/N=20:1)。通过测定DEN中间产物N2O排放量与DNRA产物NH4+-N含量,初步明确C/N对2条还原途径的影响;结合16S rRNA基因扩增子测序与生物信息学方法,解析不同C/N下DEN与DNRA功能细菌群落结构差异。 结果 高C/N试验组(C/N=20:1)的N2O累积释放量比低C/N试验组(C/N=5:1)降低32.87%。同时,高C/N促进NH4+-N积累,C/N=20:1试验组的NH4+-N含量比C/N=5:1试验组升高276.61 mg/kg。此外,C/N显著影响细菌群落结构,高C/N提升了细菌群落的丰富度与多样性。同时,高C/N促进了DNRA功能细菌(如厌氧黏细菌属、硝化螺菌属、黏球菌属)的多样性,同时抑制了DEN功能细菌(如无色杆菌属、假单胞菌属)的丰度。网络分析进一步显示,高C/N削弱了DEN功能细菌的种间互作,降低其网络稳定性,而有利于DNRA功能细菌形成更紧密、稳定的互作网络。 结论 C/N是调控水稻土壤中DEN与DNRA竞争关系的关键环境因子。高C/N可显著降低N2O排放,促进NH4+-N积累,并重塑功能细菌的组成与种间互作模式,抑制DEN功能细菌丰度,强化DNRA功能细菌多样性。本研究为解析微生物驱动的土壤氮素保留机制提供了理论支撑,也为通过碳氮调控开发新型施肥策略奠定了基础。

水稻土壤  /  反硝化作用  /  异化硝酸盐还原为铵作用  /  碳氮比  /  功能细菌

Objective To investigate the effects of the carbon-to-nitrogen ratio (C/N) on dissimilatory nitrate reduction pathways in paddy soil and clarify the competition between microbially mediated denitrification (DEN) and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), thus providing a theoretical basis for managing nitrogen fate through C/N regulation. Methods An anaerobic incubation experiment was conducted with paddy soil. Soil C/N was adjusted by applying different ratios of potassium nitrate (KNO3) and trisodium citrate (C6H5Na3O7). Two treatments C/N=5:1 and C/N=20:1 were established. The effects of C/N on nitrate reduction pathways were evaluated by measuring nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N) accumulation. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing and bioinformatic analysis were employed to analyze the bacterial community structure under different C/N, thereby revealing the underlying microbial regulatory mechanisms. Results The high C/N treatment (C/N=20:1) showed significantly lower cumulative N2O release than the low C/N treatment (C/N=5:1), with the cumulative release being reduced by 32.87%. Furthermore, high C/N promoted NH4+-N accumulation, resulting in an increase of 276.61 mg/kg in NH4+-N accumulation compared with low C/N. Microbial analysis indicated that the C/N significantly influenced bacterial community structure, with higher C/N enhancing bacterial richness and diversity. In addition, high C/N increased the diversity of DNRA-associated bacteria (e.g., Anaeromyxobacter, Nitrospira, and Myxococcus), while suppressing the abundance of DEN-associated bacteria (e.g., Achromobacter and Pseudomonas). Network analysis further revealed that high C/N weakened the interspecific interactions among DEN-related bacteria, reducing the complexity and stability of their co-occurrence network, while promoting tighter and more stable interactions among DNRA-related bacteria. Conclusion The soil C/N was a key environmental factor governing the competition between DEN and DNRA in paddy soil. High C/N significantly reduced N2O emissions, promoted NH4+-N accumulation, reshaped the composition and interactions of functional bacteria (reducing the abundance of DEN-related bacteria and increasing the diversity of DNRA-related bacteria). This study provides theoretical support for understanding the microbially driven nitrogen retention mechanisms in soil and lays a foundation for developing novel fertilization strategies through C/N regulation.

paddy soil  /  denitrification  /  dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium  /  carbon-to-nitrogen ratio  /  functional bacteria
史明子, 姚怡彩, 张钰奇, 余科佳, 赵舒畅, 庞越阳, 张森, 周奕恺, 周旺, 王明道. 碳氮比对水稻土壤硝酸盐异化还原途径功能细菌群落结构的影响. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2791 -2809 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250796
Mingzi SHI, Yicai YAO, Yuqi ZHANG, Kejia YU, Shuchang ZHAO, Yueyang PANG, Sen ZHANG, Yikai ZHOU, Wang ZHOU, Mingdao WANG. Effects of carbon-to-nitrogen ratio on the community structure of functional bacteria involved in dissimilatory nitrate reduction pathways in paddy soil[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2791 -2809 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250796
土壤氮素流失目前已成为国内外农业可持续发展的关键瓶颈,对其进行有效控制愈发迫切[1-2]。在多种形态的氮素损失中硝态氮(nitrate nitrogen, NO3--N)损失占比最高,因此NO3--N转化途径的调控对于土壤氮素的保留尤为重要。
异化硝酸盐还原是调控NO3--N转化的关键节点,直接决定NO3--N在土壤中是损失还是保留,其主要分支途径为反硝化作用(denitrification, DEN)和异化硝酸盐还原为铵作用(dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, DNRA)[3]。DEN会在微生物介导下将NO3--N依次还原为亚硝态氮(nitrite nitrogen, NO2--N)、一氧化氮(nitric oxide, NO)、温室气体一氧化二氮(nitrous oxide, N2O)及氮气(nitrogen, N2)[4-5]。DEN通常可作为去除废水中富营养氮的理想工艺,但在土壤体系中由于DEN将生物或工业上所固定的氮释放回大气中,因而成为导致土壤氮损失的重要途径之一。作为异化硝酸盐还原的另一分支途径,DNRA能够与DEN竞争电子受体和营养物质[6-7]。DNRA可将NO3--N转化为铵态氮(ammonium nitrogen, NH4+-N),固持土壤氮素,避免NO3--N以DEN产物N2O或N2释放造成氮素损失[8]。DNRA终产物NH4+-N可被作物从土壤中吸收利用[9]。DNRA与DEN通常在厌氧条件下进行,稻田土壤在持续淹水条件下处于极端厌氧状态,使DNRA与DEN过程较为活跃。因此,异化硝酸盐还原作用中的2种分支途径对土壤氮素保留发挥着重要作用。
在异化硝酸盐还原分支途径中DNRA与DEN两者均以有机碳或无机碳作为碳源与电子供体,以NO3--N作为氮源与电子受体,多数情况下存在此消彼长的关系[10-12]。因此,碳氮比(C/N)在DNRA与DEN竞争中发挥着重要作用,并可能对稻田土壤异化硝酸盐还原分支途径的抉择具有一定的调控作用。C/N作为一种限制性资源比值,利用资源比值理论可以解释DNRA与DEN两者间的竞争作用,即一个微生物类群在限制性资源C/N为某一值时表现为强竞争者,而当限制性资源C/N改变时由于微生物的竞争能力不同,组成群落的微生物类群也随之改变[13-14]。有研究在实验室内培养来自海洋环境的混合菌群,发现在NO3--N限制的条件下有利于DNRA过程,而碳源供应不足时DEN占主导地位[15-16]。此外,C/N的影响在电化学系统处理NO3--N废水的研究中也得到了证明[17]。Jia等[14]通过数学建模结合生物能量学与动力学进一步证明并解释了不同有机碳与NO3--N比率对DNRA与DEN之间竞争潜力的影响。然而,目前在稻田土壤体系中针对C/N对异化硝酸盐还原分支途径抉择的影响缺乏充分证据。
DNRA与DEN均由微生物介导,大部分DEN微生物都属于异养细菌,分布范围广泛,大量出现在城市污水、泥土和堆肥环境中。自然界中最普遍的反硝化细菌属是假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、产碱杆菌属(Alcaligenes)等[18]。随着对DNRA途径的挖掘与重视,越来越多的菌株被证明具有将NO3--N或NO2--N还原成NH4+-N的能力。研究发现在污水处理厂中DNRA细菌群落中硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)丰度最高,其次是厌氧黏细菌属(Anaeromyxobacter)和地发菌属(Geothrix)等[19-20]。然而,目前针对在错综复杂的土壤微生物群落网络关系中找出DNRA与DEN过程中目标微生物种类、丰度以及种间机制的深入研究还相对较少。因此,探究土壤中DNRA与DEN途径的抉择因素、挖掘功能微生物、阐明微生物功能角色及其在异化硝酸盐还原途径抉择中的作用机制是十分必要的。
本研究从微生物角度解析土壤C/N对水稻土壤异化硝酸盐还原途径的影响。通过向土壤中添加不同比例的柠檬酸钠(C6H5Na3O7)与硝酸钾(KNO3)进行厌氧模拟培养试验,并利用16S rRNA基因扩增子测序揭示C/N对土壤细菌群落结构及DEN与DNRA功能细菌的影响,以期为促进NO3--N向NH4+-N转化并增强土壤氮素固持提供微生物学理论支撑。
本研究所用水稻土采自河南省信阳市罗山县(34°10′17″N, 114°23′54″E)。该地区土壤属于罗山黄胶泥田,归为潴育水稻土亚类马肝泥田土属。此土种的母土为黄褐土,土壤剖面质地均匀,耕层质地较黏,自上而下依次为黏壤土至壤质黏土。该土壤水耕条件优良,水、肥、气、热协调配合;耕层以下土层保水保肥性能较强,潴育层氧化还原交替现象较为明显,养分含量丰富;土壤呈微酸性至中性。
在稻田淹水期,采用五点采样法采集0-20 cm深度的新鲜水稻土样品。样品采集后立即装入无菌塑料袋,与冰袋一同置于4 ℃低温条件下保存,并快速运输至实验室以备后续试验使用。该土壤的基本理化性质如表1所示。
将采集的稻田土样品自然风干后过20目筛,称取30 g,分别置于42个100 mL的血清瓶中,调节水土比为1.25:1。为稳定水稻土壤环境,将装有土壤样品的血清瓶置于25 ℃淹水预培养7 d,以开展后续不同C/N条件下的水稻土壤厌氧培养模拟试验。
本研究选取KNO3与C6H5Na3O7进行土壤C/N调节,相较于其他添加材料,KNO3与C6H5Na3O7的优势主要体现在以下3个方面:(1) KNO3与C6H5Na3O7中碳、氮元素含量明确,纯度高且用量可控,可通过精准计算确定施用量,从而降低C/N调节误差,确保本研究中土壤C/N调节的精准性;(2) KNO3与C6H5Na3O7成分单一,分别提供有效氮与有机碳,无杂菌、难降解物质等额外成分,相较于秸秆、有机肥等天然材料可避免其性质复杂的问题,减少其他因素对DEN与DNRA过程的干扰;(3) KNO3与C6H5Na3O7两者均为水溶性物质,施入土壤后可快速溶解,释放的碳、氮元素能被DEN与DNRA功能细菌直接利用。该特性与纯培养体系中二者作为碳氮源的应用逻辑一致,能更好地契合本研究中后续解析DEN与DNRA细菌群落特征的研究需求。
本研究以水稻初始C/N=11.25:1为基础,选择添加不同比例KNO3与C6H5Na3O7调节水稻土壤C/N,共设置2组试验组(表2)。每个试验组均设置3个试验重复。将调节C/N比后的水稻土壤样品在25 ℃下培养28 d,培养过程中泥浆不受外界扰动,呈泥水静置分层状态。在培养第0、1、3、7、14、21、28天分别取样,样品一部分保存于-20 ℃冰箱中用于DNA提取和16S rRNA基因扩增子测序;另一部分风干用于土壤理化指标的测定,每次采样消耗6个土壤培养瓶。
土壤样品采集后测定其理化性质。采用烘干法测定土壤含水率(moisture content, MC)[21-22]。采用高温外加热重铬酸钾滴定法测定土壤有机质[21-22]。利用pH计测定土壤悬浊液的pH值[21-22]。采用凯氏定氮法测定总氮[21-22]。采用紫外分光光度法及纳氏试剂比色法分别测定土壤NO3--N和NH4+-N含量[21-22]。土壤厌氧培养过程中采用气体检测仪检测N2O释放量并测定土壤NH4+-N。所有测定均设置3组重复以保证样品测定的准确性。
选择不同C/N试验组在培养第1、7、14、28天的水稻土壤样品进行细菌群落分析(由上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司完成),每个时间点样品的细菌群落测定进行3次生物学重复。根据FastDNA SPIN Kit (MP Bio公司)说明书进行土壤微生物群落总基因组DNA抽提,使用1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测抽提的基因组DNA的完整度,使用NanoDrop 2000 (ThermoFisher Scientific公司)测定DNA浓度和纯度。以上述提取的DNA为模板,使用上游引物338F (5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGCAGCAG-3′)和下游引物806R (5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTAAT-3′)对16S rRNA基因V3-V4可变区进行PCR扩增[23]。PCR反应体系(20 μL):2×Pro Taq 10 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各0.4 μL,DNA模板2 μL,灭菌ddH2O 7.2 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性3 min;95 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,共27个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。每个样本进行3个重复。将同一样本的PCR产物混合后使用2%琼脂糖凝胶回收PCR产物,并进行产物纯化。使用2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测条带片段大小,并用QuantusTM Fluorometer (Promega公司)对回收产物进行检测定量。使用NEXTFLEX Rapid DNA-Seq Kit (Bioo Scientific公司)对纯化后的PCR产物进行建库。
于Illumina公司的PE300平台进行测序。利用fastp (https://github.com/OpenGene/fastp, version 0.19.6)和FLASH (http://www.cbcb.umd.edu/software/flash, version 1.2.11)对双端原始测序序列进行质控和拼接[24-25]。基于97%的相似度,利用UPARSE (http://drive5.com/uparse/, version 11)对质控拼接后的序列进行操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)聚类[26-27]。利用RDP classifier (http://rdp.cme.msu.edu/, version 2.13)比对16S rRNA基因数据库进行OTU物种分类与注释,在不同物种分类水平下统计每个样本的群落组成[28]
使用Origin 2024软件绘图,对试验数据N2O释放和NH4+-N含量的分析结果进行可视化处理。16S rRNA基因扩增子测序数据分析在美吉生物云平台(https://cloud.majorbio.com)上进行。采用mothur (http://www.mothur.org/wiki/Calculators, version 1.30.2)计算α多样性指数[29]。采用方差分析(analysis of variance, ANOVA)及多重比较分析(least significant difference, LSD)进行α多样性的组间差异分析。基于Bray-curtis距离算法的非度量多维尺度分析(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)和相似性分析(analysis of similarities, Anosim)检验样本间细菌群落结构的相似性。利用Origin 2024绘制门水平群落组成的堆叠柱状图。通过BRENDA数据库(https://www.brenda-enzymes.org/index.php)搜索DEN关键功能酶亚硝酸还原酶(NirS/NirK)与DNRA关键功能酶亚硝酸还原酶(NrfA)的EC编号,选择“Organisms”,优先选择“Taxonomy” (分类学)标注到属水平的条目,得到已报道含有NirS/NirK与NrfA酶的细菌物种,结合文献检索,分别以“Denitrification microbes或反硝化细菌”与“DNRA microbes或DNRA细菌”作为关键词在Web of Science和中国知网数据库进行检索,将得到的细菌物种与本研究中扩增子测序获得的属水平物种信息进行逐一匹配,分别形成DEN与DNRA功能细菌属列表[30-38]。利用TBtools的Heatmap工具分别绘制属水平DEN与DNRA功能细菌的丰度热图,对行(细菌)数据进行Z-score标准化处理,选用渐变色系(白-红)表示丰度从低到高的变化,并对行(细菌)进行聚类,增强可视化效果;选择DEN与DNRA功能细菌相对丰度阈值>0.001的物种,利用IBM SPSS Statistics 27中的Correlate工具分别分析DEN与DNRA物种的Spearman相关性,设定相关性阈值|r|>0.6且P<0.05,将相关性矩阵对角线数值设为0,消除物种相互作用中的自相关,筛选出所有满足条件的物种对。根据有显著相关的物种对及属性,制作边列表文件与节点属性列表文件,借助Cytoscape软件构建并可视化不同处理下DEN物种、DNRA物种间的共现网络图,并使用Cytoscape中的analyze network功能及Gephi中的统计功能计算网络的average number of neighbors、average path length、average clustering coefficient、modularity等拓扑属性[39]
N2O是DEN过程的标志性中间产物,其排放特征在一定程度上代表了DEN的强弱。本研究对各组反硝化过程中N2O的释放及最终积累量进行了持续监测。结果显示,C/N对N2O的释放与积累产生显著影响(图1)。从整体趋势来看,高C/N试验组N2O释放量与积累量均显著低于低C/N试验组。高C/N试验组N2O释放在培养第3天出现峰值,为2 638.46 mg/m3,随后呈现快速下降的趋势。低C/N试验组N2O释放在第2天出现第1次峰值,为3 667.75 mg/m3,在培养第7天出现第2次峰值,为2 628.62 mg/m3,随后下降(图1A)。最终N2O的累积释放量在高C/N试验组为24 345.11 mg/m3,相较于低C/N试验组(36 265.86 mg/m3)降低了32.87% (图1B)。上述结果表明,高C/N减弱了DEN中间产物N2O的释放与积累。
进一步,测定低C/N试验组与高C/N试验组DNRA过程NH4+-N含量。结果发现,C/N升高促进土壤中NH4+-N的积累量增加。在整个水稻土壤厌氧培养期间,高C/N试验组NH4+-N含量始终显著高于低C/N试验组。C/N=20:1试验组最终NH4+-N含量相较于C/N=5:1试验组升高了276.61 mg/kg (图2)。综合2.1节结果可知,高C/N在降低N2O释放的同时促进了DNRA产物NH4⁺-N的保留。
通过计算不同采样点的α多样性指数,评估不同C/N试验组细菌群落的多样性。结果发现,在整体水平上(综合所有采样时间点数据),通过ANOVA方差分析和LSD分析,高C/N试验组Richness指数显著高于低C/N试验组(P<0.05) (图3A),表明在高C/N试验组观察到的物种(Observed OTUs)更多,物种丰富度更高。Shannon指数在高C/N试验组显著高于低C/N试验组(P<0.05),表明高C/N试验组中物种间个体分配的均匀性更高(图3B)。Simpson指数在高C/N组也显著高于低C/N组(P<0.05),说明高C/N试验组中细菌群落的优势物种较为突出,少数物种占据较大比例(图3C)。进一步按不同采样时间阶段拆分数据后发现,在培养第1天,低C/N试验组与高C/N试验组的Richness指数、Shannon指数和Simpson指数有显著差异(P<0.05),但在其他时间阶段,低C/N试验组与高C/N试验组α多样性指数均未达到统计学显著差异(P>0.05) (图3D-3F)。综上所述,高C/N比可提升水稻土壤细菌的物种丰富度(Richness指数)、均匀度(Shannon指数)及优势度(Simpson 指数),且该提升作用主要体现在培养初期。
NMDS结果中Stress值为0.098 8,说明该分析拟合效果较好(图4A)。高C/N试验组与低C/N试验组的样本点在坐标平面上呈现明显聚类分离,表明两组C/N条件下的细菌群落结构存在差异。此外,低C/N试验组内各样本点分布紧密,组间离散度低,说明其群落结构稳定性较强,受培养时间的扰动影响较小。与之相反,高C/N试验组内样本点的空间分布较为分散,组间离散度明显高于低C/N试验组,表明其细菌群落结构受培养时间的调控作用更明显。结合Anosim分析结果显示(图4B),R>0,P<0.05,说明高C/N试验组与低C/N试验组细菌群落结构的组间差异大于组内差异,且差异显著。上述结果表明,不同C/N对细菌群落结构的调控作用显著。
不同C/N水稻土壤细菌群落组成结果表明,门水平优势细菌为假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota) (图5A),其相对丰度受培养时间影响,在两处理组均在培养初期达到较高水平,分别为81.35%与84.24% (图5B)。随着培养时间的推移,Pseudomonadota相对丰度在不同C/N试验组均呈现下降的一致趋势,在培养第28天时,其相对丰度在高C/N与低C/N试验组分别下降至61.19%与72.59% (图5B)。次要优势菌门为芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)和栖热菌门(Deinococcota) (图5A)。Bacillota受C/N和培养时间的调控。在培养第7天,Bacillota相对丰度在低C/N试验组和高C/N试验组分别为9.89%和13.26%,至培养第28天时,两组的Bacillota相对丰度均较前期提升,分别达到17.57% (高C/N试验组)与11.27% (低C/N试验组) (图5C)。上述结果表明Bacillota更偏好高C/N的土壤环境,且其相对丰度随培养时间推移呈上升趋势。Bacteroidota在培养第7天时,低C/N试验组的相对丰度(8.69%)高于高C/N试验组(3.52%);至培养第14天,两组的相对丰度出现反向变化,高C/N试验组升至9.89%,低C/N试验组则降至3.08%;培养第28天时,两组Bacteroidota相对丰度均较第14天明显提升,最终分别达到13.61% (低C/N试验组)与17.57% (高C/N试验组) (图5D)。Deinococcota仅在低C/N中期(第14天)呈现显著特异性富集(P<0.05),相对丰度为15.44% (图5E)。上述结果表明,C/N和培养时间共同驱动了水稻土壤优势细菌群落的动态演变,且不同门类对这2个因素的响应存在特异性。
在属水平上,本研究聚焦于探究不同C/N对DEN和DNRA功能细菌的影响。通过文献查阅与功能比对,DEN功能细菌共匹配得到28个属,相比之下,DNRA功能细菌种类较少,共匹配得到19个属(图6)。DEN功能细菌群落的组成与丰度受C/N显著调控,其主要类群来源于Pseudomonadota。整体来看,低C/N试验组的总DEN功能细菌相对丰度在整个培养周期内均高于高C/N试验组。具体而言,在水稻土壤培养的第1、7、14、28天,低C/N试验组的总DEN功能细菌相对丰度依次为33.12%、23.97%、27.75%、23.17%;而高C/N试验组同期的总丰度则更低,分别为6.02%、12.14%、17.50%、16.83%。在DEN功能细菌群落中无色杆菌属(Achromobacter)为核心优势物种,且其丰度受C/N显著影响。在水稻土壤培养的第1、7、14、28天,低C/N试验组的Achromobacter相对丰度依次为26.06%、13.62%、12.60%、15.60%;而高C/N试验组同期的该菌属丰度显著更低,分别仅为1.86%、3.94%、6.90%、7.27%。假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)是DEN功能细菌中的第二优势物种。培养周期内,低C/N试验组的Pseudomonas相对丰度依次为5.97%、9.40%、9.15%、4.64%;高C/N试验组同期的该菌属丰度则分别为2.21%、6.26%、9.31%、6.92%。此外,寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)、短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)及黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)等类群在低C/N试验组中的相对丰度也整体高于高C/N试验组,成为该组DEN功能细菌群落中占据一定优势的辅助类群(图6A)。此外,C/N对DNRA功能细菌群落组成的调控与DEN功能细菌群落相反,高C/N试验组的DNRA功能细菌相对丰度与群落多样性均高于低C/N试验组(图6B)。从物种组成来看,高C/N试验组的DNRA功能细菌呈现出明显的类群特异性。其中,暖绳菌科(Caldilineaceae)与放线菌神经菌(Adlercreutzia)是该组特有的DNRA功能细菌,在低C/N试验组中未检测到其存在。此外,厌氧黏细菌属(Anaeromyxobacter)、硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)、黏球菌属(Myxococcus)等在高C/N试验组中丰度较高,共同构成了该组的优势DNRA功能物种。
综上所述,C/N调控了DEN与DNRA功能细菌群落,高C/N促进了DNRA功能细菌丰度与多样性,同时削弱了DEN功能细菌丰度与多样性。因此,水稻土壤中的C/N可通过对这两类功能细菌群落的选择性调控,进而影响土壤DEN与DNRA的氮素转化途径。
细菌网络分析结果发现,DEN与DNRA功能细菌的种间关系大多呈现正相关,表明功能细菌种间关系多为“合作”关系,且所有网络均呈现出“小世界”特性,其特征为极高的average clustering coefficient和极短的average path length (表3)。此外,不同C/N会影响DEN与DNRA功能细菌的网络结构特征。低C/N试验组中DEN功能细菌间的网络模型包含21个节点与45条边,节点的average number of neighbors为7.20 (图7A表3)。高C/N试验组的DEN功能细菌网络结构仅由17个节点与24条边构成,average number of neighbors降至3.60 (图7B表3)。反之,在低C/N试验组中DNRA功能细菌间的网络关系更简单,网络模型包含12个节点与8条边,average number of neighbors为1.33 (图7C表3)。高C/N试验组的DNRA功能细菌网络由12个节点与13条边构成,average number of neighbors升至3.20 (图7D表3)。上述结果表明,高C/N会减少DEN功能细菌间的种间相互作用,降低网络结构的稳定性,而更有利于维持DNRA功能细菌间的相互作用关系,形成更稳定的网络结构。
本研究发现,低C/N试验组与高C/N试验组DEN功能细菌网络分析中的关键物种及度中心性(degree)值发生变化。在低C/N试验组中短波单胞菌属(Brevundimonas)、副球菌属(Paracoccus)、苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum)、红游动菌属(Rhodanobacter)、生丝微菌属(Hyphomicrobium)、共生杆菌属(Symbiobacterium)、假黄单胞菌属(Pseudoxanthomonas)、伯克霍尔德氏菌目(Burkholderiales)的degree值均为8,是该网络模型中degree值最高的类群,也是维持该网络结构的核心关键物种(图7A)。在高C/N试验组的DEN功能细菌网络关系中关键物种的degree值降低,物种最高degree值仅为4,包括德沃斯氏菌属(Devosia)、苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum)及博斯氏菌属(Bosea)、短杆菌属(Brevibacterium)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、青枯菌属(Ralstonia)、生丝微菌属(Hyphomicrobium)、副球菌属(Paracoccus),这些类群共同构成了高C/N环境下DEN功能细菌网络的核心节点(图7B)。然而,DNRA功能细菌网络中关键物种在低C/N试验组与高C/N试验组中呈现的规律与DEN功能细菌相反。DNRA功能细菌网络中关键物种的degree值在高C/N试验组更高。在高C/N试验组的DNRA功能细菌网络模型中最高degree值提升至4,达到该数值的物种为硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)与Sumerlaea,这2个类群是高C/N环境下维持DNRA功能细菌网络结构的核心节点(图7D)。在低C/N试验组的DNRA功能细菌网络模型中关键物种的最高degree值仅为2,网络核心节点的连接能力较弱(图7C)。上述结果表明,C/N可以通过改变DEN与DNRA核心物种的degree值进而影响两类网络的连接强度与核心节点功能。
本研究初步明确在水稻土壤的复杂环境中C/N能够影响DNRA与DEN途径功能细菌群落结构。这一结果与van den Berg等[15-16]在实验室纯培养DNRA与DEN功能微生物的研究中发现的C/N影响DEN与DNRA竞争的结论一致。Van den Berg等[15-16]研究表明C/N控制着微生物的代谢能力,DEN与DNRA这2种功能微生物对NO3--N的底物亲和力不同,DNRA功能微生物对NO3--N吸收的底物亲和力常数明显低于 DEN功能微生物,因此DNRA功能微生物对NO3--N具有更高的亲和力,在C/N高的条件下,DNRA占据优势。本研究聚焦复杂的水稻土壤体系,发现高C/N会改变DEN与DNRA细菌群落结构,并削弱DEN功能菌群多样性与丰度,导致N2O释放降低,同时更利于DNRA功能细菌占据生态位,促进土壤NH4+-N的保留。值得注意的是,本研究虽基于模拟水稻土壤厌氧培养开展试验,并明确了高C/N对促进DEN向DNRA转化的积极作用,但在实际田间环境中由于土壤本身具有一定的C/N,土壤微生物在合成含氮细胞物质时需摄取适量氮素以维持代谢平衡。若为调控氮转化途径而过度提高C/N可能破坏土壤原有养分循环稳态,进而影响水稻正常生长。因此,在实际田间应用碳氮施肥调控土壤C/N时应结合水稻各生长阶段的养分需求规律及田间肥料施用策略,调节幅度需控制在合理范围内。此外,本研究主要从微生物角度探究DEN与DNRA功能,在未来研究中应利用同位素技术明确DEN与DNRA速率,为验证本研究结论、揭示氮循环关键过程提供直接证据。同时,本研究为排除氮源种类及性质的复杂性对DEN与DNRA竞争的影响,选择纯氮化合物KNO3与纯碳化合物C6H5Na3O7进行试验,但C6H5Na3O7价格昂贵,未来可通过秸秆还田、有机肥料施用等措施优化土壤C/N,从而强化DNRA途径,实现土壤氮素高效利用。
高通量测序分析结果表明,C/N重塑水稻土壤细菌群落结构与多样性。细菌α多样性结果发现,在整体数据维度及培养初期(1 d),高C/N试验组水稻土壤物种丰富度(Richness指数)、均匀度(Shannon指数)及优势度(Simpson指数)明显升高。杨胜香等[40]研究发现,添加碳氮磷源改良剂同样可显著提升土壤细菌群落的Chao1指数与ACE指数。Tang等[41]的研究也指出,土壤碳、氮含量是驱动细菌群落变化的关键因素。本研究细菌β多样性分析结果显示,不同C/N条件下的细菌群落结构存在显著差异。同时,高C/N下的细菌群落对培养时间更为敏感。孙凯旋等[42]的研究也发现,在实验室培养体系添加海洋来源的浓缩溶解有机质后,细菌群落组成发生明显改变,且细菌群落结构同样随培养时间发生演替。此外,本研究门水平的细菌群落组成结果揭示Pseudomonadota是水稻土壤核心优势菌门,这一结果与多数水稻根际土壤细菌群落组成分析结果一致。王晨龙等[43]从4个不同区域采集水稻根际土壤样本,发现样本中细菌的优势菌门均为Pseudomonadota。在本研究中,Pseudomonadota在水稻土壤培养初期呈现高丰度,而随培养时间推移其丰度逐渐下降,可能是由于培养过程中碳源的持续消耗及其他微生物类群的竞争导致的。Bacillota是本研究中细菌群落组成的次要优势菌门,其在高C/N环境下丰度提升,可能与其较强的碳水化合物降解能力相关。Deinococcota仅在低C/N实验组中期有特异性富集,表明其可能依赖特定阶段的代谢产物生存。综上所述,C/N通过对土壤细菌群落的多样性、结构及类群组成进行重塑,改变了细菌群落的整体特征与功能潜力,这为后续解析C/N调控DEN与DNRA途径提供了微生物学基础。
功能菌群是响应C/N调控DEN与DNRA的生物驱动因子。本研究解析发现,在低C/N环境下,AchromobacterPseudomonas等DEN功能细菌呈现较高丰度。Pseudomonas是典型的DEN菌[44]。研究表明Pseudomonas富集可通过激活硝酸盐还原酶、亚硝酸盐还原酶等关键酶的表达强化DEN[45]。这一机制为本研究中低C/N环境下DEN过程产物N2O释放量显著偏高的现象提供了生物学解释。高C/N下,CaldilineaceaeAdlercreutziaAnaeromyxobacterNitrospiraMyxococcus等DNRA功能细菌在本研究中呈现特异性富集,表明这些功能细菌对高C/N环境具有更强的适应性,进而推动氮素向铵态氮转化。DEN功能细菌和DNRA功能细菌网络分析显示,物种之间普遍存在正相关关系,这表明DEN功能细菌之间及DNRA功能细菌内部均倾向于通过协同作用实现代谢功能。结果显示,在低C/N下DEN功能细菌网络相互作用关系更丰富,通过BrevundimonasParacoccusOchrobactrumHyphomicrobium等核心物种间的紧密协作增强了DEN代谢的稳定性。高C/N试验组的DEN功能细菌网络核心物种连接能力显著减弱,且核心类群虽包含与低C/N试验组相同的物种(如HyphomicrobiumParacoccus),但其degree值降低,说明高C/N环境导致DEN细菌网络的核心节点功能被削弱。反之,相较于低C/N试验组,高C/N试验组中DNRA功能细菌网络被稳定化,核心物种节点(如Nitrospira)间的紧密协作增强了高C/N环境下DNRA代谢的稳定性。综上所述,本研究通过16S rRNA基因扩增子测序及生物信息学分析初步揭示了DEN与DNRA功能细菌菌群对C/N的响应;为深化这一发现,未来研究应分离、培养优势DEN与DNRA功能细菌,验证其氮转化功能,从而深入解析核心微生物驱动土壤氮素保留的机制,并为环境氮素管理提供优质的菌种资源。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42507344)
  • 河南省高等学校重点科研项目计划(25B180009)
  • 河南省高等学校重点科研项目计划(26B180004)
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2026年第66卷第6期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250796
  • 接收时间:2025-10-25
  • 首发时间:2026-06-17
  • 出版时间:2026-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-25
  • 录用日期:2025-12-11
基金
the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42507344)
国家自然科学基金(42507344)
the Key Scientific Research Project of Higher Education Institutions of Henan Province(25B180009)
河南省高等学校重点科研项目计划(25B180009)
the Key Scientific Research Project of Higher Education Institutions of Henan Province(26B180004)
河南省高等学校重点科研项目计划(26B180004)
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    河南农业大学 生命科学学院,河南 郑州
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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