Article(id=1259888473423623087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250917, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765209600000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1768406400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-15, onlineDate=1778310419660, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1777824000000, pubDateStr=2026-05-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778310419660, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778310419660, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778310419660, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259888457367806489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='5', pageStart='2031', pageEnd='2556', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778310415832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778320153326, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2117, endPage=2132, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259888476737123279, articleId=1259888473423623087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Genome mining and biosynthesis of microbial ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a class of secondary metabolites synthesized by the ribosomes of microorganisms and formed through a series of post-translational modifications. They have diverse structures, high stability, and antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory or anti-tumor activities. Moreover, they are not prone to generating drug resistance, thus showcasing great potential to be applied in the fields of medicine, food, and agriculture. The genomes of microorganisms harbor a large number of biosynthetic gene clusters for RiPPs, while many of them require the producing strains to be cultivated in specific conditions or to interact with other environmental microorganisms, being the “dark matter” in the genome. Heterologous biosynthesis is an effective means to obtain novel RiPPs and make use of them. This article reviews the recent research progress in the diversity, bioactivity, genomic mining, and heterologous biosynthesis of RiPPs from microorganisms, with the expectation of providing a theoretical basis for a deeper understanding of the molecular structures and functions of RiPPs, as well as for the development and application of novel microbial active metabolites and their producers.

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E-mail:
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核糖体合成和翻译后修饰肽(ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides, RiPPs)是一类由核糖体合成,并经一系列翻译后修饰形成的次级代谢产物。该类化合物结构多样、稳定性强,具有抗菌、抗病毒、抗炎和抗肿瘤等活性,且不易产生耐药性,因此在医药、食品和农业领域具有巨大的应用潜力。微生物基因组中含有大量未表征的RiPPs生物合成基因簇,但很多基因簇需要其产生菌具备特定的培养条件才能合成有活性的产物,或需与其他环境微生物互作才能激活其生物合成,这些基因簇堪称基因组中的“暗物质”。利用合成生物学手段进行异源生物合成是获得新型RiPPs并加以利用的有效途径。本文综述了微生物中RiPPs的多样性、生物功能、基因组挖掘及其异源生物合成策略等方面的最新研究进展,以期为深入认识RiPPs的结构和生物功能,以及开发应用新型微生物天然产物药物和产品提供理论依据。

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作者贡献声明

滕坤玲:文章构思和撰写,获取基金;王思悦:数据收集;胡嘉忱:图片绘制;金思杰:文献检索;钟瑾:获取基金,审阅修订。

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Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2012, 93(2): 671-678., articleTitle=Enhanced production of nukacin D13E in Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 by the additional expression of immunity genes, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1259928454607265952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888473423623087, awardId=2021YFC2103900, language=EN, fundingSource=The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2103900), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1259928456696029349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888473423623087, awardId=2021YFC2103900, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2103900), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1259928457950126257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888473423623087, awardId=153211KYSB20210013, language=EN, fundingSource=The International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(153211KYSB20210013), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1259928459627847879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888473423623087, awardId=153211KYSB20210013, language=CN, fundingSource=中国科学院国际伙伴计划(153211KYSB20210013), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1259928385212506715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888473423623087, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928385250255455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888473423623087, companyId=1259928385212506715, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.State Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity and Innovative Utilization, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928385397056098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888473423623087, companyId=1259928385212506715, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京)]), AuthorCompany(id=1259928385971675760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888473423623087, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928386223334000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888473423623087, companyId=1259928385971675760, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928386332385909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888473423623087, companyId=1259928385971675760, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国科学院大学,北京)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1259928441684615240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888473423623087, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Molecular structures of representative RiPPs. A: Protein sequence and cyclic structure of nisin A; B: Protein sequence and cyclic structure of lariocidin; C: Protein sequences and cyclic structure of thuricin CD composed of Trnα and Trnβ. Amino acid residues that form intramolecular rings via post-translational modifications are highlighted in teal., figureFileSmall=Om04yAcLra2eCG7LCyqyZQ==, figureFileBig=RLchYQObepB02FZry64tvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928444528353370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888473423623087, language=CN, label=图1, caption=部分代表性RiPPs的分子结构, figureFileSmall=Om04yAcLra2eCG7LCyqyZQ==, figureFileBig=RLchYQObepB02FZry64tvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928447565029481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888473423623087, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Heterologous biosynthesis strategies of RiPPs., figureFileSmall=chjHZRO7my3JTnrOvcFhWA==, figureFileBig=MrZOm0AzcZ5vbMqJQioCxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928448735240301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888473423623087, language=CN, label=图2, caption=RiPPs的异源生物合成策略, figureFileSmall=chjHZRO7my3JTnrOvcFhWA==, figureFileBig=MrZOm0AzcZ5vbMqJQioCxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928449641209974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888473423623087, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Types, structure characteristics, and modification enzymes of RiPPs

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Types of RiPPsRepresentative RiPPsStructure characteristicsModification enzymes
LanthipeptidesNisin(Methyl)lanthionine, labioninLanthipeptide synthase
Lasso peptidesMicrocin J25Macrolactam with threaded C-terminal tailATP-dependent lasso cyclase
SactipeptidesSubtilosinSactionine crosslinkrSAM
RanthipeptidesFreyrasinSulfur-to-non-Cα thioether crosslinkrSAM
EpipeptidesYydFD-amino acidsrSAM
Pyrroloquinoline quinonesPQQGlu-Tyr crosslinkrSAM
RyptidesRRRArg-Tyr crosslinkrSAM
SpliceotidesPlpAβ-amino acidsrSAM
StreptideStreptideTrp-Lys crosslinkrSAM
MycofactocinMycofactocinVal-Tyr crosslinkrSAM
Amatoxins/phallotoxinsPhalloidinN-to-C cyclization, Cys-Trp crosslinkTryptathionine synthase
GuanidinotidesPheganomycinα-guanidino acid containing peptidesATP-grasp
Bacterial head-to-tail cyclized peptidesEnterocin AS-48N-to-C cyclizationDUF95 and ATP-grasp
GraspetidesMicroviridin JMacrolactones/lactamsATP-grasp
AtropitidesTryptorubinAromatic amino acids crosslinked to give a non-canonical atropisomerPutative P450
CittilinsCittilin ABiaryl and aryl-oxygen-aryl ether crosslinksP450
Autoinducing peptidesAIP-ICyclic ester or thioester-
BorosinsOmphalotinAmide backbone N-methylation (N-MT) N-to-C cyclizationPOP
BottromycinsBottromycin A1MacrolactamidineYcaO
Linear azol(in)e-containing peptides (LAPs)Microcin B17Cys, Ser, or Thr derived azol(in)esYcaO
ThioamitidesThioviridamideBackbone thioamideYcaO
ComXComX168Indole cyclization and prenylation-
ConopeptidesConantokin GPeptides produced by cone snails-
CrocaginsCrocagin AIndole-backbone cyclization-
CyanobactinsPatellamidesN-terminal proteolysisPatA protease
CyclotidesKalata B1N-to-C cyclization, disulfide(s)AEP
DikaritinsUstiloxinTyr-Xxx ether crosslinkUstY
GlycocinsSublancin 168S, O, or N-glycosylation of Ser/Cys-
LinaridinsCypemycinDhb, no lanthionines-
LipolanthinesMicrovioninC-terminal labionin/avionin containing peptide and N-terminal FAS/PKS segmentPolyketide synthase and lanthipeptide synthase
LyciuminsLyciumin APyroglutamate, Trp-Gly crosslink-
MethanobactinsMethanobactinOxazolonesDUF692
Microcin CMicrocin CAminoacyl adenylate or cytidylate with a phosphoramidate linkageUbiquitin E1 homolog
OrbitidesCyclolinopeptide AN-to-C cyclization; no disulfides-
PantocinsPantocin AGlu-Glu crosslinkPaaA
PearlinsThiaglutamateaa-tRNA derivedPEARL
ProteusinsPolytheonamideNitrile hydratase LP-
RotapeptidesTQQOxygen-to-α-carbon crosslink-
SulfatyrotidesRaxXTyrosine sulfation-
ThiopeptidesThiostrepton[4+2] cycloaddition of two Dha[4+2] cycloaddition enzyme
Thyroid hormonesTriiodothyronineIodination of Tyr, excised from thyroglobulin-
), ArticleFig(id=1259928452505919621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888473423623087, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

RiPPs的类型、结构特征和修饰酶

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Types of RiPPsRepresentative RiPPsStructure characteristicsModification enzymes
LanthipeptidesNisin(Methyl)lanthionine, labioninLanthipeptide synthase
Lasso peptidesMicrocin J25Macrolactam with threaded C-terminal tailATP-dependent lasso cyclase
SactipeptidesSubtilosinSactionine crosslinkrSAM
RanthipeptidesFreyrasinSulfur-to-non-Cα thioether crosslinkrSAM
EpipeptidesYydFD-amino acidsrSAM
Pyrroloquinoline quinonesPQQGlu-Tyr crosslinkrSAM
RyptidesRRRArg-Tyr crosslinkrSAM
SpliceotidesPlpAβ-amino acidsrSAM
StreptideStreptideTrp-Lys crosslinkrSAM
MycofactocinMycofactocinVal-Tyr crosslinkrSAM
Amatoxins/phallotoxinsPhalloidinN-to-C cyclization, Cys-Trp crosslinkTryptathionine synthase
GuanidinotidesPheganomycinα-guanidino acid containing peptidesATP-grasp
Bacterial head-to-tail cyclized peptidesEnterocin AS-48N-to-C cyclizationDUF95 and ATP-grasp
GraspetidesMicroviridin JMacrolactones/lactamsATP-grasp
AtropitidesTryptorubinAromatic amino acids crosslinked to give a non-canonical atropisomerPutative P450
CittilinsCittilin ABiaryl and aryl-oxygen-aryl ether crosslinksP450
Autoinducing peptidesAIP-ICyclic ester or thioester-
BorosinsOmphalotinAmide backbone N-methylation (N-MT) N-to-C cyclizationPOP
BottromycinsBottromycin A1MacrolactamidineYcaO
Linear azol(in)e-containing peptides (LAPs)Microcin B17Cys, Ser, or Thr derived azol(in)esYcaO
ThioamitidesThioviridamideBackbone thioamideYcaO
ComXComX168Indole cyclization and prenylation-
ConopeptidesConantokin GPeptides produced by cone snails-
CrocaginsCrocagin AIndole-backbone cyclization-
CyanobactinsPatellamidesN-terminal proteolysisPatA protease
CyclotidesKalata B1N-to-C cyclization, disulfide(s)AEP
DikaritinsUstiloxinTyr-Xxx ether crosslinkUstY
GlycocinsSublancin 168S, O, or N-glycosylation of Ser/Cys-
LinaridinsCypemycinDhb, no lanthionines-
LipolanthinesMicrovioninC-terminal labionin/avionin containing peptide and N-terminal FAS/PKS segmentPolyketide synthase and lanthipeptide synthase
LyciuminsLyciumin APyroglutamate, Trp-Gly crosslink-
MethanobactinsMethanobactinOxazolonesDUF692
Microcin CMicrocin CAminoacyl adenylate or cytidylate with a phosphoramidate linkageUbiquitin E1 homolog
OrbitidesCyclolinopeptide AN-to-C cyclization; no disulfides-
PantocinsPantocin AGlu-Glu crosslinkPaaA
PearlinsThiaglutamateaa-tRNA derivedPEARL
ProteusinsPolytheonamideNitrile hydratase LP-
RotapeptidesTQQOxygen-to-α-carbon crosslink-
SulfatyrotidesRaxXTyrosine sulfation-
ThiopeptidesThiostrepton[4+2] cycloaddition of two Dha[4+2] cycloaddition enzyme
Thyroid hormonesTriiodothyronineIodination of Tyr, excised from thyroglobulin-
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微生物核糖体合成和翻译后修饰肽的基因组挖掘及生物合成
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滕坤玲 1 , 王思悦 1, 2 , 胡嘉忱 1, 2 , 金思杰 1, 2 , 钟瑾 1, 2
微生物学报 | 综述 2026,66(5): 2117-2132
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微生物学报 | 综述 2026, 66(5): 2117-2132
微生物核糖体合成和翻译后修饰肽的基因组挖掘及生物合成
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滕坤玲1, 王思悦1, 2, 胡嘉忱1, 2, 金思杰1, 2, 钟瑾1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京
  • 2.中国科学院大学,北京
Genome mining and biosynthesis of microbial ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides
Kunling TENG1, Siyue WANG1, 2, Jiachen HU1, 2, Sijie JIN1, 2, Jin ZHONG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity and Innovative Utilization, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
  • 2.University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
出版时间: 2026-05-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250917
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核糖体合成和翻译后修饰肽(ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides, RiPPs)是一类由核糖体合成,并经一系列翻译后修饰形成的次级代谢产物。该类化合物结构多样、稳定性强,具有抗菌、抗病毒、抗炎和抗肿瘤等活性,且不易产生耐药性,因此在医药、食品和农业领域具有巨大的应用潜力。微生物基因组中含有大量未表征的RiPPs生物合成基因簇,但很多基因簇需要其产生菌具备特定的培养条件才能合成有活性的产物,或需与其他环境微生物互作才能激活其生物合成,这些基因簇堪称基因组中的“暗物质”。利用合成生物学手段进行异源生物合成是获得新型RiPPs并加以利用的有效途径。本文综述了微生物中RiPPs的多样性、生物功能、基因组挖掘及其异源生物合成策略等方面的最新研究进展,以期为深入认识RiPPs的结构和生物功能,以及开发应用新型微生物天然产物药物和产品提供理论依据。

核糖体合成和翻译后修饰肽  /  天然产物  /  生物活性  /  基因组挖掘  /  异源生物合成

Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a class of secondary metabolites synthesized by the ribosomes of microorganisms and formed through a series of post-translational modifications. They have diverse structures, high stability, and antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory or anti-tumor activities. Moreover, they are not prone to generating drug resistance, thus showcasing great potential to be applied in the fields of medicine, food, and agriculture. The genomes of microorganisms harbor a large number of biosynthetic gene clusters for RiPPs, while many of them require the producing strains to be cultivated in specific conditions or to interact with other environmental microorganisms, being the “dark matter” in the genome. Heterologous biosynthesis is an effective means to obtain novel RiPPs and make use of them. This article reviews the recent research progress in the diversity, bioactivity, genomic mining, and heterologous biosynthesis of RiPPs from microorganisms, with the expectation of providing a theoretical basis for a deeper understanding of the molecular structures and functions of RiPPs, as well as for the development and application of novel microbial active metabolites and their producers.

ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides  /  natural product  /  bioactivity  /  genome mining  /  heterologous biosynthesis
滕坤玲, 王思悦, 胡嘉忱, 金思杰, 钟瑾. 微生物核糖体合成和翻译后修饰肽的基因组挖掘及生物合成. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2117 -2132 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250917
Kunling TENG, Siyue WANG, Jiachen HU, Sijie JIN, Jin ZHONG. Genome mining and biosynthesis of microbial ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2117 -2132 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250917
微生物能产生大量次级代谢产物,它们通常具有强大的生物活性,成为小分子药物的重要来源。据报道,目前细菌基因组中仅有3%的次级代谢产物的生物合成途径通过实验进行了表征[1]。因此,目前还有大量未被充分开发的微生物天然产物药物资源。核糖体合成和翻译后修饰肽(ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides, RiPPs)是近年来新兴的一类肽类次级代谢产物,因具有多种生物活性且稳定性强、特异性高而越来越受到广泛关注。RiPPs由核糖体合成后经复杂的翻译后修饰形成各种各样不同的分子内结构,这些结构对它们维持稳定性和发挥生物活性至关重要[2-3]。随着高通量测序和生物信息学的发展,RiPPs的生物合成基因簇在微生物的基因组以及各种环境宏基因组中都广泛存在,且非常多样化[4-5]。由于RiPPs的生物合成大多受环境信号调控,因此很多基因簇在其天然产生菌中是“沉默”的,在实验室常规培养条件下无法或很少产生有活性的产物[6]。同时,由于对RiPPs的系统研究近十几年才开始,因此对目前微生物基因组或宏基因组中大量发现的RiPPs生物合成基因簇的产物及其合成途径和功能机制等都知之甚少。合成生物学为RiPPs的研究和应用提供了新的途径。通过对大量微生物基因组和宏基因组数据的分析和挖掘,很多新型的RiPPs家族和相关的修饰酶被发现,而通过在大肠杆菌等异源宿主中表达RiPPs生物合成必要基因,不仅可能获得新的有活性的天然产物,有助于RiPPs的功能和作用机制研究,还可以通过基因重构等优化,进一步提高RiPPs的产量和多样性[7]。通过对RiPPs合成途径进行改造,还可以设计出具有特定结构和功能的新型RiPPs分子,在药物开发中极具潜力[8]。本文基于目前已有报道,综述和讨论了RiPPs的种类、生物功能、基因组挖掘和异源生物合成等,为更深入地了解RiPPs的分布规律、生物合成和异源表达策略,挖掘和开发新型的核糖体肽类药物和产品奠定基础。
RiPPs具有丰富多样的结构和生物活性,它们直接由其生物合成基因簇中的结构基因编码形成前体肽蛋白,经多样的修饰酶进行翻译后修饰作用,使线形多肽形成具有复杂分子内结构的肽类产物,再经蛋白酶切除前导肽后形成具有独特和多样生物活性的成熟肽;目前已知的RiPPs翻译后修饰方式主要为分子内成环,成环方式主要包括形成硫醚键、二硫键、内酰胺键、内酯键、碳碳键,以及形成恶唑/恶唑啉、噻唑/噻唑啉等;另外,很多RiPPs也会发生“剪裁修饰” (tailoring modification),在特定氨基酸残基侧链上发生羟基化、甲基化、卤化、酰基化和异戊二烯化,或在肽链主链内形成差向异构化等[2-3]。这些修饰可保护RiPPs不受蛋白酶或肽酶降解,对保持其在环境中稳定发挥生物活性至关重要,同时,很多修饰对RiPPs发挥生物功能也起到关键作用。因此,RiPPs的多样性和生物活性与其多样化的修饰作用密不可分。
RiPPs根据不同的结构特征和生物合成特点可分为几十种类型(表1)[2],其中羊毛硫肽(lanthipeptides)、套索肽(lasso peptides)和塞克肽(sactipeptides)等是目前研究较多的RiPPs类型。羊毛硫肽的生物合成基因簇在微生物基因组中分布广泛,在芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteriota)等基因组中均有发现,但目前已表征的羊毛硫肽大多来自革兰氏阳性菌[9]。羊毛硫肽大多由19-50个氨基酸组成,含有典型的羊毛硫氨酸(lanthionine)或甲基羊毛硫氨酸(methyllanthionine),是由分子中的丝氨酸或苏氨酸脱水形成脱氢丙氨酸(dehydroalanine, Dha)或甲基脱氢丙氨酸(dehydrobutyrine, Dhb),随后与半胱氨酸的巯基发生亲核加成形成硫醚环。除此之外,有的羊毛硫肽分子中还存在羊毛硫氨酸α碳原子和Dha中β碳原子交联形成的labionin结构及其C端脱羧形成的avionin结构,以及乙酰化、卤化、糖基化和甲基化等“剪裁修饰”[10]。羊毛硫肽具有多种生物活性,如抑菌、抗炎、抑肿瘤、抗病毒以及免疫调节等。如乳酸乳球菌产生的乳酸链球菌素(nisin)是羊毛硫肽的典型代表(图1A),其对抗生素耐药菌,如耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌、耐万古霉素粪肠球菌以及食品腐败菌等均具有良好的抑菌活性,还具有抗炎、抑癌、抗病毒等多种生物功能[11-12],已经作为安全的食品防腐剂被广泛应用。羊毛硫肽兰考韦泰(duramycin)由链霉菌产生,具有广谱的抗病毒活性,还能抑制肿瘤细胞增殖和促进肺部黏液清除,已进入II期临床试验以治疗肺部囊性纤维化患者[13]。羊毛硫肽在食品防腐、医疗和农业领域都展现出巨大的应用潜力,通过基因组挖掘还发现大量未表征的羊毛硫肽生物合成基因簇,其产物和功能值得更进一步地探索和研究。
Lasso peptides是一类具有独特“套索”结构的环状肽,通常由15-20个氨基酸组成,在ATP依赖的套索环化酶作用下,其N端第1位氨基酸的α-氨基与第7-9位的天冬氨酸或谷氨酸侧链羧基形成异肽键,C端尾巴从环中穿过,形成类似套索的结构。这种结构使lasso peptide具有较强的耐热性和抗蛋白酶水解活性[14]。目前已表征的lasso peptides具有抑菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤,以及作为内皮素拮抗剂等生物功能。最近从类芽孢杆菌中发现的套索肽拉索西丁(lariocidin) (图1B)对多种多重耐药菌具有显著抑菌活性,不易产生耐药性,且对人类细胞无毒性,可有效治疗鲍曼不动杆菌感染[15]。研究显示,lariocidin在对抗部分超级细菌方面颇具潜力,有望为这些病原菌的防治提供新的可能。
Sactipeptides也是一类非常有应用潜力的RiPPs分子,它的典型特征是分子结构中含有半胱氨酸的巯基和受体氨基酸中α-碳原子形成的S-Cα硫醚环,赋予sactipeptide独特发夹结构和刚性[16]。负责完成此修饰过程的主要酶是自由基S-腺苷甲硫氨酸酶(radical S-adenosyl methionine-dependent enzymes, rSAM enzymes),其通过生成和利用5′-脱氧腺苷自由基中间体从底物中夺取氢原子,催化复杂的化学反应[17]。目前发现利用rSAM酶进行催化修饰的RiPPs还有ranthipeptides、epipeptides等多个种类,在RiPPs的生物合成过程中发挥重要作用。Sactipeptides一般抑菌谱相对较窄,可抑制特定的微生物种类,如来自人体肠道的苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)产生的苏云金菌素(thuricin) CD (图1C)可特异性抑制导致肠道菌群失调的艰难拟梭菌(Clostridioides difficile),而不影响正常肠道菌群[18]。因此,相比广谱的抗生素来说,它们在医疗方面可能有更大潜力。
随着研究者对RiPPs关注度的不断提高,近年来发现的RiPPs种类日益增多。然而,随着研究的深入,研究者发现目前已知的RiPPs仅是分布最广泛的一部分,仍有大量“隐藏”的RiPPs资源有待挖掘。目前,RiPPs的发现通常采用“自上而下”和“自下而上” 2种策略[6]。“自上而下”策略以“生物活性现象”为出发点,从生物功能聚焦到具体分子的生物合成基因及合成过程。具体而言,就是通过分离纯化获得活性分子,对其进行序列和结构解析,并对产生菌进行基因组测序,进而阐明其生物合成来源和途径,但这种方式可能会重复发现已知代谢产物,且耗费大量人力、物力,效率较低。“自下而上”策略则以“生物合成基因簇”为起点,从微观遗传元件聚焦到产物的活性和功能。随着高通量测序技术的发展,从微生物基因组和宏基因组等数据中发现和挖掘RiPPs生物合成基因簇的方法和工具不断被开发和应用,越来越多的新型RiPPs也被发现和表征[4]
目前对RiPPs基因组挖掘工具的开发通常基于“知识驱动”和“数据驱动”两大核心逻辑。围绕RiPPs的生物合成相关基因的特点、算法技术框架和功能目标,已开发出一系列挖掘工具。
这类挖掘工具的开发以RiPPs的生物合成基本原理为核心,即RiPPs的生物合成相关基因通常位于同一个生物合成基因簇(biosynthetic gene cluster, BGC)内,其核心组件是编码RiPPs前体肽的结构基因和负责前体肽翻译后修饰的修饰酶基因,与RiPPs前导肽切除、转运、免疫或调控相关的基因通常也定位于同一基因簇中;RiPPs的前体肽由核心肽和其N端的前导肽组成,部分情况下,C端可能存在识别序列,也称跟随肽;前体肽经转录和翻译后,由修饰酶进行修饰加工,引入脱水、环化、添加杂原子或功能基团、改变肽链构象等翻译后修饰;经过修饰的前体肽由蛋白酶切除前导肽或跟随肽,形成成熟的核心肽,并最终被转运蛋白分泌到细胞外[2]。基于“知识驱动”的RiPPs挖掘工具通常基于RiPPs生物合成相关核心基因或蛋白的特性,如RiPPs的修饰酶和前体肽的保守性,进而识别可能的生物合成基因簇,这是早期及主流工具的核心开发逻辑。
前体肽修饰酶对RiPPs的生物合成至关重要,修饰酶决定了RiPPs的结构和生物活性,如羊毛硫肽修饰酶LanM、参与sactipeptide和ranthipeptide等修饰的rSAM酶、参与LAPs修饰的YcaO蛋白等。这些不同类型酶的氨基酸序列存在高度保守性,相关挖掘工具利用这一特点,通过构建保守序列的隐马尔可夫模型(hidden Markov model, HMM)或特征基序库,扫描基因组数据中匹配的基因,进而定位完整的生物合成基因簇。例如,antiSMASH构建了覆盖52类天然产物修饰酶的HMM库,通过比对基因产物与库中修饰酶编码基因的匹配程度识别RiPPs相关生物合成基因簇,同时对簇的类型进行划分[18-19];BAGEL则基于已知RiPPs的修饰酶、转运酶等序列,搭建了专属知识数据库,再通过BLAST比对技术,识别出前体肽[20];ThioFinder是专门针对硫肽生物合成基因簇的工具,它一方面用HMM搜索保守的YcaO结构域蛋白和类羊毛硫肽脱水酶,另一方面还会利用多期望最大化基序挖掘法(multiple expectation-maximization for motif elicitation, MEME)分析得到的硫肽前体肽特征基序辅助识别,以提高准确性[21];RiPP recognition element (RRE)是RiPPs翻译后修饰酶上的保守结构域,能特异性结合前体肽的前导肽区域,引导修饰酶对核心肽进行翻译后修饰,而RRE-Finder是一款专门用于预测RRE结构域的工具,在RRE识别方面展现出高灵敏度[22]。不同RiPP家族的RRE序列差异显著,因此可识别出各类RiPPs特有的RRE结构域,进而让RRE成为基因组挖掘中极具价值的标志物。
除修饰酶外,RiPPs的前体肽序列本身通常也具有鲜明特征。RiPPs的前体肽由核心肽和其N端的前导肽组成,其中前导肽中含有修饰酶的识别序列,修饰酶通过识别并结合前导肽对核心肽进行翻译后修饰,形成有生物活性的产物。不同类型RiPPs的前体肽的长度和氨基酸组成都有一定的特异性,因此基于前体肽的长度范围、特征残基(如半胱氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸)或切割位点规律,也可以预测潜在的前体肽。例如,rapid ORF description & evaluation online (RODEO)会以目标修饰酶为“诱饵”,捕获其周边的基因组区域,再通过启发式评分和基序分析,识别出含有“前导肽-核心肽”结构的前体肽,同时预测切割位点[23-24];RiPP-prediction informatics for secondary metabolomes (PRISM)则构建了包含21类RiPPs前体肽的特征库,结合修饰酶的HMM分析结果,不仅能预测前体肽的切割位点,还能推测核心肽的结构[25]。另外,通过系统总结生物体产生含烯基硫醚环肽(ACyPs)所遵循的生物合成规则,利用生物信息学工具small peptide and enzyme co-occurrence analysis (SPECO),从5万多个细菌基因组中找到1 172个编码含有ACyPs结构RiPPs的候选基因簇,通过进一步分析和实验,成功鉴定了6个新的ACyPs,其中massatide A在体外和体内实验中均展现出优秀的抑制多重耐药菌活性[26]
随着RiPPs已知数据的不断积累,部分挖掘工具开始采用机器学习或深度学习算法,它们通过训练集自主学习RiPPs相关序列的“隐性特征”,有效减少了对已知生物合成知识的依赖,特别适用于新型RiPPs的挖掘。利用机器学习的挖掘工具主要针对RiPPs的前体肽,先收集大量经实验验证的RiPPs前体肽与非RiPPs小肽,再用这些数据训练支持向量机(support vector machines)、随机森林(random forests)等分类模型,让模型学习前体肽的氨基酸组成偏好、二级结构特征等序列模式,从而实现对未知肽段RiPPs属性的判断。例如,RiPPMiner工具用500多条实验验证的RiPPs前体肽训练随机森林分类器,仅通过前体肽的氨基酸序列就能区分RiPPs前体肽与非前体肽,并将其归类到13个RiPPs家族中,全程无需依赖修饰酶信息[27];而RiPPMiner-Genome是RiPPMiner的重大升级版本,首次实现从基因组序列直接预测RiPPs的交联化学结构,整合HMM与机器学习,可精准定位硫肽的切割位点、羊毛硫肽的交联键位置等[28]
利用深度学习算法开发的挖掘工具则采用深度神经网络处理大规模序列数据,自动提取前体肽或生物合成基因簇的序列上下文关联、潜在修饰位点模式等高阶特征,进而提升对无已知保守特征的“非典型” RiPPs的识别能力。例如,NeuRiPP基于9 454条包含实验验证的RiPPs前体肽及非RiPPs肽的序列训练深度神经网络模型,无需基因组背景,直接通过肽段序列即可预测其为RiPPs前体肽的概率,准确率超99%,且能识别未纳入训练集的RiPPs家族前体肽[29];而另一个工具DeepRiPP的“NLPPrecursor”模块是通过深度神经网络学习前体肽的序列特征,预测RiPPs的种类及核心肽的切割位点,无需依赖已知修饰酶或基序[30];TrRiPP采用标志基因非依赖的识别方式,直接针对RiPPs前体肽的序列特征进行分析,利用深度学习完成对前体肽的识别与分类,绕过了对翻译后修饰酶检测的依赖。这种特性使其能适配宏基因组中碎片化的序列数据,大幅突破了传统方法的应用限制[31]
RiPPs挖掘工具的开发从早期“依赖已知生物合成特征”的知识驱动,逐步发展为“结合大规模数据训练”的数据驱动,围绕RiPPs生物合成基因簇的完整性,以及前体肽-修饰酶的匹配性等特性,既确保工具对已知RiPPs的高效识别,也为新型RiPPs的挖掘提供了可能。
RiPPs结构多样且功能丰富,其生物合成基因簇在不同生境中的分布高度依赖于其功能。近年来,随着宏基因组学、生物信息学工具及合成生物学技术的突破,针对自然环境、人体、发酵食品等多种生境的RiPPs生物合成基因簇的系统分析与挖掘取得显著进展,不仅揭示了不同生境和RiPPs多样性的关联和塑造作用,更发现了很多具有多种生物活性和功能的新型RiPPs,显示了它们在医疗、农业和生态等领域的巨大应用潜力。
自然环境中存在着极其丰富和多样的微生物,它们是活性天然产物的丰富来源,且在很大程度上未被开发。2022年发表于Nature的一项研究通过整合全球215个采样地的1 038个海洋样本微生物宏基因组数据,构建了26 293个细菌和真菌宏基因组组装基因组(metagenome-assembled genomes, MAGs),利用antiSMASH预测到大量RiPPs生物合成基因簇,其中在表层、透光层等海域的富集群落中丰度较高,56%的RiPPs基因簇家族未在RefSeq数据库中匹配到,超过97%未在实验验证数据库MIBiG中收录,且29%的基因簇家族与已知RiPPs生物合成基因簇亲缘关系较远,其中丰度较高的RiPPs产生菌包括蓝细菌、变形菌等[32]。一种新的未培养的“Candidatus Eremiobacterota”门细菌也被发现是海洋环境中生物合成多样性最高的微生物类群之一,广泛分布于全球各大洋盆地。对来源于“Candidatus Eudoremicrobium”中的2个新型RiPPs——phospeptin和pythonamide进行了生物合成基因解析和异源生物合成,发现phospeptin的修饰酶含有与羊毛硫肽合成酶同源的脱水结构域,但关键催化位点发生突变,最后形成的产物为双磷酸化线性肽,对哺乳动物中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶具有低微摩尔级抑制活性;pythonamide的修饰酶有4个,核心肽经21种翻译后修饰,如L-到D-氨基酸差向异构化、羟基化、C-甲基化和酰胺N-甲基化等,形成结构独特的RiPPs[32]。2024年,Yi等[33]通过整合海洋、淡水、陆地三大生态系统的微生物宏基因组MAGs,利用antiSMASH和BAGEL4解析了这3个生态系统中大于1万个MAGs中RiPPs生物合成基因簇的多样性和分布规律,证实陆地系统中的RiPPs生物合成基因簇的出现频率显著高于海洋和淡水系统,而海洋系统则富集萜类、非核糖体肽及聚酮类代谢产物的生物合成基因簇;并发现了RiPPs新的N11P和NHLP家族成员,它们主要来源于蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteriota)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)等,可能与抗菌或种间互作相关。RiPPs在自然界分布广泛,可能参与微生物间竞争、海洋生物互作等过程,协助微生物适应各种自然环境。具有特殊化学结构和生物活性的RiPPs的发现也为新型药物先导化合物和酶制剂的开发提供了新资源。
越来越多的研究发现,RiPPs是微生物在人体微环境中生存竞争的“武器”,它们作为微生物代谢的信号分子和防御分子,是介导菌群互作以及微生物-宿主跨界通讯的重要载体,其功能直接影响菌群结构与宿主生理状态,因此人体微生物中RiPPs的挖掘、发现以及功能研究在近几年越来越受关注,很多有潜力的RiPPs分子也越来越多地被发现。2023年有研究对人类微生物组计划中2 229个定植于人体皮肤、胃肠道、泌尿生殖道、口腔及气管的菌株利用antiSMASH进行基因组挖掘,发现218个羊毛硫肽和25个套索肽的生物合成基因簇,将其中70个在大肠杆菌中进行生物合成,获得23个产物并进行活性鉴定,发现了抑制皮肤、鼻腔和生殖道菌群失调相关菌株的新型RiPPs,以及耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌和耐万古霉素肠球菌有效的广谱及窄谱的RiPPs[34]。这项研究说明人体微生物是RiPPs的丰富来源,蕴藏着大量未知功能和活性的潜在药物,是抗菌药物研发的丰富资源库。2024年对1 029个肠道微生物宏基因组样本数据进行次级代谢产物生物合成基因簇分析比较,发现无论在年轻还是长寿人群肠道中,RiPPs中的环状内酯自诱导剂(cyclic-lactone-autoinducer)、RRE-containing以及ranthipeptides总丰度均排名前三,其中cyclic-lactone-autoinducer在年轻人中更加富集,而RiPPs中的硫肽类生物合成基因簇在长寿人群中显著富集,因此推测硫肽可能与人长寿相关[35]。2025年最新的一项研究对来自人体肠道、口腔、皮肤、气道、生殖道和鼻腔6个部位的超过30万个微生物基因组进行了基因组挖掘,利用酶导向的antiSMASH与前体肽导向的DeepRiPP和TrRiPP工具进行大规模预测,发现超过41万个RiPPs生物合成基因簇和177万个RiPPs前体肽,其中肠道和口腔微生物中RiPPs的多样性和丰度最高,皮肤和生殖道中分布较零散。在这些RiPPs中,rSAM修饰的RiPPs、自诱导肽(autoinducing peptide, AIPs)和羊毛硫肽占比最高,超过97%的RiPPs家族与已知的RiPPs无同源性,超过70%的RiPPs家族被预测具有抗菌活性;通过宏转录组分析比较,还发现多种RiPPs家族与炎症性肠病、结直肠癌等发生呈负相关关系;体外合成并验证了5种自诱导肽(AIPs)能有效抑制病原菌生物膜形成,2种AIPs可调节炎症性肠病小鼠的肠道菌群的组成,并减少有害菌丰度[36]。这项研究绘制了人体微生物组RiPPs的生物合成图谱,为通过RiPPs治疗肠道疾病和调节人体健康提供了新型的候选分子。
RiPPs的产生一方面是微生物在人体微环境中的定植策略,通过抑菌和抑制生物膜形成等作用调控宿主菌群结构,另一方面还能直接与宿主细胞互作,发挥抗炎、抗肿瘤等多种生物活性,可适配多类疾病的治疗需求。同时,很多RiPPs具有窄谱的特性,可特异性抑制某种或某类致病菌,尤其是部分耐药或多药耐药菌,对人体正常菌群影响不大,因此很有潜力突破抗生素耐药困境,值得更深入地研究和开发。
RiPPs大多具有抑菌活性,可抑制食品腐败菌滋生,维持食品中优势菌株的稳定,避免食品腐败变质。同时,部分RiPPs可作为信号分子参与菌群互作,调控微生物代谢产物,如有机酸、酯类或氨基酸的合成,从而影响发酵食品的气味、滋味、口感等,在食品发酵过程中起重要作用。食品中普遍存在的乳酸菌和芽孢菌等是RiPPs的主要产生菌。羊毛硫肽nisin是最早发现的RiPPs,也是代表性RiPPs,其产生菌乳酸乳球菌从牛奶中分离培养获得。Nisin由于具有抑菌活性较好、抑菌谱较广且稳定的特性,已有大量研究并成功开发为绿色天然防腐剂在世界各地广泛使用。随着不断研究,发现nisin还具有多种生物活性,如抗炎、抗癌和抗病毒等,是很有潜力的药物候选分子[11-12]。因此,从食品中挖掘和发现具有较好生物活性的RiPPs一直备受关注,但目前的研究大多是从食品分离菌株中发现并分离有活性的RiPPs,系统分析RiPPs在食品中的分布和动态变化规律的还较少。2022年,一种结合高通量测序和培养组的高效RiPPs及其产生菌挖掘策略建立,命名为“单克隆群体宏基因组挖掘” (metagenomic mining of isolates population, MMIP)策略,旨在高效挖掘并获得新型RiPPs,尤其是其潜在的产生菌株,以便于后续深入研究;通过此策略从传统发酵辣白菜中分离获得2 200个细菌单克隆,通过antiSMASH对单克隆群体的宏基因组数据进行分析,发现139个RiPPs生物合成基因簇,目前已筛选获得29株具有抑菌活性的羊毛硫肽产生菌;进一步从副地衣芽孢杆菌(Bacillus paralicheniformis) BaC1-8菌株中分离纯化获得新型双组分羊毛硫肽paralicin,对食品腐败菌蜡状芽孢杆菌(Bacillus cereus)和单核增生李斯特氏菌(Listeria monocytogenes)均表现出较强的抑菌活性,在食品保鲜中具有广阔应用前景[37]
食品中的RiPPs是微生物与人类长期协同进化的“天然馈赠”,它们有望解决食品工业中的天然和安全性保鲜,以及食品品质调控等问题,同时也能为食品在人体健康中发挥作用提供新型的功能成分,为可持续发展提供绿色解决方案。
大多数RiPPs的天然产生菌株存在培养条件苛刻和生长缓慢的限制,如极端环境微生物和难培养共生菌等,无法在实验室条件下规模化培养,导致通过基因组挖掘发现大量RiPPs生物合成基因簇后,无法获得成熟产物以进行功能验证。同时,RiPPs的产生通常需要特定的环境条件,有些菌株只有在与其他微生物共培养,或生长环境发生变化(如pH值、温度、肠道炎症状态等),或环境中存在一定的诱导分子时才能产生RiPPs以增加自身的竞争力或环境适应性[38-40]。为了能获得目标RiPPs产物,并对其进行结构鉴定、活性验证以及应用开发等,RiPPs异源生物合成研究近几年迅速发展[41]。目前应用最多的RiPPs异源表达宿主为大肠杆菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、链霉菌等,异源生物合成策略包括基因簇重构与底盘适配、修饰酶-前体肽协同、底盘细胞优化等(图2)。
RiPPs的生物合成依赖其生物合成基因簇,且生物合成相关的核心基因是RiPPs前体肽结构基因、翻译后修饰酶基因、前导肽切割酶基因,分别负责合成前体肽、前体肽翻译后修饰以及切除前体肽的前导肽,最终生成成熟有活性的RiPPs产物。通过对RiPPs的生物合成相关基因进行组装重构,并适配底盘宿主进行表达,是RiPPs进行异源生物合成的基础。
Nisin是RiPPs中典型的羊毛硫肽,由于其抑菌效果好、热稳定性高和安全无毒等,已被作为国际公认的安全无毒的天然防腐剂广泛应用[42]。Nisin是第一个在大肠杆菌中进行异源生物合成的羊毛硫肽,通过可稳定兼容的2个质粒将nisin的结构基因、脱水酶基因和环化酶基因在大肠杆菌中共表达,获得经翻译后修饰的NisA前肽,经胰蛋白酶切除前导肽后,获得成熟有活性的nisin[43]。通过将mcherry荧光蛋白与NisA融合在大肠杆菌中进行表达,构建了新型的即插即用型异源表达系统,增加了NisA的可溶性表达,也可活体荧光实时监测融合蛋白的表达水平,利用此系统不仅成功表达NisA前肽,而且也获得羊毛硫肽ClausA和EpiA前肽[44]。RiPPs前肽需要特定的蛋白酶切除前导肽才能形成成熟有活性的产物,因此前导肽切割酶的表达对大部分RiPPs的异源生物合成也是必要的。如将羊毛硫肽bovicin HJ50的结构基因bovA和修饰酶基因bovM在大肠杆菌胞内共表达,生成经翻译后修饰的BovA前体肽蛋白,同时也在大肠杆菌中将切割转运酶BovT的切割酶结构域T150进行异源表达,在体外进行酶切反应,切除BovA的前导肽,生成成熟有活性的bovicin HJ50,由此建立了一种“体内修饰、体外切割”的“半体外生物合成” (semi-in vitro biosynthesis, SIVB)系统[45]。“一锅法合成” (one-pot synthesis)系统将BovT150融合到BovM的N端形成蛋白嵌合体,与BovA在大肠杆菌中共表达,实现bovicin HJ50在大肠杆菌胞内的连续多步合成反应,并验证了这个生物合成系统对其他RiPPs,如suicin和lacticin 481同样适用[46]
随着大量RiPPs生物合成基因簇的发现,研究者也越来越希望可以有更加高效和通用的RiPPs生物合成系统,可在短时间内获得更多样化的产物。2022年,一个依托合成生物“大设施”搭建的自动化生物合成流程建立,涵盖了RiPPs相关生物合成基因的DNA文库构建、转化、表达、质谱鉴定和活性检测等,可在2周内快速筛选大量羊毛硫肽衍生物[47]。2024年,RiPPs (羊毛硫肽)即插即用T7表达系统在枯草芽孢杆菌中建立,可高效启动RiPPs生物合成基因簇转录,解决了RiPPs生物合成基因密码子偏好性差异以及天然启动子强度不足等问题,不仅成功表达已知羊毛硫肽,还发现了新型难以在大肠杆菌中表达的羊毛硫肽,提升了表达量[48]
虽然目前在大肠杆菌和芽孢杆菌中实现了很多不同来源RiPPs的生物合成,但还是有很多RiPPs的异源生物合成需要适配的底盘宿主才能实现。目前发现RiPPs在很多微生物物种中普遍存在,也包括一些难培养的古菌、稀有放线菌等特殊物种,它们中的RiPPs常具有独特结构与功能,但存在产生菌培养困难、基因兼容性差等问题,它们的异源生物合成一直都比较难实现。2025年,在嗜盐古菌沃氏富盐菌(Haloferax volcanii)中建立了RiPPs异源表达平台,研究人员将筛选出的古菌羊毛硫肽生物合成基因簇克隆到古菌-大肠杆菌穿梭载体中并转化到嗜盐古菌,成功鉴定出24种新的羊毛硫肽,还发现了具有独特结构的二氨基二羧酸末端的羊毛硫肽亚家族,既有抑菌活性,又可诱导细胞形态发生和鞭毛相关基因表达,增强产生菌的运动能力[49]
翻译后修饰酶是RiPPs异源生物合成的核心功能元件,其作用贯穿RiPPs从前体肽到成熟活性产物形成的全过程,直接决定RiPPs异源表达的成败和产物的活性。在RiPPs的异源生物合成体系中,翻译后修饰酶的功能适配性、催化效率及协同作用是突破天然产生菌限制的关键,也决定了RiPPs是否能形成正确的分子结构和发挥正常功能。除此以外,翻译后修饰酶赋予RiPPs丰富多样的结构,尤其是具备底物耐受性的修饰酶,它们可催化一定宽泛度的底物发生翻译后修饰反应,可构建多功能的催化工具箱,用于RiPPs的定向改造,创制具有理想特性的新型肽类药物[50]
利用修饰酶的分子识别特性和底物耐受性,不仅可实现一种酶对多种相似的RiPPs分子进行模块化修饰,还可对前体肽进行突变优化和工程化改造。如可修饰cypemycin的甲基转移酶CypM对I类羊毛硫肽nisin和II类羊毛硫肽haloduracin均可进行甲基化修饰,且经甲基化修饰的nisin比天然产生的nisin活性升高[51]。P450酶可催化RiPPs前体肽中芳香氨基酸侧链间的交联成环,通过对P450酶编码基因及其上下游400 bp的非编码区序列进行预测和筛选,获得可能的RiPPs前体肽基因,并在大肠杆菌和链霉菌中进行异源生物合成,重构了可能的RiPPs翻译后修饰过程,获得11个新的环肽化合物[52]。2025年的研究则通过利用RiPPs的翻译后修饰酶SyncM以及异戊烯基转移酶PirF分别引入羊毛硫氨酸或甲基羊毛硫氨酸以及非核糖体肽中的模拟脂质结构域,最终生成新的脂化大环肽,结构与脂肽类抗生素类似,通过对翻译后修饰酶进行途径重构,生成新的脂化修饰RiPPs[53]
RiPPs在天然菌株中的产量通常很低,提升RiPPs的生物合成效率及产量,实现低成本、规模化的绿色生产,是打破RiPPs类药物产业化瓶颈,推动候选药物进入临床研究的关键。通过补充修饰酶的辅因子或底物、降低RiPPs对底盘细胞毒性等可有效提升RiPPs的异源生物合成效率及产量。
RiPPs的生物合成需要种类繁多、功能各异的酶进行,以实现其结构与功能的多样性。部分RiPP生物合成酶的催化反应需要辅因子或底物的参与,它们在异源宿主中可能并不存在或含量不足,因此导致目标RiPPs的产量较低。大肠杆菌是RiPPs最常用的异源表达宿主,但其缺乏很多RiPPs修饰酶所需的辅因子[54]。如I类羊毛硫肽的LanB脱水酶以tRNA依赖的方式对丝氨酸和苏氨酸残基进行脱水修饰,形成脱氢丙氨酸或甲基脱氢丙氨酸,但大肠杆菌的谷氨酰-tRNA与LanB无法高效适配,所以可能导致前肽脱水反应不完全,不能高效表达正确修饰的RiPPs前肽。利用pEVOL载体在大肠杆菌中共表达RiPPs天然产生菌株的谷氨酰-tRNA合成酶与tRNAGlu,可合成RiPPs产生菌株的谷氨酰-tRNA,显著提升脱水效率[7]。Subtilosin A在大肠杆菌中表达时共表达Fe-S簇生物合成基因并降低摇速,可显著提升其产量[55]
在底盘细胞中表达RiPPs的转运基因可促进RiPPs转运到胞外,从而减少胞内积累,降低对底盘细胞的毒性。如在微白黄链霉菌中用强启动子PermE*表达肉毒霉素(bottromycin)的转运蛋白BotT可将bottromycin的产量提高20倍[56]。在底盘细胞中表达免疫基因可提高底盘对RiPPs的抗性,从而使RiPPs对底盘细胞的毒性减小,利于底盘细胞生长,从而增加RiPPs的产量。如在干酪乳杆菌中表达enterocin A的免疫基因entiA,并将enterocin A前肽融合分泌型信号肽usp45表达,enterocin A的异源表达产量提升了4.9倍[57]。在乳酸乳球菌NZ9000中表达免疫蛋白NukFEG可增加Nukacin D13E的产量约5.2倍[58]
RiPPs凭借其抗菌、抗炎、抗病毒和抗肿瘤等多种生物活性成为天然药物研发的焦点,而目前已知的RiPPs仅为冰山一角,自然界中还有大量的RiPPs尚未被发现或表征。当前RiPPs研究多集中于细菌,古菌、真菌等来源的RiPPs可能具有更独特的结构和活性,但相关研究尚处于起步阶段。目前利用已开发的RiPPs基因组挖掘工具进行预测分析,发现在不同生境中均存在大量的RiPPs生物合成基因簇,且在不同生境中RiPPs的种类和优势基因簇都有所差别,说明RiPPs在微生物互作塑造菌群结构过程中发挥重要作用。不同环境中的RiPPs也可作为资源库,提供丰富的药物先导化合物。虽然目前通过基因组挖掘发现了大量不同种类的RiPPs生物合成基因簇,但它们具体发挥的作用大多都未知,只有对它们进行更深入的表征和结构功能解析,才能明确它们的生理特征,理解它们对细菌生存和与宿主互作的意义,为它们更进一步开发利用奠定基础。RiPPs在天然产生菌中的产量大多较低,更是有部分产生菌难以培养或检测不到产物,通过将RiPPs的生物合成相关基因或基因簇导入大肠杆菌、芽孢杆菌等菌株,建立异源生物合成系统,已能成功获得部分有活性的产物,随着表达系统的优化和改造,更多RiPPs有望实现顺利表达和工业化规模生产。异源生物合成体系也为RiPPs的工程化改造提供了平台,可实现跨家族修饰酶的协同作用,生成序列和结构新颖的RiPPs,并改善RiPPs的稳定性和生物利用度等。
RiPPs的研究越来越受到关注也是因为它们具有广阔的应用前景。在医药领域,随着对其抗菌、抗炎、抗癌等活性的深入研究和技术的不断突破,RiPPs类药物有望成为应对抗生素耐药性和癌症等重大疾病的新型治疗药物,具有巨大的市场潜力。在农业领域,RiPPs可用于生物防治,替代部分化学农药,减少环境污染,保障农产品质量安全;RiPPs可调节养殖动物的肠道菌群,促进养殖动物生长发育和抗病,减少抗生素使用,促进畜牧业绿色持续发展。在食品工业中,RiPPs的抗菌特性可用于食品保鲜,抑制腐败菌滋生,延长食品保质期。然而,RiPPs要实现产业化,还需要克服一些技术瓶颈,如异源表达产量低、修饰酶活性或特异性不足、修饰异质性、分离纯化成本较高等问题。然而,随着对RiPPs越来越深入地研究和技术优化,它们必定成为医药、食品和农业领域中抗菌、抗炎、抗肿瘤等药物的重要来源。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2103900)
  • 中国科学院国际伙伴计划(153211KYSB20210013)
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2026年第66卷第5期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250917
  • 接收时间:2025-12-09
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-09
  • 录用日期:2026-01-15
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The National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2103900)
国家重点研发计划(2021YFC2103900)
The International Partnership Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences(153211KYSB20210013)
中国科学院国际伙伴计划(153211KYSB20210013)
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    1.中国科学院微生物研究所,微生物多样性与资源创新利用全国重点实验室,北京
    2.中国科学院大学,北京
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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