Article(id=1259888470168879461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250830, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1762272000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1766505600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineDate=1778310418884, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1777824000000, pubDateStr=2026-05-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778310418884, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778310418884, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778310418884, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259888457367806489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='5', pageStart='2031', pageEnd='2556', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778310415832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778320153326, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2159, endPage=2173, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259888471406199162, articleId=1259888470168879461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of four-carbon dicarboxylic acids, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective Four-carbon dicarboxylic acids are a class of important platform chemicals widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. However, the efficiency of microbial fermentation for producing four-carbon dicarboxylic acids still faces challenges, mainly limited by insufficient central carbon metabolic flux and byproduct accumulation. Methods This study used Escherichia coli as the chassis strain and adopted a strategy combining rational metabolic engineering and non-rational modification to systematically optimize the four-carbon dicarboxylic acid synthesis capacity of E. coli. Results The non-cyclic glyoxylate shunt was reconstructed and the expression of key pathway enzymes was optimized to enhance the metabolic flux toward four-carbon dicarboxylic acids. The synthesis capacity of four-carbon dicarboxylic acids was enhanced by employing atmospheric and room-temperature plasma (ARTP) mutagenesis. The knockout of key genes in the acetate, formate, and lactate synthesis pathways effectively minimized carbon flux diversion, thereby enhancing the availability of oxaloacetate, the central precursor to four-carbon dicarboxylic acids. On this basis, through specific modification of terminal metabolic pathways, the engineering strain E. coli Fum02 for fumaric acid production were constructed. Finally, in a 5 L fermenter, the fumaric acid titer, yield, and productivity of the engineering strain E. coli Fum02 reached 45.2 g/L, 0.45 g/g, and 0.23 g/(L·h), respectively. Furthermore, by blocking the succinate dehydrogenase gene (sdhAB) and implementing fermentation optimization strategies, this platform strain could also be redirected toward efficient succinate production. Conclusion This study provides a reference for the metabolic engineering modification of bacteria to produce organic acids and also lays a foundation for the industrial biomanufacturing of four-carbon dicarboxylic acids.

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目的 四碳二羧酸是一类重要的平台化学品,在食品、医药及化工领域应用广泛。然而,微生物发酵法生产四碳二羧酸的效率仍面临挑战,主要受限于中心碳代谢通量不足和副产物积累等问题。 方法 以大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)为底盘菌株,采用理性代谢工程与非理性改造相结合的策略,系统优化E. coli的四碳二羧酸合成能力。 结果 通过重构非循环乙醛酸支路、优化路径关键酶的表达水平,提高了四碳二羧酸代谢通量;借助常压室温等离子体诱变(atmospheric and room-temperature plasma, ARTP)技术提升了四碳二羧酸的合成能力。敲除乙酸、甲酸和乳酸代谢途径的相关基因有效减少了碳代谢流的损耗,提高了四碳二羧酸合成前体草酰乙酸的供给效率。进一步通过特异性改造终端代谢路径构建了生产富马酸的工程菌株E. coli Fum02。在5 L发酵罐中,工程菌株E. coli Fum02的富马酸产量、得率和生产强度分别达到45.2 g/L、0.45 g/g和0.23 g/(L·h)。在此基础上,通过阻断琥珀酸脱氢酶基因(sdhAB)和发酵优化等策略可进一步用于生产琥珀酸。 结论 本研究为代谢工程改造细菌生产有机酸提供了参考,同时也为四碳二羧酸的工业化生物制造奠定了基础。

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作者贡献声明

唐永圣:研究构思和设计、实验操作、论文撰写;丁德阳:ARTP诱变与筛选;张哲:支路代谢途径敲除;陈修来:研究设计、实验指导、论文指导与修改。

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FEMS Yeast Research, 2025, 25: foaf052., articleTitle=Harnessing yeasts for sustainable succinic acid production: advances in metabolic engineering and biorefinery integration, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1259928461951549715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, awardId=32571712, language=EN, fundingSource=The National Natural Science Foundation of China(32571712), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1259928462807187739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, awardId=32571712, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(32571712), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1259928465646731560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, awardId=BK20233003, language=EN, fundingSource=The Basic Research Program of Jiangsu and Jiangsu Basic Research Center for Synthetic Biology(BK20233003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1259928468188479789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, awardId=BK20233003, language=CN, fundingSource=江苏省合成生物基础研究中心基础研究计划(BK20233003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1259928469920727354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, awardId=JUSRP124023, language=EN, fundingSource=The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JUSRP124023), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1259928471090938172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, awardId=JUSRP124023, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(JUSRP124023), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1259928394461004577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928394469393186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, companyId=1259928394461004577, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928394477781795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, companyId=1259928394461004577, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=江南大学 生物工程学院,工业生物技术教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1259928432696279142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Construction of the four-carbon dicarboxylic acid biosynthetic pathway. A: Rewiring the TCA cycle for four-carbon dicarboxylic acid production; B: Enhancing carbon flux into the TCA cycle for improved production of four-carbon dicarboxylic acid; C: Metabolic engineering design of the non-cyclic glyoxylate shunt; D: Engineering a non-cyclic glyoxylate shunt to produce four-carbon dicarboxylic acids. Ecppc: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene; Afpyc: Pyruvate carboxylase gene; EcgltA: Citrate synthase gene; EcacN: cis-aconitase gene; EcaceA: Isocitrate lyase gene; EcaceB: Malate synthase gene., figureFileSmall=4tkwX9s9TR/eW9MFJVWL5w==, figureFileBig=w8yX4nQIs7U+bAcWenmL+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928435154141299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, language=CN, label=图1, caption=构建四碳二羧酸合成路径, figureFileSmall=4tkwX9s9TR/eW9MFJVWL5w==, figureFileBig=w8yX4nQIs7U+bAcWenmL+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928438115319944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=ARTP mutagenesis for enhancing the production of four-carbon dicarboxylic acid. A: Standard curve of succinate concentration versus bromocresol green absorbance; B: Effect of ARTP mutagenesis on four-carbon dicarboxylic acid production through primary screen; C: Effect of ARTP mutagenesis on four-carbon dicarboxylic acid production through secondary screen; D: Production of four-carbon dicarboxylic acid by mutant strains validated by shake-flask cultivation., figureFileSmall=G5yi89klJrsyJtfjdpVvRA==, figureFileBig=whUehaeFw8eBAx7neJXGSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928438878683278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, language=CN, label=图2, caption=ARTP诱变增强四碳二羧酸生产, figureFileSmall=G5yi89klJrsyJtfjdpVvRA==, figureFileBig=whUehaeFw8eBAx7neJXGSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928439826595987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Optimizing precursor supply for four-carbon dicarboxylic acid synthesis. A: Rewiring the metabolic pathways of by-products for four-carbon dicarboxylic acid production; B:Metabolite profile analysis in a 5 L bioreactor; C: Effect of gene deletion on the production of four-carbon dicarboxylic acid; D: Effect of redox potential regulation on the production of four-carbon dicarboxylic acid. ldhA: Lactate dehydrogenase gene; pflB: Pyruvate formate-lyase gene; poxB: Pyruvate oxidase gene; pta: Phosphotransacetylase gene; ackA: Acetate kinase gene; adhE: Alcohol dehydrogenase gene., figureFileSmall=qEgsu3cQwDHnu9/a8wtaOQ==, figureFileBig=Op1GOpc4lAmhon+vSGv+jA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928440673845409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, language=CN, label=图3, caption=优化四碳二羧酸合成前体供应, figureFileSmall=qEgsu3cQwDHnu9/a8wtaOQ==, figureFileBig=Op1GOpc4lAmhon+vSGv+jA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928443882487982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Production of fumarate by fermentation. A: Rewiring the metabolic pathways of fumarate degradation; B: Production of fumarate with E. coli Fum01 in a 5 L fed‐batch bioreactor; C: Production of fumarate with E. coli Fum02 in a 5 L fed‐batch bioreactor; D: The accumulation of byproducts during the fermentation. fumA: Fumarase gene; frdBC: Fumarate reductase gene., figureFileSmall=WJ4HH0faTXrBsmX+AgWvVQ==, figureFileBig=zVY+gcVtd5kFIEbj4XCPIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928445094641849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, language=CN, label=图4, caption=发酵生产富马酸, figureFileSmall=WJ4HH0faTXrBsmX+AgWvVQ==, figureFileBig=zVY+gcVtd5kFIEbj4XCPIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928447632195785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Production of succinate by fermentation. A: Rewiring the metabolic pathways of succinate degradation; B: Effect of oxygen supply on succinate production; C: Effect of residual glucose concentration on succinate production under micro-aerobic conditions; D: Production of succinate with E. coli SA01 in a 5 L fed‐batch bioreactor. sdhAB: Succinate dehydrogenase gene., figureFileSmall=bzk1I1zoyMmYYsGAhI8XjQ==, figureFileBig=pP2zZIRDmd5Jgnoy+v7y7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928449351860430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, language=CN, label=图5, caption=发酵生产琥珀酸, figureFileSmall=bzk1I1zoyMmYYsGAhI8XjQ==, figureFileBig=pP2zZIRDmd5Jgnoy+v7y7A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928452220764379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Strains used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsDescriptionsSources
E. coli SG01E. coli CICC 23846 (fumarate-producing strain)CICC
E. coli SG02E. coli SG01ΔygaY::EcppcThis study
E. coli SG03E. coli SG01ΔilvG::AfpycThis study
E. coli SG04E. coli SG02ΔilvG::AfpycThis study
E. coli SG05E. coli SG04ΔlfhA::EcgltAΔyjiT::EcacNThis study
E. coli SG06E. coli SG05ΔiclRThis study
E. coli SG06-LE. coli SG06ΔylbE::P trc -RBS31-aceA-RBS11-aceBThis study
E. coli SG06-ME. coli SG06ΔylbE::P trc -RBS31-aceA-RBS29-aceBThis study
E. coli SG07 (SG06-H)E. coli SG06ΔylbE::P trc -RBS31-aceA-RBS34-aceBThis study
E. coli SG08E. coli SG07, ARTP mutagenesisThis study
E. coli SG09E. coli SG08ΔpflBThis study
E. coli SG10E. coli SG08ΔpoxBThis study
E. coli SG11E. coli SG08Δpta-ackAThis study
E. coli SG12E. coli SG08ΔpflBΔpoxBΔpta-ackAThis study
E. coli SG13E. coli SG12ΔldhAThis study
E. coli SG14E. coli SG13ΔadhEThis study
E. coli Fum01E. coli SG13ΔfumAThis study
E. coli Fum02E. coli SG13ΔfumAΔfrdBCThis study
E. coli SA01E. coli SG13ΔsdhABThis study
), ArticleFig(id=1259928453202231522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本研究所用菌株

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
StrainsDescriptionsSources
E. coli SG01E. coli CICC 23846 (fumarate-producing strain)CICC
E. coli SG02E. coli SG01ΔygaY::EcppcThis study
E. coli SG03E. coli SG01ΔilvG::AfpycThis study
E. coli SG04E. coli SG02ΔilvG::AfpycThis study
E. coli SG05E. coli SG04ΔlfhA::EcgltAΔyjiT::EcacNThis study
E. coli SG06E. coli SG05ΔiclRThis study
E. coli SG06-LE. coli SG06ΔylbE::P trc -RBS31-aceA-RBS11-aceBThis study
E. coli SG06-ME. coli SG06ΔylbE::P trc -RBS31-aceA-RBS29-aceBThis study
E. coli SG07 (SG06-H)E. coli SG06ΔylbE::P trc -RBS31-aceA-RBS34-aceBThis study
E. coli SG08E. coli SG07, ARTP mutagenesisThis study
E. coli SG09E. coli SG08ΔpflBThis study
E. coli SG10E. coli SG08ΔpoxBThis study
E. coli SG11E. coli SG08Δpta-ackAThis study
E. coli SG12E. coli SG08ΔpflBΔpoxBΔpta-ackAThis study
E. coli SG13E. coli SG12ΔldhAThis study
E. coli SG14E. coli SG13ΔadhEThis study
E. coli Fum01E. coli SG13ΔfumAThis study
E. coli Fum02E. coli SG13ΔfumAΔfrdBCThis study
E. coli SA01E. coli SG13ΔsdhABThis study
), ArticleFig(id=1259928453986566379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Plasmids used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PlasmidsDescriptionsSources
pCASpMB1 ori, Kanr, P cas -cas9, P araB -Red, P trc -sgRNAThis study
pTargetFpMB1 ori, Sper, P J23119 promoterThis study
pTrc01pMB1 ori, Ampr, P trc -RBS31-aceA-RBS11-aceBThis study
pTrc02pMB1 ori, Ampr, P trc -RBS31-aceA-RBS31-aceBThis study
pTrc03pMB1 ori, Ampr, P trc -RBS31-aceA-RBS34-aceBThis study
), ArticleFig(id=1259928456922579189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

本研究所用质粒

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
PlasmidsDescriptionsSources
pCASpMB1 ori, Kanr, P cas -cas9, P araB -Red, P trc -sgRNAThis study
pTargetFpMB1 ori, Sper, P J23119 promoterThis study
pTrc01pMB1 ori, Ampr, P trc -RBS31-aceA-RBS11-aceBThis study
pTrc02pMB1 ori, Ampr, P trc -RBS31-aceA-RBS31-aceBThis study
pTrc03pMB1 ori, Ampr, P trc -RBS31-aceA-RBS34-aceBThis study
), ArticleFig(id=1259928457761439998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Primers used in this study

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)
ppc-U-FATGAACGAACAATATTCCGCATTGC
ppc-U-RTTAGCCGGTATTACGCATACCTG
pyc-D-FATGGCGGCTCCGTTTCGTCAG
pyc-D-RTTACGCTTTGACGATCTTGCAGAC
iclR-U-FTTTCGCCGCCGCAAAGTTGATTT
iclR-U-RGACAGTCTCTTTTTTCTGTATCGT
iclR-D-FCTTTTTCTGGCGGGCAGAGGCA
iclR-D-RGATATGACGACCATTTTGTCTAC
aceA-U-FATGAAAACCCGTACACAACAAATT
aceA-U-RTTAGAACTGCGATTCTTCAGTGG
aceB-D-FATGACTGAACAGGCAACAACAAC
aceB-D-RTTACGCTAACAGGCGGTAGCCTG
pflB-U-FATATGACCGCAAATGGTCAATGGG
pflB-U-RGTAACACCTACCTTCTTAAGTGG
pflB-D-FTTAGATTTGACTGAAATCGTACA
pflB-D-RACAGGTATGAATGCCTTCTTTTT
poxB-U-FTACCTGACTTAGCTTCACGTACCG
poxB-U-RAAGTTTAGTTCATCTGACGGAGG
poxB-D-FAAAGGGTGGCATTTCCCGTCAT
poxB-D-RAATTCCCATGCTTCTTTCAGGTA
pta-ackA-U-FCAATCTGCCAGCAGAGAGTAAATACG
pta-ackA-U-RAAAAAAACGTCAGGGAGCCATAGA
pta-ackA-D-FTCTCGTCATCATCCGCAGCTT
pta-ackA-D-RGATCCTGAGGTTAATCCTTCAAAC
ldhA-U-FCAAGCAGAATCAAGTTCTACCG
ldhA-U-RAAGACTTTCTCCAGTGATGTTGA
ldhA-D-FTGCATTCCAGGGGAGCTGATTC
ldhA-D-RAAGTTAATGTCTGTTTTGCGGT
adhE-U-FAAAATCAAAAAAGGTCTGAATCACG
adhE-U-RAATGCTCTCCTGATAATGTTAAACTT
adhE-D-FTCAGTAGCGCTGTCTGGCAACAT
adhE-D-RAATGGCAAAAAGTTGCAGGCCG
fumA-U-FTTTGGATGAACCTGAATGGAGAGT
fumA-U-RTGTTCTCTCACTTACTGCCTGGT
fumA-D-FGGGGCGGTTTTTTTACATGGCA
fumA-D-RGGTGAACTTTACGTTCCATCCCG
frdBC-U-FACAACGTCTGAAAGATCTGGTTAACC
frdBC-U-RTCGCCTTCTCCTTCTTATTGGCTG
frdBC-D-FGGAGCCTGAGATGATTAATCCAAATCC
frdBC-D-RTGTTGAGGGGCAGCAAATGTGG
sdhAB-U-FCCTTACCGCTCTGGCGTATCACG
sdhAB-U-RCACACACCCCACACCACAACGAATC
sdhAB-D-FACCGTAGGCCTGATAAGACGCG
sdhAB-D-RCGGAAATATTCACGCGTTTGAGAG
), ArticleFig(id=1259928458659021063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888470168879461, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

本研究所用引物

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Primer namesPrimer sequences (5′→3′)
ppc-U-FATGAACGAACAATATTCCGCATTGC
ppc-U-RTTAGCCGGTATTACGCATACCTG
pyc-D-FATGGCGGCTCCGTTTCGTCAG
pyc-D-RTTACGCTTTGACGATCTTGCAGAC
iclR-U-FTTTCGCCGCCGCAAAGTTGATTT
iclR-U-RGACAGTCTCTTTTTTCTGTATCGT
iclR-D-FCTTTTTCTGGCGGGCAGAGGCA
iclR-D-RGATATGACGACCATTTTGTCTAC
aceA-U-FATGAAAACCCGTACACAACAAATT
aceA-U-RTTAGAACTGCGATTCTTCAGTGG
aceB-D-FATGACTGAACAGGCAACAACAAC
aceB-D-RTTACGCTAACAGGCGGTAGCCTG
pflB-U-FATATGACCGCAAATGGTCAATGGG
pflB-U-RGTAACACCTACCTTCTTAAGTGG
pflB-D-FTTAGATTTGACTGAAATCGTACA
pflB-D-RACAGGTATGAATGCCTTCTTTTT
poxB-U-FTACCTGACTTAGCTTCACGTACCG
poxB-U-RAAGTTTAGTTCATCTGACGGAGG
poxB-D-FAAAGGGTGGCATTTCCCGTCAT
poxB-D-RAATTCCCATGCTTCTTTCAGGTA
pta-ackA-U-FCAATCTGCCAGCAGAGAGTAAATACG
pta-ackA-U-RAAAAAAACGTCAGGGAGCCATAGA
pta-ackA-D-FTCTCGTCATCATCCGCAGCTT
pta-ackA-D-RGATCCTGAGGTTAATCCTTCAAAC
ldhA-U-FCAAGCAGAATCAAGTTCTACCG
ldhA-U-RAAGACTTTCTCCAGTGATGTTGA
ldhA-D-FTGCATTCCAGGGGAGCTGATTC
ldhA-D-RAAGTTAATGTCTGTTTTGCGGT
adhE-U-FAAAATCAAAAAAGGTCTGAATCACG
adhE-U-RAATGCTCTCCTGATAATGTTAAACTT
adhE-D-FTCAGTAGCGCTGTCTGGCAACAT
adhE-D-RAATGGCAAAAAGTTGCAGGCCG
fumA-U-FTTTGGATGAACCTGAATGGAGAGT
fumA-U-RTGTTCTCTCACTTACTGCCTGGT
fumA-D-FGGGGCGGTTTTTTTACATGGCA
fumA-D-RGGTGAACTTTACGTTCCATCCCG
frdBC-U-FACAACGTCTGAAAGATCTGGTTAACC
frdBC-U-RTCGCCTTCTCCTTCTTATTGGCTG
frdBC-D-FGGAGCCTGAGATGATTAATCCAAATCC
frdBC-D-RTGTTGAGGGGCAGCAAATGTGG
sdhAB-U-FCCTTACCGCTCTGGCGTATCACG
sdhAB-U-RCACACACCCCACACCACAACGAATC
sdhAB-D-FACCGTAGGCCTGATAAGACGCG
sdhAB-D-RCGGAAATATTCACGCGTTTGAGAG
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代谢工程改造大肠杆菌生产四碳二羧酸
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唐永圣 , 丁德阳 , 张哲 , 陈修来
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(5): 2159-2173
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(5): 2159-2173
代谢工程改造大肠杆菌生产四碳二羧酸
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唐永圣, 丁德阳, 张哲, 陈修来
作者信息
  • 江南大学 生物工程学院,工业生物技术教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡
Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of four-carbon dicarboxylic acids
Yongsheng TANG, Deyang DING, Zhe ZHANG, Xiulai CHEN
Affiliations
  • School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
出版时间: 2026-05-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250830
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目的 四碳二羧酸是一类重要的平台化学品,在食品、医药及化工领域应用广泛。然而,微生物发酵法生产四碳二羧酸的效率仍面临挑战,主要受限于中心碳代谢通量不足和副产物积累等问题。 方法 以大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)为底盘菌株,采用理性代谢工程与非理性改造相结合的策略,系统优化E. coli的四碳二羧酸合成能力。 结果 通过重构非循环乙醛酸支路、优化路径关键酶的表达水平,提高了四碳二羧酸代谢通量;借助常压室温等离子体诱变(atmospheric and room-temperature plasma, ARTP)技术提升了四碳二羧酸的合成能力。敲除乙酸、甲酸和乳酸代谢途径的相关基因有效减少了碳代谢流的损耗,提高了四碳二羧酸合成前体草酰乙酸的供给效率。进一步通过特异性改造终端代谢路径构建了生产富马酸的工程菌株E. coli Fum02。在5 L发酵罐中,工程菌株E. coli Fum02的富马酸产量、得率和生产强度分别达到45.2 g/L、0.45 g/g和0.23 g/(L·h)。在此基础上,通过阻断琥珀酸脱氢酶基因(sdhAB)和发酵优化等策略可进一步用于生产琥珀酸。 结论 本研究为代谢工程改造细菌生产有机酸提供了参考,同时也为四碳二羧酸的工业化生物制造奠定了基础。

大肠杆菌  /  四碳二羧酸  /  代谢工程  /  细胞工厂

Objective Four-carbon dicarboxylic acids are a class of important platform chemicals widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries. However, the efficiency of microbial fermentation for producing four-carbon dicarboxylic acids still faces challenges, mainly limited by insufficient central carbon metabolic flux and byproduct accumulation. Methods This study used Escherichia coli as the chassis strain and adopted a strategy combining rational metabolic engineering and non-rational modification to systematically optimize the four-carbon dicarboxylic acid synthesis capacity of E. coli. Results The non-cyclic glyoxylate shunt was reconstructed and the expression of key pathway enzymes was optimized to enhance the metabolic flux toward four-carbon dicarboxylic acids. The synthesis capacity of four-carbon dicarboxylic acids was enhanced by employing atmospheric and room-temperature plasma (ARTP) mutagenesis. The knockout of key genes in the acetate, formate, and lactate synthesis pathways effectively minimized carbon flux diversion, thereby enhancing the availability of oxaloacetate, the central precursor to four-carbon dicarboxylic acids. On this basis, through specific modification of terminal metabolic pathways, the engineering strain E. coli Fum02 for fumaric acid production were constructed. Finally, in a 5 L fermenter, the fumaric acid titer, yield, and productivity of the engineering strain E. coli Fum02 reached 45.2 g/L, 0.45 g/g, and 0.23 g/(L·h), respectively. Furthermore, by blocking the succinate dehydrogenase gene (sdhAB) and implementing fermentation optimization strategies, this platform strain could also be redirected toward efficient succinate production. Conclusion This study provides a reference for the metabolic engineering modification of bacteria to produce organic acids and also lays a foundation for the industrial biomanufacturing of four-carbon dicarboxylic acids.

Escherichia coli  /  four-carbon dicarboxylic acids  /  metabolic engineering  /  cell factory
唐永圣, 丁德阳, 张哲, 陈修来. 代谢工程改造大肠杆菌生产四碳二羧酸. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2159 -2173 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250830
Yongsheng TANG, Deyang DING, Zhe ZHANG, Xiulai CHEN. Metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli for the production of four-carbon dicarboxylic acids[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2159 -2173 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250830
四碳二羧酸是一类含有4个碳原子且具有2个酸性官能团的低分子量有机化合物,以富马酸、琥珀酸、苹果酸为代表,广泛应用于食品、医药、农业及生物可降解材料等领域[1]。目前,为应对传统化学合成法对石化资源的依赖以及高能耗、高污染问题,利用可再生资源通过微生物发酵法生产四碳二羧酸已成为国内外的研究热点[2]。目前,多种微生物已被开发用于四碳二羧酸的生物制造。常用原核宿主包括大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、产琥珀酸曼氏杆菌(Mannheimia succiniciproducens)、谷氨酸棒杆菌(Corynebacterium glutamicum);真核宿主则主要有解脂耶氏酵母(Yarrowia lipolytica)、东方伊萨酵母(Issatchenkia orientalis)和光滑球拟酵母(Candida glabrata)[3]。其中,E. coli因其遗传背景清晰、易操作、培养要求简单且生长快速等优势,仍是当前四碳二羧酸代谢工程研究中最具潜力的宿主。
为了提高E. coli生产四碳二羧酸的产量、得率及生产强度,已应用多种代谢工程策略,主要有以下4个方面。(1) 阻断冗余代谢路径。在微好氧发酵过程中,E. coli会积累乙酸、乳酸和甲酸等副产物,严重影响四碳二羧酸的产量及得率。阻断冗余代谢路径可有效提高目标产品的积累量。例如,在E. coli NZN111中敲除pflBldhA并过表达苹果酸脱氢酶(malate dehydrogenase, MDH),琥珀酸产量和得率分别达到31.9 g/L和0.78 g/g[4];在敲除pflBldhApta-ackAE. coli-N-26中经蛋白质稳定性改造,琥珀酸产量、得率及生产强度分别达到153.36 g/L、0.90 g/g和2.13 g/(L·h)[5]。(2) 强化合成路径代谢通量。在E. coli中过表达pycppc以提高三羧酸循环(tricarboxylic acid cycle, TCA)的代谢通量,例如在E. coli EF01中过表达ppcaceAB,改造菌株利用甘油生产富马酸的产量、得率及生产强度分别达到41.5 g/L、0.45 g/g和0.51 g/(L·h)[6];在E. coli CWF41中通过强启动子tac过表达ppcppc的酶活较出发菌株提高4.7倍,富马酸产量提高2.8倍[7]。(3) 优化辅因子供应。胞内适当的NADH/NAD+比例对四碳二羧酸生物合成过程至关重要。在E. coli Suc-P01中引入转氢酶基因(sthA),琥珀酸转化率达到1.61 mol/mol,接近理论转化率的94%[8]。(4) 强化四碳二羧酸外排能力。发酵过程中,胞内积累过多四碳二羧酸会抑制菌株生长和代谢活力。通过在E. coli W3110Δ4中表达dcuBC,富马酸最高产量达到18.9 g/L,较出发菌株提高16.2%[9]。尽管上述策略有效提高了E. coli生产四碳二羧酸的产量和得率,但其发酵效率仍受限于中心碳代谢通量不足和副产物积累等问题。因此,构建一株高性能的平台底盘菌株仍是实现四碳二羧酸工业生物制造的核心挑战。
本研究以E. coli为出发菌株,系统构建了高效合成四碳二羧酸的平台底盘菌株,并实现了特定目标产物的定向生物合成。首先,重构非循环乙醛酸支路,并优化路径关键酶的表达水平,以提高四碳二羧酸的代谢通量。其次,采用常压室温等离子体诱变(atmospheric and room-temperature plasma, ARTP)筛选琥珀酸、富马酸和苹果酸积累量显著提升的突变株。进一步,系统敲除冗余路径构建低副产物的平台底盘菌株。最后,针对富马酸与琥珀酸两类终端产物分别进行终端路径改造:在富马酸合成中,通过代谢流定向重构策略构建工程菌株E. coli Fum02,旨在提升富马酸的合成效率。在此基础上,通过阻断琥珀酸降解途径并优化微好氧发酵工艺,进一步提高琥珀酸的合成能力。
E. coli BL21、E. coli CICC 23846分别用于表达载体的构建和代谢工程改造的底盘,E. coli MG1655的基因组用作扩增目标基因的模板,其中E. coli CICC 23846购自中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心(CICC)。本研究使用的菌株见表1,重组质粒见表2,引物见表3
限制性内切酶、PrimeSTAR Max高保真酶、T4 DNA连接酶、Taq DNA聚合酶等分子生物学基因操作相关酶,宝生物工程(大连)有限公司;一步同源重组酶,南京巨匠生物科技有限公司;质粒提取试剂盒、胶回收试剂盒、产物纯化试剂等分子生物学基因操作相关试剂盒,南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;细菌基因组提取试剂盒,天根生化科技(北京)有限公司;PCR引物,亦欣生物科技(上海)有限公司;琥珀酸、富马酸、苹果酸、α-酮戊二酸、乳酸、乙酸、甲酸,Sigma-Aldrich公司;其他试剂,国药集团化学试剂有限公司。
PCR扩增仪、核酸电泳仪、凝胶成像仪、高速离心机,艾本德股份公司;Criterion型电转仪,Bio-Rad公司;恒温培养箱,上海跃进医疗器械有限公司;恒温调速摇床,上海知楚仪器有限公司;高压蒸汽灭菌锅,致微(厦门)仪器有限公司;分光光度计,岛津公司;精密pH计、分析天平,梅特勒-托利多公司;液相色谱仪,赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司;生物传感器分析仪,深圳市西尔曼科技有限公司;多功能酶标仪,美谷分子仪器(上海)有限公司;常压室温等离子体诱变育种仪,无锡源清天木生物科技有限公司;5 L发酵罐,迪必尔生物工程(上海)有限公司。
采用吉布森(Gibson)组装法构建质粒[10]。利用设计的上、下游引物从E. coli MG1655基因组上扩增aceB基因,将它们分别连接到线性化载体pTrc上得到重组质粒pTrc01、pTrc02、pTrc03,以获取整合框片段。
采用CRISPR-Cas9技术[11],在底盘菌株E. coli CICC 23846基因组中的中性位点ygaYilvGlafUyjiTylbE,分别插入EcppcAfpycEcgltAEcacNEcaceAB基因,依次获得菌株E. coli SG02、E. coli SG03、E. coli SG04、E. coli SG05和E. coli SG07。以E. coli SG02构建过程为例,采用融合PCR方法将ygaY上、下游同源臂和带有P J23119 启动子的基因Ecppc进行连接,获得Ecppc整合框,将其与质粒pTargetF和pCas共同转入菌株E. coli CICC 23846中筛选获得阳性克隆,消除质粒后获得Ecppc基因整合的菌株E. coli SG02。采用相同的方法构建AfpycEcgltAEcacNEcaceAB基因过表达的菌株E. coli SG03、E. coli SG04、E. coli SG05和E. coli SG07。另外,采用上述方法获得pflBpoxBpta-ackAldhAadhEfumAfrdBCsdhAB基因敲除盒,将其与质粒pCas和pTargetF共同转入菌株中,获得菌株E. coli SG09、E. coli SG10、E. coli SG11、E. coli SG12、E. coli SG13、E. coli SG14、E. coli Fum01、E. coli Fum02和E. coli SA01。
种子培养基(g/L):NaCl 10.0,酵母提取物5.0,蛋白胨10.0。
固体筛选培养基(g/L):葡萄糖15.0,酵母粉5.0,蛋白胨5.0,NaCl 1.5,KH2PO4 1.16,K2HPO4 0.5,MgSO4·7H2O 0.3,溴甲酚绿0.05,琥珀酸5.0,琼脂粉20.0。
发酵培养基(g/L):葡萄糖40.0,玉米浆10.0,糖蜜5.0,KH2PO4 0.6,K2HPO4 1.4,NaC1 1.5,MgSO4·7H2O 0.3。
平板培养:取保存于-80 ℃装有菌液的甘油管,接种于装有30 mL液体LB培养基的100 mL锥形瓶中,37 ℃、200 r/min培养9 h;然后划线于固体LB培养基中,37 ℃恒温箱中培养16 h,得到大小相近且分布均匀的单菌落。
一级种子培养:挑取单菌落接种于装有30 mL液体LB培养基的100 mL锥形瓶中,37 ℃、200 r/min培养9 h。
二级种子培养:转接100 μL一级种子液至装有50 mL液体LB培养基的500 mL锥形瓶中,37 ℃、200 r/min培养7.5 h。
摇瓶发酵:按接种体积分数10%的接种量将二级种子液转接到80 mL发酵培养基中,好氧阶段37 ℃、200 r/min培养12 h,降低转速至100 r/min进入微好氧阶段,葡萄糖浓度控制在5-10 g/L,通过加入CaCO3来维持pH在6.0-7.0,60 h结束发酵。
发酵罐发酵:在5 L发酵罐中进行分批补料发酵。以体积分数10%的接种量将二级种子液接入2.7 L发酵培养基,于37 ℃下培养60 h。发酵过程分为2个阶段:好氧阶段(0-12 h)控制搅拌转速为600-800 r/min,通气量为3 vvm;随后转入微好氧阶段(12-60 h),将转速降至200 r/min,通气量调整为1 vvm。通过添加CaCO3维持pH在6.0-7.0,并通过流加800 g/L葡萄糖控制残糖浓度低于5 g/L。
从甘油管中蘸取菌液在LB平板划线,于37 ℃培养箱中培养24 h,挑取单菌落接种于50 mL/250 mL的LB培养基,37℃、200 r/min条件下培养10 h。将菌液4 ℃、6 000 r/min离心5 min,弃去培养基,菌体用PBS溶液洗涤3次,再用生理盐水重悬,采用细菌计数板计数,调整菌悬液浓度约为108个/mL,备用。
取10 μL上述菌悬液滴在灭菌后的金属载片中央(ARTP仪专用配件),并置于ARTP诱变育种仪中进行诱变。诱变工作参数设置为:100 W、纯氦流量为10 NL/min、照射距离2 mm。然后以15、30、45、60、75、90 s不同辐照时间进行ARTP诱变。诱变结束后,立即用无菌镊子将金属载片转移至装有850 μL LB的1.5 mL离心管中,振荡2-3 min洗脱菌体,然后培养3 h,培养条件为37 ℃、200 r/min。将获得的洗脱液按10-1、10-2、10-3进行梯度稀释,分别涂布于固体筛选培养基上[12]
生物量测定:取适量发酵液进行适当稀释,使用紫外分光光度计在波长600 nm条件下测定吸光度,用OD600表示。
葡萄糖浓度测定:取适量发酵液进行适当稀释,使用生物传感器分析仪进行测定。
吸光度测定:取适量细胞培养物,使用96孔板在多功能酶标仪中检测细胞培养物的吸光度,pH指示剂溴甲酚绿的特征吸收峰为615 nm[13]
发酵液于12 000 r/min离心10 min,取上清液进行适当稀释,使用超高效液相色谱仪测定发酵液中有机酸含量,分析条件为:色谱柱为Aminex HPX-87H (300 mm×7.8 mm);流动相为5 mmol/L H2SO4,检测器为紫外检测器,检测波长210 nm,进样量10 μL,柱温52 ℃,流速0.6 mL/min。
E. coli以葡萄糖为底物发酵生产四碳二羧酸的过程中,富马酸、琥珀酸的得率计算方式为:发酵过程中消耗单位质量葡萄糖所生成目标物质的质量占比。
E. coli发酵生产四碳二羧酸的过程中,富马酸、琥珀酸的生产强度的计算方式为:单位时间内,单位体积发酵液所生产的富马酸、琥珀酸的质量,单位为g/(L·h)。
为构建高效合成四碳二羧酸的微生物细胞工厂,本研究以产富马酸菌株E. coli SG01作为出发菌株,采用分步代谢工程策略增强四碳二羧酸代谢通量。首先,强化TCA循环的碳流输入[14-15]。利用CRISPR/Cas9技术,在E. coli SG01中分别过表达内源磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶基因(Ecppc)及黄曲霉(Aspergillus flavus)来源的丙酮酸羧化酶基因(Afpyc),构建了工程菌株E. coli SG02 (过表达Ecppc)、E. coli SG03 (过表达Afpyc)与E. coli SG04 (共表达EcppcAfpyc) (图1A)。摇瓶发酵显示,尽管逐步强化路径基因有效提升了四碳二羧酸的产量,但在共表达菌株E. coli SG04中,其琥珀酸、富马酸和苹果酸产量较E. coli SG03仅分别提高14.0%、37.5%和33.5%,表明该策略对产量的提升作用仍然有限。这表明,仅强化TCA循环的碳流输入尚不足以驱动碳流高效转向目标产物,需同步增强TCA循环内部通量[9]。为此,在E. coli SG04中共表达了柠檬酸合酶基因(EcgltA)与顺乌头酸酶基因(EcacN),获得菌株E. coli SG05。经60 h发酵,E. coli SG05的α-酮戊二酸、琥珀酸、富马酸和苹果酸产量分别达到了8.8、7.4、3.6、1.6 g/L,较出发菌株E. coli SG01,分别提高了120%、270%、350%和220% (图1B),四碳二羧酸合成通量显著增加。该结果证实,四碳二羧酸合成路径的协同强化可有效提升中心碳代谢通量。然而,碳流仍主要导向α-酮戊二酸,需进一步引导代谢流向四碳二羧酸转化。最后,为减少α-酮戊二酸的积累量并绕过TCA循环中的脱羧步骤,设计并构建了一条非循环乙醛酸支路。该途径受阻遏蛋白iclR的严格调控,为此,首先在E. coli SG05中敲除了iclR基因,解除其对aceBAK操纵子的抑制,获得E. coli SG06[16]。发酵结果显示,菌株生长未受影响,表明其对TCA循环无负面作用[17]。进而,以E. coli SG06为底盘,采用组成型P trc 启动子共表达异柠檬酸裂解酶基因(aceA)与苹果酸合酶基因(aceB)[18],并借助RBS工程策略调控二者表达比例:为aceA选用中等强度RBS31,为aceB分别配制弱、中、强3种RBS序列,构建菌株E. coli SG06-L、E. coli SG06-M与E. coli SG06-H (图1C)。摇瓶发酵显示,3株菌生长无明显差异,四碳二羧酸产量却差异显著。其中,E. coli SG06-H (即SG07)表现最优,琥珀酸、富马酸和苹果酸产量分别达到了8.5、3.1、1.9 g/L,显著高于其他菌株(图1D)。上述结果表明,aceAaceB的协调表达是调控乙醛酸支路通量的关键,适当的酶活比例有助于避免中间代谢物积累,从而显著提升四碳二羧酸的合成能力。
为增强工程菌株四碳二羧酸合成能力,采用常压室温等离子体(ARTP)诱变作为非理性改造手段,结合高通量筛选方法,实现高产突变株的快速选育[19-20]。鉴于富马酸溶解度限制及实际发酵中苹果酸积累量有限,因此选择琥珀酸作为四碳二羧酸的代表性产物,建立基于pH变化的快速筛选方法。首先,使用发酵培养基配制(0-10 g/L)琥珀酸溶液,其pH介于4.39-7.06之间。溴甲酚绿指示剂(pH 3.8-5.4)在此范围内呈现绿-蓝的颜色变化,反应灵敏、易于识别,因此选用为显色剂。其次,在96孔板中加入20 μL溴甲酚绿,添加样品补足至200 μL,并用pH 3.0-7.0的标准缓冲溶液为参照进行全波长扫描,结果显示615 nm处存在明显吸收峰。最后,结合HPLC定量分析,发现琥珀酸浓度与615 nm处吸光度呈负相关(图2A),拟合方程为y=-0.157 6x+2.693 3 (R2=0.975),表明该方法可用于四碳二羧酸产量的快速半定量评估。基于上述显色反应与吸光度定量关系,建立了高产菌株的高通量筛选流程。首先,对出发菌株E. coli SG07进行了不同时长(15-90 s)的ARTP诱变处理,孵育后稀释涂布于含溴甲酚绿与琥珀酸的初筛平板上,37 ℃培养2-3 d。挑选显色圈大、颜色变化明显的单菌落接种至48孔板中进行初筛。发酵过程分2阶段:前12 h于37 ℃、200 r/min条件下好氧生长;之后降低转速至100 r/min为微好氧发酵。过程中每24 h补加800 g/L葡萄糖溶液至终浓度40 g/L,以维持碳源供给。发酵72 h后取样测定615 nm吸光度。初筛共筛选960株突变株,其吸光度分布于0.85-4.50之间(图2B),从中选取吸光度较低的165株候选菌转接至24孔板中进行复筛,发酵结束后复测吸光度。最终选取8株性能最优的突变株进行摇瓶验证,并采用HPLC精确分析代谢产物(图2C)。结果表明,突变株AR-6的四碳二羧酸合成能力最为突出(图2D),琥珀酸、富马酸和苹果酸的产量分别达到了11.0、5.1、2.8 g/L,较出发菌株E. coli SG07分别提升了37.5%、85.0%和47.0%。因此选用AR-6菌株(命名为E. coli SG-08)以用于后续研究。
通过ARTP诱变获得的突变株E. coli SG08在提升四碳二羧酸产量的同时,也伴随大量副产物生成。5 L发酵罐中,该菌株在积累25.5 g/L琥珀酸、18.3 g/L富马酸和3.8 g/L苹果酸的同时,产生了14.8 g/L乳酸、16.4 g/L乙酸和8.2 g/L甲酸(图3B)。为引导碳流向目标产物富集,系统敲除了关键副产物合成途径。具体而言,为降低甲酸积累,敲除了丙酮酸甲酸裂解酶基因(pflB);为降低乙酸合成,分别敲除了丙酮酸氧化酶基因(poxB)、磷酸转乙酰酶基因(pta)和乙酸激酶基因(ackA) (图3A)。构建了系列突变株:E. coli SG09 (ΔpflB)、E. coli SG10 (ΔpoxB)、E. coli SG11 (Δpta-ackA)及E. coli SG12 (ΔpoxBΔpta- ackAΔpflB)。5 L发酵罐数据显示,副产物合成得到有效抑制:E. coli SG09的甲酸产量低于3.0 g/L;E. coli SG10、E. coli SG11和E. coli SG12的乙酸产量分别为8.7、7.3、3.4 g/L,较E. coli SG08分别下降46.9%、55.4%和79.2%。尽管多重敲除菌株E. coli SG12四碳二羧酸总产量最高(图3C),琥珀酸、富马酸及苹果酸产量分别达到了28.7、21.4、4.8 g/L,但提升幅度仍不理想,推测可能受限于NADH供应不足与胞内氧化还原(NADH/NAD+)失衡。为进一步优化氧化还原平衡并控制乳酸合成,在E. coli SG12中对ldhA进行截短型改造[21],获得菌株E. coli SG13。摇瓶发酵显示(图3D),E. coli SG13在维持生长速率的同时,乳酸产量降至5.0 g/L,琥珀酸、富马酸和苹果酸产量显著提升,分别达到了36.7、33.2、5.2 g/L。后续尝试敲除乙醇脱氢酶(adhE)来构建E. coli SG14,反而导致四碳二羧酸积累量下降。上述结果表明,通过敲除副产物积累相关代谢途径,有利于增加四碳二羧酸合成前体供给,进而提高四碳二羧酸产量。最终,选定E. coli SG13作为四碳二羧酸生产的通用底盘菌株。
为精准重构终端代谢路径,以实现富马酸的高效合成。本研究在通用底盘菌株E. coli SG13基础上采用代谢流定向重构策略,阻断富马酸的竞争和降解途径。首先,对菌株E. coli SG13进行了连续传代的遗传稳定性验证,确认其遗传性状与发酵性能稳定。随后,依次敲除富马酸酶基因(fumA)与富马酸还原酶核心亚基(frdBC),分别构建了工程菌株E. coli Fum01 (SG13ΔfumA)与双敲除菌株E. coli Fum02 (SG13ΔfumAΔfrdBC) (图4A)。为系统评估工程菌株的工业化潜力,在5 L发酵罐上比较了2个工程菌株的富马酸生产性能。采用分批补料发酵策略,好氧生长阶段结束后转入微好氧发酵(200 r/min、1 vvm),通过流加葡萄糖控制残糖浓度低于5.0 g/L,并用CaCO3维持pH稳定。发酵60 h后,HPLC分析表明,工程菌株E. coli Fum02的富马酸产量、得率及生产强度分别达到了45.2 g/L、0.45 g/g和0.23 g/(L·h) (图4C)。与E. coli Fum01相比(图4B),其富马酸产量提高了12%,琥珀酸产量显著降低至8.4 g/L,乙酸、乳酸等积累量均低于5.0 g/L (图4D)。上述结果充分验证了双重阻断策略的有效性,成功将代谢流锁定在富马酸节点,实现其高效积累。
琥珀酸作为另一类高附加值四碳二羧酸,其生产路径区别于富马酸,琥珀酸合成需保留frdAB的活性,同时阻断琥珀酸脱氢酶催化的氧化反应,以避免碳流损失[22]。基于此,在E. coli SG13中敲除sdhAB操纵子,构建了工程菌株E. coli SA01 (SG13ΔsdhAB) (图5A)。为适配琥珀酸合成对还原力的高需求,在5 L发酵罐中对E. coli SA01的发酵工艺进行了系统优化。首先,评估微好氧条件下不同溶氧水平的影响,设定了4种不同的搅拌速率与通气量组合:100 r/min和0.5 vvm,200 r/min和0.5 vvm,300 r/min和0.5 vvm,200 r/min和1 vvm。结果表明,在200 r/min和0.5 vvm条件下效果最优,琥珀酸产量及得率分别达到了42.5 g/L和0.72 g/g (图5B)。随后,分析微好氧条件下培养基中残糖浓度对生产的影响,分别测试了1、3、5 g/L的残糖浓度。当残糖浓度维持在3 g/L时琥珀酸产量及得率分别达到了43.8 g/L和0.74 g/g,优于1 g/L与5 g/L条件(图5C)。因此,确定最优微好氧工艺参数为:搅拌速率200 r/min、通气量0.5 vvm、残糖浓度3 g/L。最后,在此优化条件下,E. coli SA01菌株在5 L发酵罐中表现出优异的琥珀酸生产性能,琥珀酸产量、得率及生产强度分别达到了52.3 g/L、0.78 g/g和0.87 g/(L·h) (图5D),验证了代谢重构与工艺调控协同策略在琥珀酸生产中的有效性。
本研究整合了理性设计、非理性改造和系统代谢工程策略,成功构建了高效合成四碳二羧酸的E. coli细胞工厂。通过构建非循环乙醛酸支路并优化路径酶的表达,显著提高了四碳二羧酸的代谢通量;结合ARTP诱变与高通量筛选,进一步增强了菌株生产潜力;通过敲除关键副产物通路以汇聚碳流,获得了四碳二羧酸生产的通用底盘菌株。在5 L发酵罐中,富马酸工程菌株E. coli Fum02的富马酸产量、得率及生产强度分别达到了45.2 g/L、0.45 g/g和0.23 g/(L·h);琥珀酸工程菌株E. coli SA01的琥珀酸产量、得率及生产强度达到了52.3 g/L、0.78 g/g和0.87 g/(L·h)。上述结果证实了理性与非理性改造的协同效应,所构建的通用底盘与筛选平台也为代谢工程改造E. coli生产其他有机酸提供了借鉴。
本研究通过构建非循环乙醛酸支路重塑E. coli中心代谢,并结合非理性诱变策略优化代谢网络,成功构建了一株高效合成四碳二羧酸的平台型底盘菌株。首先,设计并构建了非典型代谢路径——非循环乙醛酸支路。通过精细调控aceAB的表达比例,成功绕过了TCA循环的脱羧步骤,实现了碳流向目标产物的高效定向转化,提高了碳源利用率和四碳二羧酸产量。其次,将理性代谢工程与非理性ARTP诱变策略相结合,突破了单一理性设计对复杂代谢网络调控的局限,获得了代谢网络全局优化的高性能菌株。最后,系统敲除了副产物途径并优化胞内氧化还原电位,成功构建了模块化、通用化的平台底盘菌株,并通过终端路径的精准改造,实现了富马酸和琥珀酸的高效合成,为四碳二羧酸的绿色生物制造提供了可复制、可推广的技术平台。尽管目前已有一系列高性能的四碳二羧酸工程菌株被开发,但微生物发酵法整体的经济竞争力较传统石化路线仍处于劣势。当前面临的挑战是多维的:首先,菌株的综合性能仍有提升空间,不仅体现在产量、得率与生产强度上,更包括菌株对工业环境(如低pH、高渗透压、产物耐受)的鲁棒性。其次,原料与工艺成本是制约工业化的关键瓶颈。发酵周期长导致设备利用率低,而使用粮食基碳源(如葡萄糖)则面临“与人争粮”的伦理与价格波动风险。最后,下游分离纯化过程复杂且能耗高昂,发酵体系复杂,分离成本高[23]
为实现四碳二羧酸生物制造的经济可行性与工业化应用,后续研究应关注以下几个方面。(1) 动态调控。传统基于“过表达”或“敲除”的静态代谢工程策略难以实现细胞生长与产物合成的解偶联,从而不能实现对碳流、还原力等资源的最优分配。未来应致力于构建具有时序解偶联与环境感知-反馈调控能力的动态系统,通过对代谢网络进行时空调控,自主协调不同生理阶段对关键物质与能量等代谢资源的竞争,从而系统优化产物合成效率,实现产量、得率与生产强度的同步提升[24-26]。(2) 强化菌株工业鲁棒性与底盘适应性。利用适应性实验室进化与全局调控因子工程,赋予工程菌应对实际工业发酵中pH、温度、渗透压波动的强大耐受性[27-28]。特别是开发耐低pH菌株,可从源头减少中和剂的使用,大幅降低下游分离的难度与成本[29]。(3) 拓宽原料谱与碳流转化效率。系统开发工程菌株利用非粮原料(如木质纤维素水解液、可降解塑料、甲醇甚至CO2)的能力[30-32]。通过整合合成生物学工具,设计新的代谢途径,将一碳或混合碳源高效同化为四碳二羧酸的前体,是实现绿色、可持续制造的根本出路。(4) 推进“发酵-分离耦合”过程集成。打破传统“先发酵,后分离”的线性模式,探索将电渗析、吸附或萃取装置与发酵过程在线耦合,实时从发酵液中移出产物,从而解除产物抑制、提高转化效率,并大幅降低终端分离的能耗与成本[33]。最终推动微生物细胞工厂从实验室迈向工业化应用,为绿色生物制造的实现贡献关键力量。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32571712)
  • 江苏省合成生物基础研究中心基础研究计划(BK20233003)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(JUSRP124023)
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2026年第66卷第5期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250830
  • 接收时间:2025-11-05
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-05
  • 录用日期:2025-12-24
基金
The National Natural Science Foundation of China(32571712)
国家自然科学基金(32571712)
The Basic Research Program of Jiangsu and Jiangsu Basic Research Center for Synthetic Biology(BK20233003)
江苏省合成生物基础研究中心基础研究计划(BK20233003)
The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(JUSRP124023)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(JUSRP124023)
作者信息
    江南大学 生物工程学院,工业生物技术教育部重点实验室,江苏 无锡
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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