Article(id=1259888474757448092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250876, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1763913600000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1767888000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-09, onlineDate=1778310419978, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1777824000000, pubDateStr=2026-05-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778310419978, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778310419978, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778310419978, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259888457367806489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='5', pageStart='2031', pageEnd='2556', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778310415832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778320153326, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2371, endPage=2383, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259888481426391504, articleId=1259888474757448092, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Isolation, identification, and pathogenicity analysis of ST25 Klebsiella pneumoniae from Alligator sinensis, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To determine the cause of death of an adult crocodile in the Alligator sinensis Management Center in Anhui Province. Methods Bacteria were isolated from the heart, liver, lung, and spleen via the culture method, and the isolates were identified by morphological observation, biochemical tests, and molecular biological methods. Furthermore, the mucus phenotype was determined by means of the string test. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was conducted on the basis of seven housekeeping loci. Virulence gene analysis, pathogenicity test, drug resistance gene analysis, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were conducted to clarify the pathogenicity and drug resistance of the isolates. Results The pathogenic bacteria isolated from the four organs were morphologically consistent Gram-negative bacilli. Through biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene and khe sequencing, the isolates were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae YZE01, capsular serotype K2. String test showed that the strain was hypermucinous K. pneumoniae, and MLST analysis showed that the strain belonged to sequence type 25 (ST25). The strain carried six virulence genes: fimH, entB, rmpA, rmpA2, mrkD, and wabG. Pathogenicity tests showed that some of the tested mice died within 24 h after infection with YZE01, and the same strain was isolated from the heart, liver, lung, and spleen. The lung tissue of infected mice showed hemorrhage and congestion lesions to different degrees. In addition, RT-qPCR revealed that the transcript levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in the lung peaked at 12 h post-infection and then declined. The strain carried three drug resistance genes (blaSHV, armA, and ermB), and it was not sensitive to cephalexin, cefazolin, ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, erythromycin, roxithromycin, and clindamycin. Conclusion The isolated strain K. pneumoniae YZE01 carries a variety of virulence genes and has strong pathogenicity and drug resistance. It is considered as a major cause of death in A. sinensis. The findings are conducive to the prevention and control of diseases in A. sinensis.

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目的 探明一例起源于安徽省扬子鳄繁殖研究中心的成年鳄死因。 方法 分别从该成年鳄的心、肝、脾、肺中进行病原分离培养,采用形态观察、生化特性及分子生物学方法进行鉴定;利用拉丝试验判定黏液表型;根据7个管家基因进行多位点序列分型(multilocus sequence typing, MLST);通过毒力基因分析、致病性试验、耐药基因分析及药物敏感性试验,阐明分离菌株的致病性和耐药性。 结果 从4种组织脏器中分离出的病原菌为形态一致的革兰阴性杆菌,结合生化试验、16S rRNA基因和khe基因鉴定结果,确定菌株均为肺炎克雷伯氏菌(命名为YZE01),经荚膜血清型鉴定为K2型;拉丝试验呈阳性,表明该菌株为高黏液型;MLST分析表明,该菌为ST25型;毒力基因检测显示,其携带rmpArmpA2entBfimHmarkDwabG这6种毒力基因。致病性试验显示,部分受试小鼠在感染后24 h内死亡,剖检后在其心、肝、脾、肺中均可分离出该菌;且肝肺组织呈现不同程度的出血和淤血病变;此外,RT-qPCR结果显示,肺组织炎性因子IL-1βIL-6IL-8TNF-α的表达水平在12 h时达到高峰后下降。在耐药性方面,该菌株同时携带blaSHVarmAermB这3种耐药基因,对头孢氨苄、头孢唑林、氨苄西林、链霉素、庆大霉素、红霉素、罗红霉素和克林霉素均不敏感。 结论 所分离的肺炎克雷伯氏菌YZE01株携带多种毒力基因,具有较强的致病性和耐药性,对扬子鳄具有显著的损伤和致死作用,可为扬子鳄疾病的防控提供有效手段。

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作者贡献声明

梁引龙:进行实验及论文撰写、修改;葛梦丽:设计实验方案及论文修改;徐佳俊:数据分析与讨论;吴飞:监督管理,提供技术支持;米家伟:实验验证;丁琦瑛:收集数据;陈洪超:提供技术支持;周永康:项目管理;易平四:提供资源;徐前明:获取基金,提出概念。

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Virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiling of porcine Klebsiella pneumoniae and bacteriophage isolation and identification[D]. Zhengzhou: Henan Agricultural University, 2025 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259928560991613299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888474757448092, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=23, issue=13, pageStart=7361, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=48, authorNames=Albarracin L, Ortiz Moyano R, Vargas JM, Andrade BGN, Cortez Zamar J, Dentice Maidana S, Fukuyama K, Kurata S, Jure MÁ, Kitazawa H, Villena J, journalName=International Journal of Molecular Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Albarracin L, Ortiz Moyano R, Vargas JM, Andrade BGN, Cortez Zamar J, Dentice Maidana S, Fukuyama K, Kurata S, Jure , Kitazawa H, Villena J. Genomic and immunological characterization of hypermucoviscous carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae ST25 isolates from northwest Argentina[J]. 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A: 16S rRNA gene PCR amplification results; B: khe gene PCR amplification results. Lane M: DL2000 DNA marker; Lane 1: Negative; Lane 2: The isolated strain., figureFileSmall=9R4yK3Uuejl58Y+IsV+TUQ==, figureFileBig=e87wmPTBRNQhKE8TmsketA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928462391915199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888474757448092, language=CN, label=图1, caption=分离菌株YZE01 16S rRNA基因和 khe 基因PCR扩增结果, figureFileSmall=9R4yK3Uuejl58Y+IsV+TUQ==, figureFileBig=e87wmPTBRNQhKE8TmsketA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928468993749728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888474757448092, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequences of isolated strains. 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Lane M: DL2000 DNA marker; Lane 1: K2; Lane 2: K1; Lane 3: K5; Lane 4: K20; Lane 5: K54; Lane 6: K57., figureFileSmall=eBTpteWxLg0wyj4YRdCo/A==, figureFileBig=t5mdLM+5mecjjY4sQJv5Tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928473188053754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888474757448092, language=CN, label=图3, caption=荚膜血清分型, figureFileSmall=eBTpteWxLg0wyj4YRdCo/A==, figureFileBig=t5mdLM+5mecjjY4sQJv5Tg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928476593828613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888474757448092, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Wire drawing test results., figureFileSmall=fCmV2Yu/7RY35P3ZXwbmWA==, figureFileBig=eKEyedPdWBktGR2JmarFDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928479445955342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888474757448092, language=CN, label=图4, caption=拉丝试验结果, figureFileSmall=fCmV2Yu/7RY35P3ZXwbmWA==, figureFileBig=eKEyedPdWBktGR2JmarFDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928480792326935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888474757448092, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Identification results of virulence genes. A: rmpA gene; B: rmpA2 gene; C: entB gene; D: fimH gene; E: markD gene; F: wabG gene. Lane M: DL2000 DNA marker; Lane 1: Negative; Lane 2: The isolated strain., figureFileSmall=8iZmkF1+G64ELWBCv/+c+A==, figureFileBig=UbTV/PDjG+V6urthlvIFOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928484160353060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888474757448092, language=CN, label=图5, caption=毒力基因的鉴定结果, figureFileSmall=8iZmkF1+G64ELWBCv/+c+A==, figureFileBig=UbTV/PDjG+V6urthlvIFOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928486261699377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888474757448092, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Comparative necropsy of mice and identification of bacteria isolated from various organs. A: Survival curves; B: Laparotomy diagram (a: Experimental group; b: Control group; c-d: Lung; e-f: Liver); C: Colony morphology of bacterial isolates from various organs (a: Isolated heart bacteria; b: Isolated liver bacteria; c: Isolated spleen bacteria; d: Isolated lung bacteria); D: khe gene-based identification of bacterial isolates from various organs (Lane M: DL2000 DNA marker; Lane 1: Negative; Lane 2: Spleen; Lane 3: Liver; Lane 4: Kidney; Lane 5: Lung; Lane 6: Heart)., figureFileSmall=vcIs6RP4IiFEZdBU3P+ltQ==, figureFileBig=sSYZwzZpD+ffcrVZ8OihZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928487901672248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888474757448092, language=CN, label=图6, caption=小鼠剖检对比及各脏器分离菌的鉴定, figureFileSmall=vcIs6RP4IiFEZdBU3P+ltQ==, figureFileBig=sSYZwzZpD+ffcrVZ8OihZg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928490023990075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888474757448092, language=EN, label=Figure 7, caption=The relative mRNA expression levels of related genes in mouse lung tissue. A: IL-1β mRNA expression; B: IL-6 mRNA expression; C: IL-8 mRNA expression; D: TNF-α mRNA expression. * P<0.05: Significant difference; ** P<0.01: Highly significant; *** P<0.001: Extremely significant., figureFileSmall=4V3N0mBDoKXqB6jym9wKXA==, figureFileBig=rXhQu28S9255MptkdTZ0/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928492741899083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888474757448092, language=CN, label=图7, caption=小鼠肺部组织相关基因mRNA相对表达水平, figureFileSmall=4V3N0mBDoKXqB6jym9wKXA==, figureFileBig=rXhQu28S9255MptkdTZ0/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928494235071315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888474757448092, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Identification results of drug resistance genes. A: blaSHV gene; B: armA gene; C: ermB gene. Lane M: DL2000 DNA marker; Lane 1: Negative; Lane 2: The isolated strain., figureFileSmall=Ld25eONaS47708C5/5bkRg==, figureFileBig=pDLEeJbXJ6MT4wEGwangWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928496852317023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888474757448092, language=CN, label=图8, caption=耐药基因的鉴定结果, figureFileSmall=Ld25eONaS47708C5/5bkRg==, figureFileBig=pDLEeJbXJ6MT4wEGwangWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928497624068972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888474757448092, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sequences of relevant primers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)Amplicon size/bpAnnealing temperature/℃
khe

F: TGATTGCATTCGCCACTGG

R: GGTCAACCCAACGATCCTG

42858
16S rRNA

27F: AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG

1429R: GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT

1 46560
), ArticleFig(id=1259928499167572858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888474757448092, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

相关引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Gene namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)Amplicon size/bpAnnealing temperature/℃
khe

F: TGATTGCATTCGCCACTGG

R: GGTCAACCCAACGATCCTG

42858
16S rRNA

27F: AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG

1429R: GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT

1 46560
), ArticleFig(id=1259928500954346371, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888474757448092, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Susceptibility test results of isolated strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Types of antibioticsAntimicrobial

Diameter of the

bacteriostatic zone/mm

Sensitivity
β-lactamsCephalexin16.67±0.58R
Cefoperazone13.33±1.53I
Cefazolin18.33±0.58R
Ceftriaxone22.33±2.08S
Ceftazidime19.00±1.73I
Ampicillin0.00±0.00R
SulfonamidesTrimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole)21.67±0.58S
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin0.00±0.00R
Gentamicin9.67±1.15R
Amikacin18.00±0.00S
TetracyclinesTetracycline11.33±0.58I
Doxycycline13.00±1.00I
QuinolonesOfloxacin16.67±0.58S
Norfloxacin20.00±0.00S
Ciprofloxacin20.67±1.53S
MacrolidesErythromycin0.00±0.00R
Roxithromycin0.00±0.00R
Azithromycin8.33±1.15I
PeptidesPolymyxin B17.67±1.53S
LincosamidesClindamycin7.33±0.58R
Amido-alcoholsFlorfenicol11.00±0.00I
), ArticleFig(id=1259928504330761109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888474757448092, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

分离菌株药敏试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Types of antibioticsAntimicrobial

Diameter of the

bacteriostatic zone/mm

Sensitivity
β-lactamsCephalexin16.67±0.58R
Cefoperazone13.33±1.53I
Cefazolin18.33±0.58R
Ceftriaxone22.33±2.08S
Ceftazidime19.00±1.73I
Ampicillin0.00±0.00R
SulfonamidesTrimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole)21.67±0.58S
AminoglycosidesStreptomycin0.00±0.00R
Gentamicin9.67±1.15R
Amikacin18.00±0.00S
TetracyclinesTetracycline11.33±0.58I
Doxycycline13.00±1.00I
QuinolonesOfloxacin16.67±0.58S
Norfloxacin20.00±0.00S
Ciprofloxacin20.67±1.53S
MacrolidesErythromycin0.00±0.00R
Roxithromycin0.00±0.00R
Azithromycin8.33±1.15I
PeptidesPolymyxin B17.67±1.53S
LincosamidesClindamycin7.33±0.58R
Amido-alcoholsFlorfenicol11.00±0.00I
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扬子鳄源ST-25型肺炎克雷伯氏菌的分离鉴定及致病性分析
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梁引龙 1 , 葛梦丽 1 , 徐佳俊 1 , 吴飞 1 , 米家伟 1 , 丁琦瑛 1 , 陈洪超 1 , 周永康 2 , 易平四 2 , 徐前明 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(5): 2371-2383
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(5): 2371-2383
扬子鳄源ST-25型肺炎克雷伯氏菌的分离鉴定及致病性分析
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梁引龙1, 葛梦丽1, 徐佳俊1, 吴飞1, 米家伟1, 丁琦瑛1, 陈洪超1, 周永康2, 易平四2, 徐前明1
作者信息
  • 1.安徽农业大学 动物医学院,安徽 合肥
  • 2.安徽扬子鳄国家级自然保护区管理局,安徽 宣城
Isolation, identification, and pathogenicity analysis of ST25 Klebsiella pneumoniae from Alligator sinensis
Yinlong LIANG1, Mengli GE1, Jiajun XU1, Fei WU1, Jiawei MI1, Qiying DING1, Hongchao CHEN1, Yongkang ZHOU2, Pingsi YI2, Qianming XU1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, China
  • 2.Anhui Alligator sinensis National Nature Reserve Administration, Xuancheng, Anhui, China
出版时间: 2026-05-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250876
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目的 探明一例起源于安徽省扬子鳄繁殖研究中心的成年鳄死因。 方法 分别从该成年鳄的心、肝、脾、肺中进行病原分离培养,采用形态观察、生化特性及分子生物学方法进行鉴定;利用拉丝试验判定黏液表型;根据7个管家基因进行多位点序列分型(multilocus sequence typing, MLST);通过毒力基因分析、致病性试验、耐药基因分析及药物敏感性试验,阐明分离菌株的致病性和耐药性。 结果 从4种组织脏器中分离出的病原菌为形态一致的革兰阴性杆菌,结合生化试验、16S rRNA基因和khe基因鉴定结果,确定菌株均为肺炎克雷伯氏菌(命名为YZE01),经荚膜血清型鉴定为K2型;拉丝试验呈阳性,表明该菌株为高黏液型;MLST分析表明,该菌为ST25型;毒力基因检测显示,其携带rmpArmpA2entBfimHmarkDwabG这6种毒力基因。致病性试验显示,部分受试小鼠在感染后24 h内死亡,剖检后在其心、肝、脾、肺中均可分离出该菌;且肝肺组织呈现不同程度的出血和淤血病变;此外,RT-qPCR结果显示,肺组织炎性因子IL-1βIL-6IL-8TNF-α的表达水平在12 h时达到高峰后下降。在耐药性方面,该菌株同时携带blaSHVarmAermB这3种耐药基因,对头孢氨苄、头孢唑林、氨苄西林、链霉素、庆大霉素、红霉素、罗红霉素和克林霉素均不敏感。 结论 所分离的肺炎克雷伯氏菌YZE01株携带多种毒力基因,具有较强的致病性和耐药性,对扬子鳄具有显著的损伤和致死作用,可为扬子鳄疾病的防控提供有效手段。

扬子鳄  /  肺炎克雷伯菌  /  分离鉴定  /  致病性  /  耐药性

Objective To determine the cause of death of an adult crocodile in the Alligator sinensis Management Center in Anhui Province. Methods Bacteria were isolated from the heart, liver, lung, and spleen via the culture method, and the isolates were identified by morphological observation, biochemical tests, and molecular biological methods. Furthermore, the mucus phenotype was determined by means of the string test. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was conducted on the basis of seven housekeeping loci. Virulence gene analysis, pathogenicity test, drug resistance gene analysis, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing were conducted to clarify the pathogenicity and drug resistance of the isolates. Results The pathogenic bacteria isolated from the four organs were morphologically consistent Gram-negative bacilli. Through biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene and khe sequencing, the isolates were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae YZE01, capsular serotype K2. String test showed that the strain was hypermucinous K. pneumoniae, and MLST analysis showed that the strain belonged to sequence type 25 (ST25). The strain carried six virulence genes: fimH, entB, rmpA, rmpA2, mrkD, and wabG. Pathogenicity tests showed that some of the tested mice died within 24 h after infection with YZE01, and the same strain was isolated from the heart, liver, lung, and spleen. The lung tissue of infected mice showed hemorrhage and congestion lesions to different degrees. In addition, RT-qPCR revealed that the transcript levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in the lung peaked at 12 h post-infection and then declined. The strain carried three drug resistance genes (blaSHV, armA, and ermB), and it was not sensitive to cephalexin, cefazolin, ampicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin, erythromycin, roxithromycin, and clindamycin. Conclusion The isolated strain K. pneumoniae YZE01 carries a variety of virulence genes and has strong pathogenicity and drug resistance. It is considered as a major cause of death in A. sinensis. The findings are conducive to the prevention and control of diseases in A. sinensis.

Alligator sinensis  /  Klebsiella pneumoniae  /  isolation and identification  /  pathogenicity  /  drug resistance
梁引龙, 葛梦丽, 徐佳俊, 吴飞, 米家伟, 丁琦瑛, 陈洪超, 周永康, 易平四, 徐前明. 扬子鳄源ST-25型肺炎克雷伯氏菌的分离鉴定及致病性分析. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2371 -2383 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250876
Yinlong LIANG, Mengli GE, Jiajun XU, Fei WU, Jiawei MI, Qiying DING, Hongchao CHEN, Yongkang ZHOU, Pingsi YI, Qianming XU. Isolation, identification, and pathogenicity analysis of ST25 Klebsiella pneumoniae from Alligator sinensis[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2371 -2383 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250876
扬子鳄(Alligator sinensis)作为我国特有的一种小型鳄类,被列为国家一级保护动物,且被世界自然保护联盟列为濒危物种。近些年来,随着自然保护区相继建立、人工繁育技术不断完善,扬子鳄种群数量明显增长。然而,适宜栖息地稀少且高度破碎,加之环境污染,病原体(尤其是致病性细菌)成为严重威胁扬子鳄健康与生存的重要因素之一,如沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)[1]、雷氏普罗威登斯菌(Providencia rettgeri)[2]和肺炎克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)[3]等。
肺炎克雷伯氏菌作为一种广泛存在于自然界的条件性致病菌,因其显著的致病性和日益严峻的耐药性问题而备受关注。据2023年全国细菌耐药监测网报告,该菌在人体呼吸道中的检出率位居第二,且在72 006株分离株中有将近20%表现出多重耐药特征[4]。该菌可感染多种动物宿主(包括猪、马、牛等)[5],感染后主要表现为呼吸困难、精神萎靡、食欲减退等症状,严重时可导致迅速死亡[6]。国内外已报道多起人和动物感染肺炎克雷伯氏菌的病例[3],其中黄喉拟水龟(Mauremys mutica)也面临感染风险。由于集约化养殖加速了该菌的传播,其危害性尤为突出[7],是黄喉拟水龟死亡率上升的主要原因之一,给养殖业带来巨大经济损失。然而,关于扬子鳄感染该菌的报道仍然匮乏,且扬子鳄源肺炎克雷伯氏菌的耐药特征仍未明确。本研究对该菌进行分离与鉴定,并对其致病性、毒力基因和耐药基因携带情况进行系统性分析,以期为该病的防控提供技术支持。
病料取自安徽省扬子鳄繁殖研究中心一头病死扬子鳄,剖检可见肝肺组织呈现不同程度的出血和淤血病变,脾脏显著肿大。在无菌环境下采集其心、肝、脾、肺组织,用于病原分离。实验动物选用6周龄的无特定病原体(specific pathogen free, SPF)级雌性昆明鼠,由安徽医科大学实验动物中心提供。
本研究所有动物实验均获得安徽农业大学科技伦理委员会的批准,编号为KJLL2025021。实验严格遵守国际公认的实验动物护理和使用指南(ARRIVE指南),以最大限度减少动物痛苦。
固体LB培养基,西陇科学股份有限公司;脱脂绵羊血,常德比克曼生物科技有限公司;增强革兰氏染色液,上海源叶生物科技有限公司;生理生化反应管、药敏片,杭州微生物试剂有限公司;细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒,天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;2×M5 HiPer plus Taq HiFi PCR mix,北京聚合美生物科技有限公司;蛋白酶proteinase K、DL2000 DNA marker、PrimeScriptTM Ⅱ 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit,宝生物工程(大连)有限公司;Taq Pro Universal SYBR qPCR Master Mix,南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司。
电热恒温培养箱,上海三发科学仪器有限公司;恒温培养摇床,上海溪乾仪器设备有限公司;单人单面垂直净化工作台,山东高芯生物传感器研究院有限公司;T100TM PCR仪,Bio-Rad公司;核酸电泳仪,北京六一生物科技有限公司;凝胶成像系统,上海勤翔科学仪器有限公司;实时荧光定量PCR仪,赛默飞世尔科技公司。
参照文献[8]的方法,在无菌条件下将采集的组织置于离心管中,加入适量生理盐水进行研磨。在超净台中用一次性接种环蘸取研磨液,接种于麦康凯和新鲜绵羊血琼脂培养基,进行分离培养。将纯分后的菌落按常规革兰氏染色法染色,镜检观察其形态。
挑取单菌落接种于生化鉴定管中,置于37 ℃恒温培养箱中培养18 h,观察反应变化,将试验结果与《伯杰细菌鉴定手册》(第8版)[9]进行比对。
根据细菌基因组DNA提取试剂盒的方法提取分离菌株的DNA,用于后续试验。根据16S rRNA基因通用引物(27F和1423R)及肺炎克雷伯氏菌的特异性基因khe引物(表1)进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系(20 μL):2×M5 HiPer plus Taq HiFi PCR mix 10 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各1 µL,DNA模板2 µL,ddH2O 6 µL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性25 s,58 ℃退火25 s,72 ℃延伸1 min,共35个循环;72 ℃终延伸5 min。所有引物均由南京擎科生物科技有限公司合成(下同),产物经纯化后送至该公司进行测序,将测序结果在BLAST数据库中进行比对分析,并运用MEGA X软件以邻接法构建系统发育树。
以提取得到的DNA为模板,参照文献[10]中的引物序列和反应条件对分离株进行肺炎克雷伯氏菌常见的K1、K2、K5、K20、K54和K57荚膜血清型的PCR扩增。
使用灭菌接种环将菌液划线接种至麦康凯琼脂平板,37 ℃培养24 h后,挑选单菌落进行拉丝实验测试菌株黏性。若有黏液丝形成且长度≥5 mm,则判定该菌株为高黏液型。
参照文献[10],合成肺炎克雷伯氏菌7个管家基因gapAinfBpgimdhrpoBtonBphoE的引物。以提取的DNA为模板,根据1.3.3节的反应体系以及以下反应条件进行PCR扩增:95 ℃ 5 min;94 ℃ 25 s,55 ℃ 25 s,72 ℃ 1 min,共35个循环;72 ℃ 5 min。阳性产物进行测序后将测序结果提交至PubMLST (https://PubMLST.org/organisms/pseudomonas-aeruginosa)数据库中,获得菌株的ST分型。
取肺炎克雷伯氏菌的DNA为模板,参照文献[11-12]合成肺炎克雷伯氏菌的14个毒力基因rmpArmpA2magAiutAentBiroBkfuiucAaerobactinfimHmarkDallSwabGwcaG的引物,并根据该文献中的反应条件完成PCR扩增。将产物置于1.5%琼脂糖凝胶中进行电泳分离,最后借助凝胶成像系统进行观察分析,以确定分离菌株是否携带相应的毒力基因,为后续研究提供关键依据。
参照文献[13],通过预实验进行浓度梯度筛选,分别设置2×108、2×109、2×1010 CFU/mL 3个浓度梯度开展小鼠攻菌试验,发现以2.0×109 CFU/mL的菌液浓度为适宜浓度。选购20只6周龄的SPF雌性昆明鼠进行致病性分析。将小鼠随机分为1组对照组和3组实验组(5只/组),进行3次独立的生物学重复实验。实验组腹腔注射分离菌菌液0.2 mL (2×109 CFU/mL);对照组注射等量普通LB培养基,隔离饲养,定时观察小鼠生理状况并记录。待小鼠死亡后剖检,观察各脏器组织的病理变化,并在无菌条件下,在血平板上接种死亡小鼠的病变组织进行细菌的分离培养,参照1.3.3节的方法对各脏器的分离菌株进行PCR鉴定。
按照TRIzol法提取肺部组织总RNA,检测RNA纯度并调整其浓度。根据反转录试剂盒说明书将RNA反转录成cDNA。参照文献[14-15]合成引物序列,RT-qPCR方法检测IL-1βIL-6IL-8TNF-α基因的mRNA表达水平,并以2-ΔΔCt法进行数据分析。进行3次生物学重复后,数据采用GraphPad Prism 9.5软件中的one-way ANOVA进行数据统计与图形绘制,结果均以mean±SD表示,其中P<0.05表示差异显著,P<0.01和P<0.001表示差异极显著。
以提取的肺炎克雷伯氏菌DNA为模板,按参照文献[16]合成14个特异性耐药基因引物:blaSHVblaNDM-1blaKPCblaACTblaOXAereAermBmphAarmArmtBrmtCcatAcmlAfloR,并根据该文献中的反应条件进行PCR扩增。将产物置于1.5%琼脂糖凝胶中进行电泳分离,最后借助凝胶成像系统进行观察分析。
根据美国临床与实验室标准化协会(Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, CLSI)指南推荐采用琼脂纸片扩散试验观察所分离菌株对药物的敏感性。取调整OD600值在0.08-0.10的菌液100 μL,用无菌涂布器涂布于LB固体培养基上,静置干燥后用无菌镊将药敏纸片贴于培养基表面,37 ℃恒温培养过夜,用直尺测量抑菌圈直径,进行3次生物学重复,结果以mean±SD表示,根据CLSI标准进行药物敏感性判定。
四种组织样本经血琼脂平板培养后,均长出中央突起、表面光滑、形态一致的灰白色菌落。经革兰氏染色后,在显微镜(1 000×)下可见呈单个或短链排列的粗短杆菌,呈红色,初步判断为革兰阴性杆菌。鉴于各脏器分离株的形态与染色特征完全相同,后续实验选取其中一株作为代表进行深入研究。
生化鉴定结果显示,该分离菌株可发酵葡萄糖、乳糖、山梨醇、蔗糖、木糖、阿拉伯糖及D-核糖;枸橼酸盐利用、尿素酶和赖氨酸脱羧酶试验均呈阳性;而苯丙氨酸脱氨酶、鸟氨酸脱羧酶试验以及硫化氢产生试验均呈阴性,这与肺炎克雷伯氏菌的生化特性一致,初步判断该菌为肺炎克雷伯氏菌。
以细菌16S rRNA基因的通用引物进行PCR扩增,得到的条带长度约为1 500 bp (图1A),进一步对分离菌株进行khe基因PCR鉴定,扩增出大小约为428 bp的特异性条带(图1B),与目的条带大小相符。将16S rRNA基因序列在NCBI中进行BLAST检索,登录号为PX588409,结果显示分离菌株与GenBank中肺炎克雷伯氏菌参考株(CP130561.1)的相似性达99.61%。系统发育树分析表明分离菌株与肺炎克雷伯氏菌(LR890569)处于同一进化分支(图2)。综上所述,可确定分离菌株为肺炎克雷伯氏菌,并命名为YZE01。
PCR扩增结果显示,K2型血清型引物扩增产物在641 bp处有明亮的条带(图3),与目的条带大小一致,因此鉴定分离的YZE01株为K2型肺炎克雷伯氏菌。
接种环轻触菌落后形成长度大于5 mm的黏液丝(图4),符合阳性特征。
针对所分离的YZE01株进行7个管家基因的扩增和测序,并将测序结果与MLST数据库中的标准序列比较,进而鉴定所分离的YZE01株为ST25型。
肺炎克雷伯氏菌YZE01株共检测出6种毒力基因,分别为rmpArmpA2entBfimHmarkDwabG (图5)。其余8种毒力基因:magAiutAiroBkfuiucAaerobactinallSwcaG均未检出。
攻毒18 h后,实验组小鼠呼吸加重、被毛凌乱、食欲减退;对照组小鼠精神状态、运动情况和饮食情况等均正常。感染36 h后实验组小鼠全部死亡;对照组未见任何异常(图6A)。剖检死亡小鼠,可见其肺脏实变且出血严重、肝脏肿大(图6B)。对攻菌后小鼠脏器细菌带菌情况分析表明,死亡小鼠体内各脏器分离所得菌落形态一致(图6C),经khe基因鉴定,确定其均为肺炎克雷伯氏菌(图6D)。
感染肺炎克雷伯氏菌的肺部组织中,炎症相关基因mRNA表达水平结果显示:IL-1βIL-6IL-8TNF-α基因总体呈现先上升,后下降的趋势,在12 h达到顶峰。与对照组相比,IL-1βIL-6的mRNA表达量在感染6 h和12 h极显著升高(P<0.001),12 h达到高峰;IL-8的mRNA表达量在感染6 h无明显差异,在12 h和24 h极显著升高(P<0.001);TNF-α的mRNA表达量在感染6 h显著升高(P<0.05),在12 h和24 h极显著升高(P<0.001) (图7)。
肺炎克雷伯氏菌YZE01株仅检出3种耐药基因,分别为blaSHVarmAermB (图8),其余耐药基因均未检出。
药敏试验结果如表2所示,肺炎克雷伯氏菌YZE01株对头孢曲松、复方新诺明、丁胺卡那、氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、多黏菌素B敏感,对头孢氨苄、头孢唑林、氨苄西林、链霉素、庆大霉素、红霉素、罗红霉素、克林霉素耐药。
扬子鳄作为湿地生态系统的重要物种,对维持生态平衡起着关键作用。一旦被高耐药或高毒力的细菌感染,不仅会直接危害个体健康,还可能通过食物链传播抗性基因,进而加剧抗生素耐药性在环境中的传播风险[17]。这也凸显了在野生动物保护工作中加强抗菌药物管理的重要性。
本研究从一例病死扬子鳄组织中分离出一株肺炎克雷伯氏菌,并将其命名为YZE01。血清型检测显示,该菌株为K2型,这是高毒力菌株中常见的荚膜类型之一;拉丝试验呈阳性,表明该菌株具备典型的高黏液表型,提示其可分泌大量荚膜多糖,形成有效的免疫屏障[18]。Abhinand等[19]指出,这种荚膜多糖使宿主体内的巨噬细胞难以识别和吞噬,肺炎克雷伯氏菌凭借此产生抗吞噬能力,可延长存活时间并持续繁殖,进而增加感染风险和治疗难度。同时,MLST分析结果显示,本研究分离的YZE01株为肺炎克雷伯氏菌ST25型。目前报道该基因型具有高度传播能力,且常携带多重耐药基因,在全球范围内频繁引发严重人类感染(如血流感染、肺炎和新生儿败血症等),因存在潜在人畜共患风险从而被广泛关注[20-22]。然而,对爬行动物感染的报道极为有限。
为探讨YZE01株的致病性,通过PCR技术筛查获得了6个关键毒力基因(rmpArmpA2entBfimHmarkDwabG),该菌株同时携带rmpArmpA2基因,二者可显著上调荚膜多糖的合成,与菌株的高黏液表型和高致病性密切相关[23]。与经典的K1型高毒力携带菌株相比,该菌株缺失了magA基因(K1型荚膜转运标志),其毒力基因组合更为精简,且未携带狐源hvKP常见的iucAiroBkfu基因[24]及猪源ST-35株的aerobactin铁载体系统(由iuc基因簇编码)[7],仅保留了entBfimHmarkD等核心毒力元件。该菌株可借助entB所介导的铁摄取系统和双黏附系统突破宿主黏液屏障,进一步增强细菌在宿主体内的生存能力[25-26]。这与蔡粮预等[6]报道的牛源菌株一致,可见这3种核心元件在不同宿主间保守性较高,是构成跨宿主感染的基础毒力因子。为验证其致病力,建立了小鼠腹腔攻毒模型,结果显示,病理剖检可见受试小鼠肺脏、肝脏出现较为严重的出血和淤血病变,与李佳华等[24]报道的病变情况较为一致。此外,为进一步证实该菌是否可特异性诱发急性肺炎,动态监测了感染小鼠肺组织中IL-1βIL-6IL-8TNF-α的mRNA表达,结果显示所有指标均在12 h达峰后迅速回落,表明炎症反应在早期被强烈激活[14-15]。炎症因子的早期上调是宿主试图清除感染的一种防御机制,但最终机体不能自我清理,导致在36 h内全部死亡,这也与毕建蝶等[14]报道的模式高度吻合。
在耐药性方面,本研究分离的YZE01株虽同属临床高风险ST25型,但其耐药谱与典型人源ST25分离株存在较为明显差异。已有报道显示,人源ST25型菌株中普遍携带blaNDM-1blaOXA 等典型碳青霉烯酶基因,对碳青霉烯类药物呈现高度耐药[27-30]。YZE01株未检出上述基因,仅携带blaSHVarmAermB 3种耐药基因,其中blaSHV 基因编码A类广谱β-内酰胺酶,可水解青霉素类及第一、二代头孢菌素[31]。药物敏感试验结果也显示,该菌株对氨苄西林和头孢唑林耐药,但对三代头孢、碳青霉烯药物敏感;armA基因通常会使氨基糖苷类抗生素[如庆大霉素、阿米卡星(丁胺卡那)]产生高水平耐药[6],但本研究中YZE01株对丁胺卡那仍保有敏感性;同时菌株携带的ermB基因可对大环内酯类和林可酰胺类药物产生耐药[28],但该菌株对阿奇霉素保持中度敏感。这一结果与2023年郭燕等[4]报道的人源多重耐药株以及猪源ST25型菌株相比[32-33],其耐药谱相对较窄。
综上所述,本研究表明扬子鳄源肺炎克雷伯氏菌YZE01株是ST25-K2型高黏液菌株,具有较强的致病性和一定的耐药性,是该扬子鳄死亡的重要原因。同时,该研究也揭示了扬子鳄源ST25菌株在耐药特征上与人源或猪源菌株的显著差异,这可为扬子鳄相关疾病的防控策略及用药指导提供理论依据,未来应进一步开展对野生动物源肺炎克雷伯氏菌的系统研究,深入解析其致病机制以及在自然生态环境中的适应性演化规律,评估其潜在的跨物种传播风险。
  • 2024年扬子鳄疾病防控预警检测项目合同(24375003)
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2026年第66卷第5期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250876
  • 接收时间:2025-11-24
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-24
  • 录用日期:2026-01-09
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The Alligator sinensis Disease Prevention and Control Early Warning Detection Project in 2024(24375003)
2024年扬子鳄疾病防控预警检测项目合同(24375003)
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    1.安徽农业大学 动物医学院,安徽 合肥
    2.安徽扬子鳄国家级自然保护区管理局,安徽 宣城
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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