Article(id=1259888472551244159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250919, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1764518400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1768406400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-15, onlineDate=1778310419452, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1777824000000, pubDateStr=2026-05-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778310419452, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778310419452, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778310419452, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259888457367806489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='5', pageStart='2031', pageEnd='2556', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778310415832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778320153326, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2444, endPage=2461, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259888474686144921, articleId=1259888472551244159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Mechanisms of Priestia endophytica promoting the growth and 2-keto-L-gulonic acid biotransformation of Ketogulonicigenium vulgare in the co-culture system, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective The effects of the helper strain (Priestia endophytica)1-112 on the growth of Ketogulonicigenium vulgare and the biotransformation of 2-keto-L-glonic acid (2-KLG) remain unclear. In this study, we cultured the helper strain in different media to study the mechanisms of the growth- and 2-KLG biotransformation-promoting effects of the helper strain on K. vulgare. Methods We used different media (minimal, mixed, and fementation media) to culture the helper strain and investigated the effects of the strain on the growth and 2-KLG biotransformation of K. vulgare. The differently expressed genes (DEGs) and associated metabolic pathways in the helper strain cultured in different media were analyzed by transcriptomics to screen the key factors in the co-culture system. The effects of key factors on the growth and 2-KLG biotransformation of K. vulgare were evaluated to explore their roles in the co-culture system. Results Strain 1-112 cultured in the minimal medium lost or reduced the ability to promote 2-KLG production, while it retained the ability to promote the growth of K. vulgare. This result indicated that the helper strain promoted 2-KLG biotransformation through two distinct mechanisms. There were 1 859 DEGs in strain 1-112 cultured in fermentation medium in comparison with the minimal medium, and the DEGs were significantly enriched in the pathways such as nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, carbon metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis. In addition, the helper strain cultured in the minimal medium containing some key factors could restore the ability to promote 2-KLG production. Glycine, proline, biotin, and nicotinic acid were found to be essential for promoting K. vulgare growth, whereas glycine, threonine, biotin, and nicotinic acid played critical roles in enhancing 2-KLG biotransformation. Conclusion The helper strain promoted the growth and 2-KLG biotransformation of K. vulgare through different mechanisms.

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E-mail:
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目的 植物内生芽孢杆菌(Priestia endophytica,伴生菌) 1-112对普通产酮古洛糖酸菌(Ketogulonicigenium vulgare,产酸菌)生长及促进2-酮基-L-古龙酸(2-keto-L-glonic acid, 2-KLG)生物转化的作用尚不明确。本研究采用不同培养基培养该辅助菌株,旨在探究其对普通产酮古洛糖酸菌的作用机制。 方法 采用不同培养基(基本培养基、混合培养基及发酵培养基)培养1-112,探究其对普通产酮古洛糖酸菌生长及2-KLG生物转化的影响。运用转录组学技术,分析经不同培养基培养的辅助菌株中差异表达基因(differentlly expressed genes, DEGs)及相关代谢通路,筛选共培养体系中的关键因素。评估关键因素对普通产酮古洛糖酸菌生长及2-KLG生物转化的影响,以明确其在共培养体系中的作用。 结果 与发酵培养基培养伴生菌相比,基本培养基培养伴生菌丧失了促进K. vulgare转化2-KLG的能力,但仍能促进其生长,这提示伴生菌对K. vulgare的影响可分为促进生长与促进2-KLG转化2个相对独立的功能模块。转录组分析表明,与基本培养基培养相比,发酵培养基培养的伴生菌共有1 859个差异表达基因,这些基因显著富集在烟酸与烟酰胺代谢、碳代谢、精氨酸与脯氨酸代谢以及氨基酸的生物合成等关键代谢通路。进一步向基本培养基中添加关键因子(丝氨酸、甘氨酸、苏氨酸、脯氨酸、烟酸和生物素)进行验证发现,甘氨酸、脯氨酸、生物素和烟酸是伴生菌促进K. vulgare生长的关键因子,而甘氨酸、苏氨酸、生物素和烟酸则是促进K. vulgare转化2-KLG的关键因子。 结论 通过比较不同培养基培养伴生菌对K. vulgare生长及2-KLG转化的影响发现,伴生菌通过不同机制分别促进K. vulgare的生长与2-KLG的转化。

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作者贡献声明

李娜:数据分析,论文撰写;徐慧:监督管理;杨伟超:研究方案设计与指导;陈忠军:论文结构指导;孙子羽:研究方法指导;满都拉:研究方案设计,论文修改和审核等。

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Effects and mechanisms of biotin on glucose and lipid metabolism in animals[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2022, 34(6): 3511-3518 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259928565068476843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888472551244159, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1966, volume=44, issue=2, pageStart=241, pageEnd=254, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[66], rfOrder=81, authorNames=London J, Knight M, journalName=Journal of General Microbiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=London J, Knight M. Concentrations of nicotinamide nucleotide coenzymes in micro-organisms[J]. 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The key genes in amino acid and cofactor metabolic pathways

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Pathway descriptionGene IDGeneUp/downGene description
Proline metabolismM4D59_RS11520proADownGlutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
M4D59_RS16220proCDownPyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase
M4D59_RS19460putBDownProline dehydrogenase
Glycine, serine and threonine metabolismM4D59_RS00580serCUp3-phosphoserine/phosphohydroxythreonine transaminase
M4D59_RS19280thrCUpThreonine synthase
M4D59_RS19285homUpHomoserine dehydrogenase
M4D59_RS22630gcvPBUpAminomethyl-transferring glycine dehydrogenase subunit GcvPB
M4D59_RS22635gcvPAUpAminomethyl-transferring glycine dehydrogenase subunit GcvPA
M4D59_RS22640gcvHUpGlycine cleavage system protein GcvH
M4D59_RS22645gcvTUpGlycine cleavage system aminomethyltransferase GcvT
Biotin metabolismM4D59_RS07795bioDDownDethiobiotin synthase
M4D59_RS07800bioIDownPimeloyl-(acyl-carrier protein) synthase
M4D59_RS13820BioYUpBiotin transporter BioY
Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolismM4D59_RS01045ppnKUpNAD kinase
M4D59_RS01555surEUp5′/3′-nucleotidase SurE
M4D59_RS02220pncBUpNicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase
M4D59_RS02225nadEUpAmmonia-dependent NAD(+) synthetase
M4D59_RS03835deoDUpPurine-nucleoside phosphorylase
M4D59_RS03925cobBDownNAD-dependent protein deacylase
M4D59_RS06595pncBUpNicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase
M4D59_RS16135punAUpPurine-nucleoside phosphorylase
M4D59_RS17155nadDUpNicotinate-nucleotide adenylyltransferase
M4D59_RS17460nadAUPQuinolinate synthase NadA
M4D59_RS17465nadCUPCarboxylating nicotinate-nucleotide diphosphorylase
M4D59_RS17470nadBUPL-aspartate oxidase
Lipoic acid metabolismM4D59_RS00645lplAUPLipoate-protein ligase
M4D59_RS16580lipMUPLipoyl (octanoyl) transferase
Folate biosynthesisM4D59_RS03640DHFRUPDihydrofolate reductase
Isoleucine biosynthesis and degradationM4D59_RS03610ilvDUPDihydroxy-acid dehydratase
M4D59_RS16375E1.4.1.9UPLeucine dehydrogenase
M4D59_RS16355bkdA1UP2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta
M4D59_RS02720lpdUPDihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
), ArticleFig(id=1259928462714876609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888472551244159, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

氨基酸和辅因子代谢关键基因

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Pathway descriptionGene IDGeneUp/downGene description
Proline metabolismM4D59_RS11520proADownGlutamate-5-semialdehyde dehydrogenase
M4D59_RS16220proCDownPyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase
M4D59_RS19460putBDownProline dehydrogenase
Glycine, serine and threonine metabolismM4D59_RS00580serCUp3-phosphoserine/phosphohydroxythreonine transaminase
M4D59_RS19280thrCUpThreonine synthase
M4D59_RS19285homUpHomoserine dehydrogenase
M4D59_RS22630gcvPBUpAminomethyl-transferring glycine dehydrogenase subunit GcvPB
M4D59_RS22635gcvPAUpAminomethyl-transferring glycine dehydrogenase subunit GcvPA
M4D59_RS22640gcvHUpGlycine cleavage system protein GcvH
M4D59_RS22645gcvTUpGlycine cleavage system aminomethyltransferase GcvT
Biotin metabolismM4D59_RS07795bioDDownDethiobiotin synthase
M4D59_RS07800bioIDownPimeloyl-(acyl-carrier protein) synthase
M4D59_RS13820BioYUpBiotin transporter BioY
Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolismM4D59_RS01045ppnKUpNAD kinase
M4D59_RS01555surEUp5′/3′-nucleotidase SurE
M4D59_RS02220pncBUpNicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase
M4D59_RS02225nadEUpAmmonia-dependent NAD(+) synthetase
M4D59_RS03835deoDUpPurine-nucleoside phosphorylase
M4D59_RS03925cobBDownNAD-dependent protein deacylase
M4D59_RS06595pncBUpNicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase
M4D59_RS16135punAUpPurine-nucleoside phosphorylase
M4D59_RS17155nadDUpNicotinate-nucleotide adenylyltransferase
M4D59_RS17460nadAUPQuinolinate synthase NadA
M4D59_RS17465nadCUPCarboxylating nicotinate-nucleotide diphosphorylase
M4D59_RS17470nadBUPL-aspartate oxidase
Lipoic acid metabolismM4D59_RS00645lplAUPLipoate-protein ligase
M4D59_RS16580lipMUPLipoyl (octanoyl) transferase
Folate biosynthesisM4D59_RS03640DHFRUPDihydrofolate reductase
Isoleucine biosynthesis and degradationM4D59_RS03610ilvDUPDihydroxy-acid dehydratase
M4D59_RS16375E1.4.1.9UPLeucine dehydrogenase
M4D59_RS16355bkdA1UP2-oxoisovalerate dehydrogenase E1 component subunit beta
M4D59_RS02720lpdUPDihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase
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共培养体系中伴生菌(Priestia endophytica)促进普通产酮古洛糖酸菌生长和2-酮基-L- 古龙酸转化的作用机制
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李娜 1 , 徐慧 2 , 杨伟超 2 , 陈忠军 1 , 孙子羽 1 , 满都拉 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(5): 2444-2461
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(5): 2444-2461
共培养体系中伴生菌(Priestia endophytica)促进普通产酮古洛糖酸菌生长和2-酮基-L- 古龙酸转化的作用机制
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李娜1, 徐慧2, 杨伟超2, 陈忠军1, 孙子羽1, 满都拉1
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古农业大学 食品科学与工程学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特
  • 2.中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,辽宁 沈阳
Mechanisms of Priestia endophytica promoting the growth and 2-keto-L-gulonic acid biotransformation of Ketogulonicigenium vulgare in the co-culture system
Na LI1, Hui XU2, Weichao YANG2, Zhongjun CHEN1, Ziyu SUN1, Mandlaa1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
  • 2.Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
出版时间: 2026-05-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250919
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目的 植物内生芽孢杆菌(Priestia endophytica,伴生菌) 1-112对普通产酮古洛糖酸菌(Ketogulonicigenium vulgare,产酸菌)生长及促进2-酮基-L-古龙酸(2-keto-L-glonic acid, 2-KLG)生物转化的作用尚不明确。本研究采用不同培养基培养该辅助菌株,旨在探究其对普通产酮古洛糖酸菌的作用机制。 方法 采用不同培养基(基本培养基、混合培养基及发酵培养基)培养1-112,探究其对普通产酮古洛糖酸菌生长及2-KLG生物转化的影响。运用转录组学技术,分析经不同培养基培养的辅助菌株中差异表达基因(differentlly expressed genes, DEGs)及相关代谢通路,筛选共培养体系中的关键因素。评估关键因素对普通产酮古洛糖酸菌生长及2-KLG生物转化的影响,以明确其在共培养体系中的作用。 结果 与发酵培养基培养伴生菌相比,基本培养基培养伴生菌丧失了促进K. vulgare转化2-KLG的能力,但仍能促进其生长,这提示伴生菌对K. vulgare的影响可分为促进生长与促进2-KLG转化2个相对独立的功能模块。转录组分析表明,与基本培养基培养相比,发酵培养基培养的伴生菌共有1 859个差异表达基因,这些基因显著富集在烟酸与烟酰胺代谢、碳代谢、精氨酸与脯氨酸代谢以及氨基酸的生物合成等关键代谢通路。进一步向基本培养基中添加关键因子(丝氨酸、甘氨酸、苏氨酸、脯氨酸、烟酸和生物素)进行验证发现,甘氨酸、脯氨酸、生物素和烟酸是伴生菌促进K. vulgare生长的关键因子,而甘氨酸、苏氨酸、生物素和烟酸则是促进K. vulgare转化2-KLG的关键因子。 结论 通过比较不同培养基培养伴生菌对K. vulgare生长及2-KLG转化的影响发现,伴生菌通过不同机制分别促进K. vulgare的生长与2-KLG的转化。

2-酮基-L-古龙酸  /  普通产酮古洛糖酸菌  /  共培养体系  /  植物内生芽孢杆菌  /  转录组学分析

Objective The effects of the helper strain (Priestia endophytica)1-112 on the growth of Ketogulonicigenium vulgare and the biotransformation of 2-keto-L-glonic acid (2-KLG) remain unclear. In this study, we cultured the helper strain in different media to study the mechanisms of the growth- and 2-KLG biotransformation-promoting effects of the helper strain on K. vulgare. Methods We used different media (minimal, mixed, and fementation media) to culture the helper strain and investigated the effects of the strain on the growth and 2-KLG biotransformation of K. vulgare. The differently expressed genes (DEGs) and associated metabolic pathways in the helper strain cultured in different media were analyzed by transcriptomics to screen the key factors in the co-culture system. The effects of key factors on the growth and 2-KLG biotransformation of K. vulgare were evaluated to explore their roles in the co-culture system. Results Strain 1-112 cultured in the minimal medium lost or reduced the ability to promote 2-KLG production, while it retained the ability to promote the growth of K. vulgare. This result indicated that the helper strain promoted 2-KLG biotransformation through two distinct mechanisms. There were 1 859 DEGs in strain 1-112 cultured in fermentation medium in comparison with the minimal medium, and the DEGs were significantly enriched in the pathways such as nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, carbon metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and amino acid biosynthesis. In addition, the helper strain cultured in the minimal medium containing some key factors could restore the ability to promote 2-KLG production. Glycine, proline, biotin, and nicotinic acid were found to be essential for promoting K. vulgare growth, whereas glycine, threonine, biotin, and nicotinic acid played critical roles in enhancing 2-KLG biotransformation. Conclusion The helper strain promoted the growth and 2-KLG biotransformation of K. vulgare through different mechanisms.

2-keto-L-gulonic acid  /  Ketogulonicigenium vulgare  /  co-culture system  /  Priestia endophytica  /  transcriptomic analysis
李娜, 徐慧, 杨伟超, 陈忠军, 孙子羽, 满都拉. 共培养体系中伴生菌(Priestia endophytica)促进普通产酮古洛糖酸菌生长和2-酮基-L- 古龙酸转化的作用机制. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2444 -2461 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250919
Na LI, Hui XU, Weichao YANG, Zhongjun CHEN, Ziyu SUN, Mandlaa. Mechanisms of Priestia endophytica promoting the growth and 2-keto-L-gulonic acid biotransformation of Ketogulonicigenium vulgare in the co-culture system[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2444 -2461 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250919
在一些微生物转化过程中,共培养(或混合培养、混合发酵)相较于纯培养具有显著优势,其中维生素C的第二步发酵过程作为典型的混合发酵模式受到广泛关注[1-2]。在该混合培养体系中,维生素C前体2-酮基-L-古龙酸(2-keto-L-gulonic acid, 2-KLG)由L-山梨糖经普通产酮古洛糖酸菌(Ketogulonicigenium vulgare,又称产酸菌)和伴生菌共同发酵转化生成[3]。尽管K. vulgare具备将L-山梨糖转化为2-KLG的能力,但其在纯培养条件下生长缓慢且转化效率极低。因此,工业规模上2-KLG的高效生产必须依赖K. vulgare和伴生菌组成的混合发酵体系[4]
研究表明,K. vulgare在氨基酸、维生素、叶酸、碳水化合物和嘌呤等代谢方面存在缺陷[5-8]。通过基因工程手段构建K. vulgare缺失氨基酸生物合成途径的菌株,或基于K. vulgare生理特性利用合成生物学技术构建的伴生菌,均可在一定程度上促进K. vulgare的生长[9-10]。上述研究虽阐明了K. vulgare在单独培养时生长受限的内在原因,但相较于共培养体系,外源添加代谢物或基因改造对其生长与转化能力的提升效果仍较为有限。这表明伴生菌在促进K. vulgare生长和2-KLG转化过程中可能涉及更为复杂的调控机制,仍有待深入揭示[11]。有研究人员以不同伴生菌之间的功能差异为切入点,开展伴生机理的探索[12]。然而,由于选取的2株伴生菌苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis)和内生芽孢杆菌(Bacillus endophyticus)分属不同种,其固有的遗传与代谢差异为伴生机理的精确解析带来了干扰和挑战。尽管如此,该研究为后续机制研究提供了新思路:通过调控伴生菌的培养条件,使其基因表达发生变化,从而构建具有不同伴生能力的菌体状态,再结合转录组学方法筛选差异表达基因,进而系统解析伴生菌促进K. vulgare生长和2-KLG转化的作用机制。
本研究采用一种透析培养装置,在不同培养基中培养伴生菌,构建具有差异伴生能力的培养条件,进而分析伴生菌植物内生芽孢杆菌(Priestia endophytica)在不同培养条件下转录水平的差异表达特征,以探究其促进K. vulgare生长和2-KLG转化的分子机制。
普通产酮古洛糖酸菌(K. vulgare) 418和植物内生芽孢杆菌(P. endophytica) 1-112,均保存于内蒙古农业大学食品科学与工程学院。
发酵培养基(g/L):L-山梨糖80.0,玉米浆15.0,尿素12.0,KH2PO4 1.0,MgSO4·7H2O 0.1,CaCO3 5.0,10 ppm FeSO4 0.1 mL,pH 6.7-7.0 (L-山梨糖和尿素分开灭菌,其他培养基成分在溶解并调节pH后加入碳酸钙)。分离培养基(g/L):L-山梨糖20.0,酵母膏3.0,牛肉膏3.0,玉米浆3.0,蛋白胨10.0,尿素1.0,KH2PO4 1.0,MgSO4·7H2O 0.2,CaCO3 1.0,10 ppm FeSO4 0.1 mL,琼脂23.0,pH 6.7-7.0。在120 ℃下灭菌20 min前,用40% NaOH溶液调节pH值。基本培养基(g/L):葡萄糖5.0,(NH4)2SO4 2.0,柠檬酸钠1.0,MgSO4·7H2O 0.2,K2HPO4 6.0,KH2PO4 4.0,120 ℃下灭菌20 min。混合培养基:将灭菌后的基本培养基和发酵培养基按体积比3:5的比例混合配制。关键因子培养基(g/L):丝氨酸0.28,甘氨酸0.36,苏氨酸0.18,脯氨酸0.28,烟酸0.19,生物素0.062,并用0.22 μm过滤器灭菌[13]
将1 mL含伴生菌的基本培养基菌液分别接种至含有20 mL发酵培养基、基本培养基和混合培养基的250 mL三角瓶中,在29 ℃、180 r/min下振荡培养24 h,得到在不同培养基中生长的伴生菌培养液。从分离培养基上收集K. vulgare的菌落,将其全部用接种环移到3 mL无菌水中,充分振荡混匀,即得到K. vulgare菌液。
本研究所用实验装置参照满都拉等[14]设计的装置。向装置的内管中分别加入3 mL在3种不同培养基中培养的伴生菌发酵液,对照组为在装置内管中不接种伴生菌的各培养基(3 mL)。装置的外管中各加入5 mL发酵培养基和1 mL K. vulgare菌液。整个装置置于29 ℃、180 r/min的摇床中培养72 h后,测定各处理中2-KLG含量和K. vulgareOD650值。
将保藏的P. endophytica 1-112菌株活化后分别接种于基本培养基和发酵培养基中,29 ℃、180 r/min振荡培养至对数期(OD650为0.8-1.0),于4 ℃、10 000 r/min下离心18 h收集菌体并立即用液氮速冻后,用于转录组测序。
采用TRIzol®试剂盒(Invitrogen公司)分别提取基本培养基和发酵培养基中培养的伴生菌总RNA,随后使用DNase I (TaKaRa公司)去除残留的基因组DNA。利用生物分析仪(Agilent公司)检测RNA完整性。合格的RNA样本使用Next® UltraTM RNA Library Prep Kit (New England Biolabs公司)构建文库。通过磁珠法去除rRNA (Ribo-Zero Magnetic Kit,EpiCentre公司)并同时进行RNA片段化。并依次完成cDNA合成、末端修复、A碱基添加及索引接头的连接。随后,利用2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳回收目标大小的cDNA片段,并通过Phusion DNA聚合酶进行15个循环的PCR扩增。扩增产物经TBS380荧光定量后,在DNBSEQ-T7平台进行2×150 bp双端测序。基因表达水平以每千碱基转录本每百万条映射读段(reads per kilobase of transcript per million reads mapped, RPKM)表示[15],差异表达基因分析采用edgeR软件完成,筛选标准为|log2 fold change (FC)|≥1且错误发现率(false discovery rate, FDR)≤0.05,获得差异表达基因(differentially expressed genes, DEGs)[16]。对DEGs进行功能注释时,使用GO (gene ontology, http://www.geneontology.org)数据库[17],并通过KOBAS (http://kobas.cbi.pku.edu.cn/home.do)进行KEGG通路富集分析[18]
在基本培养基中外源添加差异代谢途径中的代谢物后培养伴生菌,研究培养后的伴生菌对K. vulgare的影响。以不含伴生菌,含外源添加等量差异代谢物的基本培养基为对照,通过测定2-KLG含量和K. vulgareOD650值,研究伴生菌的伴生机理(具体培养方法与条件见1.2节)。
发酵液中2-KLG含量和K. vulgare的光密度值(OD650)的测定参照Xu等[19]和冯树等[11]报道的方法。所有处理均设置3次重复。使用SPSS 19.0进行统计学分析,P<0.05认为具有统计学上的显著差异。使用Origin 2024软件绘图。
3种培养基(发酵培养基、基本培养基和混合培养基)中培养的伴生菌对K. vulgare的生长和转化影响不同,结果如图1所示。从OD650值来看,与不接种伴生菌的对照相比,在3种培养基中培养的伴生菌均能显著提高K. vulgareOD650值(图1AP<0.05),表明在3种培养基中培养的伴生菌均能够促进K. vulgare的生长。然而,与发酵培养基和混合培养基中培养的伴生菌相比,基本培养基中培养的伴生菌并不能显著提高2-KLG的含量(图1BP>0.05)。这表明在基本培养基中培养的伴生菌失去了(或大幅减弱了)促进K. vulgare转化山梨糖为2-KLG的能力,但依然具有促进K. vulgare生长的能力。不接种发酵培养基、混合培养基与基本培养基中培养的伴生菌,单独在上述培养基中培养K. vulgare时,其OD650值及2-KLG含量间均无显著差异(P>0.05)。这说明培养基本身不会对K. vulgare的生长和产2-KLG造成影响。
研究指出,伴生菌可通过增加K. vulgare的细胞数量来促进2-KLG的转化合成[20-21]。在本研究中,在基本培养基条件下,尽管伴生菌较对照能显著促进K. vulgare的生长,但其在促进K. vulgare转化2-KLG方面与对照组无显著差异。该结果表明,2-KLG的转化效率与K. vulgare的细胞密度之间可能无直接关联,提示伴生菌对K. vulgare生长的促进作用与对2-KLG转化的促进作用可能通过不同的机制实现。
基本培养基与发酵培养基中培养的伴生菌在促进2-KLG转化方面表现出显著差异(图1B)。为了探究其分子机制,采用比较转录组学技术分析了2种培养条件下(基本培养基和发酵培养基)伴生菌在转录水平上的差异。结果显示,与基本培养基培养的伴生菌相比,发酵培养基培养的伴生菌中共有1 859个差异表达基因,其中上调表达基因1 232个,下调表达基因627个(图2A)。
利用GO数据库对上述差异表达基因进行注释后发现,差异表达基因在生物过程(biological process, BP)、细胞组分(cellular component, CC)和分子功能(molecular function, MF)上均有注释(图2B)。差异表达基因在BP涉及13个功能亚类,主要为生物调控(biological regulation,上调48个、下调21个)、细胞过程(cellular process,上调233个、下调89个)、解毒作用(detoxification,上调5个)、发育过程(developmental process,上调5个、下调5个)、生长(growth,上调32个、下调6个)、生物体间种间相互作用(interspecies interaction between organisms,上调5个)、定位(localization,上调33个、下调17个)、代谢过程(metabolic process,上调201个、下调77个)、多生物过程(multi-organism process,上调8个)、氮利用(nitrogen utilization,上调2个)、生殖(reproduction,上调3个、下调2个)、刺激应答(response to stimulus,上调51个、下调23个)、信号传导(signaling,上调2个、下调2个)。差异表达基因在CC涉及3个功能亚类,主要为细胞解剖实体(cellular anatomical entity,上调225个、下调93个)、细胞内(intracellular,上调137个、下调55个)和含蛋白质复合物(protein-containing complex,上调31个、下调8个)。差异表达基因在MF涉及7个功能亚类,主要为抗氧化活性(antioxidant activity,上调4个)、结合(binding,上调97个、下调36个)、催化活性(catalytic activity,上调191个、下调82个)、分子功能调节因子(molecular function regulator,上调2个、下调3个)、结构分子活性(structural molecule activity,上调7个)、转录调节因子活性(transcription regulator activity,上调9个、下调2个)、转运蛋白活性(transporter activity,上调29个、下调14个)。
相较于基本培养基培养的伴生菌,在发酵培养基中培养的伴生菌在结构分子活性、抗氧化活性、氮利用、生物体间种间相互作用、多生物过程和解毒作用等6个功能只注释到了上调表达的基因。其中,微生物的生物体间种间相互作用和多生物过程功能决定了微生物群落的结构与功能,并赋予细菌在复杂环境中高效利用资源、优化能量分配的能力[22]。本研究中,上调差异基因被注释到interspecies interaction between organisms和multi-organism process功能,如能接收和传递信号和影响细菌间的协作行为的FHA domain-containing protein,积极参与对高渗性休克的反应的molecular chaperone DnaK等,这些基因的上调可能有益于增强伴生菌在发酵培养基中与外界环境的互动能力,并通过代谢产物交换或信号传递增强伴生菌与产酸菌之间的协同作用进而增强2-KLG的转化。
在细菌的合成代谢中,解毒并非独立的防御机制,而是通过清除有害物质、维持胞内稳态,直接或间接为蛋白质、核酸、细胞壁成分等生物大分子的合成提供保障[23-24]。已有研究表明,太阳光中的紫外线A段(ultraviolet A, UVA)辐射是铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)对环境的主要氧化应激因素,UVA可通过诱导活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)的生成导致蛋白质和DNA损伤,而P. aeruginosa则依赖KatA和KatB 2种过氧化氢酶实现对ROS的有效解毒[25]。抗氧化活性(antioxidant activity)是细菌解毒过程的重要组成部分,通过直接清除ROS等氧化性损伤分子,减少对关键生物大分子的破坏,从而在解毒过程中发挥核心作用。K. vulgare在发酵过程中会产生多种ROS,但自身缺乏清除过量ROS的能力,易引发氧化应激,因此在单独培养条件下其生长会受到氧化胁迫的抑制。在混合培养体系中,伴生菌可释放多种抗氧化物质,有效清除发酵体系中的ROS,从而促进K. vulgare的生长与产2-KLG[26]。相较于基本培养基中的伴生菌,发酵培养基中培养的伴生菌的解毒作用相关基因(kata, trxA, bcp)的显著上调,表明菌株可能通过主动清除毒性物质以维持内环境稳态,并间接支持合成代谢过程(如酶活性维持与能量供应)。此外,细菌在实现解毒功能时,不仅影响自身的生长动态,还可能通过调控环境pH值及代谢产物浓度影响其他物种的生存状态,进而参与种间相互作用和多生物体过程的调节[27]。Detoxification相关基因的上调有助于伴生菌清除对产酸菌有害的代谢副产物和环境毒素,减轻其对产酸菌酶系统的氧化损伤,从而使山梨糖脱氢酶(sorbose dehydrogenase, SDH)和山梨酮脱氢酶(sorbosone dehydrogenase, SNDH)保持高催化活性,持续推动2-KLG的合成。
总体而言,相较于基本培养基,发酵培养基中培养的伴生菌在细胞过程、代谢过程、生物调控、细胞解剖实体、细胞内、结合及催化活性等功能类别中表现出显著差异,表明发酵培养基可通过多维度调控伴生菌的基因表达与生理功能,从而提升产酸菌对2-KLG的转化效率。在代谢层面,伴生菌参与代谢过程的差异表达基因中,上调基因达201个、下调77个,在催化过程中,上调191个、下调82个,整个代谢通量显著增强,有助于高效合成碳水化合物、氨基酸、辅酶等营养物质,弥补产酸菌的合成缺陷,为其生长及2-KLG合成提供必要的物质基础。在胁迫响应层面,抗氧化活性检测到4个上调基因,解毒作用相关基因上调5个且均无下调,提示伴生菌可通过表达相关基因清除ROS等有害物质,改善产酸菌的氧化还原状态,缓解其生长抑制,进而提高产酸效率。在细胞结构与信号调控层面,结构分子活性相关基因全部表现为上调,表明伴生菌增强了细胞结构组分的合成以维持其生理活性;同时,生物调控中上调基因48个、下调21个,刺激应答中上调51个、下调23个,显示在发酵培养基中,伴生菌具备较强的代谢自我调控能力与环境响应能力,有助于维持共培养体系的稳态,为产酸菌提供稳定的产酸环境。综上所述,不同培养基影响了伴生菌在代谢产物的合成、酶的表达与活性调控及信号传导等相关基因的表达,从而促进产酸菌在2-KLG转化效率上的提升。
基于KEGG的富集结果可知(图2C),与基本培养基培养相比,发酵培养基培养的伴生菌中差异表达基因富集于116个代谢通路。其中,显著富集的代谢通路包括牛磺酸与亚牛磺酸代谢(taurine and hypotaurine metabolism,ko00430、8个差异基因)、新生霉素生物合成(novobiocin biosynthesis,ko00401、6个差异基因)、烟酸和烟酰胺代谢(nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism,ko00760、14个差异基因)、碳代谢(carbon metabolism,ko01200、63个差异基因)、精氨酸和脯氨酸代谢(arginine and proline metabolism,ko00330、19个差异基因)、叶酸介导的一碳池(one carbon pool by folate,ko00670、10个差异基因)、链霉素生物合成(streptomycin biosynthesis,ko00521、9个差异基因)、糖酵解/糖异生(glycolysis/gluconeogenesis,ko00010、21个差异基因)、氨基酸生物合成(biosynthesis of amino acids,ko01230、73个差异基因)和苯丙氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸生物合成(phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis,ko00400、16个差异基因)等。包含较多差异基因的代谢途径主要为次级代谢产物生物合成(biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,ko01110、167个差异基因)、氨基酸生物合成(biosynthesis of amino acids,ko01230、73个差异基因)和碳代谢(carbon metabolism,ko01200、63个差异基因)等,表明伴生菌的这些核心代谢通路在发酵培养基条件下受到显著调控,可能在伴生菌的生理功能重塑中发挥关键作用。
EMP和TCA途径的调控变化可为山梨糖脱氢酶等关键酶提供必需的能量(ATP)和还原力(NADH和NADPH),对2-KLG的合成至关重要[8]。在本研究中,伴生菌在发酵培养基中通过上调碳水化合物代谢的相关通路(如glycolysis/gluconeogenesis)以适应发酵培养基环境,不仅增强了自身能量与还原力的供应,也为K. vulgare提供了更为充足的中间代谢产物,支持其高效产2-KLG。此外,在混合培养体系中,微生物之间可能形成“竞争”或“合作”等复杂的相互作用模式,进而诱导产生常规单菌培养难以获得的新型次级代谢产物[28]。基于上述结果,推测伴生菌可能通过激活次级代谢通路合成多种功能性化合物,而这些次级代谢物在微生态平衡调控、促进产酸菌代谢活性及优化整体发酵效率方面发挥关键作用。
已有研究表明,K. vulgare的氨基酸合成途径不完整,缺乏组氨酸、脯氨酸和苏氨酸等必需氨基酸合成所依赖的关键酶[9]。伴生菌具备完整的氨基酸代谢通路,能够合成并分泌这些必需氨基酸,从而直接弥补产酸菌的代谢缺陷[3]。氨基酸等营养物质的供给水平可直接影响基因转录水平,进而调控关键酶的表达量,促进2-KLG的高效转化。例如,在不同培养基条件下,细胞可通过感知氨基酸供应状况及外部pH变化,动态调整代谢通路及相关酶的表达以适应环境变化[29]。在发酵培养基中培养时,伴生菌多个氨基酸代谢相关通路的基因表达水平发生显著变化,包括:参与维持细胞内渗透压稳态的脯氨酸代谢通路(arginine and proline metabolism,ko00330、19个差异基因);在细菌生长、繁殖和环境适应中发挥多重核心作用的芳香族氨基酸(phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis,ko00400、16个差异基因);以及对核酸和蛋白质的生物合成起重要作用的甘氨酸和苏氨酸代谢通路(glycine, serine and threonine metabolism,ko00260、19个差异基因)等。上述结果表明,伴生菌在发酵培养基中通过上调特定氨基酸代谢途径,增强营养供给能力,可能为共培养体系的稳定运行和高效产酸提供支持。
相较于基本培养基,发酵培养基中培养的伴生菌在烟酸和烟酰胺代谢通路中与NAD⁺/NADP⁺合成相关的基因均表现出显著差异表达。已有报道表明,K. vulgare因自身代谢途径缺陷,缺乏多种关键辅因子的从头合成能力,需依赖伴生菌或外界环境提供前体物质或直接供给辅因子以维持其生长及2-KLG的生物合成,其中包括生物素(biotin)、烟酸(nicotinate)、泛酸(pantothenate)、硫胺素焦磷酸(thiamin diphosphate)等[13,30-31]。烟酸/烟酰胺在细胞内被转化为NAD+/NADP+,是辅因子合成代谢中的核心中间产物[32]。NAD(P)+作为山梨酮脱氢酶(sorbosone dehydrogenase, SNDH)的关键辅酶,其胞外供应水平直接影响该酶的催化活性。伴生菌通过激活烟酸和烟酰胺代谢通路,增强NAD(P)+的合成与释放,为产酸菌提供充足的辅酶支持,从而提升SNDH活性,进一步促进2-KLG的合成效率[33]
结合上述研究报道,推测这些代谢途径的改变是导致2-KLG合成差异的关键因素。发酵培养基激活了伴生菌中次级代谢产物生物合成、碳代谢、氨基酸生物合成及辅因子和维生素的代谢等核心代谢通路,通过合成必需氨基酸、调控相关酶表达及提供关键辅因子等多种代谢互补机制,有效弥补K. vulgare的代谢缺陷,为其生长和2-KLG的生物合成提供系统性支持。一方面,伴生菌通过上调自身氨基酸合成通路,能够合成K. vulgare无法自主合成的必需氨基酸,并借助胞间物质交换将其供给K. vulgare,从而补偿K. vulgare氨基酸合成代谢缺陷。另一方面,伴生菌在碳代谢通路中表现出较高活性,可优化碳流分配,不仅满足自身的能量需求,还能向K. vulgare供应丙酮酸、乙酰辅酶A等关键中间代谢产物,支撑其核心代谢的运行。此外,伴生菌在辅因子和维生素代谢通路的调控,特别是烟酸和烟酰胺代谢的激活,有助于合成NAD(P)H、叶酸等重要辅因子,并传递给K. vulgare,为其2-KLG合成过程中的氧化还原反应和酶促催化提供必要的辅酶基础。
研究表明,K. vulgare不仅缺乏多种辅因子,还缺失大量氨基酸生物合成路径的关键酶,而伴生菌则具备更为完整的氨基酸合成途径[34]。在混菌发酵体系中,伴生菌可通过向K. vulgare提供其无法自主合成的营养物质和关键代谢产物,有效弥补K. vulgare因氨基酸合成途径、部分碳代谢途径及其他多条代谢通路中关键基因缺失所导致的代谢缺陷,从而促进K. vulgare的生长及2-KLG的合成[35]。伴生菌通过合成并释放关键氨基酸、辅因子及嘌呤类物质,或通过直接转运机制传递给K. vulgare,不仅补偿其代谢短板,还有助于缓解氧化应激压力[2]。与基本培养基相比,在发酵培养基中培养的伴生菌差异表达基因主要富集于116条代谢通路,其中涉及氨基酸代谢的通路共14条,辅因子和维生素代谢相关通路11条。在氨基酸代谢中,脯氨酸、苏氨酸、甘氨酸及异亮氨酸被认为对产酸菌的生长和2-KLG合成具有关键作用[9]。在辅因子与维生素代谢网络中,硫辛酸、叶酸、烟酸和生物素发挥核心调控作用。基于上述研究背景,为阐明不同培养基条件下伴生菌对K. vulgare的影响机制,本研究重点解析了伴生菌在氨基酸代谢与辅因子和维生素代谢相关的核心通路中的关键代谢途径(表1)。
在维生素C生产相关的微生物代谢研究中,K. vulgare的辅因子与维生素代谢网络存在显著缺陷,其在生物素、叶酸及硫辛酸等物质的代谢与合成途径均不完整[36-38]。伴生菌具备完整的B族维生素合成途径,可通过代谢互补为K. vulgare提供生长所必需的生物素等关键因子,从而发挥重要的伴生作用[39]。在发酵培养基中,伴生菌中二氢叶酸还原酶(dihydrofolate reductase, DHFR)基因表达上调,增强了四氢叶酸的合成及其介导的一碳代谢,进而促进核酸与蛋白质的合成,有利于产酸菌的生长及2-KLG的积累。由于K. vulgare自身叶酸代谢途径不完整,缺乏叶酸还原酶等关键酶,无法将叶酸有效还原为二氢叶酸(dihydrofolic acid, DHF)和四氢叶酸(tetrahydrofolic acid, THF),必须依赖伴生菌或外界环境提供[6,40]。已有研究表明,外源添加还原型叶酸衍生物可显著提高产酸菌生物量和2-KLG产量,且Leduc等[37]指出,这类衍生物是满足K. vulgare生长需求的主要生长因子之一。
在发酵培养基中培养的伴生菌,其lplAlipM基因显著上调表达,强化了硫辛酸的生物合成,从而促进K. vulgare的生长。根据文献报道,硫辛酸的合成有2种路径。(1) 内源合成途径,依赖脂肪酸合成途径产生的衍生物作为前体,主要由硫辛酰合成酶(LipA)和硫辛酰基转移酶(LipB)催化完成。(2) 外源利用途径,以外源硫辛酸为底物,通过硫辛酸蛋白连接酶(LplA)将其共价连接至载脂蛋白上[41]。硫辛酸在K. vulgare与伴生菌构成的混合发酵体系中具有重要作用,但K. vulgare缺少硫辛酸合成的关键基因。潘才惠[38]的研究进一步证实,向培养体系中外源添加硫辛酸可显著促进K. vulgare的菌体生长,但对2-KLG的产酸量提升效果有限。上述关于叶酸与硫辛酸的研究结果表明,伴生菌对K. vulgare生长与转化能力的促进作用,可能通过不同的代谢机制来实现。
在发酵培养基中,伴生菌的bioDbioI基因表达下调,而bioY的表达上调。这一表达模式表明,在当前环境中生物素供应充足,菌株通过调控代谢策略,优先依赖外源摄取而非内源合成生物素,从而避免在生物素合成上消耗不必要的能量和物质。Al-Ssum等[42]研究发现,生物素缺乏可能影响巨大芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)中乙酰辅酶A羧化酶和丙酮酸羧化酶的活性,进而导致脂质合成受阻,并限制肽聚糖合成所需氨基酸的供给,最终影响菌体生长和芽孢形成。因此,伴生菌的这种调控机制不仅有助于维持自身生物素水平的稳态,还可在发酵后期通过部分营养细胞裂解释放胞内储存的生物素,将其释放至发酵体系中,作为产酸菌可直接利用的生物素来源,有效增强产酸菌对发酵环境的适应性与存活能力,从而促进2-KLG产量的提升。
在发酵培养基中,伴生菌的ppnKsurEpncBnadEdeoDpunAnadDnadAnadCnadB等基因表达显著上调,增强了NAD+/NADP+的合成与转化能力,为细胞生长、抗逆响应及产物合成提供了充足的氧化还原辅酶支持。烟酸代谢途径是NAD+合成的关键前提,而NAD (烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸)作为细胞内重要的辅酶,在能量代谢、氧化还原反应及其他多种生理过程中发挥至关重要的作用[43]。细菌的NAD的合成主要依赖2条途径:一是从头(de novo)合成途径,由nadBnadAnadCnadD等参与从头合成途径的关键酶催化完成;二是补救途径(salvage pathway),其中pncB编码的烟酸磷酸核糖转移酶(nicotinate phosphoribosyltransferase)起关键作用。nadE基因则催化NAAD生成NAD⁺,参与从头合成途径的终步反应,同时也介导部分NAD⁺补救途径的最终合成步骤[44]。烟酸作为关键代谢调节物,其充足供应对K. vulgare的高效发酵至关重要。当NAD⁺或NADP⁺供应不足时,可能影响关键酶SDH和SNDH的催化活性与效率,进而导致2-KLG产量下降[45]
伴生菌的ilvD、E1.4.1.9、bkdA1lpd基因在发酵培养基培养时上调表达,表明异亮氨酸的合成与降解途径均被激活。一方面,伴生菌高效合成异亮氨酸,可弥补产酸菌对异亮氨酸的营养缺陷,从而促进产酸菌的生长和2-KLG的积累。另一方面,异亮氨酸通过降解生成乙酰辅酶A与琥珀酰辅酶A,进入三羧酸循环以提供能量,为2-KLG的合成过程提供必要的代谢驱动力。此外,乙酰辅酶A水平的提升进一步增强了2-KLG合成关键基因sdhsndh的表达,直接推动了2-KLG的高效合成[46-47]。另外,serC基因上调表达促进丝氨酸的合成。homthrC基因表达上调,促进苏氨酸与高丝氨酸的相互转化,并促进苏氨酸的生物合成。苏氨酸可进一步转化为甘氨酸和丝氨酸,而甘氨酸与丝氨酸作为一碳代谢中一碳单位的重要供体,参与调控核酸的生物合成[48-49]。此外,甘氨酸、脯氨酸、丝氨酸和苏氨酸均可转化为三羧酸循环中间产物,用于能量生成或作为前体物质合成其他生物分子[34]K. vulgare缺乏完整的苏氨酸和甘氨酸合成酶系统,而伴生菌中相关合成途径的强化有效弥补了这一缺陷,所合成的氨基酸被K. vulgare大量利用以支持其生长与代谢。同时,属于甘氨酸裂解系统(glycine cleavage system, GCS)的gcvTgcvPAgcvPBgcvH基因在发酵培养基培养时上调表达。GCS是一种存在于所有细胞中的多酶复合物,包含P蛋白(甘氨酸脱羧酶)、H蛋白(载体蛋白)、T蛋白(氨甲酰基转移酶)和L蛋白(二氢硫辛酰脱氢酶) 4个亚基,负责分解甘氨酸生成CO2、NH3和一碳单位(5,10-methylene-THF),参与嘌呤、嘧啶等核苷酸合成以及能量代谢等各种代谢过程[50-52]。通过GCS微生物得以实现甘氨酸与一碳单位之间的动态平衡,不仅为核苷酸合成提供必需前体,还参与辅酶四氢叶酸的再生,从而支持DNA复制及孢子形成等关键生理过程[53]。在营养限制条件下,甘氨酸还可以作为氮源和碳源被菌体利用,维持细胞生长与产物合成[54]。此外,已有研究表明,甘氨酸脱羧酶系统(gcvP和gcvT)的上调会释放氨,可中和胞内酸性环境,缓解胞质酸化[55]。值得注意的是,SDH和SNDH最适反应pH均为8.0左右,在pH偏酸性环境中二者活性都较低[56]。因此,GCS的上调表达有助于通过产氨调节局部微环境pH,维持SDH和SNDH这2种关键酶的活性,从而为L-山梨糖向2-KLG的高效转化提供适宜的pH微环境。
与上述相反,在发酵培养基中,伴生菌的proAproCputB基因表达共同下调。脯氨酸在芽孢杆菌的合成代谢中具有多重核心功能,其代谢网络与碳、氮循环密切相关。作为碳氮代谢的关键节点,脯氨酸可通过分解代谢[由脯氨酸脱氢酶ProDH/PutB催化,经Δ¹-吡咯啉-5-羧酸(P5C)生成谷氨酸]进入三羧酸循环(TCA),为能量代谢提供底物,实现碳源和氮源的高效再利用[57]。同时,脯氨酸是一种重要的应激保护剂,在高渗环境中,菌体通过抑制PutBCP操纵子(包括PutB活性)促进胞内脯氨酸积累,以维持渗透压平衡、防止细胞脱水,该调控机制可确保脯氨酸优先响应渗透胁迫[58]。此外,在原核生物中,脯氨酸代谢可调控活性氧(ROS)的产生与功能,进而影响细胞对氧化应激的耐受能力[59]。因此,脯氨酸可通过调节渗透压和抗氧化能力,增强整个发酵体系的稳定性。
在基本培养基中培养的伴生菌能够促进K. vulgare的生长,但未能提高2-KLG的产量。相较于基本培养基,发酵培养基中含有成分更为复杂的玉米浆[60]。Zhang等[13]通过对玉米浆中影响2-KLG生产的40种主要成分进行系统分析,发现丝氨酸、甘氨酸、苏氨酸、脯氨酸、烟酸和生物素是影响B. megateriumK. vulgare混合培养体系中K. vulgare生长和2-KLG产量的关键因子。然而,目前尚不明确哪些因子主要促进K. vulgare的生长,而哪些因子特异性驱动2-KLG的转化过程。
在添加不同关键因子的基本培养基中,K. vulgareOD650值变化如图3A所示。与在未添加关键因子的基本培养基培养的伴生菌相比,在添加甘氨酸、脯氨酸、生物素和烟酸的基本培养基中培养的伴生菌,能显著促进K. vulgare的生长(P<0.05)。在添加甘氨酸、苏氨酸、生物素和烟酸的基本培养基中,混合发酵体系能显著提高2-KLG的产量(图3BP<0.05)。这表明伴生菌能够利用特定关键因子合成某些关键物质,从而显著促进2-KLG转化或K. vulgare生长。其中,甘氨酸、脯氨酸、生物素和烟酸是伴生菌促进K. vulgare生长的关键因子,而甘氨酸、苏氨酸、生物素和烟酸则是伴生菌促进2-KLG生产的关键因子。该结果进一步证实,伴生菌促进K. vulgare转化2-KLG并非简单地通过促进其生长实现。
添加甘氨酸培养的伴生菌显著促进了K. vulgare的生长,并提高了2-KLG的转化。甘氨酸可合成谷胱甘肽,且与叶酸合成代谢产物5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸的合成有关[53]。已有研究表明,谷胱甘肽和叶酸均能促进K. vulgare的生长和2-KLG的产生[61-64]。因此,甘氨酸可能通过促进伴生菌中谷胱甘肽和叶酸的合成,进而促进K. vulgare的生长和2-KLG的产生。
生物素和烟酸不仅促进了K. vulgare的生长(图3A),还提高了伴生菌辅助下2-KLG的产量(图3B)。生物素(维生素H或维生素B7)是多种生物素依赖性羧化酶的必需辅因子,如丙酮酸羧化酶和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶[65]。研究发现,在大肠埃希氏菌(Escherichia coli)中添加烟酸可导致NAD和NADP的增加[66],而NAD和NADP在众多生物氧化还原反应中发挥关键作用。据此推断,外源添加生物素或烟酸后,伴生菌在基本培养基中促进2-KLG生产和K. vulgare生长的机制可能是生物素或烟酸通过改善伴生菌自身的代谢水平,并分泌更多的刺激物质来实现。
添加苏氨酸培养的伴生菌不能显著促进K. vulgare的生长,但能显著提高2-KLG的转化。相反,在添加脯氨酸后,伴生菌能显著提高K. vulgare的生长,但不能促进2-KLG转化(图3)。据报道,脯氨酸对2-KLG生产的促进作用是通过其在K. vulgareB. megaterium共培养中的渗透保护能力实现的[60]。在该共培养体系中,脯氨酸对K. vulgare的渗透保护更为有效,这可能是导致K. vulgare细胞生长增加的原因。
基于上述结果,可总结出2种途径提高K. vulgare的细胞生长和2-KLG的转化。(1) K. vulgare直接利用外源添加的甘氨酸、脯氨酸、生物素和烟酸等物质进行生长或生产2-KLG;(2) 伴生菌利用培养基中的物质后产生谷胱甘肽和叶酸等代谢物刺激K. vulgare的生长和2-KLG的生产。在混合发酵过程中,这2种方式并存,其中后一种方式可能在促进K. vulgare的生长和提升2-KLG的产量方面发挥更为重要的作用(图4)。
本研究通过比较在发酵培养基、基本培养基和混合培养基中培养的伴生菌对K. vulgare的生长与转化的影响,发现混合发酵过程中伴生菌对K. vulgare的生长促进作用和2-KLG转化效率的提升是通过不同机制实现的。利用RNA-Seq技术比较基本培养基和发酵培养基培养伴生菌的差异基因表达,并对DEGs进行了鉴定和功能分析。发酵培养基通过激活伴生菌的碳代谢、氨基酸生物合成以及辅因子与维生素代谢等核心代谢通路,为其自身及K. vulgare提供必需氨基酸、优化碳源代谢流向,并通过传递NAD(P)H和叶酸等关键辅因子,构建多重代谢互补体系,从而弥补K. vulgare代谢缺陷,促进其生长及2-KLG的高效生物合成。进一步通过外源添加关键代谢物的实验验证了甘氨酸、苏氨酸、烟酸和生物素可显著提高基本培养基中K. vulgare的2-KLG产量,而脯氨酸对K. vulgare细胞数量的增加有积极影响,进一步证实了伴生菌在促进K. vulgare的生长和2-KLG转化是通过不同机制实现的。
  • 中央引导地方科技发展资金(2022ZY0104)
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2026年第66卷第5期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250919
  • 接收时间:2025-12-01
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-01
  • 录用日期:2026-01-15
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The Central Guidance for Local Scientific and Technological Development(2022ZY0104)
中央引导地方科技发展资金(2022ZY0104)
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    1.内蒙古农业大学 食品科学与工程学院,内蒙古 呼和浩特
    2.中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,辽宁 沈阳
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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