Article(id=1274057341323432437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250650, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1755964800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1757520000000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-11, onlineDate=1781688541011, onlineDateStr=2026-06-17, pubDate=1780502400000, pubDateStr=2026-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781688541011, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781688541011, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688541011, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274057338156769818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='6', pageStart='2561', pageEnd='3114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781688540257, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688602467, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2695, endPage=2708, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274057341747057143, articleId=1274057341323432437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Co-occurrence patterns and environmental drivers of bacteria and archaea in Yuncheng Salt Lake, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To elucidate the community structures and environmental adaptation mechanisms of bacteria and archaea in the sodium sulfate-type Yuncheng Salt Lake in Shanxi Province, China and explore the assembly patterns of microbial interaction networks under extreme hypersaline conditions. The findings are expected to provide a theoretical basis for assessing the ecosystem functions of salt lakes and developing halophilic microbial resources. Methods Water samples were collected from 10 sampling sites with salinity gradients of 6.0%-34.2% in Yuncheng Salt Lake. The physicochemical analysis of water quality, high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing, molecular ecological network analysis, and multivariate statistical methods were employed to systematically investigate the microbial community structure and its interactions with environmental factors. Results The dominant taxa included Euryarchaeota, Pseudomonadota, and Bacteroidota. Archaea were primarily represented by Halarchaeum and Halorubrum, while the dominant bacterial genera were Roseovarius and Spiribacter. A microbial network consisting of 53 nodes and 73 edges was constructed, with negative correlations accounting for 63%. Key taxa included Halolamina, Geitlerinema, and Halorubrum. Salinity, nitrogen, and sulfide emerged as the three core drivers with high connectivity in the network, exhibiting significant correlations with multiple microbial groups. Conclusion Microbial community assembly in Yuncheng Salt Lake is dominated by negative correlations (e.g., potential competition, niche differentiation, or environmental stress), and this highly competitive network structure enhances the system resistance to environmental disturbances. The study reveals unique microbial adaptation strategies in sodium sulfate-type salt lakes and provides new insights for the exploitation of extremophilic microbial resources.

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E-mail: YANG Jing,
LI Xin,
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目的 解析中国山西省运城硫酸钠型盐湖细菌与古菌的群落结构特征及其环境适应机制,探究极端高盐环境下微生物互作网络的构建规律,为盐湖生态系统功能评估及嗜盐微生物资源开发提供理论依据。 方法 采集运城盐湖10个盐度梯度采样点(盐度范围为6.0%-34.2%)的水样,结合水质理化分析与16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术,运用分子生态网络分析和多元统计方法,系统研究微生物群落结构及其与环境因子的互作关系。 结果 广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)为优势类群;古菌以嗜盐古菌属(Halarchaeum)和盐红菌属(Halorubrum)为主,细菌的优势属为玫瑰变色菌属(Roseovarius)和螺旋菌属(Spiribacter)。构建的微生物网络包含53个节点和73条边,其中负相关占比63%,关键类群为海洋盐薄片菌属(Halolamina)、盖丝藻属(Geitlerinema)和盐红菌属(Halorubrum)。盐度、氮和硫化物是网络中连接度较高的3个核心驱动因子,与多个微生物类群呈现显著相关性。 结论 运城盐湖微生物群落的构建以负相关关系(如潜在竞争、生态位分化或环境压力)为主导,这种高负相关网络结构增强了系统对环境干扰的抵抗力。本研究揭示了硫酸钠型盐湖特有的微生物适应策略,为极端环境微生物资源的开发利用提供了新视角。

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作者贡献声明

杨静:研究构思和设计,论文撰写和修改;王传旭:数据收集和处理;王卓:协助实验操作;冯佳:研究构思和设计;谢树莲:提供技术支持;李新:参与论文讨论,审阅。

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Differential microbial assembly processes and co-occurrence networks in the soil-root continuum along an environmental gradient[J]. iMeta, 2022, 1(2): e18., articleTitle=Differential microbial assembly processes and co-occurrence networks in the soil-root continuum along an environmental gradient, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1274088167243239593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057341323432437, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=18, issue=1, pageStart=33, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Corral P, Amoozegar MA, Ventosa A, journalName=Marine Drugs, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Corral P, Amoozegar MA, Ventosa A. Halophiles and their biomolecules: recent advances and future applications in biomedicine[J]. 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Location of sampling points in Yuncheng Salt Lake

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Sample

Longitude

(E)

Latitude

(N)

Sample

Longitude

(E)

Latitude

(N)

YH135°01′37″111°03′10″YH634°56′13″110°57′00″
YH235°00′10″111°01′01″YH734°57′14″110°58′08″
YH334°58′58″110°59′06″YH834°58′33″111°00′28″
YH434°58′04″110°57′35″YH934°59′23″111°02′31″
YH534°56′27″110°54′32″YH1035°00′21″111°04′44″
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运城盐湖采样点位置

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Sample

Longitude

(E)

Latitude

(N)

Sample

Longitude

(E)

Latitude

(N)

YH135°01′37″111°03′10″YH634°56′13″110°57′00″
YH235°00′10″111°01′01″YH734°57′14″110°58′08″
YH334°58′58″110°59′06″YH834°58′33″111°00′28″
YH434°58′04″110°57′35″YH934°59′23″111°02′31″
YH534°56′27″110°54′32″YH1035°00′21″111°04′44″
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Physical and chemical characteristics of water quality in Yuncheng Salt Lake

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SampleSalinity/%pHNO3-/(g/L)TN/(g/L)Sulfide/(g/L)TDS/(g/L)TP/(g/L)
YH16.08.32.26.06.258.00.1
YH217.08.13.416.521.3164.00.6
YH313.27.83.615.713.7123.30.4
YH417.07.93.818.121.1188.70.3
YH515.57.93.918.413.9144.00.3
YH618.07.85.127.016.8172.00.4
YH713.48.14.216.513.1134.70.3
YH834.27.717.174.127.4346.31.4
YH922.07.96.028.621.8224.70.2
YH1022.57.86.033.627.2229.30.4
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运城盐湖水质理化指标特性

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SampleSalinity/%pHNO3-/(g/L)TN/(g/L)Sulfide/(g/L)TDS/(g/L)TP/(g/L)
YH16.08.32.26.06.258.00.1
YH217.08.13.416.521.3164.00.6
YH313.27.83.615.713.7123.30.4
YH417.07.93.818.121.1188.70.3
YH515.57.93.918.413.9144.00.3
YH618.07.85.127.016.8172.00.4
YH713.48.14.216.513.1134.70.3
YH834.27.717.174.127.4346.31.4
YH922.07.96.028.621.8224.70.2
YH1022.57.86.033.627.2229.30.4
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Diversity indices at different sampling sites in Yuncheng Salt Lake

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SampleACE indicesChao1 indicesShannon indicesSimpson indices
YH1892.68883.774.780.03
YH2734.78723.153.140.23
YH3675.01665.183.280.21
YH4602.06595.203.650.12
YH5322.90316.441.820.50
YH6781.03772.964.470.04
YH71 027.161 009.104.780.03
YH8252.99250.513.260.11
YH9792.20781.454.490.04
YH10662.77648.974.120.05
Mean±SD674.36±254.33664.67±250.693.78±0.940.14±0.15
F-value9.5729.59826.75033.287
P-value0.0000.0000.0000.000
), ArticleFig(id=1274088150541521013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057341323432437, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

运城盐湖不同采样点多样性指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SampleACE indicesChao1 indicesShannon indicesSimpson indices
YH1892.68883.774.780.03
YH2734.78723.153.140.23
YH3675.01665.183.280.21
YH4602.06595.203.650.12
YH5322.90316.441.820.50
YH6781.03772.964.470.04
YH71 027.161 009.104.780.03
YH8252.99250.513.260.11
YH9792.20781.454.490.04
YH10662.77648.974.120.05
Mean±SD674.36±254.33664.67±250.693.78±0.940.14±0.15
F-value9.5729.59826.75033.287
P-value0.0000.0000.0000.000
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Keystone groups identified by topological roles of bacterial and archaeal networks

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Node typeASV IDPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenus
Module hubASV695EuryarchaeotaHalobacteriaHalobacteralesHaloferacaceaeHalolamina
ConnectorASV9CyanobacteriotaCyanobacteriiaCyanobacterialesGeitlerinemaceaeGeitlerinema
ASV34BacteroidotaRhodothermiaBalneolalesBalneolaceaeNorank Balneolaceae
ASV64PseudomonadotaGammaproteobacteriaGammaproteobacteria incertae sedisUnclassified Gammaproteobacteria incertae sedisNorank unclassified
ASV669EuryarchaeotaHalobacteriaHalobacteralesHaloferacaceaeHalorubrum
ASV1818PseudomonadotaGammaproteobacteriaOceanospirillalesSaccharospirillaceaeSalinispirillum
ASV582BacteroidotaBacteroidiaChitinophagalesSaprospiraceaePhaeodactylibacter
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利用细菌与古菌互作网络拓扑作用识别的关键类群

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Node typeASV IDPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenus
Module hubASV695EuryarchaeotaHalobacteriaHalobacteralesHaloferacaceaeHalolamina
ConnectorASV9CyanobacteriotaCyanobacteriiaCyanobacterialesGeitlerinemaceaeGeitlerinema
ASV34BacteroidotaRhodothermiaBalneolalesBalneolaceaeNorank Balneolaceae
ASV64PseudomonadotaGammaproteobacteriaGammaproteobacteria incertae sedisUnclassified Gammaproteobacteria incertae sedisNorank unclassified
ASV669EuryarchaeotaHalobacteriaHalobacteralesHaloferacaceaeHalorubrum
ASV1818PseudomonadotaGammaproteobacteriaOceanospirillalesSaccharospirillaceaeSalinispirillum
ASV582BacteroidotaBacteroidiaChitinophagalesSaprospiraceaePhaeodactylibacter
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运城盐湖细菌与古菌共现网络特征及环境驱动机制
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杨静 1 , 王传旭 1 , 王卓 1 , 冯佳 2 , 谢树莲 2 , 李新 1, 3
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(6): 2695-2708
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(6): 2695-2708
运城盐湖细菌与古菌共现网络特征及环境驱动机制
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杨静1 , 王传旭1, 王卓1, 冯佳2, 谢树莲2, 李新1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.运城学院,生命科学系,运城盐湖生态保护与资源利用厅市共建山西省重点实验室,山西 运城
  • 2.山西大学 生命科学学院,山西 太原
  • 3.忻州师范学院 生物系,山西 忻州
Co-occurrence patterns and environmental drivers of bacteria and archaea in Yuncheng Salt Lake
Jing YANG1 , Chuanxu WANG1, Zhuo WANG1, Jia FENG2, Shulian XIE2, Xin LI1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.Shanxi Key Laboratory of Yuncheng Salt Lake Ecological Protection and Resource Utilization, Life Sciences Department, Yuncheng University, Yuncheng, Shanxi, China
  • 2.School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
  • 3.Department of Biology, Xinzhou Normal University, Xinzhou, Shanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250650
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目的 解析中国山西省运城硫酸钠型盐湖细菌与古菌的群落结构特征及其环境适应机制,探究极端高盐环境下微生物互作网络的构建规律,为盐湖生态系统功能评估及嗜盐微生物资源开发提供理论依据。 方法 采集运城盐湖10个盐度梯度采样点(盐度范围为6.0%-34.2%)的水样,结合水质理化分析与16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术,运用分子生态网络分析和多元统计方法,系统研究微生物群落结构及其与环境因子的互作关系。 结果 广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)为优势类群;古菌以嗜盐古菌属(Halarchaeum)和盐红菌属(Halorubrum)为主,细菌的优势属为玫瑰变色菌属(Roseovarius)和螺旋菌属(Spiribacter)。构建的微生物网络包含53个节点和73条边,其中负相关占比63%,关键类群为海洋盐薄片菌属(Halolamina)、盖丝藻属(Geitlerinema)和盐红菌属(Halorubrum)。盐度、氮和硫化物是网络中连接度较高的3个核心驱动因子,与多个微生物类群呈现显著相关性。 结论 运城盐湖微生物群落的构建以负相关关系(如潜在竞争、生态位分化或环境压力)为主导,这种高负相关网络结构增强了系统对环境干扰的抵抗力。本研究揭示了硫酸钠型盐湖特有的微生物适应策略,为极端环境微生物资源的开发利用提供了新视角。

硫酸钠型盐湖  /  微生物群落构建  /  嗜盐微生物  /  共现网络  /  环境驱动

Objective To elucidate the community structures and environmental adaptation mechanisms of bacteria and archaea in the sodium sulfate-type Yuncheng Salt Lake in Shanxi Province, China and explore the assembly patterns of microbial interaction networks under extreme hypersaline conditions. The findings are expected to provide a theoretical basis for assessing the ecosystem functions of salt lakes and developing halophilic microbial resources. Methods Water samples were collected from 10 sampling sites with salinity gradients of 6.0%-34.2% in Yuncheng Salt Lake. The physicochemical analysis of water quality, high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing, molecular ecological network analysis, and multivariate statistical methods were employed to systematically investigate the microbial community structure and its interactions with environmental factors. Results The dominant taxa included Euryarchaeota, Pseudomonadota, and Bacteroidota. Archaea were primarily represented by Halarchaeum and Halorubrum, while the dominant bacterial genera were Roseovarius and Spiribacter. A microbial network consisting of 53 nodes and 73 edges was constructed, with negative correlations accounting for 63%. Key taxa included Halolamina, Geitlerinema, and Halorubrum. Salinity, nitrogen, and sulfide emerged as the three core drivers with high connectivity in the network, exhibiting significant correlations with multiple microbial groups. Conclusion Microbial community assembly in Yuncheng Salt Lake is dominated by negative correlations (e.g., potential competition, niche differentiation, or environmental stress), and this highly competitive network structure enhances the system resistance to environmental disturbances. The study reveals unique microbial adaptation strategies in sodium sulfate-type salt lakes and provides new insights for the exploitation of extremophilic microbial resources.

sodium sulfate-type salt lake  /  microbial community assembly  /  halophilic microorganisms  /  co-occurrence network  /  environmental drivers
杨静, 王传旭, 王卓, 冯佳, 谢树莲, 李新. 运城盐湖细菌与古菌共现网络特征及环境驱动机制. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2695 -2708 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250650
Jing YANG, Chuanxu WANG, Zhuo WANG, Jia FENG, Shulian XIE, Xin LI. Co-occurrence patterns and environmental drivers of bacteria and archaea in Yuncheng Salt Lake[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2695 -2708 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250650
盐湖在全球范围内广泛分布,在生物地球化学循环中扮演着重要角色[1-2]。尽管古菌、细菌和真核生物广泛存在于盐湖环境中,但以往研究通常侧重于细菌和真核生物,可能忽视了古菌的重要性。多项研究证实,古菌是盐湖生物群落中不可或缺的重要组成部分,尤其在高盐度湖泊中[3-5]。例如,在高盐度湖泊查卡盐湖的沉积物中古菌的丰度是细菌的2倍[4]。在美国大盐湖的水体中,采用克隆文库法检测到超过500条古菌序列,这些序列可归类为4个已知属,即盐扁菌属(Haloplanus)、盐红菌属(Halorubrum)、盐碱球菌属(Natronococcus)、Haloquadratum和5个未知组类群[5]。相比之下,同期在大盐湖水体中仅检测到少量细菌序列,且这些序列几乎均属于盐水杆菌(Salinibacter)。此外,先前研究表明,不同古菌类群表现出独特的代谢特征,预示着它们在环境中承担着多样化的生态功能[6-8]。因此,解析不同盐湖中细菌和古菌的群落结构特征、生态功能及其对环境因子的响应机制对揭示极端环境微生物群落的适应策略与生态角色至关重要。
盐度常被视为影响各类盐湖微生物组成的关键环境因素[9]。既往少数研究表明,盐度升高可驱动古菌成为盐湖优势类群[10]。然而,最新证据表明,盐度对微生物群落变异的解释力存在明显局限性。有研究发现在青藏高原不同盐度的盐湖中盐度仅能解释细菌群落变异性的14%-33%[11]。这一较低的解释度可能归因于2个方面:首先,未量化的环境参数(如营养盐、氧化还原电位等)可能发挥潜在影响[12-13];其次,近年来备受关注的微生物互作机制也可能起着重要作用[14-15]。目前,针对盐湖沉积物微生物共现网络的研究已有较多积累。在青藏高原盐湖沉积物的相关研究中发现,微生物群落之间的正相关连接更多,这一特征表明原核微生物可能通过增强合作潜力来适应极端环境压力[16-17]。另外,有些关于盐湖微生物共现网络的研究仅关注细菌,对古菌关注较少甚至未涉及。在青藏高原盐湖的相关研究中共现网络更多体现真核生物之间的互作,且类群之间的正相关数量高于负相关,主导的环境因子主要为盐度和无机离子[18]。需要注意的是,受地质背景、气候条件、水文过程及人类活动等多重因素的影响,不同盐湖在盐度梯度、离子组成、pH值及有机质含量等关键环境参数上存在显著异质性,这种环境异质性进一步驱动了各盐湖中微生物群落在物种组成、多样性水平及优势类群上的分化。对于运城盐湖而言,环境因子与微生物互作如何共同调控盐湖微生物群落的构建,目前仍缺乏系统研究。
运城盐湖位于中国山西省南部,是世界三大天然内陆硫酸钠型盐湖之一,因其高盐度和丰富的矿物资源而被称为“中国死海”。作为典型极端环境的代表,该盐湖水体中孕育了嗜盐古菌、细菌等多种耐盐微生物,形成了独特的生态系统。近年来,随着生态保护力度不断加大,运城盐湖已逐步停止工业产盐,转而致力于生态修复。此举促使生物多样性显著增加,湖水色彩日益丰富,使其成为黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展的示范性区域。尽管其生态价值日益凸显,但针对该盐湖微生物群落的系统性研究仍显不足。细菌与古菌的协同分布模式、关键功能类群以及环境适应机制尚未明确,特别是极端高盐环境下微生物互作网络的深入解析尤为缺乏。
本研究采用16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术结合分子生态网络分析,系统解析运城盐湖细菌与古菌的结构特征及共现模式,以期填补该区域研究空白;其次,通过多环境因子关联分析,阐明盐度、氮、磷、硫化物等关键因子对微生物多样性的影响,从而揭示极端环境下群落构建机制。研究结果旨在为盐湖生态系统功能评估提供理论依据,并为嗜盐微生物资源的开发利用及盐湖生态修复技术的优化提供数据支撑。
运城盐湖位于中国山西省南部,是世界上第三大天然内陆硫酸钠湖。池内富含芒硝、盐类等物质,导致附近土壤盐碱化加剧,周围植物稀疏,湖旁植物多为芦苇、藻类等多年生草本植物。该区域整体气候温和,属于暖温带气候。本研究所有湖水样品采集时间为2023年4月。水样采集使用5 L有机玻璃采水器,采集表层(0.5 m)水样,采集坐标如表1所示。样品采集后,一部分用于总DNA提取的样品装入无菌50 mL Falcon管,进行干冰保存,并于当日带回实验室后尽快处理;另一部分水样用于环境样本的测定(24 h内)。环境理化参数的测定项目包括盐度(salinity)、pH、总氮(total nitrogen, TN)、总磷(total phosphorus, TP)、硝态氮(NO3-)、硫化物(sulfide)和总溶解性固体(total dissolved solids, TDS)。其中,盐度采用便携式盐度计进行原位测定;NO3-测定采用紫外分光光度法;pH采用便携式pH计测定;TN采用碱性过硫酸钾消解分光光度法测定;TDS采用生活饮用水标准检验方法测定;硫化物含量采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法(ICP-AES)测定;TP采用钼酸铵分光光度法测定[16]
使用E.Z.N.A.® Mag-Bind DNA Kit (Omega Bio-Tek公司)从环境样品中提取和纯化基因组DNA。利用琼脂糖凝胶检测DNA提取物的纯度和浓度,以筛选合格样品进行后续分析。PCR扩增16S rRNA基因V4区,引物为515F (5′-GTGC CAGCMGCCGCGG-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTACH VGGGTWTCTAAT-3′)。PCR反应体系(20 μL):5×FastPfu buffer 4 μL,dNTPs (2.5 mmol/L) 2 μL,上、下游引物(浓度为5 μmol/L)各0.8 μL,TransStart FastPfu DNA Polymerase (2.5 U/µL) 0.4 μL,DNA模板2 μL,ddH2O补充至20 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃ 3 min;95 ℃ 30 s,55 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 45 s,共32个循环;72 ℃ 10 min。每个样本均设置3个重复。委托上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司进行高通量测序。本研究中的序列提交至NCBI BioProject数据库,登录号为PRJNA1308961。
使用fastp (https://github.com/OpenGene/fastp) version 0.20.0软件对原始测序序列进行质控,使用Flash (http://www.cbcb.umd.edu/software/flash) version 1.2.7软件进行拼接。具体步骤为:过滤reads尾部质量值20以下的碱基,设置50 bp的窗口,若窗口内的平均质量值低于20,则从窗口开始截去后端碱基;过滤质控后长度小于50 bp的reads,去除含N碱基的reads;根据PE reads之间的overlap关系,将成对reads拼接(merge)成一条序列,最小overlap长度为10 bp;拼接序列的overlap区允许的最大错配比率为0.2,筛选不符合的序列;根据序列首尾两端的barcode和引物区分样品,并调整序列方向,barcode允许的错配数为0,最大引物错配数为2。
基于默认参数,使用QIIME 2流程中的DADA2插件对质控拼接后的优化序列进行降噪处理。DADA2降噪处理后的序列通常被称为扩增子序列变体(amplicon sequence variant, ASVs)。为尽量减少测序深度对后续多样性数据分析的影响,将所有样本序列数抽平至20 000。抽平后,每个样本的平均序列覆盖度(Good’s coverage)仍可达99.09%。基于Sliva 16S rRNA基因数据库(v138),使用QIIME 2中的Naive bayes分类器对ASVs进行物种分类学分析。
为探索微生物之间的互作模式,使用相关矩阵进行网络分析。该矩阵通过计算微生物ASVs之间所有可能的Spearman秩相关而构建。当各类群之间的Spearman相关系数R>0.8 (或<-0.8)且P<0.01时[19],认为两个ASVs之间的Spearman相关性具有统计学意义,再利用Cytoscape 3.2软件可视化网络。根据网络的模块间连通度(Pi)和模块内连通度(Zi)可将节点分为4种类型,分别为模块中心点(在模块内部具有高连通度的节点,Zi>2.5且Pi<0.62)、连接节点(在2个模块之间具有高连通度的节点,Zi<2.5且Pi>0.62),网络中心点(在整个网络中具有高连通度的节点,Zi>2.5且Pi>0.62)以及外围节点(在模块内部和模块之间均不具有高连通度的节点,Zi<2.5且Pi<0.62)。前3种类型的节点被视为关键物种,在维持微生物群落结构稳定性方面发挥重要作用。微生物与环境因子之间的网络图采用Gephi 0.9.2软件完成。
运城盐湖各采样点水质指标如表2所示。10个采样点的盐度在6.0%-34.2%之间,其中YH1最低,YH8最高。根据盐度变化情况,可将采样点划分为低盐度(YH1)、中盐度(YH2-YH7)、高盐度(YH8-YH10) 3类。pH整体呈弱碱性。TDS是表征水体总溶解性固体含量的指标,其变化范围在58.0-346.3 g/L之间,YH1最低,YH8最高。TN、硫化物、TP、NO3-的最小值与最高值均分别出现在YH1和YH8。
本研究对前期获得的7 296个ASVs所对应的序列进行分类学统计,结果显示运城盐湖细菌主要分布在44门101纲265目496科659属;古菌主要分布在11门15纲10目15科50属。在11个古菌门中相对丰度最高的是广古菌门(Euryarchaeota),其相对丰度高于35%;其余古菌门如纳古菌门(Nanoarchaeota)、ThermoplasmatotaHadarchaeota及热假单胞菌门(Thermoproteota)的相对丰度均小于2%。由图1可知,在盐度最高的YH8采样点(34.2%)和盐度为15.5%的YH5采样点,广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)均占据绝对优势,其相对丰度均超过70%。从该结果可以看出,古菌门的相对丰度未随总盐度的高低呈现规律性变化。在YH1、YH6、YH7、YH9和YH10采样点,假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)的相对丰度最高,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)在这些区域也有一定分布。蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteriota)在YH1和YH7采样点呈现出相对较高的丰度。除盐度最高的YH8样点外,放线菌门(Actinomycetota)在其余区域分布较为均匀。
图2展示了细菌与古菌优势菌属的相对丰度,结果表明相对丰度最高的古菌属主要包括嗜盐古菌属(Halarchaeum)、盐红菌属(Halorubrum)、Halonotius、海滨盐环境杆菌属(Halohasta)、Halomicroarcula。尤其是YH2、YH3、YH4和YH5采样点,嗜盐古菌属(Halarchaeum)占比很高。盐红菌属(Halorubrum)成为盐度最高的YH8采样点的优势古菌属,其相对丰度超过了50%,其次古菌Halonotius属也占一定比例。在盐度最低的YH1采样点,优势细菌属以蓝细菌属(Cyanobacterium)为主。YH10采样点的优势细菌属主要为螺旋菌属(Spiribacter)。玫瑰变色菌属(Roseovarius)在YH9和YH10采样点的相对丰度较高。上述结果表明,运城盐湖绝大多数采样点古菌的相对丰度明显高于细菌,但在优势菌属方面古菌较为单一。
对运城盐湖10个采样点的16S rRNA基因V4区序列进行测定,共获得604 486条高质量序列。每个样品至少产生1 096条高质量有效序列,这些有效序列长度为300 bp,且所有检测样品的数据饱和度均在0.99以上,证明测序结果有效且准确。对获得的高质量序列进行物种分类和注释,并以97%的相似性进行归类后发现,这些序列归属于18 914个ASVs。本研究采用α多样性中的ACE、Chao1、Shannon以及Simpson指数来反映运城盐湖微生物多样性的变化趋势。Shannon指数是一种常用的生物多样性指标,可用于评估水体污染程度:Shannon指数>3表示清洁水体,2-3表示轻度污染,1-2表示中度污染,<1表示重度污染。从表3中可以看出,YH1和YH7采样点水质相对较好,物种较为丰富;YH5采样点水体污染较为严重,多样性相对较低,物种数量较少。
在自然界中微生物并非孤立存在,而是彼此相互作用形成复杂的网络系统[20]。如图3所示,该图是基于细菌和古菌ASV相对丰度构建的互作网络,共包含53个节点和73条边。在所有节点中,广古菌门(Euryarchaeota) ASVs占5.6%;细菌ASVs中假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)占22.6%,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)占20.7%,绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexota)占11.3%。
图3可知,微生物类群之间的关系主要以负相关(63%)为主。如图4表4所示,网络图识别到1个模块中心点(图4绿色点),为古菌ASV695海洋盐薄片菌属(Halolamina),其与古菌ASV721盐东方菌属(Halorientalis)呈负相关,与细菌ASV980绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexota)和ASV617拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)呈正相关。除此之外,网络图共识别到6个连接节点(图4红色点),分别隶属于盖丝藻属(Geitlerinema)、盐单胞菌科(Balneolaceae)、褐指藻杆菌(Phaeodactylibacter)、变形菌纲(Gammaproteobacteria)和盐红菌属(Halorubrum)。由图3可知,盐红菌属(Halorubrum) (ASV669)与纤维单胞菌属(Gracilimonas)、冷弯曲菌属(Psychroflexus)、AquichromatiuGuyparkeria、盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)、水活海杆菌属(Marinobacter)、玫瑰变色菌属(Roseovarius)、螺旋菌属(Spiribacter)均呈现负相关。在本研究中还观察到拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota) (ASV601)与假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota) (ASV64)和螺旋体门(Spirochaetota) (ASV2839)之间存在一定的负相关。
图5是基于微生物-环境因子互作的分子生态网络,旨在进一步分析物种关联模式及环境驱动机制。密集的红绿线连接表明群落内存在复杂的种间互作及物种-环境关联,且微生物各类群之间绿色边(负相关)数量多于红色边(正相关),表明群落中竞争作用(如资源争夺)占主导,群落结构受资源限制、环境压力(极端高盐环境)或生态位重叠的影响较大。节点大小代表连接度的高低,连接度高的节点对维持网络结构稳定性至关重要。本研究结果表明,HalomicroarculaHalonotius、盐红菌属(Halorubrum)、海滨盐环境杆菌属(Halohasta) 4种古菌属位于网络核心,与多个环境因子及其他物种高度关联,表明这些类群作为微生物互作枢纽调节种间关系(竞争/共生),影响着群落稳定性。盐厌氧菌属(Halanaerobium)、Pontimonas与硫化物呈正相关,反映其可能参与硫循环(如硫还原或化能合成)。嗜盐古菌属(Halarchaeum)与NO3-呈显著负相关。蓝细菌属(Cyanobacterium)、双色藻属(Cyanobium)、Izimaplasma与盐度、硫化物、NO3-和TN呈负相关,同时与Halonotius等盐古菌呈显著负相关。假单胞菌门的玫瑰变色菌属(Roseovarius)、Parahaliea、水活海杆菌属(Marinobacter)与TP呈显著负相关。
高通量测序结果显示,在YH8高盐度采样点古菌中占主导地位的为广古菌门(Euryarchaeota),这与某些盐湖的研究结果一致,如美国犹他州大盐湖[21]和死海[22]的优势古菌均为广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)。然而,也有部分盐湖呈现出不同的结果,如青藏高原哈尔湖的优势类群为亚硝化球菌门(Nitrososphaerota)[23]。在属水平上,嗜盐古菌属(Halarchaeum)主要集中在中等盐度的YH2-YH5采样点,该属在中国陕北花马盐湖的相对丰度较高,而在其他盐湖如青海湖、茶卡盐湖的丰度较低[24]。盐红菌属(Halorubrum)在YH8位点的相对丰度达50%以上,而该类群在茶卡盐湖中的丰度仅为16%。这种差异可能源于运城盐湖独特的硫酸钠型盐成分——高浓度硫酸根离子,可能通过渗透胁迫筛选出具有特定转运系统的古菌类群。研究表明,盐红菌属(Halorubrum)的相对丰度与K+、Mg2+和SO42-浓度呈显著正相关,但与Cl-和Ca2+浓度无关[25]。这种离子特异性关联表明盐红菌属(Halorubrum)可能依赖或适应特定的离子环境,例如高钾/镁环境可能促进其代谢活动或赋予其竞争优势。同为硫酸钠型内陆湖泊的美国犹他州大盐湖的优势古菌主要为Halopenitus、盐红菌属(Halorubrum)、盐碱单胞菌属(Natronomonas),其他盐湖如中国陕北花马盐湖的古菌以Halonotius (41.93%)为主,其次为盐红菌属(Halorubrum)、盐薄片菌属(Halomicrobium)[26]。这些研究表明,不同盐湖的微生物群落组成及相对丰度比例均存在一定差异,因此针对运城盐湖开展系统性微生物组成研究具有重要的科学价值。
细菌群落中,假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota) (34%)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota) (6%)与芽孢菌门(Bacillota) (4%)占优势,这与青藏高原盐水湖阿翁错湖的类群相似[27]。与其他高盐环境相比,优势类群基本一致,但在丰度比例上有所不同。例如,青海茶卡盐湖的细菌类群多集中于芽孢菌门(Bacillota) (68.37%)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota) (20.49%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota) (8.46%)和放线菌门(Actinomycetota) (1.25%)[28]。在属水平上,青海茶卡盐湖和察尔汗盐湖的优势细菌属为芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、海洋芽孢杆菌属(Oceanobacillus)、盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)与假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)[29]。运城盐湖的优势细菌种群是玫瑰变色菌属(Roseovarius)、蓝细菌属(Cyanobacterium)和螺旋菌属(Spiribacter),与其他盐湖的优势种群存在一定差异。这种差异性一方面源于各盐湖的理化环境(如盐度、pH、营养盐等)不同,如酸性盐湖(pH 4.0-6.5)以芽孢菌门(Bacillota)为主,碱性盐湖(pH 7.0-10.0)以广古菌门(Euryarchaeota)为主[30];另一方面与微生物群落之间的互作相关,随着盐度水平的提升,微生物共存网络的复杂程度会随之增加,其中尤为明显的是微生物间负相关关系的占比显著提高。这一现象的潜在原因在于盐度升高会选择性地筛选耐盐或嗜盐类群,造成生态位重叠,最终导致微生物间的竞争关系进一步加剧[11]
微生物互作网络中负相关占比63%,表明负相关关系(如潜在竞争、生态位分化或环境压力)是运城盐湖群落构建的重要驱动力。盐湖环境通常伴随高盐度、资源限制等胁迫因素,在高盐胁迫条件下微生物对有限资源(如养分、水分)的竞争加剧,导致负相关比例显著上升[31],这种负相关的增加可以提高应对环境干扰的稳定性和抵抗力。目前越来越多的研究表明类群间具有较高的负相关生态网络对环境变化更为稳定,因为负相互作用会减少受干扰群落的共振荡[32]。网络分析识别出以古菌海洋盐薄片菌属(Halolamina) (ASV695)为核心的模块中心点,其与古菌盐东方菌属(Halorientalis)呈现竞争关系,表明二者生态位可能存在高度重叠(如共享相同营养源或生存空间),产生的竞争压力导致这种负相关关系。本研究中盐红菌属(Halorubrum) (ASV669)与多个细菌均呈现负相关,研究表明archaeocins (是古菌通过核糖体途径合成的抗菌肽或蛋白质)在微生物群落中的核心功能是介导种间竞争,halocins (主要由极端高盐环境嗜盐古菌产生的抗菌肽)的抗菌活性表明,其通过抑制具有相似环境适应性与营养需求的微生物协助产halocins的物种占据特定生态位[33]。盐红菌属(Halorubrum)与盐盒菌属(Haloferax)已被鉴定为主要的产halocins类群,其可以对高盐环境样本中的细菌类群,包括盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)、红弧菌属(Rhodovibrio)、盐线菌属(Salisaeta)及浮杆菌属(Pontibacillus)等产生抗菌作用[34]
微生物与环境因子的关系呈现“多因子协同-类群特异性响应-生态级联反馈”的复杂网络,因此结合理化指标进一步分析微生物的复杂网络对于深入了解极端环境运城盐湖具有重要意义。本研究中,蓝细菌属(Cyanobacterium)和双色藻属(Cyanobium)与盐度呈负相关,表明该类群主要生活在低盐环境,高盐度则抑制其生长。Halonotius、盐红菌属(Halorubrum)等古菌与盐度呈显著正相关,与蓝藻的盐度适应性相反,表明二者可能存在生态位竞争,使得2个类群之间出现负相关。嗜盐古菌属(Halarchaeum)与NO3-之间呈负相关,研究表明嗜盐古菌属(Halarchaeum)的菌株(如Halarchaeum nitratireducens)可以在有氧条件下还原硝酸盐(NO3-)[35],表明嗜盐古菌属(Halarchaeum)在代谢过程中会消耗硝态氮,理论上其生物量或活性增加时,环境中的硝态氮含量可能降低,从而形成负相关关系。由于盐厌氧菌属(Halanaerobium)的基因组中含有硫氰酸酶(rhodanese)和厌氧亚硫酸盐还原酶(anaerobic sulfite reductase, Asr)基因参与硫循环,前者将硫代硫酸盐(thiosulfate)还原为亚硫酸盐(sulfite)和单质硫,后者进一步将亚硫酸盐还原为硫化物[36],因而盐厌氧菌属(Halanaerobium)与硫化物之间呈正相关。由图5可知,盐度、氮和硫化物作为连接度高的环境因子,与多个微生物有显著正相关或负相关,从而在互作网络中占据中心位置。本研究中高盐度可能促进耐盐菌群如古菌的生长,抑制敏感类群,从而在网络中形成高连接度。氮与某些微生物表现出强相关性,表明氮是微生物代谢的关键驱动力,影响氮循环相关微生物的互作,如硝化或反硝化过程。作为水质环境因子,硫化物与微生物类群(如某些厌氧菌)有显著相关性。综上所述,不同微生物类群(细菌、古菌)对盐度、营养盐和硫化物等环境因子表现出独特的生理和代谢适应,类群的响应又会通过食物网或生物地球化学循环引发连锁反应,改变环境状态,并反馈到整个生态系统。上述结果为运城盐湖细菌和古菌互作网络的形成提供了理论基础,有助于将微生物特性整合到经典生态学理论中,进而提升对生态环境的预测与解释能力。
本研究揭示了运城硫酸钠型盐湖微生物群落构建的独特规律:(1) 群落互作以负相关关系(如潜在竞争、生态位分化或环境压力)为主导,显著增强了系统稳定性;(2) 广古菌门(如盐红菌属)通过特异性适应高盐和产抗菌物质占据生态位,而假单胞菌门细菌则呈现中低盐度适应性分化;(3) 盐度、氮和硫化物构成关键环境驱动三元体系,其中盐度与古菌丰度呈显著正相关。这些发现不仅丰富了极端环境微生物生态学理论,同时为嗜盐微生物资源开发(如新型抗菌物质)和盐湖生态修复的盐度调控提供了重要科学依据。
  • 山西省科技创新人才团队专项(202204051001035)
  • 山西省基础研究计划(202303021222246)
  • 山西省运城盐湖保护利用研究院“揭榜挂帅”项目(YHYJ-2023003)
  • 博士科研启动项目(YQ-2023003)
  • 运城市科技项目(YCKJ-2024022)
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2026年第66卷第6期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250650
  • 接收时间:2025-08-24
  • 首发时间:2026-06-17
  • 出版时间:2026-06-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-24
  • 录用日期:2025-09-11
基金
the Special Fund for Science and Technology Innovation Teams of Shanxi Province(202204051001035)
山西省科技创新人才团队专项(202204051001035)
the Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(202303021222246)
山西省基础研究计划(202303021222246)
the “Listed and Commanded” Project from Yuncheng Salt Lake Protection and Utilization Research Institute of Shanxi Province(YHYJ-2023003)
山西省运城盐湖保护利用研究院“揭榜挂帅”项目(YHYJ-2023003)
the Doctoral Research Start-up Project(YQ-2023003)
博士科研启动项目(YQ-2023003)
the Yuncheng City Science and Technology Project(YCKJ-2024022)
运城市科技项目(YCKJ-2024022)
作者信息
    1.运城学院,生命科学系,运城盐湖生态保护与资源利用厅市共建山西省重点实验室,山西 运城
    2.山西大学 生命科学学院,山西 太原
    3.忻州师范学院 生物系,山西 忻州
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/wswxb/CN/10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250650
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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