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Article(id=1274057341289927157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260093, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1769702400000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1775836800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-04-11, onlineDate=1781688541004, onlineDateStr=2026-06-17, pubDate=1780502400000, pubDateStr=2026-06-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1781688541004, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1781688541004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688541004, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1274057338156769818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='6', pageStart='2561', pageEnd='3114', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1781688540257, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1781688602467, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1274057599193486083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1274057338156769818, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2657, endPage=2668, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1274057341981987319, articleId=1274057341289927157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research progress and prospects of PFOA-degrading microorganisms, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a representative per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS), has emerged as a priority-controlled emerging contaminant of global concern due to its extreme environmental persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and toxicity. It poses a serious threat to ecosystem stability and human health. Microbial degradation has become one of the most promising technological approaches for PFOA remediation, owing to its core advantages of being environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and amenable to large-scale application. This paper systematically reviews the research progress in PFOA-degrading microorganisms in terms of the characteristics, degradation efficiency, and underlying mechanisms of isolated and identified functional strains (bacteria and fungi). Subsequently, this paper synthesizes the response patterns of microbial communities and strategies for resource exploration in various contaminated habitats harboring potential PFOA degraders. Finally, it highlights key scientific challenges currently facing the field and makes an outlook on future research directions. This review aims to provide a reference for the resource development, mechanism elucidation, and engineering application of PFOA-degrading microorganisms, offering theoretical support and forward-looking perspectives for advancing microbial remediation technologies targeting global PFOA contamination.

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E-mail: LI Wenjun,
DONG Lei,
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These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Chaojian HU, Kaizhe YANG, Zheng FANG, Yixuan WU, Ruodu LIU, Qingxing WU, Lei DONG, Wenjun LI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1274057345509396995, articleId=1274057341289927157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=全氟辛酸降解微生物的研究现状与展望, columnId=1192149543882997826, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=综述, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOA)作为典型的全氟和多氟烷基物质(per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance, PFAS)，因其具有极强的环境持久性、生物积累性和毒性，已成为全球优先管控的新型污染物，对生态系统的稳定和人类健康构成严重威胁。微生物降解凭借其环境友好、成本低廉、可规模化应用等核心优势，成为PFOA污染治理最具潜力的技术路径之一。本文系统综述了PFOA降解微生物的研究进展，梳理了已分离鉴定的功能菌株(包括细菌和真菌)的资源特征、降解效率及潜在机制；总结了不同污染生境中潜在PFOA降解微生物的群落响应规律与资源挖掘策略；最后凝练了当前该领域面临的核心科学挑战，并提出了未来研究方向。本文旨在为PFOA降解微生物的资源开发、机制解析与工程化应用提供参考，为全球PFOA污染的微生物修复技术研发提供理论支撑和前瞻性思路。

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作者贡献声明

胡超建、杨凯哲：文献收集、论文初稿撰写及修改工作；方政：论文的修改与完善工作；吴逸轩：相关文献的收集与整理工作；刘若度、吴青星：论文中图表的绘制工作；董雷、李文均：论文的修改与完善工作。

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figureFileBig=pTHDE8W5ZiMKfeTbX3GIwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274087987706093779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057341289927157, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Pseudomonas aeruginosa 和 Pseudomonas putida 对PFOA的降解机制[16], figureFileSmall=f53IxYzhoMgcfR+IXPtapQ==, figureFileBig=pTHDE8W5ZiMKfeTbX3GIwQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274087987789979860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057341289927157, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Schematic of PFOA degradation by Acidimicrobium sp. A6[17]., figureFileSmall=O1/zzkjISG5qH2+xSbpyhw==, figureFileBig=Ajy1eZgLYc9ClPOVKv9KgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274087987852894421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057341289927157, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Acidimicrobium sp. A6降解PFOA的示意图[17], figureFileSmall=O1/zzkjISG5qH2+xSbpyhw==, figureFileBig=Ajy1eZgLYc9ClPOVKv9KgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274087987932586198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057341289927157, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Possible PFOA degradation pathways of Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM-F-1767[23]., figureFileSmall=iCAyqxazUkCo5oLun7G3qg==, figureFileBig=/5LVZuxuIl3ng4pPe50wmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274087987999695063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057341289927157, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM-F-1767对PFOA的潜在降解方式[23], figureFileSmall=iCAyqxazUkCo5oLun7G3qg==, figureFileBig=/5LVZuxuIl3ng4pPe50wmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1274087988087775448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057341289927157, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Microbial species currently identified as capable of degrading PFOA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain nameStrain sourceDegradation mechanismEnzymesDegradation productsReferences
Bacteria

Pseudomonas parafulva YAB-1;

Pseudomonas parafulva F3-52

Soil around the perfluorinated compounds-producing plant in Wuhan, ChinaCo-metabolism--[11-12]
Ensifer adhaerens M1

Soil collected at the site for storage and testing of fire-fighting

equipment

Decarboxylation, defluorination, partial mineralization-PFHpA[13]
Pseudomonas plecoglossicida DD4Soil of the enterprise for the production of halogen-containing herbicidesDecarboxylation, defluorination, partial mineralization-PFHpA[14]
Pseudomonas mosselii 5(3)Arable soil which had been affected by pesticide contamination in the Yanaulsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russian FederationDecarboxylation, defluorination, partial mineralizationHaloalkane dehalogenase, haloacetate dehalogenase H-1PFHxA[15]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa;

Pseudomonas putida

Saint Louis, Missouri, USRemoval of -CF2 groups-PFHxA, PFHpA, PFPeA[16]
Acidimicrobium sp. A6Soils from a temperate forested riparian wetland at the Assunpink Wildlife Management Area, New JerseyFeammox process under anaerobic conditions-Short-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, etc.)[17-21]
Fungi

Trichoderma sp.

Mucor sp.

Fluoride waste factory in Zhuzhou, Hunan, China-Laccase, polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase-[22]
Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM-F-1767USDA Center for Forest Mycology Research Program, Northern Research StationThe cross-coupling and rearrangement of free radicalLaccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidaseFluorinated aldehydes, alcohols, and aromatic ring[23]
), ArticleFig(id=1274087988159078617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1274057341289927157, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

目前已报道的可降解PFOA的微生物种类

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain nameStrain sourceDegradation mechanismEnzymesDegradation productsReferences
Bacteria

Pseudomonas parafulva YAB-1;

Pseudomonas parafulva F3-52

Soil around the perfluorinated compounds-producing plant in Wuhan, ChinaCo-metabolism--[11-12]
Ensifer adhaerens M1

Soil collected at the site for storage and testing of fire-fighting

equipment

Decarboxylation, defluorination, partial mineralization-PFHpA[13]
Pseudomonas plecoglossicida DD4Soil of the enterprise for the production of halogen-containing herbicidesDecarboxylation, defluorination, partial mineralization-PFHpA[14]
Pseudomonas mosselii 5(3)Arable soil which had been affected by pesticide contamination in the Yanaulsky district of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russian FederationDecarboxylation, defluorination, partial mineralizationHaloalkane dehalogenase, haloacetate dehalogenase H-1PFHxA[15]

Pseudomonas aeruginosa;

Pseudomonas putida

Saint Louis, Missouri, USRemoval of -CF2 groups-PFHxA, PFHpA, PFPeA[16]
Acidimicrobium sp. A6Soils from a temperate forested riparian wetland at the Assunpink Wildlife Management Area, New JerseyFeammox process under anaerobic conditions-Short-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA, PFHpA, etc.)[17-21]
Fungi

Trichoderma sp.

Mucor sp.

Fluoride waste factory in Zhuzhou, Hunan, China-Laccase, polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase-[22]
Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM-F-1767USDA Center for Forest Mycology Research Program, Northern Research StationThe cross-coupling and rearrangement of free radicalLaccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidaseFluorinated aldehydes, alcohols, and aromatic ring[23]
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全氟辛酸降解微生物的研究现状与展望
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胡超建 1 , 杨凯哲 1 , 方政 2 , 吴逸轩 1 , 刘若度 1 , 吴青星 1 , 董雷 1 , 李文均 1
微生物学报 | 综述 2026,66(6): 2657-2668
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微生物学报 | 综述 2026, 66(6): 2657-2668
全氟辛酸降解微生物的研究现状与展望
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胡超建1, 杨凯哲1, 方政2, 吴逸轩1, 刘若度1, 吴青星1, 董雷1 , 李文均1
作者信息
  • 1.中山大学 生命科学学院，广东 广州
  • 2.Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Yorkshire, UK
Research progress and prospects of PFOA-degrading microorganisms
Chaojian HU1, Kaizhe YANG1, Zheng FANG2, Yixuan WU1, Ruodu LIU1, Qingxing WU1, Lei DONG1 , Wenjun LI1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
  • 2.Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Yorkshire, UK
出版时间: 2026-06-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260093
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摘要
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全氟辛酸(perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOA)作为典型的全氟和多氟烷基物质(per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance, PFAS)，因其具有极强的环境持久性、生物积累性和毒性，已成为全球优先管控的新型污染物，对生态系统的稳定和人类健康构成严重威胁。微生物降解凭借其环境友好、成本低廉、可规模化应用等核心优势，成为PFOA污染治理最具潜力的技术路径之一。本文系统综述了PFOA降解微生物的研究进展，梳理了已分离鉴定的功能菌株(包括细菌和真菌)的资源特征、降解效率及潜在机制；总结了不同污染生境中潜在PFOA降解微生物的群落响应规律与资源挖掘策略；最后凝练了当前该领域面临的核心科学挑战，并提出了未来研究方向。本文旨在为PFOA降解微生物的资源开发、机制解析与工程化应用提供参考，为全球PFOA污染的微生物修复技术研发提供理论支撑和前瞻性思路。

全氟辛酸  /  全氟和多氟烷基物质  /  降解微生物  /  污染修复

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a representative per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS), has emerged as a priority-controlled emerging contaminant of global concern due to its extreme environmental persistence, bioaccumulation potential, and toxicity. It poses a serious threat to ecosystem stability and human health. Microbial degradation has become one of the most promising technological approaches for PFOA remediation, owing to its core advantages of being environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and amenable to large-scale application. This paper systematically reviews the research progress in PFOA-degrading microorganisms in terms of the characteristics, degradation efficiency, and underlying mechanisms of isolated and identified functional strains (bacteria and fungi). Subsequently, this paper synthesizes the response patterns of microbial communities and strategies for resource exploration in various contaminated habitats harboring potential PFOA degraders. Finally, it highlights key scientific challenges currently facing the field and makes an outlook on future research directions. This review aims to provide a reference for the resource development, mechanism elucidation, and engineering application of PFOA-degrading microorganisms, offering theoretical support and forward-looking perspectives for advancing microbial remediation technologies targeting global PFOA contamination.

perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)  /  per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS)  /  degrading microorganisms  /  contaminant remediation
胡超建, 杨凯哲, 方政, 吴逸轩, 刘若度, 吴青星, 董雷, 李文均. 全氟辛酸降解微生物的研究现状与展望. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2657 -2668 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260093
Chaojian HU, Kaizhe YANG, Zheng FANG, Yixuan WU, Ruodu LIU, Qingxing WU, Lei DONG, Wenjun LI. Research progress and prospects of PFOA-degrading microorganisms[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (6) : 2657 -2668 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260093
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全氟辛酸[perfluorooctanoic acid, PFOA，化学式CF3(CF2)6COOH] (图1)是全氟和多氟烷基物质(per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance, PFAS)家族中应用最为广泛、环境检出率最高的代表性化合物之一；其分子由疏水疏油的全氟化碳链与羧基亲水基团构成，独特的结构使其具备优异的耐热、耐酸碱、抗腐蚀及表面活性等特性，因而广泛用于消防泡沫、食品包装、电子制造等工业领域[1]。然而，PFOA分子中C-F键键能高达485 kJ/mol，使其在自然界中难以被水解、光解或生物代谢降解，呈现出“永久化学物质”的特征；同时，PFOA具有极强的生物积累性，可通过“水体-生物”食物链传递最终危及人类健康[2]。2023年12月，世界卫生组织下属机构国际癌症研究署正式将PFOA列入I类致癌物清单，证实其具有显著的生殖毒性与免疫毒性，可通过饮用水等多种途径进入人体并累积，进而引发癌症、肝损伤等一系列健康风险[3]。目前，随着PFOA的广泛使用及不规范处理，其污染已呈现全球蔓延态势，污染问题日益突出。为管控PFOA污染，全球已有超过40个国家和地区出台禁令或限制措施，我国也于2023年将PFOA纳入《重点管控新污染物清单》。然而，其历史环境归趋与生态效应已成为国际研究热点。
目前，PFOA去除技术主要分为非生物降解和生物降解2类，其中主流非生物去除技术涵盖化学催化降解(如过硫酸盐催化、电化学催化等)、光催化氧化降解(包括光-芬顿、光电催化、光催化等工艺)，以及吸附、超声波热降解和纳米复合膜过滤等其他新型去除方法[4-8]。催化氧化降解是目前PFOA降解最高效的技术路径，但该技术存在高耗能、高成本和二次污染等突出问题，尤其在化学催化氧化工艺中[5]。光催化氧化技术虽具备成本低和环境友好的优势，但目前其在降解机制以及有毒中间产物的生成与转化等方面的研究仍不够系统深入[6-7]。各类新型去除技术大多尚未成熟：吸附法处理周期长，且吸附剂的回收与再生问题亟待解决；膜过滤技术面临高成本和低处理效率的瓶颈，且上述2种方法仅能实现PFOA的物理吸附富集，无法实现真正意义上的降解矿化；超声波热降解技术则受限于实验条件，难以实现规模化应用[7-8]。
相较于非生物技术，微生物降解通过微生物代谢作用断裂C-F键，实现PFOA的部分或完全矿化(最终产物为CO2、F-等)，具备环境相容性好、运行成本低、无二次污染、可规模化推广等核心优势，被认为是PFOA污染治理领域极具潜力的前沿技术。PFOA作为典型的难降解“永久化学物质”，加之C-F键稳定，早期研究普遍认为微生物无法对其实现有效降解，因此相关研究开展较少。近年来，随着研究手段的革新与研究深度的拓展，少部分能降解PFOA的功能菌株逐渐被筛选分离，其潜在降解途径也逐步得以解析[9]。基于此，本文围绕可降解PFOA的微生物资源挖掘以及潜在降解途径解析等方面的最新研究进展展开综述，旨在为推动PFOA污染环境微生物降解领域的研究深化、技术突破与创新应用提供参考。
1 已分离PFOA降解微生物的资源特征与降解机制
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微生物对PFOA的降解本质是通过脱氟作用断裂C-F键，其降解方式主要分为2类：共代谢(以其他有机物为主要碳源，PFOA作为共代谢底物，氧气为电子受体)与生长代谢(以PFOA为唯一碳源和能源，通过同化吸收实现降解)[4,10]。由于C-F键具有高稳定性，目前已分离鉴定的PFOA降解微生物种类有限，主要涵盖细菌与真菌两大类，其降解效能、核心机制与生态适应性存在显著差异，表1汇总了目前已发现的可降解PFOA的微生物种类。
1.1 可培养细菌的PFOA降解特性与潜在机制
目前已分离的PFOA降解细菌主要来源于PFOA污染土壤或湿地环境，以革兰氏阴性菌为主，其降解机制多依赖脱氟酶催化、电子传递耦合等过程，且菌株需通过共代谢底物补充或协同介质强化等方式提升PFOA降解效能。根据降解路径与核心驱动机制的差异，可将已报道的可培养细菌降解体系分为共代谢驱动型、脱羧-逐步脱氟型、铁氨氧化(ferric ammonium oxidation, Feammox)耦合还原脱氟型三大类，各类体系的降解特性、分子机制与强化路径如下。
1.1.1 共代谢驱动的PFOA降解及菌株工程化强化
共代谢是PFOA生物降解中最常见的强化策略，葡萄糖等易利用碳源可通过补充能量、促进菌株增殖显著提升PFOA降解效率，其中副黄假单胞菌(Pseudomonas parafulva) YAB-1是该类降解体系的典型模式菌株。
野生型YAB-1菌株在30 ℃、pH 7.0条件下，以PFOA为唯一碳源时降解效率仅为32.4%，而向培养基中添加葡萄糖(1 g/L)后，降解率提升至48.1%；这一现象的核心机制是：葡萄糖作为易降解碳源，优先被菌株代谢利用，一方面促进菌株生物量增殖，另一方面为PFOA降解相关酶的合成以及C-F键断裂的耗能反应提供能量和代谢中间体，缓解了PFOA作为唯一碳源时的营养限制与毒性压力，从而显著提升PFOA降解效率[11]。基于该菌株的降解特性，进一步采用基因重组技术(基因洗牌)对YAB-1菌株进行改造，先通过紫外线照射与亚硝基胍诱变相结合的方式筛选获得降解能力略有提升的突变株YM-9 (降解率36.9%)和YM-19 (降解率37.2%)，再将其制备成原生质体后诱导融合，并在含高浓度PFOA的培养基上进行多轮递归筛选；经过3轮基因组洗牌，最终获得降解效能最优的重组菌株F3-52，其PFOA降解率高达58.6%，且该重组菌株具备良好的遗传稳定性，证实了基因工程改造策略在强化菌株降解效能方面的可行性[12]。
1.1.2 脱羧-逐步脱氟介导的降解途径与关键功能酶
脱羧后逐步去除-CF2基团生成短链全氟羧酸(perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, PFCAs)，是目前已知PFOA降解功能菌株中最普遍的降解方式。具备该降解机制的菌株多分离自PFOA污染土壤，多数能以PFOA为唯一碳源生长，实现其部分矿化，核心功能单元可能为脱卤酶，这是一类可催化卤代有机化合物脱除卤素原子的关键水解酶，直接介导PFOA的C-F键断裂与脱氟过程[24]。
黏着剑菌(Ensifer adhaerens) M1与杀香鱼假单胞菌(Pseudomonas plecoglossicida) DD4具有相似的降解机制和效率。E. adhaerens M1是从受污染的灭火泡沫土壤中经富集培养分离得到的功能菌株，其为革兰氏阴性、无芽孢的运动杆菌，在26 ℃、160 r/min条件下降解过程与菌株增殖同步；P. plecoglossicida DD4则是从生产含卤素除草剂的企业的受污染土壤中分离；二者均可在PFOA浓度为1.0 g/L的条件下，培养4 d内达到完全降解，降解过程中伴随氟离子(F-)释放，且通过LC-MS-IT-TOF分析证实了其特异性降解路径(图2)：PFOA先经脱羧生成全氟庚烷的中间产物，最终均转化为全氟庚酸(perfluoroheptanoic acid, PFHpA)，但PFHpA可能对后续降解存在抑制作用[13-14]。
摩氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas mosselii) 5(3)的降解谱更广，可以降解包括PFOA在内所有C7-C10长链全氟羧酸(PFCAs)，在28 ℃、180 r/min的条件下，7 d内完全降解，所有C7-C10 PFCAs均被转化为全氟己酸(perfluorohexanoic acid, PFHxA)，且检测到F-的释放，推测可能的降解路径为：先脱羧后逐步脱去CF2单元，经过多次循环反应，最后均形成PFHxA；通过基因组分析，能够参与脱氟的基因包括卤代烷脱卤酶基因(dhaA)、卤代乙酸脱卤酶H-1基因(dehH1)以及氟离子转运基因(crcB)；同时该菌株还能将全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物(perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, PFOS)也降解为PFHxA，推测其烷基磺酸盐单加氧酶基因(ssuE)参与了磺酸基团的断裂过程[15]。食酸代尔夫特菌(Delftia acidovorans)的降解功能尚未被完全验证，但其能在以PFOA为唯一碳源的培养基中生长，且观察到氟浓度明显增加；基因组测序鉴定出2种假定的卤酸脱卤素酶(DeHa I和DeHa Ⅱ)及FAcD；通过同源建模、结合测定和大肠杆菌异源表达，检测到大肠杆菌DeHa 1重组体在高浓度PFOA下培养4 h后可释放F-[25]。
菌株对PFOA的降解效率存在显著的浓度依赖性，高浓度PFOA对菌株生长与降解活性存在明显抑制作用；铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)在4 d内对PFOA的降解率随初始浓度降低而升高：初始浓度10 mg/L时降解率仅3.17%，1 mg/L时升至12.0%，0.1 mg/L时可达27.9%；降解过程中仅检测到PFHxA一种产物，且其浓度先升后降，提示PFHxA可被菌株进一步降解。恶臭假单胞菌(Pseudomonas putida)在相同培养周期内对不同初始浓度PFOA的降解率分别为：10 mg/L时1.84%、1 mg/L时12.3%、0.1 mg/L时19.0%；降解产物包括PFHxA、PFHpA，仅在0.1 mg/L组中检测到全氟戊酸(perfluoropentanoic acid, PFPeA)，所有产物浓度均在2 d内达到峰值后持续下降；基于降解产物的种类与变化规律，推测2株假单胞菌均通过逐步去除-CF2基团实现PFOA降解，生成碳链更短的全氟羧酸产物(图3)[16]。
1.1.3 Feammox耦合厌氧还原脱氟的独特降解机制
酸微菌(Acidimicrobium sp.) A6是目前PFOA生物降解领域研究最系统、机制最明确的功能菌株之一，其核心降解机制为厌氧条件下的铁氨氧化(即铁还原耦合厌氧氨氧化)过程耦合还原性脱氟(图4)，即以铵离子(NH4+)为电子供体，以三价铁[Fe(Ⅲ)]为主要电子受体，通过氧化NH4+生成亚硝酸盐(NO2-)、还原Fe(Ⅲ)为亚铁离子[Fe(Ⅱ)]的同时，将电子转移至目标污染物实现C-F键逐步断裂，降解产物包括短链全氟羧酸[全氟丁酸(perfluorobutanoic acid, PFBA)、PFPeA、PFHxA和PFHpA等]和无机氟离子(F-)。
该菌株的PFOA降解效率因培养体系而异，单菌纯培养体系中100 d内PFOA降解率达33%，在A6富集体系(含异养菌)中PFOA降解率提升至50%，在工业污水处理厂污泥体系中150 d内溶解PFOA降解率最高达67.6%；而在微生物电解池(microbial electrolysis cells, MEC)中以石墨板为阳极替代Fe(Ⅲ)作为电子受体时，18 d内PFOA平均降解率可达77%，若采用聚丙烯酸(polyacrylic acid, PAA)包覆的针铁矿作为电子受体，可通过降低电荷转移阻力、改善颗粒稳定性进一步强化降解效能[17-21]。
自Feammox过程被发现以来，其活性已在多种富含铁元素的厌氧环境中被广泛检测到，包括森林河岸带土壤、湿地、稻田土壤、河流沉积物乃至海洋沉积物[26-27]。然而，由该过程驱动的PFOA还原脱氟降解，目前仅在A6菌株中得到明确验证，这一降解机制对环境条件与底物要求高度专一，严格依赖于厌氧环境、铁氧化物的存在以及铵根作为电子供体。对于其他已证实具备Feammox代谢潜力的微生物类群，其是否同样具备耦合PFOA还原脱氟的降解功能仍有待通过富集培养、纯菌分离与定向功能验证开展深入探究。
综上所述，现有可培养PFOA降解菌株虽在降解路径、效能强化上各具特色，但仍存在三大共性瓶颈：(1) PFOA降解的核心功能基因与酶学机制尚未完全明确；(2) 短链中间产物积累导致的降解抑制难以突破；(3) 纯培养菌株的环境适配性与实际降解效率不足。未来研究需聚焦关键功能基因挖掘、短链产物协同降解体系构建及菌株定向改造技术优化，以提升降解菌株的实际应用潜力。
1.2 可培养真菌的PFOA降解特性与潜在机制
目前已分离的PFOA降解真菌主要来源于氟化物污染场地或森林土壤，以丝状真菌为主[如木霉属(Trichoderma sp.)、毛霉属(Mucor sp.)、黄孢原毛平革菌(Phanerochaete chrysosporium)]，与细菌依赖脱卤酶催化、电子传递耦合的降解机制不同，真菌对PFOA的降解多以氧化酶系介导的自由基氧化脱氟为核心路径，降解效能与底物浓度、胞外酶系分泌水平密切相关，整体降解特性与细菌体系存在显著差异。
1.2.1 胞外氧化酶系驱动的PFOA共代谢降解
Trichoderma sp. AF1与Mucor sp. AF2是从湖南株洲某氟化物废弃工厂的污染土壤中，通过以PFOA为唯一碳源梯度富集驯化分离获得的PFOA降解真菌；在初始PFOA浓度为500 mg/L的无机盐培养基中，于28 ℃、160 r/min培养条件下，2株真菌均呈现典型微生物生长曲线：0-12 h为适应期，12-48 h进入对数生长期，48 h时菌丝干重达到峰值，随后进入稳定期与衰亡期；2株菌的PFOA降解效率随培养时间逐步提升，于72 h时达到最大值，其中Trichoderma sp. AF1的PFOA降解率为24.24%，Mucor sp. AF2的降解率为28.12%；值得注意的是，2株菌株均具备中等漆酶(laccase, Lac)活性，培养72 h后还检测到微弱的多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性，推测这类胞外氧化酶系直接参与或辅助介导了PFOA的降解过程[22]。
1.2.2 木质素降解酶系介导的自由基氧化脱氟降解
P. chrysosporium BKM-F-1767是目前研究最系统的PFOA降解白腐真菌，其对PFOA的净化以生物降解为主(吸附仅占1.91%)，核心依赖木质素降解酶系介导的自由基反应。该菌株可分泌漆酶、木质素过氧化物酶(lignin peroxidase, LiP)和锰过氧化物酶(manganese peroxidase, MnP)，其中LiP是潜在的降解关键酶，在PFOA体系中其活性较其他2种酶高1-2个数量级；值得注意的是，PFOA初始添加会抑制酶活性(前14 d LiP和MnP活性分别降低47.57%和47.41%)，14 d后菌株启动防御机制使酶活性显著增强(LiP活性较对照组提升605.43%)；在pH 3.0、39 ℃、藜芦醇(veratryl alcohol, VA)、初始PFOA浓度0.002 mmol/L的Kirk培养基中培养35 d，菌株可达到最大的PFOA去除率(69.23%)；高浓度PFOA (0.01 mmol/L)或过量VA (40 mmol/L)会通过竞争酶活性位点、加剧自由基淬灭抑制降解；基于降解产物分析，推测其潜在降解机制为自由基交叉耦合与重排(图5)：PFOA先经脱羧生成全氟庚基自由基，再与体系中非氟自由基反应，最终产物包括部分含氟醛、含氟醇及芳香环化合物[23]。
综上所述，与细菌降解体系相比，真菌对PFOA的降解展现出独特的特性：其核心降解路径不依赖脱卤酶的直接催化，而是通过胞外氧化酶系产生的自由基实现氧化脱氟，对高浓度PFOA的耐受性更强。然而，相关研究仍存在明显短板：(1) PFOA降解的关键功能酶与编码基因尚未完全明确；(2) 降解菌株的资源挖掘严重不足；(3) 降解中间产物的转化规律与环境风险尚未厘清。未来研究需聚焦降解关键功能基因的鉴定、高效降解菌株资源的系统挖掘，以及真菌降解体系的实际环境适配性优化，进一步提升真菌在PFOA污染生物修复中的应用潜力。
2 微生物对PFOA胁迫的响应及潜在降解功能菌株
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大量研究表明，PFOA暴露可驱动微生物群落结构重构，特异性富集耐PFOA菌株及潜在降解功能类群为新颖PFOA降解微生物的资源挖掘提供了重要线索[28-35]。然而，不同生境中的基质特性、污染程度等理化条件存在差异，导致微生物群落对PFOA的响应特征与潜在降解菌(未经过实验验证)富集规律呈现一定差异；同时，自然环境中PFOA的生物转化多依赖微生物群落的协同代谢作用，而非单一菌株的独立代谢。
目前绝大多数报道的潜在降解菌仅基于群落丰度响应、相关性分析或共现网络结果推测得出，其真实的PFOA降解功能尚未通过纯培养分离与定向实验得到验证。因此，本节以活性污泥/人工反应器、污染土壤/沉积物这两大PFOA污染核心生境为框架，系统梳理微生物对PFOA胁迫的响应规律，揭示不同生境中群落响应的共性特征与特异性差异。
2.1 活性污泥和反应器中微生物对PFOA的响应及潜在降解菌群
活性污泥及生物反应器是PFOA污染水体治理的核心工程体系，其微生物群落受人工运行条件调控显著，对PFOA的胁迫响应呈现两大核心共性规律。(1) PFOA以吸附为先导去除途径，后续伴随有限生物降解，持续暴露会驱动群落定向演替，整体降低多样性并富集耐污、潜在降解类群。Chiavola等[28]率先证实活性污泥吸附PFOA饱和后存在生物降解现象，证明体系中存在具PFOA转化潜能的微生物；Huang等[29]进一步发现，长期PFOA暴露会显著降低活性污泥群落多样性，同时定向富集耐受及潜在降解类群。(2) 群落响应具有显著氧环境依赖性，厌氧体系更易富集还原脱氟潜能菌，好氧体系以共代谢异养菌富集为主，共现网络核心节点类群多通过调控群落代谢间接促进PFOA转化。Huang等[29]明确了氧环境对富集类群的调控作用：厌氧条件下主要富集红假单胞菌属(Rhodopseudomonas)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium)、慢长杆菌属(Ignavibacterium)，好氧条件下以真杆菌属(Eubacterium)、生丝微菌属(Hyphomicrobium)、甲基营养菌属(Methyloversatilis)为主，固氮螺菌属(Azospirillum)和香蕉孢菌属(Sporomusa)是2类环境共现网络的共同核心节点。Long等[30]构建的氢基膜生物反应器，通过Pd催化与反硝化耦合实现PFOA深度脱氟(最大脱氟率81%)，宏基因组分析显示体系特异性富集脱氯单胞菌(Dechloromonas sp.) CZR5、人类布鲁氏菌(Brucella anthropi)等潜在脱氟菌。
2.2 污染土壤中微生物对PFOA的响应及潜在降解菌群
污染场地(如氟化工厂及周边污染土壤)是潜在PFOA降解微生物的重要储库，该类生境中微生物对PFOA的胁迫响应呈现三大核心规律，富集类群具有显著生境特异性。(1) PFOA对群落多样性的影响呈双向性，长期高浓度暴露会显著降低多样性，低浓度污染可通过拓展生态位提升多样性，差异与污染浓度、暴露时长、基质复杂度密切相关。Tang等[31]、Sun等[32]针对高污染含水层沉积物的研究均显示，长期高浓度PFOA胁迫会显著降低群落多样性；而Xu等[33]、Cai等[34]针对低污染土壤的研究发现，PFOA暴露可整体提升群落多样性。(2) 潜在降解类群的富集特征与环境氧化还原条件、电子受体供给直接相关。厌氧富铁/富硫沉积物中主要富集具铁还原、硫还原潜能的化能自养菌，包括絮状屈挠线菌(Flexilinea flocculi)、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、硫杆菌属(Thiobacillus)、氧化硫单胞菌属(Sulfurimonas)等[31-32]；旱地/农田土壤中主要富集异养共代谢菌及群落调控核心类群，如固氮螺菌属、食氢产水菌属(Hydrogenophaga)，以及酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexota)等类群[33-34]；厌氧强化体系中则特异性富集脱卤素杆菌属(Dehalobacter)、香蕉孢菌属(Sporomusa)等具脱卤功能的专性厌氧菌[35]。(3) 自然体系中PFOA的生物转化更依赖群落协同代谢，而非单一菌株独立作用。PFOA污染体系的核心节点类群多为电子传递、代谢互营相关菌属，提示种间互作是自然环境中PFOA转化的核心驱动力。
综上所述，两大生境中微生物对PFOA的胁迫响应存在3条跨生境的普适性规律：(1) 群落多样性的响应方向由污染浓度、生境复杂度共同决定，高浓度长期暴露普遍会降低群落多样性；(2) 潜在降解菌的富集具有显著的生境特异性，厌氧富铁环境更易富集还原脱氟相关的化能自养菌，好氧富营养环境以富集共代谢异养菌为主；(3) 固氮螺菌属等核心网络节点类群在多个生境中被共同识别，提示其在PFOA转化中发挥普适性的生态调控功能。然而，必须强调的是，目前报道的绝大多数“潜在降解菌”仍停留在群落层面的相关性推测，真正通过纯培养分离，并验证PFOA降解功能的菌株仅有Acidimicrobium sp. A6等极少数案例，从相关性推测到实验验证仍是该领域亟待突破的核心瓶颈。
基于上述领域研究缺口，本课题组以珠江流域典型污染环境样品为菌源，开展了针对性的PFOA降解功能菌挖掘工作。已有研究明确报道珠江流域存在PFAS污染，且PFOA作为核心特征污染物，在旱、雨季均占据污染贡献主导地位[36-38]。以此为背景，课题组通过长期定向富集培养(以PFOA为唯一碳源)及多轮菌株分离纯化，以期获得大量可在PFOA选择压力下稳定生长的潜在功能菌株。后续研究将结合宏基因组、宏转录组等多组学技术与代谢产物精准检测，深入验证这些菌株是否真正具备以PFOA为唯一碳源进行生长代谢的能力，解析菌株间的种间互作关系及其对降解效率的调控机制，为珠江口本土降解微生物资源开发奠定基础。
3 总结与展望
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综上所述，PFOA微生物降解的技术可行性已得到充分证实，目前已分离鉴定的降解微生物涵盖细菌、真菌两大类，形成了一定资源储备，其中细菌以P. parafulva、Acidimicrobium sp. A6为核心类群，真菌以P. chrysosporium为代表，分别通过脱氟酶催化、Feammox耦合、自由基重排等独特机制实现PFOA的一定降解，而Dehalobacter属等潜在功能类群经多组学验证也可能具备高效降解潜能。
尽管PFOA微生物降解研究已取得阶段性突破，但结合实际应用需求与科学研究深度，该领域仍存在四大核心挑战亟待解决：(1) 高效降解菌资源挖掘不充分且效能有限，现有野生菌株普遍存在降解效率偏低、底物耐受范围窄、培养条件苛刻等问题；(2) 菌株降解机制与中间产物路径仍不清晰，关键功能基因、核心酶系与中间产物转化规律尚未形成系统性认知；(3) 基于微生物种间互作对PFOA的降解机制研究存在不足，自然群落中功能菌的互作模式与代谢分工仍不明确；(4) 技术工程化应用不成熟，现有研究多集中于实验室纯培养或模拟体系，针对实际污染水体、土壤、污泥等复杂基质的适配性与稳定性研究极为匮乏。
新兴技术的发展为应对上述挑战提供了新的研究范式与方法支撑。首先，多组学技术的整合应用将极大推动PFOA降解机制的深入解析。宏基因组学可系统挖掘环境样本中潜在的降解功能基因，揭示参与PFOA转化的关键微生物类群及其代谢潜能；宏转录组学与宏蛋白组学可进一步揭示PFOA胁迫下功能基因的表达调控动态，识别响应污染暴露的核心功能模块；代谢组学则可通过精准检测中间代谢产物重构PFOA的降解代谢网络，弥补当前对降解路径认知不足的短板。上述多组学技术的综合应用有望突破“黑箱”式的群落响应描述，实现从“谁在”到“如何做”的机制性跨越。其次，合成生物学为构建高效PFOA降解工程菌株开辟了新路径。一方面，可借助异源表达体系精准验证PFOA降解相关候选功能基因的降解活性，再基于功能确证的核心基因，在模式菌株中重构完整的PFOA降解代谢通路，实现功能模块的定向设计与优化；另一方面，可利用基因编辑技术(如CRISPR/Cas9系统)对现有降解菌株进行定向改造，增强其对PFOA的耐受性、底物亲和力及电子传递效率。例如，可将A6菌株的Feammox关键功能模块导入环境适应性更强的宿主菌中，强化基因表达，从而突破野生菌株降解效能低、培养条件苛刻等限制。
此外，新兴技术在解析微生物互作机制与工程化应用方面同样具有广阔前景。结合稳定同位素探针技术与单细胞拉曼光谱，可在复杂群落中精准识别活跃的PFOA转化个体；基于合成菌群的设计理念可重构人工功能群落，模拟自然生态系统中的协同代谢模式，探索通过菌群互作提升降解效能的可行性。
未来研究亟需聚焦上述问题，结合同位素标记的富集培养技术与多组学分析，精准挖掘复杂环境中潜在的高效降解菌株。同时，通过设计特异性培养基结合前沿菌株分离培养技术，定向挖掘高效降解PFOA的功能菌株。最后通过基因编辑技术强化菌株降解效能，并深入解析群落间的互作机制，为全球PFAS污染治理提供坚实的理论支撑与实践保障。
基金
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  • 深圳市科技重大专项(KCXFZ20240903092800002)
  • 广州市科学技术局重点研究项目(2024B03J1276)
  • 中山大学大学生创新创业训练计划(20261611)
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2026年第66卷第6期
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文章信息
doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260093
  • 接收时间：2026-01-30
  • 首发时间：2026-06-17
  • 出版时间：2026-06-04
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  • 收稿日期：2026-01-30
  • 录用日期：2026-04-11
基金
the Shenzhen Science and Technology Major Project(KCXFZ20240903092800002)
深圳市科技重大专项(KCXFZ20240903092800002)
the Key Research Program of Guangzhou Science and Technology Bureau(2024B03J1276)
广州市科学技术局重点研究项目(2024B03J1276)
the Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program of Sun Yat-sen University(20261611)
中山大学大学生创新创业训练计划(20261611)
作者信息
    1.中山大学 生命科学学院，广东 广州
    2.Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Yorkshire, UK
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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