Article(id=1259888471745901471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250894, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1764691200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-03, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1770048000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-03, onlineDate=1778310419260, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1777824000000, pubDateStr=2026-05-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778310419260, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778310419260, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778310419260, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259888457367806489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='5', pageStart='2031', pageEnd='2556', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778310415832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778320153326, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2352, endPage=2370, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259888474602222523, articleId=1259888471745901471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Multi-omics analysis of the interaction network among gut microbiota, serum metabolites, and pulmonary genes in the mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the changes in gut microbiota, serum metabolites, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the lung tissue of the mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis and explore the potential associations via multi-omics analysis. Methods A mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis was established by the dynamic inhalation exposure method and evaluated. Metagenomic sequencing was performed to analyze the microecological changes in cecal contents. Untargeted metabolomics was employed to detect serum metabolite alterations, and transcriptomic sequencing was conducted to profile DEGs in the lung tissue. Bioinformatics methods were comprehensively used to explore correlations and potential functional modules among differential microbial taxa, metabolites, and genes. Results Pathological changes of pulmonary fibrosis were successfully induced in the model mice, accompanied by the upregulated expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and fibrosis-related genes in the lung tissue. Omics results indicated the presence of gut microbiota dysbiosis, serum amino acid metabolic disorder, and lung transcriptome remodeling in the model mice. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the four differential bacterial species were strongly correlated with multiple serum metabolites, among which Akkermansia muciniphila and Ligilactobacillus murinus were jointly associated with 22 differential metabolites. A cross-omics network was constructed with these 22 differential metabolites and DEGs. Topological analysis identified five key subnetworks: (1) Inosine triphosphate serves as a phosphate donor and is converted to inosine diphosphate via multiple pathways; (2) Uridine triphosphate (UTP) undergoes an amination reaction to form cytidine triphosphate (CTP); (3) Serine/threonine-protein kinase 11, Fas-activated serine/threonine kinase, and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase act as core kinase nodes; (4) The reaction between serine and homocysteine bridges the metabolic pathways of methionine and cysteine; (5) Prostaglandin H2 is catalytically converted into thromboxane A2. Conclusion There are significant statistical correlations among gut microbiota, serum metabolites, and DEGs in the lung tissue in the mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis. We identify the core association network and potential functional modules, which provide references for the subsequent mechanism exploration of pulmonary fibrosis.

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E-mail: ZHAO Hongyu, ;
ZHOU xinyu,
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目的 探究肺纤维化小鼠肠道菌群、血清代谢物以及肺组织差异基因的变化特征,并通过多组学联合分析解析其潜在关联。 方法 运用动式染尘法构建小鼠肺纤维化模型并进行模型评估。采用宏基因组测序技术分析盲肠内容物微生态变化,利用非靶向代谢组学检测血清代谢物变化,同时采用转录组测序分析肺组织差异基因表达情况。综合运用生物信息学方法,进一步挖掘差异菌群、代谢物与基因之间的关联性及潜在功能模块。 结果 模型小鼠成功诱导出肺纤维化病理改变,同时伴有肺组织转化生长因子-β (transforming growth factor-beta, TGF-β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α) 以及纤维化相关基因表达上调。组学结果显示,小鼠存在肠道菌群紊乱、血清氨基酸代谢失调以及肺转录组重塑等特征。相关性分析表明,4种差异菌群与多个血清代谢物呈强关联,其中嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌(Akkermansia muciniphila)与鼠乳杆菌(Ligilactobacillus murinus)共同关联22个差异代谢物。基于这22个差异代谢物与差异基因构建跨组学关联网络,通过拓扑分析识别出5个关键子网络:(1) 次黄苷三磷酸作为磷酸供体,经多条通路转化为次黄苷二磷酸;(2) 尿苷三磷酸(uridine triphosphate, UTP)经氨基化反应生成胞苷三磷酸(cytidine triphosphate, CTP);(3) 丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶11、Fas活化丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶以及环鸟苷酸依赖性蛋白激酶作为核心激酶节点;(4) 丝氨酸与同型半胱氨酸的反应桥接甲硫氨酸与半胱氨酸代谢通路;(5) 前列腺素H2被催化转化为血栓素A2结论 肺纤维化小鼠模型中肠道菌群、血清代谢物与肺组织差异基因之间存在显著的统计学关联特征,且识别出核心关联网络及潜在功能模块,为肺纤维化的后续机制探索提供了重要参考。

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作者贡献声明

韩洁:数据收集与分析、论文撰写和修改;张重阳:规范分析,方法设计;任嘉诚:软件处理,数据可视化处理;郭明亮:调查研究,论文讨论;周新宇:数据管理,资金获取,审读修订,监督指导;赵宏宇:论文框架设计与审阅,资金获取,监督指导,审读修订。

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A: H&E and Masson staining of mouse lung tissue (Scale bar: 200 μm); B: TGF-β content in lung tissue detected by ELISA; C: TNF-α content in lung tissue detected by ELISA; D: HYP content in serum detected by ELISA; E: SOD content in serum detected by ELISA; F: Relative changes in gene expression levels of fibrosis‑related genes Col1a1, Fbn1, and α‑SMA. **: P<0.01., figureFileSmall=hfO7IOZYf9IkfY2bIoGUuQ==, figureFileBig=BB6snQn0f8/tk17e9UBttg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928432499089431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888471745901471, language=CN, label=图1, caption=肺纤维化的模型构建, figureFileSmall=hfO7IOZYf9IkfY2bIoGUuQ==, figureFileBig=BB6snQn0f8/tk17e9UBttg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928435825172522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888471745901471, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Changes in serum metabolites and enrichment analysis. A: Pairwise comparative analysis of differential metabolites among NT, 64D and 128D groups; B: Differential metabolite enrichment analysis., figureFileSmall=2SklnmNOGtAwsWZiQD8+mg==, figureFileBig=llrs/HWaNV858aAwrC3MFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928438375309366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888471745901471, language=CN, label=图2, caption=血清代谢物的变化及富集分析, figureFileSmall=2SklnmNOGtAwsWZiQD8+mg==, figureFileBig=llrs/HWaNV858aAwrC3MFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928440355020866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888471745901471, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Differential gene and enrichment analysis. A: Volcano plot of differentially expressed genes between NT and 128D; B: KEGG enrichment results of differentially expressed genes., figureFileSmall=vxJm3580TJJIp1kS7lckLw==, figureFileBig=AgSm+p7/LG7d2dxl2blMeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928442150182989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888471745901471, language=CN, label=图3, caption=差异基因及富集分析, figureFileSmall=vxJm3580TJJIp1kS7lckLw==, figureFileBig=AgSm+p7/LG7d2dxl2blMeA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928443010015314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888471745901471, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Correlation analysis between differential gut microbiota and differential metabolites. A: Differential metabolites associated with Akkermansia muciniphila and Ligilactobacillus murinus; B: Differential metabolites associated with Helicobacter japonicus and Aerococcus (unclassified species). The color intensity represents the correlation coefficient value, and the color type denotes positive correlation (red) or negative correlation (blue). * indicates statistical significance at P<0.05; ** indicates statistical significance at P<0.01., figureFileSmall=nFFtxVMWB1wu9U35P90VNQ==, figureFileBig=6GDrpFzx9qFshYntMnu7oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928444658376795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888471745901471, language=CN, label=图4, caption=差异肠道菌群与差异代谢物的相关性分析, figureFileSmall=nFFtxVMWB1wu9U35P90VNQ==, figureFileBig=6GDrpFzx9qFshYntMnu7oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928447523086440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888471745901471, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=The interaction network between differential metabolites and differential expression genes. In the figure, magenta positive hexagons represent related metabolites, gray diamonds represent related metabolic pathways, light green squares represent enzymes required for reactions, and blue circles represent related genes., figureFileSmall=uSVJyb2zPgSmkT0ZW4cPbA==, figureFileBig=30CbVq7rU/7KYsYqmdi3qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928448747823214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888471745901471, language=CN, label=图5, caption=差异代谢物与差异表达基因互作网络图, figureFileSmall=uSVJyb2zPgSmkT0ZW4cPbA==, figureFileBig=30CbVq7rU/7KYsYqmdi3qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928451667058816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888471745901471, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Presents five key networks. The magenta hexagons represent associated metabolites, gray diamonds indicate related metabolic pathways, and light green squares denote enzymes required for these reactions., figureFileSmall=70nFDViMv9svTKun6i0emg==, figureFileBig=h7kWAGcZyYixXkFfXLM3rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928452937932941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888471745901471, language=CN, label=图6, caption=处理得到5个关键网络, figureFileSmall=70nFDViMv9svTKun6i0emg==, figureFileBig=h7kWAGcZyYixXkFfXLM3rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928453852291224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888471745901471, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Primer sequences used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneForward primers (5′→3′)Reverse primers (5′→3′)Product size/bp
GAPDHGCAGTGGCAAAGTGGAGATTGTCTTCTGGGTGGCAGTGAT187
Fbn1CACGGTTTCCCATTACGCCCCTGCCGATCCCACT174
α-SMAACTACTGCCGAGCGTGAGATCCAATGAAAGATGGCTGGAA200
Col1a1ACCGATGGATTCCCGTTCGGCTGTAGGTGAAGCGACTGT237
), ArticleFig(id=1259928456737972393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888471745901471, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用引物序列

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
GeneForward primers (5′→3′)Reverse primers (5′→3′)Product size/bp
GAPDHGCAGTGGCAAAGTGGAGATTGTCTTCTGGGTGGCAGTGAT187
Fbn1CACGGTTTCCCATTACGCCCCTGCCGATCCCACT174
α-SMAACTACTGCCGAGCGTGAGATCCAATGAAAGATGGCTGGAA200
Col1a1ACCGATGGATTCCCGTTCGGCTGTAGGTGAAGCGACTGT237
), ArticleFig(id=1259928458801569981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888471745901471, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Results of multiple group comparison analysis of bacterial strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameNT-mean/%64D-mean/%128D-mean/%NT vs. 64D (P)NT vs. 128D (P)64D vs. 128D (P)
Akkermansia muciniphila10.81058.78049.1400.030 380.595 900.885 20
Ligilactobacillus murinus55.99014.1403.8940.112 400.051 830.030 38
Helicobacter japonicus4.2130.0020.2010.026 520.051 830.124 10
Aerococcus (unclassified species)0.3111.5521.6340.049 200.211 800.665 00
), ArticleFig(id=1259928461481730255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888471745901471, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

菌种的多组比较分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
NameNT-mean/%64D-mean/%128D-mean/%NT vs. 64D (P)NT vs. 128D (P)64D vs. 128D (P)
Akkermansia muciniphila10.81058.78049.1400.030 380.595 900.885 20
Ligilactobacillus murinus55.99014.1403.8940.112 400.051 830.030 38
Helicobacter japonicus4.2130.0020.2010.026 520.051 830.124 10
Aerococcus (unclassified species)0.3111.5521.6340.049 200.211 800.665 00
), ArticleFig(id=1259928465185300703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888471745901471, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Metabolomic analysis of essential amino acids

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Essential amino acidFC (NT vs. 128D)P-value (NT vs. 128D)
Isoleucine1.0210.029
Leucine1.0200.025
Methionine0.9280.006
Lysine0.8950.011
Tyrosine0.9270.018
Valine1.0290.004
Tryptophan0.9240.022
), ArticleFig(id=1259928466787524843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888471745901471, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

必需氨基酸代谢组检测

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Essential amino acidFC (NT vs. 128D)P-value (NT vs. 128D)
Isoleucine1.0210.029
Leucine1.0200.025
Methionine0.9280.006
Lysine0.8950.011
Tyrosine0.9270.018
Valine1.0290.004
Tryptophan0.9240.022
), ArticleFig(id=1259928468247142649, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888471745901471, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Differential metabolites associated with Akkermansia muciniphila and Ligilactobacillus murinus

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MetaboliteFC (NT vs. 128D)P-value (NT vs. 128D)
(6E,8S,10Z)-8-hydroxy-3-oxohexadecadienoic acid1.0445.73×10-5
1,2,10-trihydroxydihydro-trans-linalyloxide-beta-D-glucopyranoside0.9600.007
2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinone1.0250.042
5-hydroxyindoleacetate0.9480.009
Acetohydroxamic acid1.0430.014
Asparagine-betaxanthin0.9050.005
Astromicin0.8490.003
Blasticidin S1.0640.015
Carboxyphosphamide0.9740.016
L-tyrosine0.9270.011
Furanodienone0.9670.001
Histamine1.0930.045
Indolepyruvate1.0320.008
Pc[18:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)]0.9800.030
Pe(pgj2/22:0)1.0180.049
Pe-nme[16:0/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)]1.0280.037
Riesling acetal1.0580.006
Tetradecanedioic acid1.0320.015
Isokobusone1.1110.011
Netilmicin0.9530.034
Lysopa[0:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)]0.9700.038
Lysopi(0:0/18:0)0.9470.001
), ArticleFig(id=1259928470218465541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888471745901471, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌和鼠乳杆菌相关的差异代谢物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MetaboliteFC (NT vs. 128D)P-value (NT vs. 128D)
(6E,8S,10Z)-8-hydroxy-3-oxohexadecadienoic acid1.0445.73×10-5
1,2,10-trihydroxydihydro-trans-linalyloxide-beta-D-glucopyranoside0.9600.007
2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinone1.0250.042
5-hydroxyindoleacetate0.9480.009
Acetohydroxamic acid1.0430.014
Asparagine-betaxanthin0.9050.005
Astromicin0.8490.003
Blasticidin S1.0640.015
Carboxyphosphamide0.9740.016
L-tyrosine0.9270.011
Furanodienone0.9670.001
Histamine1.0930.045
Indolepyruvate1.0320.008
Pc[18:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)]0.9800.030
Pe(pgj2/22:0)1.0180.049
Pe-nme[16:0/22:5(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z)]1.0280.037
Riesling acetal1.0580.006
Tetradecanedioic acid1.0320.015
Isokobusone1.1110.011
Netilmicin0.9530.034
Lysopa[0:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)]0.9700.038
Lysopi(0:0/18:0)0.9470.001
), ArticleFig(id=1259928471376093455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888471745901471, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Description of key role networks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ClusterScoreNodesEdgesNode IDs
13.20068C00081, C00104, R01964, R01327, R02867, R02849
23.00056R00162, EC 2.7.11.9, EC 2.7.11.12, R03632, EC 2.7.11.8
32.66744R01289, C00155, R01290, C00065
42.66744EC 6.3.4.2, C00075, R00573, R00571
52.66744R02268, C00427, RE 1077, EC 5.3.99.5
), ArticleFig(id=1259928473112535325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888471745901471, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

关键作用网络描述信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ClusterScoreNodesEdgesNode IDs
13.20068C00081, C00104, R01964, R01327, R02867, R02849
23.00056R00162, EC 2.7.11.9, EC 2.7.11.12, R03632, EC 2.7.11.8
32.66744R01289, C00155, R01290, C00065
42.66744EC 6.3.4.2, C00075, R00573, R00571
52.66744R02268, C00427, RE 1077, EC 5.3.99.5
), ArticleFig(id=1259928474001727778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888471745901471, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Details of key networks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
IDs of involved metabolic pathwaysDetails of metabolic pathways
R01327ITP+D-mannose⇌IDP+D-mannose 6-phosphate
R01964ITP+D-glucosamine⇌IDP+D-glucosamine 6-phosphate
R02867ITP+D-sorbitol⇌IDP+6-phosphosorbitol
R02849ITP+D-hexose⇌IDP+D-hexose 6-phosphate
R00162ATP+protein⇌ADP+phosphorylated protein
R03632ATP+protamine⇌ADP+phosphorylated protamine
R01290L-serine+L-homocysteine⇌L-cystathionine+H2O
R01289L-serine+L-homocysteine⇌cystathionine+H2O
R00571ATP+UTP+ammonia⇌ADP+phosphate+CTP
R00573ATP+UTP+L-glutamine+H2O⇌ADP+phosphate+CTP+L-glutamate
R02268Prostaglandin H2⇌Thromboxane A2
R01590Arachidonic acid+O2⇌Prostaglandin G2
R00073Prostaglandin H2+receptor+H2O⇌Prostaglandin G2+reduced receptor
), ArticleFig(id=1259928475159355693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888471745901471, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

关键网络详情

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IDs of involved metabolic pathwaysDetails of metabolic pathways
R01327ITP+D-mannose⇌IDP+D-mannose 6-phosphate
R01964ITP+D-glucosamine⇌IDP+D-glucosamine 6-phosphate
R02867ITP+D-sorbitol⇌IDP+6-phosphosorbitol
R02849ITP+D-hexose⇌IDP+D-hexose 6-phosphate
R00162ATP+protein⇌ADP+phosphorylated protein
R03632ATP+protamine⇌ADP+phosphorylated protamine
R01290L-serine+L-homocysteine⇌L-cystathionine+H2O
R01289L-serine+L-homocysteine⇌cystathionine+H2O
R00571ATP+UTP+ammonia⇌ADP+phosphate+CTP
R00573ATP+UTP+L-glutamine+H2O⇌ADP+phosphate+CTP+L-glutamate
R02268Prostaglandin H2⇌Thromboxane A2
R01590Arachidonic acid+O2⇌Prostaglandin G2
R00073Prostaglandin H2+receptor+H2O⇌Prostaglandin G2+reduced receptor
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多组学解析肺纤维化小鼠肠道菌群、血清代谢物与肺部基因的互作网络
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韩洁 1, 2 , 张重阳 3 , 任嘉诚 1, 2 , 郭明亮 1, 2 , 周新宇 1, 2 , 赵宏宇 1, 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(5): 2352-2370
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(5): 2352-2370
多组学解析肺纤维化小鼠肠道菌群、血清代谢物与肺部基因的互作网络
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韩洁1, 2, 张重阳3, 任嘉诚1, 2, 郭明亮1, 2, 周新宇1, 2 , 赵宏宇1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.内蒙古科技大学 生命科学与技术学院,内蒙古 包头
  • 2.内蒙古自治区生命健康与生物信息学重点实验室,内蒙古 包头
  • 3.内蒙古农业大学职业技术学院,内蒙古 包头
Multi-omics analysis of the interaction network among gut microbiota, serum metabolites, and pulmonary genes in the mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis
Jie HAN1, 2, Chongyang ZHANG3, Jiacheng REN1, 2, Mingliang GUO1, 2, Xinyu ZHOU1, 2 , Hongyu ZHAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
  • 2.Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Life Health and Bioinformatics, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
  • 3.Vocational and Technical College, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Baotou, Inner Mongolia, China
出版时间: 2026-05-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250894
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目的 探究肺纤维化小鼠肠道菌群、血清代谢物以及肺组织差异基因的变化特征,并通过多组学联合分析解析其潜在关联。 方法 运用动式染尘法构建小鼠肺纤维化模型并进行模型评估。采用宏基因组测序技术分析盲肠内容物微生态变化,利用非靶向代谢组学检测血清代谢物变化,同时采用转录组测序分析肺组织差异基因表达情况。综合运用生物信息学方法,进一步挖掘差异菌群、代谢物与基因之间的关联性及潜在功能模块。 结果 模型小鼠成功诱导出肺纤维化病理改变,同时伴有肺组织转化生长因子-β (transforming growth factor-beta, TGF-β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α) 以及纤维化相关基因表达上调。组学结果显示,小鼠存在肠道菌群紊乱、血清氨基酸代谢失调以及肺转录组重塑等特征。相关性分析表明,4种差异菌群与多个血清代谢物呈强关联,其中嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌(Akkermansia muciniphila)与鼠乳杆菌(Ligilactobacillus murinus)共同关联22个差异代谢物。基于这22个差异代谢物与差异基因构建跨组学关联网络,通过拓扑分析识别出5个关键子网络:(1) 次黄苷三磷酸作为磷酸供体,经多条通路转化为次黄苷二磷酸;(2) 尿苷三磷酸(uridine triphosphate, UTP)经氨基化反应生成胞苷三磷酸(cytidine triphosphate, CTP);(3) 丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶11、Fas活化丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶以及环鸟苷酸依赖性蛋白激酶作为核心激酶节点;(4) 丝氨酸与同型半胱氨酸的反应桥接甲硫氨酸与半胱氨酸代谢通路;(5) 前列腺素H2被催化转化为血栓素A2结论 肺纤维化小鼠模型中肠道菌群、血清代谢物与肺组织差异基因之间存在显著的统计学关联特征,且识别出核心关联网络及潜在功能模块,为肺纤维化的后续机制探索提供了重要参考。

肺纤维化  /  肠道菌群  /  代谢谱失调  /  多组学联合分析

Objective To investigate the changes in gut microbiota, serum metabolites, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the lung tissue of the mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis and explore the potential associations via multi-omics analysis. Methods A mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis was established by the dynamic inhalation exposure method and evaluated. Metagenomic sequencing was performed to analyze the microecological changes in cecal contents. Untargeted metabolomics was employed to detect serum metabolite alterations, and transcriptomic sequencing was conducted to profile DEGs in the lung tissue. Bioinformatics methods were comprehensively used to explore correlations and potential functional modules among differential microbial taxa, metabolites, and genes. Results Pathological changes of pulmonary fibrosis were successfully induced in the model mice, accompanied by the upregulated expression of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and fibrosis-related genes in the lung tissue. Omics results indicated the presence of gut microbiota dysbiosis, serum amino acid metabolic disorder, and lung transcriptome remodeling in the model mice. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the four differential bacterial species were strongly correlated with multiple serum metabolites, among which Akkermansia muciniphila and Ligilactobacillus murinus were jointly associated with 22 differential metabolites. A cross-omics network was constructed with these 22 differential metabolites and DEGs. Topological analysis identified five key subnetworks: (1) Inosine triphosphate serves as a phosphate donor and is converted to inosine diphosphate via multiple pathways; (2) Uridine triphosphate (UTP) undergoes an amination reaction to form cytidine triphosphate (CTP); (3) Serine/threonine-protein kinase 11, Fas-activated serine/threonine kinase, and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase act as core kinase nodes; (4) The reaction between serine and homocysteine bridges the metabolic pathways of methionine and cysteine; (5) Prostaglandin H2 is catalytically converted into thromboxane A2. Conclusion There are significant statistical correlations among gut microbiota, serum metabolites, and DEGs in the lung tissue in the mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis. We identify the core association network and potential functional modules, which provide references for the subsequent mechanism exploration of pulmonary fibrosis.

pulmonary fibrosis  /  gut microbiota  /  metabolic profile dysregulation  /  multi-omics analysis
韩洁, 张重阳, 任嘉诚, 郭明亮, 周新宇, 赵宏宇. 多组学解析肺纤维化小鼠肠道菌群、血清代谢物与肺部基因的互作网络. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2352 -2370 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250894
Jie HAN, Chongyang ZHANG, Jiacheng REN, Mingliang GUO, Xinyu ZHOU, Hongyu ZHAO. Multi-omics analysis of the interaction network among gut microbiota, serum metabolites, and pulmonary genes in the mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2352 -2370 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250894
肺纤维化(pulmonary fibrosis, PF)是一种严重的慢性间质性肺疾病,以成纤维细胞异常增殖和细胞外基质(extracellular matrix, ECM)过度沉积为主要特征,常伴有炎症性损伤和肺组织结构破坏[1]。PF的核心病理表现为肺组织进行性、不可逆的瘢痕化,最终导致弥漫性肺间质纤维化、器官功能障碍、气体交换障碍,甚至因呼吸衰竭而死亡[2]。PF具有难治性高、死亡率高的特征[3]。尽管目前在肺损伤诱因及潜在治疗靶点方面已取得显著进展,但仍缺乏能有效逆转纤维化进程的治疗手段[4-5]
人体肠道微生物群是寄居于肠道、具有极高密度与复杂度的“微生物器官”,其代谢活动对维持宿主整体稳态至关重要[6-7]。肠道菌群与宿主主要构成共生或互利关系,并通过“肠-肺轴”这一双向通讯枢纽与远端肺部进行密切“对话”[8]。大量临床与基础研究证实,肠道菌群失调与哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、急性肺损伤、肺癌及特发性肺纤维化等多种呼吸系统疾病密切相关[9-13]
肠道主要通过血液和淋巴系统2条循环通路向肺部传递信号,促进肠道与肺部之间的通信[14]。在血液通路中,肠道上皮吸收的微生物代谢物(如短链脂肪酸、色氨酸衍生物)经门静脉运输至肝脏。经部分肝脏代谢后,剩余的活性分子进入全身循环,最终到达肺血管。在淋巴通路中,特定的代谢物、抗原及活化的免疫细胞被肠淋巴管吸收,经胸导管直接引流至体循环,从而绕开肝脏,直达肺组织[14]。Park等[15]、Trompette等[16]的研究证实,短链脂肪酸能显著调节远端肺部的免疫炎症反应,而丁酸盐更被证明可通过抑制组蛋白去乙酰化酶来拮抗成纤维细胞的活化,从而发挥抗纤维化作用。此外,氨基酸代谢可调节成纤维细胞,影响其迁移、转化和胶原蛋白沉积,同时也能调节巨噬细胞与T细胞的活性,参与促炎或促纤维化过程[17-22]。由此可见,肠道微生物的组成与功能状态可能通过其代谢产物,调控宿主局部及系统性免疫应答,进而影响疾病的发展进程。在PF中肠道菌群失调可能通过“肠-肺轴”,将肠道内的生态变化转化为代谢信号,经血液循环递送至肺部,并最终在PF的发生与发展中扮演关键角色。
本研究采用动式染尘法构建PF小鼠模型,探究其肠道菌群结构、血清代谢谱及肺组织转录组的动态变化。通过整合多组学数据对差异菌群、差异代谢物与差异基因进行联合分析,并构建微生物-代谢物-基因互作网络,以期识别关键生物功能模块与通路。从多组学整合视角探讨肺纤维化进程中肠道微生物与宿主代谢及肺组织基因表达之间的潜在关联,以期为深入理解“肠-肺轴”在纤维化疾病中的作用提供新的参考。
本研究选用30只雄性C57BL/6小鼠(7-8周龄,体重18-22 g),购自斯贝福(北京)生物技术有限公司[编号为SCXK(北京)2022-0002]。小鼠饲养于恒温恒湿环境,温度控制在23-26 ℃,湿度为(55±5)%,采用12 h光照/12 h黑暗循环并配备自动调控系统。实验前,动物经过为期一周的适应期以稳定生理机能和行为模式。本研究所有动物实验均获得内蒙古科技大学生物医学伦理与生物安全委员会批准,编号为NMGKJDX-2022-10。
将30只小鼠按体重随机分为3组:空白对照组(简称NT组)、二氧化硅(直径0.5-10.0 μm,Sigma-Aldrich公司)染尘64 d组(简称64D组)和二氧化硅染尘128 d组(简称128D组),每组10只,确保组内个体体重相近。NT组常规饲养,不作任何处理。染尘处理采用PM2.5吸入式暴露系统(上海塔望智能科技有限公司),系统参数设定如下:粉尘发生器转速0.2 r/min,SiO2暴露浓度为980-1 000 mg/m3,空气流量为(17±1) L/min,粉尘输出量为21 g/4 h,舱内温度22.0 ℃,湿度14.0%,O2与CO2含量分别为20.4%与0.04%。小鼠每日全身暴露于染尘舱中4 h。为确保所有小鼠在处死时生理年龄一致,采用了错时启动的实验设计,首先对128D组进行染尘处理,64 d后对64D组进行相同处理,最终使3组(NT、64D、128D)小鼠均在128 d时达到预设的实验终点,并于该日统一实施安乐死及样本采集。
小鼠经三溴乙醇(200 mg/kg,腹腔注射)深度麻醉后,消毒眼周并使用无菌毛细管穿刺眶后静脉丛采血(每眼0.2 mL,共0.4 mL)至无抗凝剂管中。采血后,在深度麻醉状态下立即颈椎脱臼安乐死,确认心跳呼吸停止≥2 min后,沿腹部正中线剖开胸腹腔,采集肺组织、盲肠及内容物。其中,左肺叶以4%多聚甲醛固定,右肺中叶液氮速冻,盲肠组织液氮速冻或固定,盲肠内容物于-80 ℃保存。血液样本室温静置30 min后,于4 ℃、1 500×g离心15 min分离血清,分装并保存于-80 ℃。
左肺组织经4%多聚甲醛溶液浸泡固定至少24 h。固定完成后,充分冲洗组织以彻底去除残留固定剂,将组织修剪至适宜的尺寸与形态,平铺于包埋盒内备用。组织脱水采用梯度乙醇脱水法,脱水完成后进行二甲苯透明处理,随后将标本充分浸润于石蜡中并完成包埋。将石蜡块切成4-5 μm厚的切片,将切片带漂浮于载玻片上,置于温热板上干燥以去除残留水分,后续分别进行苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin and eosin, H&E)染色及马松三色染色。每组随机选取3只小鼠的肺组织进行切片制备和染色。染色切片经光学显微镜(徕卡公司)观察,评估肺实质纤维化的程度与形态特征。采用酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)法,使用酶联免疫试剂盒(江苏晶美生物科技有限公司)及每组3只小鼠的独立肺组织匀浆样本,定量检测肺组织中转化生长因子-β (transforming growth factor-beta, TGF-β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α)的含量,以及血清中羟脯氨酸(hydroxyproline, HYP)和超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)的含量。每个样本设3个技术重复以确保数据准确性。实验结果以均值±标准差(mean±SD)表示,用于评估模型建立的可靠性及个体差异。
采用TRIzol法提取小鼠肺组织总RNA,并使用紫外分光光度计(ThermoFisher Scientific公司)测定其浓度与纯度(A260/A280比值介于1.8-2.0视为合格)以保证后续实验质量。随后,按照PrimeScriptTM RT Master Mix试剂盒(TaKaRa公司)说明书将总RNA逆转录为cDNA。引物通过NCBI在线工具设计,并由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司合成,引物序列详见表1。以每个独立样本的cDNA为模板进行实时荧光定量PCR反应(quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR)检测,每个实验组设置3个生物学重复及3次技术重复以保证实验的准确性。PCR反应体系(25 µL):2×SGExcel FastSYBR Mixture 12.5 µL,上、下游引物(10 µmol/L)各0.5 µL,DNA模板2 µL,ddH2O 9.5 µL。PCR反应程序:95 ℃预变性30 s;95 ℃变性5 s,60 ℃退火延伸30 s,共30个循环。实验选取GAPDH作为内参基因,空白对照组样本的cDNA的扩增循环阈值(Ct值)为基线参照,数据分析采用2-ΔΔCt法计算相对基因表达,即目标基因在各实验组的相对表达量。所有实验数据采用Origin软件统计分析,结果以均值±标准差表示,组间差异比较采用t检验,P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义。
从NT组、64D组与128D组中各随机选取6只小鼠的盲肠内容物(每组n=6,独立样本,不混合),提取基因组DNA,测序工作委托上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司完成。采用Illumina HiSeq 2500平台(Illumina公司)进行宏基因组测序,具体实验流程参照Xuan等[23]所述。收集上述3组小鼠(每组n=6,独立样本,不混合)的血清样本,采用体积分数为80%的甲醇提取代谢物,通过液相色谱质谱/质谱仪(LC-MS/MS)平台测定,数据依据Wu等[24]提出的方法处理。宏基因组与非靶向代谢组分析通过Majorbio云平台(http://www.majorbio.com)在线完成,详细流程参见Ren等[25]。原始宏基因组测序数据已存入NCBI的BioProject数据库,登录号为PRJNA1283548 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sra/PRJNA1283548)。
测序工作均委托上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司完成。从NT组与128D组中各随机选取6只小鼠的肺组织,提取总RNA作为独立的生物学重复(即每组n=6,不进行样本混合)。对空白对照组(NT组)与染尘128 d小鼠肺组织样本提取的总RNA进行质量鉴定。所有用于建库的RNA均满足单次建库要求:总量≥1 μg,浓度≥35 ng/μL。随后,使用Illumina TruSeqTM RNA sample prep Kit (Illumina公司)构建文库,并在Illumina NovaSeq 6000平台上进行测序。下机获得的原始数据经质控处理后得到高质量clean data,再将其与小鼠参考基因组(Mus_musculus, GRCm38.p6)进行比对,获得定位数据(mapped data),作为后续分析的基础。最后,采用StringTie软件对每个样本进行转录本拼接与组装。
对差异菌群和差异代谢物进行Spearman相关性分析,以|r|>0.7且P<0.05作为筛选条件,筛选差异菌群的相关代谢物,进一步选取与鼠乳杆菌和嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌密切相关的22个代谢物,将其与转录组的差异基因进行整合分析。在该过程中,将差异表达基因的Ensembl ID统一转换为Entrez Gene ID,并结合基因表达倍数变化数据导入Cytoscape平台的Metscape插件,借助LRpath工具构建基因功能关联网络,从而建立代谢组与转录组的关联网络。最后运用MCODE插件对整体网络进行模块挖掘,识别出5个关键功能模块作为核心互作单元。
统计学分析使用SPSS 19.0软件完成。采用单因素方差分析(analysis of variance, ANOVA)比较NT组与各处理组间的基因表达水平,若组间差异显著,则进一步使用Student-Newman-Keuls检验进行两两比较。以P<0.05为差异具有统计学意义,P<0.01为差异极显著。在筛选差异菌群时应用Tukey-Kramer检验,并设定最小相对丰度阈值(>0.1%)及P<0.05;差异代谢物的筛选标准为P<0.05;差异表达基因的筛选则采用校正后P值(Padjust<0.05)作为显著性阈值。
为模拟职业性粉尘长期暴露环境,本研究采用动式染尘法建立小鼠肺纤维化模型,使二氧化硅粉尘经口腔与鼻腔自然吸入并沉积于肺部。实验组每天接受4 h的SiO2粉尘吸入。肺组织H&E染色显示,空白对照组结构完整,肺泡间隔整齐,无纤维化迹象;64D组出现明显肺损伤,伴有轻度炎症细胞浸润;128D组则进一步表现为肺泡结构破坏、空泡形成、血管壁增厚及纤维化加重。马松三色染色结果显示,随染尘时间延长,肺组织中蓝色胶原沉积区域逐渐扩大,128D组纤维化范围显著高于64D组,提示胶原沉积与肺纤维化程度呈时间依赖性增强(图1A)。肺组织ELISA检测显示,炎症细胞因子TGF-β和TNF-α浓度随染尘时间延长显著上升(图1B1C)。血清生化标志物分析显示,与NT组相比,粉尘暴露组的HYP水平显著升高,而SOD水平显著降低(图1D1E)。同样地,纤维化相关基因Col1a1、Fbn1与α-SMA的表达在粉尘暴露组中均显著上调,且128D组表达水平高于64D组(图1F)。上述结果表明,从组织病理学的生化指标及炎症因子多个角度验证模型构建成功。
为系统阐明肺纤维化进程中肠道微生物群落的结构变化,本研究采用宏基因组测序技术对模型小鼠的盲肠菌群进行了全面分析,并在门、属、种3个分类水平上系统比较了其组成差异。在门水平上共鉴定出8个菌门,其中相对丰度较高的主要包括疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobiota)、芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)和放线菌门(Actinomycetota)。在属水平上共检测到49个属,其中丰度占优势的包括阿克曼氏菌属(Akkermansia)、乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、葡萄球菌属(Staphylococcus)及气球菌属(Aerococcus)等12个属。在种水平上共识别出74种微生物,其中嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌(Akkermansia muciniphila)、鼠乳杆菌(Ligilactobacillus murinus)和慢葡萄球菌(Mammaliicoccus lentus)等物种丰度较高。
为聚焦于丰度较高且结果较稳健的物种,本研究设定了最小相对丰度阈值(>0.1%),即仅保留在至少一个实验组中平均相对丰度超过0.1%的菌种进行后续统计比较与深入分析。为明确两组间菌群组成的差异,本研究对鉴定到的菌种进行了统计学分析,采用Tukey-Kramer检验进行事后比较,以P<0.05作为显著性阈值。结果显示,共有4个菌种在两组间存在显著差异,分别为嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌、鼠乳杆菌、日本螺杆菌(Helicobacter japonicus)和气球菌属(未分类物种) [Aerococcus (unclassified species)] (表2)。嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌与NT组相比64D组相对丰度显著升高;鼠乳杆菌的相对丰度在64D组和128D组具有显著差异;日本螺杆菌与NT组相比在64D组显著降低;气球菌属(未分类物种)则在64D组显著上升。综上所述,本研究明确了肺纤维化小鼠模型中盲肠菌群在多个分类水平上的结构变化,并识别出4个具有显著差异的潜在关键菌种。
进一步探究肺纤维化进程中血清代谢的特征与动态演变,基于前期的模型构建,对血清样本进行了非靶向代谢组学分析,对NT、64D及128D这3组进行成对比较,筛选与纤维化进展密切相关的差异代谢物(图2A)。结果表明,NT vs. 64D、NT vs. 128D与64D vs. 128D分别筛选出126、138和60个差异代谢物,其中上调数目为78、79、24个,下调数目为48、59、36个。
鉴于128D组较64D组呈现更为严重的肺纤维化病理改变。因此,本研究进一步聚焦于NT组与128D组之间的功能富集。对该比较组中筛选出的138个差异代谢物进行KEGG通路富集分析(图2B)。结果显示,这些代谢物显著富集于多个生物学通路,包括自噬(其他)、癌症中的胆碱代谢、蛋白质消化与吸收、气喘、突触囊泡周期、自噬(动物)、癌症中的中枢碳代谢、GPI-锚定生物合成、矿物质吸收及氨酰tRNA生物合成等。上述结果表明,随着肺纤维化进展至128 d,小鼠血清代谢谱发生显著改变。通路富集分析提示,相关代谢变化可能与氨基酸代谢、蛋白质稳态维持及细胞膜结构等生物学过程有关,为进一步理解肺纤维化的发生发展提供了代谢层面的参考。
根据转录组测序分析结果,在NT组与128D组的对比分析中筛选出1 407个差异表达基因,其中上调基因1 124个,下调基因283个(图3A)。进一步对上述差异基因进行KEGG通路富集分析,结果显示这些基因共富集于90条通路,其中60条达到显著富集水平。显著富集的通路主要包括(图3B):病毒蛋白与细胞因子及细胞因子受体的相互作用、系统性红斑狼疮、肠道免疫网络产生IgA、补体和凝血级联、NF-κB信号通路、破骨细胞分化、IL-17信号通路以及趋化因子信号通路等。这些通路多数与免疫和炎症反应密切相关。值得注意的是,在显著富集的通路中识别出“肠道免疫网络产生IgA”这一与肠道菌群高度相关的通路,提示肠道免疫机制可能在肺纤维化过程中具有潜在重要作用。
为深入探究差异肠道菌群与差异代谢物之间的关联,本研究采用Spearman相关性分析筛选出了与4种差异菌群显著相关的血清代谢物。结果显示,嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌与鼠乳杆菌共同关联22个代谢物(图4A),日本螺杆菌关联49个代谢物,气球菌属关联5个代谢物(图4B)。相关性分析表明,差异菌群与血清代谢紊乱之间存在强关联性,且所关联的代谢物多数为氨基酸。
鉴于上述关联代谢物以氨基酸类为主,且非必需氨基酸可由宿主自身合成,其血清水平易受内源性代谢过程的干扰,而必需氨基酸完全依赖外源性摄入,其水平能更直接反映肠道吸收、菌群代谢等外源性因素对宿主氨基酸的调控作用。因此本研究选取必需氨基酸作为反映小鼠体内氨基酸代谢与蛋白质吸收状态的关键指标。基于非靶向代谢组学数据,对血清中必需氨基酸进行分析发现,异亮氨酸、亮氨酸和缬氨酸水平显著升高,而甲硫氨酸、赖氨酸、酪氨酸和色氨酸则显著降低(表3),提示宿主体内氨基酸代谢平衡被打破,呈现紊乱状态。
鼠乳杆菌和嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌在菌群中相对丰度较高,提示它们可能在生态与功能上具有关键作用,因此本研究对这2种菌进行了进一步解析。通过相关性分析,两者共同识别出22个相同的差异代谢物(表4)。通过整合这22个代谢物与转录组差异基因,构建了非靶向代谢组与转录组的组学关联网络(图5),该网络可进一步解构为18个功能特异的子网络。
为解析网络中高度关联的核心模块,基于MCODE算法对前述18个子网络进行拓扑分析,根据网络评分进一步识别出5个关键作用网络(表5表6)。基于KEGG等数据库注释的整合代谢网络分析表明,核苷酸代谢、激酶信号转导与氨基酸代谢等途径之间存在紧密关联(图6)。在核苷酸代谢网络中分析显示次黄苷三磷酸可作为磷酸基团供体,通过R01327、R01964、R02867和R02849 4个注释反应催化己糖及其衍生物的磷酸化,并转化为次黄苷二磷酸(图6A)。同时,尿苷三磷酸(uridine triphosphate, UTP)在腺苷三磷酸(adenosine triphosphate, ATP)参与下经氨基化反应生成胞苷三磷酸(cytidine triphosphate, CTP) (图6B)。在氨基酸代谢方面,分析结果显示丝氨酸与同型半胱氨酸通过R01289或R01290反应生成胱硫醚,桥接了甲硫氨酸与半胱氨酸的相互转化(图6C)。在激酶信号网络中,丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶11、Fas活化丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶及环鸟苷酸依赖性蛋白激酶被识别为核心节点,并通过R00162和R03632等反应与下游靶蛋白的磷酸化修饰相关联(图6D)。此外,前列腺素H2在血栓素A合酶1催化下转化为血栓素A2 (图6E)。上述结果表明,这5个核心网络的互作关系提示其可能构成了一个潜在的协同调控网络,其变化与宿主代谢相关联,并可能部分反映了微生物-宿主互作的功能关联。
PF是一种严重的慢性间质性肺疾病,其核心病理特征为成纤维细胞异常增殖和ECM过度沉积,最终导致肺组织瘢痕化和呼吸衰竭[3]。目前临床缺乏有效治疗手段,纤维化进展成为主要死因,因此阐明其发病机制并开发新型疗法至关重要。ECM异常积聚是PF的核心病理改变之一[26]。胶原蛋白作为ECM的关键组成成分,其特异性氨基酸羟脯氨酸的含量可反映纤维化程度。本研究证实,PF小鼠肺组织中两者水平均显著上升,提示ECM重塑呈进行性发展。持续炎症是推动PF进展的另一关键因素,受损肺泡上皮细胞释放如TGF-β等细胞因子,可诱导成纤维细胞分化为肌成纤维细胞[27],而肌成纤维细胞是肺纤维化的主要效应细胞。本研究通过ELISA检测发现PF小鼠肺组织中TGF-β、FGF、TNF-α等促纤维化因子显著上调。上述结果表明,小鼠经二氧化硅吸入处理后出现了肺纤维化。
近年来,“肠-肺轴”作为调控远端器官炎症与免疫的关键通路受到广泛关注[28]。PF的发生常伴随肠道菌群组成与功能的显著紊乱,提示肠道微生态可能通过免疫调节及其代谢产物影响肺部疾病进程[29]。然而,受限于肠肺轴双向调控网络的复杂性,其具体分子机制尚不完全清楚。本研究通过宏基因组学与非靶向代谢组学分析发现,实验组与对照组在肠道菌群及代谢物组成上均存在显著差异。肺组织转录组测序共筛选出1 407个差异表达基因,富集分析显示这些基因显著富集于60条信号通路。值得注意的是,其中识别出与肠道菌群密切相关的“肠道免疫网络产生IgA”通路,提示肠道菌群失调可能通过激活该通路引起分泌型IgA异常,不仅破坏肠道屏障导致菌群易位,还可能经循环系统影响肺部免疫应答,从而参与PF的疾病进展。
进一步整合多组学数据,本研究识别出5个核心网络,表明多条代谢通路在PF发生发展中的潜在作用。这些网络是基于KEGG数据库反应注释的整合分析结果,反映了潜在的代谢物关联与转化潜力,但并不等同于细胞内真实通量。分析中发现,黄苷三磷酸、黄苷二磷酸在注释网络中显示可参与某些磷酸转移反应。尽管在经典代谢生物化学中黄苷三磷酸常被视为“异常核苷酸”,并不作为核心能量载体,但本研究提示其在特定生理或病理状态下可能具有潜在功能,且其代谢与嘌呤核苷酸代谢网络存在交叉。在激酶信号网络中,丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶11、Fas活化丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶及环鸟苷酸依赖性蛋白激酶被识别为核心节点,并通过多条反应通路与下游靶蛋白的磷酸化相关联。丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶11通过激活AMPK及其上游激酶调控细胞生长、脂质代谢与能量平衡[30];Fas活化丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶参与程序性细胞死亡过程[31];环鸟苷酸依赖性蛋白激酶由环鸟苷酸激活,可在多种信号通路中发挥关键作用[32]。有研究表明,STK11-AMPK通路通过影响脂质代谢与线粒体功能参与肺泡上皮细胞功能障碍,是PF发生的重要机制之一[33]
此外,胱硫醚是含硫氨基酸代谢的关键节点,将甲硫氨酸循环与半胱氨酸代谢紧密连接。其中关键中间产物同型半胱氨酸不仅是甲硫氨酸代谢的核心环节[34],也被视为心脑血管疾病的生物标志物[35],提示其在代谢相关疾病中可能具有潜在作用。另一方面,在嘧啶代谢通路中,UTP在ATP参与下转化为CTP,两者除作为RNA组成成分外,也具备供能作用。PF过程中伴随成纤维细胞大量增殖与ECM过度沉积,需要大量核酸合成支持,因此以CTP合成为代表的嘧啶代谢重编程成为该疾病的显著特征之一[19]
在脂质代谢与炎症层面,前列腺素H2向血栓素A2的转化将花生四烯酸代谢与白三烯B4受体等炎症信号相连接,体现了脂代谢与免疫调节之间的潜在关系。血栓素-前列腺素受体信号通路驱动PF中持续的成纤维细胞活化,其中血栓素A2受体将氧化应激与成纤维细胞激活相耦联,其拮抗剂被认为具有治疗PF的潜力[36]。综上所述,本研究通过整合宏基因组、代谢组与转录组分析,识别出5个关键网络,主要涉及核苷酸代谢、激酶相关信号及氨基酸代谢等过程,为理解疾病机制提供了新的视角。
本研究通过组学关联分析识别出不同生物层面相互作用的核心网络,如ITP、UTP等核苷酸代谢途径,UTP的氨基化以及丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶11、Fas活化丝氨酸/苏氨酸激酶等激酶节点。这些发现主要基于Spearman相关性分析及生物信息学推断,该方法虽能有效挖掘非线性趋势,但其本质仍为统计学推断预测,尚未能提供直接的因果证据,因此目前结果更多是揭示潜在关联,而非确证因果关系。后续可能需通过基因敲除、酶活性抑制或代谢物外源干预等实验,验证关键分子在肺纤维化中的具体功能。
本实验采用小鼠模型进行多组学分析,样本量设置主要依据同行常见规模及实验可行性,未预先进行严格的统计功效计算(statistical power calculation),可能对检测细微组学差异的能力产生一定影响。在之后的整合组学研究中,建议结合预实验数据或文献报道的效应值进行功效分析以优化实验设计并提升结果的可靠性。此外,本研究采用动物模型模拟人类疾病过程,用于潜在机制的探索,其结果是否适用于人类仍需进一步评估。肠道菌群结构、代谢物谱及肺部基因表达在人与小鼠间存在物种差异,且缺乏临床样本,这在一定程度上限制了其应用价值。后续仍需在肺纤维化患者样本中对本研究筛选出的关键差异菌种、代谢物及潜在的功能通路开展验证性研究以增强研究的临床相关性。
综上所述,本研究采用动式染尘法构建了小鼠肺纤维化模型,并整合了宏基因组、非靶向代谢组及转录组3个层面的数据,系统探讨了“肠-肺轴”在肺纤维化发病过程中的潜在机制。然而,从相关性到因果关系的验证、样本设计的统计严谨性以及临床转化效力的提升仍是未来需要着力深化的关键环节。
本研究采用动式染尘法构建肺纤维化小鼠模型,并系统探讨了其肠道菌群紊乱、血清代谢物异常与肺组织基因表达重塑之间存在潜在关联。通过多组学整合分析,识别出以嗜黏蛋白阿克曼氏菌和鼠乳杆菌为代表的差异菌群与多个血清代谢物密切相关,并进一步构建跨组学关联网络,挖掘出包括黄苷三磷酸、黄苷二磷酸的转化、UTP氨基化、激酶功能节点、丝氨酸-同型半胱氨酸代谢桥接以及前列腺素H2向血栓素A2转化在内的核心功能通路。这些结果从“肠-肺轴”及代谢-基因互作的角度为深入阐释肺纤维化的发病机制提供了新的线索。
  • 国家自然科学基金(62261043)
  • 内蒙古自治区自然科学基金(2025MS03093)
  • 内蒙古自治区自然科学基金(2025QN03136)
  • 2025内蒙古自治区生命健康与生物信息学重点实验室项目(2025KYPT0135)
  • 内蒙古科技大学基本科研业务费专项资金(2023QNJS150)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250894
  • 接收时间:2025-12-03
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-03
  • 录用日期:2026-02-03
基金
The National Natural Science Foundation of China(62261043)
国家自然科学基金(62261043)
The Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2025MS03093)
内蒙古自治区自然科学基金(2025MS03093)
The Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(2025QN03136)
内蒙古自治区自然科学基金(2025QN03136)
The 2025 Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Life Health and Bioinformatics Project(2025KYPT0135)
2025内蒙古自治区生命健康与生物信息学重点实验室项目(2025KYPT0135)
The Fundamental Research Funds for Inner Mongolia University of Science & Technology(2023QNJS150)
内蒙古科技大学基本科研业务费专项资金(2023QNJS150)
作者信息
    1.内蒙古科技大学 生命科学与技术学院,内蒙古 包头
    2.内蒙古自治区生命健康与生物信息学重点实验室,内蒙古 包头
    3.内蒙古农业大学职业技术学院,内蒙古 包头
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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