Article(id=1259888469678145884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250817, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1761840000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1764259200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-11-28, onlineDate=1778310418767, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1777824000000, pubDateStr=2026-05-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778310418767, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778310418767, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778310418767, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259888457367806489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='5', pageStart='2031', pageEnd='2556', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778310415832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778320153326, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2404, endPage=2415, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259888471347478902, articleId=1259888469678145884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Changes in Agap2 expression in hepatic fibrosis induced by hepatitis E virus infection, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate changes in ArfGAP with GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 2 (Agap2) expression during hepatic fibrosis progression following hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and preliminarily explore the association between chronic HEV infection and Agap2 expression. Methods A BALB/c mouse model of HEV infection was established through inoculation in tail vein and subjected to RNA sequencing. HEV infection and Agap2 expression in the liver tissue were detected via immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence assay, and real-time qPCR. Results Agap2 expression was upregulated following HEV infection (24 hpi group: P=0.000 3, 48 hip group: P=0.001 9). Chronic HEV infection induced hepatic fibrosis in mice, and Agap2 expression in the mouse liver was positively correlated with HEV load (r=0.797 4, P<0.000 1). Similarly, in vitro experiments demonstrated that Agap2 expression was upregulated in HEV-infected Huh 7.5.1 cells (r=0.968 3, P=0.002 4) and LX-2 cells (r=0.683 5, P=0.006 5), showing a positive correlation with HEV load. Conclusion The results demonstrate that Agap2 expression is positively correlated with HEV load during hepatic fibrosis progression after chronic HEV infection. Agap2 may serve as a potential molecular target for the treatment of HEV-associated hepatic fibrosis.

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E-mail:
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These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Xiaoxia HU, Yuanwen XUE, Fen HUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1259888483469017583, articleId=1259888469678145884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=戊型肝炎病毒感染引起的肝纤维化中Agap2的表达变化, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

目的 探究戊型肝炎病毒(hepatitis E virus, HEV)感染后肝脏纤维化进程中具有GTP结合蛋白样结构域、锚蛋白重复序列和PH结构域2的Arf GAP (ArfGAP with GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 2, Agap2)的表达变化,并初步探究HEV慢性化感染与Agap2表达之间的关联。 方法 通过尾静脉接种HEV构建HEV感染的BALB/c小鼠模型,并进行全转录组测序。利用免疫组化、免疫荧光和实时荧光定量PCR方法检测感染HEV的BALB/c小鼠肝脏中HEV感染情况及Agap2表达情况。 结果 研究发现HEV感染后Agap2表达显著上升(24 hpi感染组P=0.000 3,48 hpi感染组P=0.001 9)。HEV慢性化感染会导致小鼠肝纤维化发生,且经检测发现小鼠肝脏中Agap2的表达与HEV病毒载量呈正相关(r=0.797 4,P<0.000 1)。通过体外实验同样发现,Agap2在HEV感染的Huh 7.5.1 (r=0.968 3,P=0.002 4)和LX-2 (r=0.683 5,P=0.006 5)细胞系中表达呈上调趋势,与HEV病毒载量呈正相关。 结论 本研究表明,在HEV慢性化感染后肝脏纤维化进程中Agap2的表达与HEV病毒载量呈正相关,Agap2可能是治疗HEV感染中肝纤维化的潜在新分子靶标。

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作者贡献声明

户晓霞:提出概念,实验验证,数据收集与数据分析,撰写文章;薛媛文:实验验证,数据收集与数据分析,撰写文章;黄芬:项目管理,提供资源,获取基金,监督管理。

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Phytomedicine, 2022, 105: 154349., articleTitle=Demethylzeylasteral attenuates hepatic stellate cell activation and liver fibrosis by inhibiting AGAP2 mediated signaling, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1259928452250124509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888469678145884, awardId=202401AS070057, language=EN, fundingSource=The Yunnan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(202401AS070057), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1259928453541970150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888469678145884, awardId=202401AS070057, language=CN, fundingSource=云南省自然科学基金(202401AS070057), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1259928399930377041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888469678145884, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928400257532754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888469678145884, companyId=1259928399930377041, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928400261727059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888469678145884, companyId=1259928399930377041, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.昆明理工大学 医学院,云南 昆明)]), AuthorCompany(id=1259928401561961316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888469678145884, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928401616487269, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888469678145884, companyId=1259928401561961316, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Kunming, Yunnan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928402002363238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888469678145884, companyId=1259928401561961316, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.云南省临床病毒学重点实验室,云南 昆明)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1259928434269143150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888469678145884, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Successful replication of HEV in BALB/c mice. A: Immunohistochemical detection of HEV ORF3 protein in mouse liver (black arrow); B: Quantification of HEV ORF3-positive cells in immunohistochemistry; C: Immunofluorescence detection of HEV ORF3 protein in mouse liver, with nuclei (blue) stained by DAPI; D: Quantification of HEV ORF3 fluorescence signal intensity; E: Viral load in stool of HEV-infected mice; F: Viral load in liver tissues of HEV-infected mice. **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001., figureFileSmall=raMrZss6u/E1rLqMYi/fGA==, figureFileBig=KKJrKV9qEveJ3sLkMaipTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928435456131192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888469678145884, language=CN, label=图1, caption=HEVBALB/c小鼠中成功复制, figureFileSmall=raMrZss6u/E1rLqMYi/fGA==, figureFileBig=KKJrKV9qEveJ3sLkMaipTg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928438517973130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888469678145884, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Gene sequencing screening for differential gene Agap2. A: Gene functional enrichment analysis comparing the 24 hpi infected group with the control group; B: Gene functional enrichment analysis comparing the 48 hpi infected group with the control group; C and D: Volcano plot and Venn diagram highlighting Agap2 as a differentially expressed gene at both infection time points; E: Relative mRNA expression levels of Agap2 at different time points (**: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001); F: Analysis of the ENCORI database indicating upregulated Agap2 expression in patients with liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC)., figureFileSmall=mE+CV5fD+91myftzKxwUxQ==, figureFileBig=xOskQbJ5L8Ux9PDUDlux6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928440220860569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888469678145884, language=CN, label=图2, caption=差异基因Agap2的筛选, figureFileSmall=mE+CV5fD+91myftzKxwUxQ==, figureFileBig=xOskQbJ5L8Ux9PDUDlux6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928441034555557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888469678145884, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Chronic HEV infection mode. A: BALB/c mouse model of chronic HEV infection was successfully established; B: Correlation analysis between hepatic HEV RNA levels and relative Agap2 mRNA expression at different time points; C and D: In vitro validation of the correlation between viral load and Agap2 expression in cell experiments (Huh 7.5.1 and LX-2 cell lines)., figureFileSmall=hdCWS2WEov4J3G/0p8qKtw==, figureFileBig=Kvt8v+puvWOZWZDO9G+Qng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928443878293677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888469678145884, language=CN, label=图3, caption=HEV慢性感染小鼠模型, figureFileSmall=hdCWS2WEov4J3G/0p8qKtw==, figureFileBig=Kvt8v+puvWOZWZDO9G+Qng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928445098836154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888469678145884, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Liver fibrosis in mice with chronic HEV infection. Immunohistochemistry, Masson’s trichrome staining, and immunofluorescence were used to detect α-SMA in the livers of BALB/c mice from the control group and the HEV chronically infected group (A), perform liver histopathological analysis (C), and conduct apoptosis detection (E); B: Percentage of α-SMA-positive cells; D: Masson’s trichrome staining score; F: Percentage of apoptosis-positive signals, with nuclei (blue) labeled by DAPI staining; G: Radar chart comparing overall features between control and infected groups (85-240 dpi). ***: P<0.001; *: P<0.05; ns: No significant difference., figureFileSmall=luCtpneFds1FtsHZtRSPSQ==, figureFileBig=tYexM4bRQhBKS0Wgow//rw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928447628001480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888469678145884, language=CN, label=图4, caption=HEV慢性感染小鼠肝纤维化, figureFileSmall=luCtpneFds1FtsHZtRSPSQ==, figureFileBig=tYexM4bRQhBKS0Wgow//rw==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, 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戊型肝炎病毒感染引起的肝纤维化中Agap2的表达变化
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户晓霞 1 , 薛媛文 1 , 黄芬 1, 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(5): 2404-2415
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(5): 2404-2415
戊型肝炎病毒感染引起的肝纤维化中Agap2的表达变化
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户晓霞1, 薛媛文1, 黄芬1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.昆明理工大学 医学院,云南 昆明
  • 2.云南省临床病毒学重点实验室,云南 昆明
Changes in Agap2 expression in hepatic fibrosis induced by hepatitis E virus infection
Xiaoxia HU1, Yuanwen XUE1, Fen HUANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.Medical School, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
  • 2.Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
出版时间: 2026-05-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250817
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目的 探究戊型肝炎病毒(hepatitis E virus, HEV)感染后肝脏纤维化进程中具有GTP结合蛋白样结构域、锚蛋白重复序列和PH结构域2的Arf GAP (ArfGAP with GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 2, Agap2)的表达变化,并初步探究HEV慢性化感染与Agap2表达之间的关联。 方法 通过尾静脉接种HEV构建HEV感染的BALB/c小鼠模型,并进行全转录组测序。利用免疫组化、免疫荧光和实时荧光定量PCR方法检测感染HEV的BALB/c小鼠肝脏中HEV感染情况及Agap2表达情况。 结果 研究发现HEV感染后Agap2表达显著上升(24 hpi感染组P=0.000 3,48 hpi感染组P=0.001 9)。HEV慢性化感染会导致小鼠肝纤维化发生,且经检测发现小鼠肝脏中Agap2的表达与HEV病毒载量呈正相关(r=0.797 4,P<0.000 1)。通过体外实验同样发现,Agap2在HEV感染的Huh 7.5.1 (r=0.968 3,P=0.002 4)和LX-2 (r=0.683 5,P=0.006 5)细胞系中表达呈上调趋势,与HEV病毒载量呈正相关。 结论 本研究表明,在HEV慢性化感染后肝脏纤维化进程中Agap2的表达与HEV病毒载量呈正相关,Agap2可能是治疗HEV感染中肝纤维化的潜在新分子靶标。

戊型肝炎病毒  /  具有GTP结合蛋白样结构域、锚蛋白重复序列和PH结构域2的Arf GAP  /  肝纤维化  /  α-平滑肌肌动蛋白

Objective To investigate changes in ArfGAP with GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 2 (Agap2) expression during hepatic fibrosis progression following hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection and preliminarily explore the association between chronic HEV infection and Agap2 expression. Methods A BALB/c mouse model of HEV infection was established through inoculation in tail vein and subjected to RNA sequencing. HEV infection and Agap2 expression in the liver tissue were detected via immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence assay, and real-time qPCR. Results Agap2 expression was upregulated following HEV infection (24 hpi group: P=0.000 3, 48 hip group: P=0.001 9). Chronic HEV infection induced hepatic fibrosis in mice, and Agap2 expression in the mouse liver was positively correlated with HEV load (r=0.797 4, P<0.000 1). Similarly, in vitro experiments demonstrated that Agap2 expression was upregulated in HEV-infected Huh 7.5.1 cells (r=0.968 3, P=0.002 4) and LX-2 cells (r=0.683 5, P=0.006 5), showing a positive correlation with HEV load. Conclusion The results demonstrate that Agap2 expression is positively correlated with HEV load during hepatic fibrosis progression after chronic HEV infection. Agap2 may serve as a potential molecular target for the treatment of HEV-associated hepatic fibrosis.

hepatitis E virus (HEV)  /  ArfGAP with GTPase domain, ankyrin repeat and PH domain 2 (Agap2)  /  hepatic fibrosis  /  alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)
户晓霞, 薛媛文, 黄芬. 戊型肝炎病毒感染引起的肝纤维化中Agap2的表达变化. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2404 -2415 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250817
Xiaoxia HU, Yuanwen XUE, Fen HUANG. Changes in Agap2 expression in hepatic fibrosis induced by hepatitis E virus infection[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2404 -2415 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250817
器官纤维化作为多种疾病的终末病理阶段,已成为全球发病率和死亡率的重要驱动因素。导致纤维化的病因范围广泛,例如环境暴露和慢性病毒感染(如病毒性肝炎)等[1]。目前,病毒性或代谢性慢性肝病所造成的肝纤维化已成为全球健康的一大挑战[2]。肝纤维化是一种慢性疾病,会导致细胞外基质沉积以及肝功能持续丧失[3]。若肝纤维化不及时治疗会发展为肝硬化、门静脉高压症,进一步增加肝细胞癌风险,最终导致器官衰竭和死亡[4-6]。纤维化相关基因α-平滑肌肌动蛋白(alpha smooth muscle actin, α-SMA)表达增加可明显促进纤维化发生,表明其参与纤维化发病过程[7]。Agap2,又被称为GGAP2[8],属于ADP-核糖基化因子GTP酶激活蛋白家族(Arf GTPase-activating proteins, Arf GAP)[9]。它具有GTP酶活性,是协调膜运输和肌动蛋白细胞骨架重塑的AGAP (ArfGAP with GTPase domin, ankyrin repeat and PH domain)家族成员之一[10],且涉及细胞凋亡、细胞存活、迁移和受体运输相关的信号通路,对正常生理功能(如发育、伤口愈合和吞噬作用)至关重要[11]。研究表明,Agap2的表达水平在几种癌症(前列腺癌、胶质母细胞瘤和其他肿瘤)中升高,且与肿瘤进展有关[11-12]。超过90%的胶质母细胞瘤中Agap2表达明显升高,表明它可能是该扩增子的关键靶标,在许多继发于基因扩增或基因过表达的人类恶性肿瘤中,也可看到Agap2活性增加[13]。同时,研究发现Agap2与肝纤维化有关,且有证据表明抑制Agap2能够缓解肝纤维化程度[8],但具体机制尚不明确,这表明Agap2可能是治疗肝纤维化的潜在新分子靶标[14]
戊型肝炎病毒(hepatitis E virus, HEV)是全球急性病毒性肝炎的最常见病因,属于肝炎病毒科(Hepeviridae)。HEV是一种小型无包膜病毒,具有单链核糖核酸(RNA)基因组[15]。HEV能够引起急性肝炎和慢性感染,其中大多数慢性感染病例发生于免疫功能低下的患者,感染病原体包括3型、4型HEV病毒,后者相关报道来自中国[16-17]。慢性HEV感染定义为持续检测到HEV复制,持续时间至少达3-6个月。现有研究已证实慢性HEV感染会导致肝脏结构性损伤,包括结节形成、纤维化以及肝硬化[18]。据报道,大约10%的慢性感染者在2-5年内会发展为肝硬化[19]。在免疫功能低下的个体中,慢性感染可引起肝损伤,导致炎症和纤维化,进而引发肝硬化和死亡[20]。因此探究HEV慢性感染导致肝纤维化的机制十分重要。
通过对构建的HEV感染的BALB/c小鼠模型进行全转录组测序发现,HEV感染显著上调Agap2。目前已有研究表明,HEV感染能够导致肝纤维化,但HEV慢性化感染造成纤维化的机制尚不可知[21]。因此,本研究主要探究了HEV慢性化感染后肝脏纤维化进程中Agap2的变化,以期为探究HEV感染,特别是在HEV慢性化感染的情况下导致肝纤维化的机制提供研究基础。
SPF级BALB/c小鼠购自昆明医科大学,本研究所有动物实验均获得昆明理工大学动物伦理委员会批准。实验用小鼠抗HEV抗体(IgG和IgM)及HEV RNA均呈阴性。Huh 7.5.1和LX-2细胞系储存于昆明理工大学基础医学院病原感染与免疫实验室。
TRIzol试剂,Invitrogen公司;M-MLV逆转录酶、实时荧光定量PCR试剂(SYBR Premix Ex TaqTM Ⅱ),TaKaRa公司;HEV ORF3,Millipore公司;HRP标记的山羊抗鼠IgG二抗,天德悦(北京)生物科技有限责任公司;RNAsolidTM组织RNA稳定保存液,南京诺唯赞生物科技股份有限公司;TruSeq RNA Sample Prep Kit v2,Illumina公司;Agencourt AMPure XP-PCR Purification Beads、Agencourt SPRIselect Reagent Kit,Beckman Coulter公司;SuperScript IV Reverse Transcriptase,ThermoFisher Scientific公司。
低温高速离心机,Eppendorf公司;Real-time PCR仪、PCR扩增仪,Bio-Rad公司;NanoDrop 2000、DynaMag2 Magnetic Stand、Invitrogen Qubit Spectrophotometer、ABI 2720 Thermal Cycler、ABI 7300 Real-Time PCR System、自动组织脱水机、Stuart Rotator,ThermoFisher Scientific公司;组织包埋机、切片机,Lecia公司;扫片机,Olympus公司;Vortex-Genie 2,Scientific Industries公司;Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer,Agilent Technologies公司;Illumina Hiseq/NovaSeq,Illumina公司。
将BALB/c小鼠(共36只)平均分为12组,每组3只。Mock对照组(3只):尾静脉注射200 µL PBS;HEV感染组(33只):尾静脉注射200 µL分离自云南省昆明市的猪粪便HEV病毒悬液(HEV基因4型,KM01株)。在感染后0、24、48 h (hours post inoculation, hpi)和3、7、14、21、28、85、126、184、210、240 d (days post inoculation, dpi),安乐处死小鼠,收集粪便、血液和肝脏组织。肝脏组织分为3份,1份多聚甲醛固定,2份RNAsolidTM组织RNA液保存。采用免疫组化和免疫荧光法检测肝脏组织的HEV ORF3,利用实时荧光定量PCR检测病毒拷贝数。
按照说明,使用TRIzol试剂从组织中提取总RNA,再按照M-MLV逆转录试剂盒的操作步骤将RNA逆转录成cDNA。以cDNA为模板进行实时荧光定量PCR检测。引物HEV F: 5′- GGTGGTTTCTGGGGTGAC-3′,HEV R:5′-A GGGGTTGGTTGGATGAA-3′,Agap2 F:5′-G CAGCTACTATGAGACTTGTGC-3′,Agap2 R: 5′-GTGACCAACATTCGGTGAGGA-3′。PCR反应体系(10 μL):SYBR (2×F488 SYBR qPCR Mix) 5 μL,引物-F和引物-R (10 μmol/L)各0.2 μL,ddH2O 3.6 μL,cDNA (25 ng/μL) 1 μL。反应条件:95 ℃ 5 min;95 ℃ 10 s;65 ℃ 31 s,共40个循环;65 ℃ 5 s。以内参基因(glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, GAPDH)为对照,各目的基因的差异表达倍数采用2-ΔΔCt法进行相对定量。
将保存于4%中性多聚甲醛中的小鼠肝脏组织进行石蜡包埋、切片、脱水、乙醇复水和Tris-EDTA修复,3% H2O2孵育10 min,脱脂奶封闭2 h;加入HEV (ORF3一抗,1:200),4 ℃孵育过夜,再加入鼠HRP二抗(1:250),37 ℃孵育1 h。苏木精染色10 min,盐酸乙醇分化3 s,0.5%氨水反蓝8 s,最后用中性树脂封片,置于显微镜下观察。
将切好的组织玻片进行脱蜡、复水、Tris-EDTA抗原修复,再用5% BSA封闭2 h;加入HEV (ORF3一抗,1:100),4 ℃孵育过夜,再加入鼠FITC二抗(1:200),37 ℃孵育1 h。DAPI避光孵育30 min后,置于显微镜下观察。
将组织玻片进行脱蜡、复水,用Bouin液作用过夜,天青石蓝染色3 min,Mayer苏木素滴染3 min,盐酸乙醇分化后,再用磷钼酸溶液处理10 min,苯胺蓝染色5 min,弱酸处理2 min后,用乙醇梯度脱水,最后中性树脂封片。
本研究取对照组和24 hpi、48 hpi感染组黄豆大小的肝脏组织,将肝脏保存在RNAsolidTM组织RNA稳定保存液中,然后送至上海天昊生物科技有限公司。采用mRNA-seq技术对总RNA进行质量检测,并通过oligo(dT)富集mRNA,随后进行片段化、逆转录合成cDNA,构建测序文库。经过末端修复、加A、接头连接、纯化、片段筛选、PCR扩增、质检和定量后,最后进行混样测序。
测序原始数据经FastQC和Trim Galore进行质量评估和控制,然后利用HISAT2将测序数据比对到参考基因组,使用RSeQC评估转录组整体质量。通过StringTie和DESeq2进行基因表达定量和差异基因鉴定。同时,为进一步分析基因功能,进行了基因本体(gene ontology, GO)富集分析、京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes, KEGG)富集分析和基因集富集分析(gene set enrichment analysis, GSEA)。此外,还进行了蛋白互作网络分析(STRINGdb和WGCNA)、可变剪切分析(rMATS)和新转录本预测(Cufflinks)。
应用Prism 9软件对试验数据进行统计学分析,试验结果采用(mean±SD)表示,两组间差异采用独立样本t检验进行比较。*P<0.05;**P<0.01;***P<0.001。
为验证HEV感染的BALB/c小鼠模型是否构建成功,本研究利用免疫组化及免疫荧光技术对小鼠肝脏中的HEV抗原进行标记并量化分析(图1A-1D),同时采用实时荧光定量PCR检测小鼠粪便及肝脏组织中的HEV RNA (图1E1F)。结果显示,与对照组相比,HEV感染组肝脏组织中可检测到HEV ORF3蛋白,且48 hpi感染组BALB/c小鼠肝脏中检测到的HEV抗原多于24 hpi感染组(图1B1D)。上述结果表明,HEV感染的BALB/c小鼠模型构建成功。
本研究利用成功构建的HEV感染BALB/c小鼠模型,获取全转录组测序结果。通过对24 hpi感染组与对照组、48 hpi感染组与对照组的数据进行GSEA富集分析,探究2个时间点HEV感染对通路的影响。分析结果显示,感染早期T细胞介导的相关免疫通路反应较为活跃,脂肪酸代谢、异生物质代谢等相关通路受抑制,提示肝细胞代谢受到干扰,可能引发脂毒性、氧化应激,成为肝细胞凋亡启动的潜在因素。同时,与凋亡相关的通路也处于激活状态,提示HEV感染早期可能启动了肝细胞凋亡程序。此外,炎症反应、干扰素应答等通路处于激活状态,反映机体抗病毒免疫被激活,适应性免疫启动,而持续的炎症和免疫激活可能与后续肝纤维化密切相关(图2A)。随着感染时间增加富集通路显示肌肉分化相关通路显著富集[标准化富集得分(normalized enrichment score, NES)>1.5],提示可能存在肝星状细胞向肌成纤维细胞的转分化,这是肝纤维化进程中的重要节点(图2B)。
为确定HEV感染影响的关键基因,基于转录组测序数据绘制火山图。与对照组相比,24 hpi感染组鉴定出542个显著上调的差异表达基因,48 hpi感染组鉴定出129个显著上调的差异表达基因(图2C)。进一步通过韦恩分析发现,HEV感染后共有38个上调的差异表达基因,其中与纤维化密切相关的Agap2表达显著升高(图2D)。Agap2 mRNA水平在24 hpi感染组和48 hpi感染组的肝脏组织中均显著上升(P=0.000 3,P=0.001 9) (图2E)。此外,根据ENCORI数据库的分析结果,Agap2在肝癌组织样本中的基因表达同样高于正常组织样本(图2F)。另一项关于人类纤维化的基因芯片研究也表明,Agap2的敲低能够部分阻止TGFβ1介导的纤维化基因ACTA2、COL1A2、PDGFB的表达[14]。综上所述,提示Agap2或许在HEV感染后的肝脏病变进程中发挥重要的调控作用。
为探究小鼠经HEV慢性感染后是否会导致肝纤维化,本研究构建了HEV持续性感染BALB/c小鼠模型。对HEV感染不同时间的BALB/c小鼠肝脏进行HEV抗原标记,发现HEV成功感染并持续性感染小鼠(图3A)。同时,采用实时荧光定量PCR检测HEV RNA及Agap2的表达,对二者进行相关性分析发现,HEV载量与Agap2的表达呈正相关(r=0.797 4,P<0.000 1) (图3B)。此外,利用Huh 7.5.1和LX-2细胞系进行体外实验验证,通过实时荧光定量PCR检测HEV RNA及Agap2的表达,对二者进行相关性分析发现与HEV感染小鼠模型中相似的结果,即HEV载量与Agap2的表达呈正相关(r=0.968 3,P=0.002 4;r=0.683 5,P=0.006 5) (图3C3D)。
对未感染HEV的BALB/c小鼠,以及85、126、184、210、240 dpi感染组的小鼠肝脏进行免疫组化检测,发现发生肝纤维化,肝星形细胞激活的标志蛋白质α-SMA的表达随着HEV感染时间增加而增加(图4A4B)。为进一步检测小鼠肝脏的纤维化情况,对小鼠肝脏进行Masson染色,发现HEV慢性感染后小鼠肝组织逐渐发生纤维化,且随着HEV感染时间延长,小鼠肝脏的纤维化程度逐渐增强(图4C4D),同时,肝脏的凋亡程度也随之增加(图4E4F)。雷达图显示出对照组与慢性感染组以上指标的整体变化情况(图4G)。上述结果表明,HEV慢性感染导致小鼠发生肝纤维化,体内外实验中HEV载量与Agap2的表达呈正相关。
HEV是一种单链RNA病毒,是全球急性病毒性肝炎的主要病原体[22]。然而,在免疫功能低下的个体中它可能会发展为慢性肝炎[23],最终进展为肝纤维化、肝硬化,甚至增加患肝细胞癌的风险[21,24],严重时可能导致死亡。目前,HEV导致纤维化的致病机制尚不明确,因此亟需研究病毒与宿主的相互关系,进而揭示病毒导致纤维化的机制,为深入研究HEV致纤维化提供新方向。Agap2通过介导不同的信号调控途径参与多种生物学功能,如细胞增殖、细胞存活、细胞迁移和受体运输等,其表达已在多种人类肿瘤及其他病理情况中进行了研究[25]。研究发现Agap2的表达水平在几种癌症(前列腺癌、胶质母细胞瘤及其他肿瘤)中升高,且与肿瘤进展相关[11]。同时,也有报道指出Agap2与肝纤维化有关[8],但具体机制尚不清楚。
本实验室成功构建了BALB/c小鼠感染HEV模型,并对24 hpi、48 hpi感染组的小鼠肝脏进行全转录物组测序,分析发现Agap2表达异常升高,结合GO数据库GSEA富集分析发现HEV感染后富集到免疫反应、炎症、肝纤维化以及凋亡等相关通路。进一步构建BALB/c小鼠HEV慢性化感染模型,结果显示HEV成功持续性感染小鼠,并导致小鼠肝脏纤维化。因此,本研究揭示了HEV感染造成的肝纤维化中Agap2表达量的变化情况。首先,通过免疫组化与Masson染色证明HEV慢性感染可导致小鼠肝脏纤维化,且随着HEV感染时间的延长,纤维化程度逐渐加重。此外,根据实时荧光定量PCR检测不同时间点小鼠肝组织中Agap2的表达与HEV载量,结果发现Agap2的表达与HEV载量呈正相关。随后在体外实验中,利用Huh 7.5.1和LX-2细胞系进一步验证Agap2表达与HEV载量的关系,发现与体内实验结果一致,表明HEV载量与Agap2的表达存在一定关联。以往研究报道表明,Agap2参与调控纤维化的TGFβ信号通路[8]。在LX-2细胞中,Agap2沉默可抑制TGFβ1诱导的I型胶原蛋白水平上升,而过表达则增强其表达[25]。在药物诱导的肝纤维化动物模型中,硫代乙酰胺、四氯化碳处理可上调Agap2的表达[14,25]。然而,Agap2在HEV慢性化感染过程中的具体作用尚未明确。一方面,受限于HEV对C57/BL6小鼠不易感,且目前缺乏Agap2条件性敲除或全身性敲除的BALB/c小鼠;另一方面,慢性HEV感染需持续3-6个月检测到HEV复制,造模周期较长。因此,后续拟筛选出可长期使用、低毒性的药物抑制剂和激活剂对小鼠进行处理,然后开展进一步检测以深入探究Agap2在HEV慢性感染中表达调控及功能执行的分子机制。
总体而言,本研究发现在HEV慢性感染引起的小鼠肝脏纤维化中Agap2的表达与HEV载量呈正相关性,这为今后研究Agap2与HEV的相互作用,明确HEV导致纤维化的具体致病机制提供了新的思路。
  • 云南省自然科学基金(202401AS070057)
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250817
  • 接收时间:2025-10-31
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-31
  • 录用日期:2025-11-28
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The Yunnan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(202401AS070057)
云南省自然科学基金(202401AS070057)
作者信息
    1.昆明理工大学 医学院,云南 昆明
    2.云南省临床病毒学重点实验室,云南 昆明
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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species
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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