Article(id=1259888468780507745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250588, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1753718400000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1769356800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-26, onlineDate=1778310418553, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1777824000000, pubDateStr=2026-05-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778310418553, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778310418553, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778310418553, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259888457367806489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='5', pageStart='2031', pageEnd='2556', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778310415832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778320153326, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2280, endPage=2305, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259888472018510466, articleId=1259888468780507745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers affects soil nutrients and microbial community structures and functions in soybean fields, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To investigate the effects of combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil nutrient content and microbial community structures and functions in soybean fields, thus providing a scientific basis for rational fertilization and high-quality, high-yield soybean production. Methods Four fertilization treatments—control (CK: no fertilization), inorganic fertilizer (CF: compound fertilizer), organic fertilizer (OF: dry chicken manure), and combined organic-inorganic fertilizers (OCF: dry chicken manure+compound fertilizer)—were established. During the experiment, soil organic matter (SOM), alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), and microbial community structures and functions were measured to investigate the relationships between microbial communities and soil nutrients. Results Different fertilization treatments influenced soil nutrients in soybean fields. Compared with CK, the OCF treatment increased the soil SOM, AN, AP, and AK by 60.67% (P<0.05), 68.09% (P<0.001), 15.18 folds (P<0.001), and 59.54% (P<0.01), respectively, and it also increased soil pH. Amplicon sequencing indicated that different fertilization measures did not alter the community composition of soil microorganisms but changed the relative abundance of different phyla and genera. Compared with CK, the OCF treatment increased the relative abundance of Basidiomycota and Mortierellomycota by 5.62 folds and 4.51%, respectively, while decreasing that of Ascomycota by 38.35%. The OCF treatment reduced fungal community richness and diversity (P<0.05). The alpha diversity analysis revealed that both bacterial and fungal diversity decreased after organic fertilizer application, with fungal alpha diversity showing the most significant reduction (P<0.05). Functional prediction indicated that amino acid metabolism exhibited the highest relative abundance among metabolic pathways in bacterial communities, suggesting that the OCF treatment promoted metabolic processes centered on nitrogen assimilation and protein synthesis, facilitating bacterial participation in soil nutrient transformation. Under the OF treatment, symbiotropic fungi exhibited the highest relative abundance, which suggested that organic fertilizer promoted the ecological functions of fungi in soil nutrient cycling. Conclusion Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers modulates soil pH, mitigates soil acidification, and enhances soil nutrient content. Fungal communities exhibit greater sensitivity to organic fertilizer application, which significantly reduces their diversity and stimulates the proliferation of certain pathogenic fungi. Conversely, inorganic fertilizer suppresses the relative abundance of pathogenic fungi. Thus, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers demonstrates distinct advantages in balancing soil nutrient supply with microbial community structure and optimizing soil microbial functional composition. This approach provides theoretical foundations and practical guidance for achieving efficient, green, and sustainable fertilization management in soybean fields.

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目的 探究有机无机肥配施对大豆农田土壤养分含量、微生物群落结构与功能的影响,旨在为大豆农田土壤合理施肥以及大豆优质高产提供科学依据。 方法 试验设置4个施肥处理:对照组(CK:不施肥)、施无机肥组(CF:复合肥)、施有机肥组(OF:干鸡粪)和有机无机肥配施组(OCF:干鸡粪+复合肥)。试验期间分别测定供试土壤的有机质(soil organic matter, SOM)、碱解氮(alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, AN)、速效磷(available phosphorus, AP)、速效钾(available potassium, AK)含量,以及微生物群落的结构与功能,探究微生物群落与土壤养分之间的关系。 结果 不同施肥措施对大豆农田土壤养分的影响差异显著。在OCF处理下,土壤SOM、AN、AP含量和AK较CK分别提高了60.67% (P<0.05)、68.09% (P<0.001)、15.18倍(P<0.001)和59.54% (P<0.01),但土壤pH有所升高。扩增子测序结果显示,不同施肥措施未改变土壤微生物的群落组成,但影响了门和属的相对丰度。与CK相比,OCF处理下担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)的相对丰度增加了5.62倍和4.51%,而子囊菌门(Ascomycota)的相对丰度降低了38.35%。OCF处理显著降低了真菌群落的丰富度和多样性(P<0.05)。α多样性分析发现,施入有机肥后细菌和真菌的多样性均降低,尤其是真菌α多样性降低最为显著(P<0.05)。功能预测显示,细菌群落中新陈代谢功能通路以氨基酸代谢的相对丰度占比最高,说明有机-无机肥配施促进了以氮素同化和蛋白质合成为核心的代谢过程,有利于细菌群落参与土壤养分转化。在OF处理下,共生营养型真菌的相对丰度最高,表明有机肥促进了真菌在土壤养分循环中的生态功能。 结论 有机-无机肥配施能够有效调节土壤pH,缓解土壤酸化,提高土壤养分含量。真菌群落对有机肥更为敏感,施用有机肥显著降低其多样性,且能够刺激部分病原型真菌繁殖,而无机肥能够抑制病原型真菌的相对丰度。因此,有机-无机肥配施在协调土壤养分供给与微生物群落结构、优化土壤微生物功能组成方面具有明显优势,可为大豆农田实现高效、绿色和可持续施肥管理提供理论依据与实践参考。

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作者贡献声明

李抗抗:全面参与试验设计、施肥处理、土壤采样、指标测定、数据处理、图表绘制、论文撰写与修改等;高凯露:负责土壤理化性质的数据处理与分析及图表绘制;崔一梦:参与试验方案设计,负责数据核查及论文构思;张旭珠:负责研究构思、论文审阅与修改;张媛媛:负责样本采集、土壤微生物多样性的数据处理及图表绘制;郭程然:负责样本采集、冗余分析的图表绘制;霍立勇:提供试验构思、提供试验材料;王清涛:负责提出科学问题、设计试验方案、搭建论文框架、论文修改、试验和发表费用资助等。

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Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 2023, 38(6): 118-126 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259928572018475047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888468780507745, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=39, issue=10, pageStart=2336, pageEnd=2344, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[71], rfOrder=99, authorNames=刘红梅, 安克锐, 王慧, 张思宇, 赵建宁, 杨殿林, 张贵龙, journalName=农业环境科学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘红梅, 安克锐, 王慧, 张思宇, 赵建宁, 杨殿林, 张贵龙. 不同施肥措施对华北潮土区玉米田土壤微生物碳源代谢多样性的影响[J]. 农业环境科学学报, 2020, 39(10): 2336-2344., articleTitle=不同施肥措施对华北潮土区玉米田土壤微生物碳源代谢多样性的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259928572475654184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888468780507745, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=39, issue=10, pageStart=2336, pageEnd=2344, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[71], rfOrder=100, authorNames=Liu HM, An KR, Wang H, Zhang SY, Zhao JN, Yang DL, Zhang GL, journalName=Journal of Agro-Environment Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu HM, An KR, Wang H, Zhang SY, Zhao JN, Yang DL, Zhang GL. Effects of fertilization regimes on the metabolic diversity of microbial carbon sources in a maize field of fluvoaquic soil in North China[J]. Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2020, 39(10): 2336-2344 (in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259928572693757993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888468780507745, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=12, issue=4, pageStart=1072, pageEnd=1083, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[72], rfOrder=101, authorNames=Tripathi BM, Stegen JC, Kim M, Dong K, Adams JM, Lee YK, journalName=The ISME Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tripathi BM, Stegen JC, Kim M, Dong K, Adams JM, Lee YK. Soil pH mediates the balance between stochastic and deterministic assembly of bacteria[J]. The ISME Journal, 2018, 12(4): 1072-1083., articleTitle=Soil pH mediates the balance between stochastic and deterministic assembly of bacteria, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1259928573025108010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888468780507745, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=166, issue=null, pageStart=103995, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[73], rfOrder=102, authorNames=Yan GY, Han SJ, Wang QG, Wang XC, Hu CY, Xing YJ, journalName=Applied Soil Ecology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yan GY, Han SJ, Wang QG, Wang XC, Hu CY, Xing YJ. Variations of the effects of reduced precipitation and N addition on microbial diversity among different seasons in a temperate forest[J]. 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有机无机肥配施对大豆农田土壤养分及微生物群落结构与功能的影响
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李抗抗 1 , 高凯露 1 , 崔一梦 1 , 张旭珠 1 , 张媛媛 1 , 郭程然 1 , 霍立勇 2 , 王清涛 1
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(5): 2280-2305
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(5): 2280-2305
有机无机肥配施对大豆农田土壤养分及微生物群落结构与功能的影响
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李抗抗1, 高凯露1, 崔一梦1, 张旭珠1, 张媛媛1, 郭程然1, 霍立勇2, 王清涛1
作者信息
  • 1.河北工程大学 园林与生态工程学院,河北 邯郸
  • 2.河北华丰种业开发有限公司,河北 石家庄
Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers affects soil nutrients and microbial community structures and functions in soybean fields
Kangkang LI1, Kailu GAO1, Yimeng CUI1, Xuzhu ZHANG1, Yuanyuan ZHANG1, Chengran GUO1, Liyong HUO2, Qingtao WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Landscape and Ecologic Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, Hebei, China
  • 2.Hebei Huafeng Seed Industry Development Co. , Ltd. , Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
出版时间: 2026-05-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250588
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目的 探究有机无机肥配施对大豆农田土壤养分含量、微生物群落结构与功能的影响,旨在为大豆农田土壤合理施肥以及大豆优质高产提供科学依据。 方法 试验设置4个施肥处理:对照组(CK:不施肥)、施无机肥组(CF:复合肥)、施有机肥组(OF:干鸡粪)和有机无机肥配施组(OCF:干鸡粪+复合肥)。试验期间分别测定供试土壤的有机质(soil organic matter, SOM)、碱解氮(alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, AN)、速效磷(available phosphorus, AP)、速效钾(available potassium, AK)含量,以及微生物群落的结构与功能,探究微生物群落与土壤养分之间的关系。 结果 不同施肥措施对大豆农田土壤养分的影响差异显著。在OCF处理下,土壤SOM、AN、AP含量和AK较CK分别提高了60.67% (P<0.05)、68.09% (P<0.001)、15.18倍(P<0.001)和59.54% (P<0.01),但土壤pH有所升高。扩增子测序结果显示,不同施肥措施未改变土壤微生物的群落组成,但影响了门和属的相对丰度。与CK相比,OCF处理下担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)的相对丰度增加了5.62倍和4.51%,而子囊菌门(Ascomycota)的相对丰度降低了38.35%。OCF处理显著降低了真菌群落的丰富度和多样性(P<0.05)。α多样性分析发现,施入有机肥后细菌和真菌的多样性均降低,尤其是真菌α多样性降低最为显著(P<0.05)。功能预测显示,细菌群落中新陈代谢功能通路以氨基酸代谢的相对丰度占比最高,说明有机-无机肥配施促进了以氮素同化和蛋白质合成为核心的代谢过程,有利于细菌群落参与土壤养分转化。在OF处理下,共生营养型真菌的相对丰度最高,表明有机肥促进了真菌在土壤养分循环中的生态功能。 结论 有机-无机肥配施能够有效调节土壤pH,缓解土壤酸化,提高土壤养分含量。真菌群落对有机肥更为敏感,施用有机肥显著降低其多样性,且能够刺激部分病原型真菌繁殖,而无机肥能够抑制病原型真菌的相对丰度。因此,有机-无机肥配施在协调土壤养分供给与微生物群落结构、优化土壤微生物功能组成方面具有明显优势,可为大豆农田实现高效、绿色和可持续施肥管理提供理论依据与实践参考。

有机无机肥配施  /  大豆农田  /  土壤养分  /  土壤微生物  /  群落结构与功能

Objective To investigate the effects of combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on soil nutrient content and microbial community structures and functions in soybean fields, thus providing a scientific basis for rational fertilization and high-quality, high-yield soybean production. Methods Four fertilization treatments—control (CK: no fertilization), inorganic fertilizer (CF: compound fertilizer), organic fertilizer (OF: dry chicken manure), and combined organic-inorganic fertilizers (OCF: dry chicken manure+compound fertilizer)—were established. During the experiment, soil organic matter (SOM), alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), and microbial community structures and functions were measured to investigate the relationships between microbial communities and soil nutrients. Results Different fertilization treatments influenced soil nutrients in soybean fields. Compared with CK, the OCF treatment increased the soil SOM, AN, AP, and AK by 60.67% (P<0.05), 68.09% (P<0.001), 15.18 folds (P<0.001), and 59.54% (P<0.01), respectively, and it also increased soil pH. Amplicon sequencing indicated that different fertilization measures did not alter the community composition of soil microorganisms but changed the relative abundance of different phyla and genera. Compared with CK, the OCF treatment increased the relative abundance of Basidiomycota and Mortierellomycota by 5.62 folds and 4.51%, respectively, while decreasing that of Ascomycota by 38.35%. The OCF treatment reduced fungal community richness and diversity (P<0.05). The alpha diversity analysis revealed that both bacterial and fungal diversity decreased after organic fertilizer application, with fungal alpha diversity showing the most significant reduction (P<0.05). Functional prediction indicated that amino acid metabolism exhibited the highest relative abundance among metabolic pathways in bacterial communities, suggesting that the OCF treatment promoted metabolic processes centered on nitrogen assimilation and protein synthesis, facilitating bacterial participation in soil nutrient transformation. Under the OF treatment, symbiotropic fungi exhibited the highest relative abundance, which suggested that organic fertilizer promoted the ecological functions of fungi in soil nutrient cycling. Conclusion Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers modulates soil pH, mitigates soil acidification, and enhances soil nutrient content. Fungal communities exhibit greater sensitivity to organic fertilizer application, which significantly reduces their diversity and stimulates the proliferation of certain pathogenic fungi. Conversely, inorganic fertilizer suppresses the relative abundance of pathogenic fungi. Thus, the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers demonstrates distinct advantages in balancing soil nutrient supply with microbial community structure and optimizing soil microbial functional composition. This approach provides theoretical foundations and practical guidance for achieving efficient, green, and sustainable fertilization management in soybean fields.

combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers  /  soybean field  /  soil nutrients  /  soil microorganisms  /  community structure and function
李抗抗, 高凯露, 崔一梦, 张旭珠, 张媛媛, 郭程然, 霍立勇, 王清涛. 有机无机肥配施对大豆农田土壤养分及微生物群落结构与功能的影响. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2280 -2305 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250588
Kangkang LI, Kailu GAO, Yimeng CUI, Xuzhu ZHANG, Yuanyuan ZHANG, Chengran GUO, Liyong HUO, Qingtao WANG. Combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers affects soil nutrients and microbial community structures and functions in soybean fields[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2280 -2305 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250588
土壤生态系统是植物赖以生存的环境基础,土壤中的养分含量和循环速率是衡量土壤肥力的重要指标[1-2]。土壤氮(N)、磷(P)和钾(K)等大量元素通常是限制作物产量的关键因子[3]。过去数十年,大量施用无机肥在短期内提高了作物产量[4],但长期单施无机肥也引发了土壤酸化[5]、板结[6]和有机质流失[7]等一系列土壤退化问题,导致土壤养分失衡和生态功能下降[8]。研究与实践表明,施用有机肥能够有效补充土壤有机质、改善土壤结构并缓解退化,是提升土壤质量的重要途径[9]。然而,有机肥养分含量相对较低,且养分释放缓慢、供肥稳定性不足,单独施用通常难以在作物生长关键时期满足其对速效养分的需求;相比之下,无机肥具有养分含量高、肥效快的优势[10]。因此,将有机肥与无机肥合理配施,充分发挥无机肥快速养分供应和有机肥持续培肥的协同效应,被认为是兼顾作物高产与土壤质量提升的有效施肥模式。
土壤微生物作为农田系统营养循环中的核心驱动力,直接参与土壤有机质转化和养分代谢过程[11-12]。土壤微生物群落结构不仅受多种环境因子的影响[13],还受外源添加物的调控[14]。研究表明,不同的施肥措施可通过改变土壤环境和营养状况影响微生物群落组成和多样性,进而影响土壤的生物地球化学循环[15]。田龙富[16]研究发现,有机肥增加了土壤真菌的数量和活性,为大豆生长提供长效、全面的养分供应;而真菌群落的核心菌群对无机化肥表现出高度敏感性响应,将其施入土壤后会造成真菌群落生态恶化、腐生真菌急剧减少[17]。有机无机肥配施,既能提高土壤养分含量,又能抑制土传病原真菌,增加植物益生菌,进而优化土壤真菌类群[18]。然而,有机无机肥配施对土壤微生物群落的构建和维持以及发挥的功能研究仍不够全面,有待进一步探讨。
大豆[Glycine max (Linn.) Merr.]是重要的粮食、油料及饲料作物,在保障我国粮食安全和推动社会经济可持续发展中占据重要地位[19-20]。土壤养分状况与微生态健康是影响大豆产量与品质的关键因素[21]。然而,在大豆种植过程中,因追求高产而大量施用化肥,可能导致土壤养分失衡、影响微生物群落结构组成和功能多样性[22],阻碍土壤养分循环[23],从而威胁农业生态系统健康。因此,探索有机-无机配施模式对土壤养分及微生物群落结构与功能的影响机制,对于改善大豆农田土壤养分循环和维持土壤微生态系统稳定性具有重要意义。基于此,本研究以大豆农田土壤为研究对象,设置不施肥(control, CK)、施无机化肥(chemical fertilizer, CF)、施有机化肥(organic fertilizer, OF)及有机-无机肥配施(combined organic and chemical fertilizer, OCF) 4个处理,分析不同施肥措施对土壤养分状况、微生物群落结构及功能的影响,以期为优化施肥技术、改善土壤微生态系统及保障大豆绿色高效生产提供科学依据。
试验地位于河北省邯郸市成安县振堂家庭农场(34°47′45′′N, 114°77′10′′E)。该区域属半干旱、半湿润暖温带大陆性季风气候,四季分明。多年平均温度13 ℃,年均降水量575.91 mm,无霜期约220 d,年均日照时数2 587.5 h,日照率为58.0%[24]。试验地主要土壤类型为褐土,耕层土壤质地为壤土。测定基础理化性质,土壤pH为7.36,土壤有机质含量为15.64 g/kg,碱解氮含量为79.49 mg/kg,速效磷含量为22.80 mg/kg,速效钾含量为105.67 mg/kg。
供试作物为高蛋白夏大豆品种‘冀豆21号’,由河北华丰种业开发有限公司提供。试验所用无机肥为鲁西化工集团股份有限公司生产的通用型大量元素水溶肥(N:P2O5:K2O=15:15:15,总养分≥45%)。有机肥为山东肥土家农资有限公司生产的腐熟鸡粪(有机质≥45%,N+P2O5+K2O≥5%)。
试验于2024年4月20日开始,共设置4个施肥处理:不施肥(CK);施无机肥(CF,施用225.0 kg/hm2复合肥)[25];施有机肥(OF,腐熟鸡粪20 000 kg/hm2,有机质含量≥45%)[26];有机-无机肥配施(OCF,鸡粪7 500 kg/hm2+复合肥112.15 kg/hm2)。每个处理3次重复,共12个试验小区(4处理×3重复),小区面积3 m2 (2 m×1.5 m),相邻小区间设置1 m隔离带,试验采用完全随机区组设计。播种前,将大豆种子浸泡于0.1%高锰酸钾溶液中30 min以杀灭种子携带的病原菌。旋耕15-20 cm以疏松土壤并平整地面。播种深度控制在3-5 cm[27];复合肥作为基肥一次性施入土壤,有机肥于播种前15 d施入以充分分解并提供有机养分。大豆生长期间根据墒情适时灌溉,维持土壤含水量在田间持水量的60%-70%。花期时4个处理统一追施尿素50 kg/hm2;田间除草、病虫害防治等管理措施按当地常规进行。
土壤样品采集于大豆成熟期(2024年9月初)。采样前清除地表杂物,每个小区按照5点取样法,用土钻采集0-20 cm耕层土壤。将各样品充分混匀,剔除细根、凋落物及小石子后过2 mm筛。一部分新鲜土样立即分装于无菌离心管中,置于-80 ℃冰箱保存,用于后续土壤微生物扩增子测序;另一部分土样置于阴凉通风处自然风干,用于测定土壤pH、有机质(soil organic matter, SOM)、碱解氮(alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, AN)、速效磷(available phosphorus, AP)、速效钾(available potassium, AK)等理化指标。
土壤SOM采用重铬酸钾外加热法测定;AN采用碱解扩散法测定;AP采用NaHCO3浸提法测定;AK采用NH4OAC浸提-火焰光度法测定。土壤pH采用pH计测定:取风干土样并过2 mm筛,与去离子水按2.5:1 (土:水,质量体积比)混合,充分振荡后静置30 min,使用pH计(上海仪电科学仪器股份有限公司)测定上清液的pH。以上方法均参考鲍士旦[28]的《土壤农化分析》方法测定。
采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)提取土壤样本的细菌和真菌DNA,应用1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA的纯度与浓度,取适量样品于离心管中,用无菌水稀释至1 ng/μL。细菌16S rRNA基因采用引物515F (5′-GTGCCAGCMGC CGCGGTAA-3′)和907R (5′-CCGTCAATTCCTT TGAGTTT-3′)在V4-V5区进行PCR扩增;真菌ITS rDNA序列扩增子采用引物ITS5-1737F (5′-GGAAGTAAAAGTCGTAACAAGG-3′)和ITS2-2043R (5′-GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3′)在ITS1-5F区域进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系(30 µL):Phusion Master Mix (2×) 15 µL,正、反向引物(1 µmol/µL)各1 µL,gDNA (1 ng/µL) 10 µL,H2O 3 µL。PCR反应条件:98 ℃ 1 min;98 ℃ 10 s,50 ℃ 30 s,72 ℃ 30 s,共30个循环;72 ℃ 5 min。
经电泳检测合格的DNA样品,使用(离心柱型)试剂盒[Tiangen Biotech (Beijing) Co., Ltd.]构建文库,包括末端修复、加A尾、加测序接头、纯化及PCR扩增等步骤。文库制备完成后,先使用Qubit 2.0进行初步定量,并进行稀释;再用Agilent 2100检测插入片段长度,确保insert size符合预期;最后通过qPCR方法定量文库有效浓度,确保质量合格。合格文库送至深圳微科盟科技集团有限公司,在Illumina NovaSeq平台进行扩增子测序。测序数据通过生科云平台(https://bioincloud.tech)进行生物信息学分析,利用QIIME 2软件[29]的DADA2插件[30]对原始序列进行质量控制(filtered)、去噪(denoised)、拼接(merged)及去除嵌合体(non-chimeric),生成特征序列。随后选取代表性序列,结合UNITE+INSD (ITS)数据库进行比对,获取操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)的物种注释信息,并开展微生物多样性与群落结构等信息分析。
采用Excel 2016对数据进行初步整理。采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)探究施肥措施对土壤养分含量、土壤pH和微生物α多样性的影响(SPSS 26.0,IBM公司),采用LSD法进行多重比较,检验差异显著性。采用QIIME 2插件计算ACE指数、Chao1指数、Shannon指数及Simpson指数,分析施肥措施对微生物群落丰富度和均匀度的影响。基于冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)探究微生物群落与土壤养分含量之间的关系(vegan包,R4.4.2)。利用线性判别分析效应量分析方法(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)[31]筛选出阈值>3的显著差异物种,探究微生物群落丰度的差异。文中图表绘制用Origin 2024 (OriginLab Corporation)软件完成。
图1A-1C1E所示,与CK处理土壤相比,在OCF处理下,土壤pH、SOM、AP和AK含量分别增加了0.91% (P<0.05)、60.67% (P<0.05)、68.09% (P<0.001)和59.54% (P<0.01);OF处理次之,但AP显著提高了15.18倍(P<0.001) (图1D);如图1C所示,AN在CF处理中,略降低了2.83%,但在OF和OCF处理中,反而分别提高了63.12% (P<0.001)和68.09% (P<0.001)。
图2A所示,在细菌群落中4个处理总共获得23 966个OTUs,但未发现4个处理共有的OTUs。在CK和OCF处理土壤中,检测到相同的独有OTUs数量,均为5 473个;CF处理土壤中独有5 346个OTUs;OF处理土壤中独有5 137个OTUs。CF与OCF共有OTUs数量最多,为1 006个,而OF与OCF共有OTUs最少,仅1个。如图2B所示,在真菌群落中共检测到2 590个OTUs,4个处理共有142个OTUs。CK和CF各自独有598个OTUs;OF独有477个OTUs,OCF独有416个OTUs,较CK减少了30.43%。不同处理间的共有OTUs数量差异较大,CF与OCF共有OTUs最多,为54个,而CF与OF共有OTUs最少,仅28个。
基于扩增子测序和分类学注释,本研究鉴定出的土壤细菌隶属于541门1 204纲3 126目4 639科7 099属。如图3A所示,选取相对丰度排名前20的物种进行分析,在细菌门水平上,假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)、出芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadota)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)为优势细菌门。与CK处理土壤相比,3种施肥处理提高了假单胞菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度,降低了酸杆菌门和出芽单胞菌门的相对丰度,尤其在OCF处理下,拟杆菌门的相对丰度增加了约1.41倍,出芽单胞菌门的相对丰度显著降低了42.48% (P<0.05)。此外,在CF和OF处理中,放线菌门的相对丰度较CK略有提高,但在OCF处理中降低了10.93%。如图3B所示,在细菌属水平上,SCGC_AG_212_J23、溶杆菌属(Lysobacter_A_615995)、UBA2421、长微菌属(Longimicrobium)和RSA9为优势类群。3种施肥处理降低了SCGC_AG_212_123、长微菌属和RSA9的相对丰度,尤其在OCF处理土壤中分别降低了64.42% (P<0.05)、65.25 (P<0.05)和50.94%。在OF和OCF处理土壤中,溶杆菌属的相对丰度较CK分别增加了2.84倍和1.75倍;在CF处理土壤中,却降低了22.35%。UBA2421相对丰度的变化趋势与之相反,表现为在OF和OCF处理土壤中分别降低了5.04%和21.14%;在CF处理土壤中提高了18.90%。
土壤真菌群落共鉴定出11门36纲85目186科343属。如图3C所示,在真菌门水平上,主要优势类群包括子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)、被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)和球囊菌门(Glomeromycota)。与CK处理土壤相比,3种施肥处理下,担子菌门的相对丰度分别增加了1.17倍、6.86倍和5.62倍,但球囊菌门几乎消失。在OF处理土壤中子囊菌门相对丰度最高,为30.41%,较CK增加了21.56%;在CF和OCF处理土壤中子囊菌门的相对丰度较CK分别降低了38.76%和38.35%。在OF和OCF处理土壤中被孢霉门的相对丰度分别升高了91.37%和4.51%;但在CF处理土壤中降低了8.75%。如图3D所示,在真菌属水平上,牛肝菌(Boletus)、被孢霉属(Mortierella)和镰孢菌属(Fusarium)为优势类群。在3种施肥处理下,牛肝菌的相对丰度分别为0.61%、41.48%和44.18%。镰孢菌属的相对丰度在3种施肥处理分别降低了56.30%、70.40%和89.39%。与CK相比,在CF和OF处理下被孢霉属的相对丰度分别提高了31.18%和6.08%,但在OCF处理下降低了20.27%。
图4A所示,为揭示不同施肥处理下土壤微生物关键类群的差异特征,对土壤细菌群落在门和属水平上进行LEfSe筛选,最终筛选出76种显著差异物种(LDA>2.0, P<0.05)。在CK处理土壤中筛选出39个显著差异物种,包括出芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadota)、SCGC_AG_212_J23属和长微菌属(Longimicrobium)等;CF处理土壤中筛选出6个显著差异物种,包括微杆菌科(Microbacteriaceae)、嗜甲基菌科(Methylophilaceae)和解芳香油菌属(Aromatoleum)等;OF处理土壤中筛选出24个显著差异物种,包括放线菌目(Actinomycetales)、Chryseotalea属和SYSU_D60009属等;OCF处理土壤中筛选出7个显著差异物种,如威克斯氏菌科(Weeksellaceae)和伯克霍尔德氏菌目(Burkholderiales)等。进化分支图进一步揭示了上述类群在不同施肥处理下的分布格局(图4B)。其中,CK处理土壤主要富集了出芽单胞菌门下的分支类群;CF处理土壤中主要富集了微杆菌科,归属于放线菌门;OF处理土壤主要聚集了放线菌目下的关键类群;OCF处理土壤中关键类群较为分散。
图5A所示,在土壤真菌群落中共筛选出35个显著差异物种 (LDA>2, P<0.05)。其中,CK处理土壤中共筛选出20个显著差异物种,主要富集于c_Sordariomycetes、f_Hypocreales、f_Nectriaceae和镰孢菌属(Fusarium)的相关类群;在CF处理土壤中仅筛选出3个显著差异物种,为f_Stachybotryaceae、g_Gymnoascus和f_Gymnoascaceae;在OF处理土壤中鉴定出7个特征微生物,为c_Dothideomycetes、o_Pleosporales)和f_Pleosporaceae等;OCF处理土壤中筛选出5个显著差异物种,为担子菌门(Basidiomycota)下的c_Agaricomycetes、牛肝菌目(Boletales)、牛肝菌科(Boletaceae)及牛肝菌(Boletus)。系统发育分析揭示了真菌群落在不同施肥处理下的分布差异(图5B)。其中,CK处理土壤的特征类群主要分布于球囊霉门和c_Sordariomycetes分支。CF处理土壤的差异类群分散于f_Stachybotryaceae科和f_Gymnoascaceae的独立分支。OF处理土壤则富集了c_Dothideomycetes下的分支类群。OCF处理土壤则在担子菌门下的c_Agaricomycetes、牛肝菌目、牛肝菌科及牛肝菌表现出独特聚类。
土壤微生物ACE、Chao1、Shannon与Simpson指数能够反映群落的α多样性。如图6A-6D所示,与CK处理土壤相比,施肥处理对土壤细菌群落中的上述4个指数影响未达到显著水平,但在OCF处理土壤中有所降低,分别减少了10.10%、10.11%、20.20%和0.05%。
土壤真菌群落的α多样性对施肥措施响应较为敏感。如图7A-7D所示,与CK处理土壤相比较,OF处理显著降低了真菌群落的物种丰富度和多样性(P<0.05),ACE、Chao1、Shannon与Simpson指数分别下降52.76% (P<0.05)、52.80% (P<0.05)、28.25% (P<0.05)和4.12% (P<0.05);OCF处理次之,分别为40.76% (P<0.05)、40.76% (P<0.05)、19.63% (P<0.05)和3.21%;CF处理影响不明显。
冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)揭示了土壤细菌和真菌群落与土壤养分之间的关系。结果显示,在细菌门水平上(图8A),RDA1和RDA2分别解释了细菌群落变异的71.17%和6.45%,累计解释率为77.62%。主要类群中假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)与SOM、AN、AP和AK呈显著正相关(P<0.05),且在OF和OCF处理土壤中富集;放线菌门(Actinomycetota)、出芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadota)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)与上述养分因子呈显著负相关(P<0.05),且在CK和CF中富集。在属水平上,累计解释率为73.78% (图8B),其中溶杆菌属(Lysobacter_A_615995)和土壤pH、SOM、AN、AP和AK呈显著正相关(P<0.05),且在OF和OCF处理土壤中富集。长微菌属(Longimicrobium)、SCGC_AG_212_J23UBA2421RSA9与上述养分因子呈显著负相关(P<0.05),均富集在CK处理土壤中。
与细菌类似,在真菌门水平上(图9A),RDA1和RDA2分别解释了36.78%和20.02%的变异,累计解释率为56.80%。OCF与OF处理主要分布于AK、AP、AN和SOM的方向,明显与CK和CF处理区分开来。主要类群中担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)与AN呈显著正相关(P<0.05),均富集于OF和OCF处理土壤中。子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和球囊霉门(Glomeromycota)与AN呈显著负相关(P<0.05),主要富集于CK处理土壤中。属水平上(图9B),RDA1和RDA2累计解释率为57.76%。OCF与OF处理土壤的样点集中于各养分因子的方向。牛肝菌(Boletus)和镰孢菌属(Fusarium)与AN呈显著正相关(P<0.05);被孢霉属(Mortierella)与之呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。
基于PICRUSt2程序,在KEGG数据库(https://www.genome.jp/kegg/)中对已测的微生物基因组序列进行功能注释,结果如图10所示。大豆农田土壤细菌群落注释到的第一层级功能通路主要包括细胞过程(cellular processes)、环境信息处理(environmental information processing)、遗传信息处理(genetic information processing)、人类疾病(human diseases)、新陈代谢(metabolism)和有机体系统(organismal systems)等。其中,新陈代谢通路中包括的氨基酸代谢(amino acid metabolism)、辅助因子与维生素代谢(metabolism of cofactors and vitamins)和碳水化合物代谢(carbohydrate metabolism)的相对丰度最高。其次,遗传信息处理通路中主要包括的复制与修复(replication and repair)、蛋白质折叠、排序与降解(folding, sorting and degradation)和转录(translation)的相对丰度占比次之。细胞过程、人类疾病、环境信息处理和有机体系统相关的功能通路所占比例较少。
对土壤真菌群落功能基因进行FUNGuild注释,结果如图11所示。不同施肥处理下,土壤真菌群落被注释为病原营养型真菌(pathotroph)、腐生营养型真菌(saprotroph)和共生营养型真菌(symbiotroph) 3大功能类群。与CK相比,在OF处理土壤中3种营养类型真菌的相对丰度分别提高了48.56%、27.93%和105.52%。然而在CF处理土壤中分别降低了45.15%、26.88%和11.20%。在OCF处理土壤中病原营养型和共生营养型的相对丰度分别增加了37.18%和23.48%,但腐生营养型真菌的相对丰度分别下降了17.00%。
施肥是增加土壤养分、平衡酸碱度的重要举措[32]。不同的肥料类型可影响土壤肥力的持久性,并导致酸碱度产生差异[33]。本研究发现,有机无机肥配施显著提高了土壤pH,原因可能是有机肥(鸡粪)中富含有机质,在微生物腐生过程中增强了对H+和Al3+的吸附作用,并释放钙、镁等碱性物质,导致土壤pH上升[34]。外源有机物输入引起土壤原有机质分解速率的变化,即激发效应(priming effect, PE),这是调控土壤有机质分解的重要机制之一[35]。在本研究中,与对照组土壤相比,施有机肥和有机无机肥配施显著提高了土壤有机质含量。这是由于施用的有机肥(鸡粪)作为外源有机物输入,富集了大量能够分解复杂有机质的土壤微生物,从而增加了大豆农田土壤有机质分解速率,产生了更强的“激发效应”,进一步刺激土壤N、P、K等养分的有效释放[36-38],提高了土壤养分[39-40]。值得注意的是,速效磷含量在施有机肥处理中增加了15.8倍,原因可能是微生物降解有机肥释放有机酸[41],促进难溶性磷酸盐溶解,从而增加了土壤磷素含量[42]
施肥措施通过改变土壤养分状况,显著影响微生物群落的结构组成,使某些优势类群相对丰度增加而其他类群减少,导致群落重构[43]。本研究表明,3种施肥处理均提高了假单胞菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度,这与Song等[44]的研究结果一致,可能要归因于假单胞菌门多为高营养响应菌群,对可溶性有机碳、铵态氮等营养盐高度敏感。此外,施肥还提高了速效养分含量,为这类菌群提供了丰富底物,从而提高了其相对丰度。在有机无机肥配施处理下,拟杆菌门的相对丰度提高了1.41倍,这一变化可能应归因于拟杆菌门在降解复杂有机物方面的优势。本研究所施用的鸡粪含有丰富的纤维素、半纤维素及蛋白质衍生物质,这些组分恰好为拟杆菌门提供了适宜的营养底物,驱动了其在微生物群落中的富集过程。RDA分析显示,假单胞菌门和拟杆菌门与SOM、AN、AP和AK呈显著正相关(P<0.05),印证了上述结论。3种施肥处理降低了酸杆菌门和出芽单胞菌门的相对丰度,原因可能是酸杆菌门作为典型寡营养型细菌,更适应有机质较低、偏酸性或养分有限的环境[45]。在本研究中,施肥提高了土壤有机质和氮、磷、钾等含量,推测形成的富营养环境导致酸杆菌门的相对丰度有所下降。这一结果与Li等[46]的研究结果恰恰相反,该研究认为秸秆还田通过改善土壤水分条件,提高了酸杆菌门的相对丰度。3种施肥处理均降低了出芽单胞菌门的相对丰度,这可能与出芽单胞菌门偏好干旱及低养分环境有关[47]。本研究中施肥措施有效提升了土壤养分含量,进而导致其相对丰度下降。冗余分析进一步表明,出芽单胞菌门及酸杆菌门与SOM、AN、AP和AK等养分因子呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。LEfSe分析结果也显示,芽单胞杆菌门在对照组处理中相对富集。无机肥和有机肥均提高了放线菌门的相对丰度,但在有机无机肥配施处理中,其丰度反而降低了10.93%,这一结果与姜晓君等[48]的研究存在差异,该研究指出鸡粪作为优质有机肥源,在腐殖化过程中释放的木质素衍生物、多糖类及腐殖酸等组分为放线菌门提供了充足的碳源,因而鸡粪与化肥配施显著促进了放线菌的增殖。本研究中,LEfSe分析同样显示放线菌门在单一无机肥与有机肥处理土壤中呈富集状态。
不同施肥措施通过选择性富集具有不同资源利用偏好的真菌类群,重塑了土壤微生物群落结构,反映了微生物对土壤养分供给和有机质降解过程的差异化响应机制。本研究中,子囊菌门的相对丰度在不同施肥处理下均保持较高水平(15.42%-30.41%),表明子囊菌门在大豆农田土壤中具有广泛的分布和显著的竞争优势。尽管在无机肥和有机无机配施处理中其相对丰度略有下降,但得益于子囊菌门作为真菌物种多样性最丰富的类群之一,子囊菌门的“宽食谱”特征[49]使其能够利用多种碳源与氮源,从而维持了在群落中的优势地位,并在养分循环与群落建构中发挥核心作用。LEfSe分析进一步揭示,子囊菌门在各施肥处理中均呈现分散聚集的格局,表明其在不同养分背景下都能保持较高的适应性。冗余分析结果显示,子囊菌门与土壤碱解氮呈显著负相关关系,这一现象可能与部分子囊菌门成员具备较强的氮素吸收利用能力有关。当土壤中养分含量和有机质水平较高时,子囊菌门的相对优势地位受到其他功能类群的竞争性抑制[50],从而表现出负相关趋势。由此可见,子囊菌门具有对养分梯度的敏感响应和生态位差异化调节功能。本研究结果发现,3种施肥均提高了担子菌门的相对丰度,这与宋李霞等[51]的研究结果一致,该研究表明担子菌门作为典型的腐生真菌,具有较强的纤维素与木质素等难降解有机质的分解能力。无机肥含有大量速效养分,能够为担子菌门的繁殖提供充足的氮素;而有机肥中富含复杂有机底物,为担子菌门提供了适宜的生境和碳源基础,从而增强了其在土壤碳循环与腐殖质形成过程中的生态优势,进而增加了相对丰度[52]。冗余分析结果显示,担子菌门的相对丰度与土壤碱解氮含量呈显著正相关,这一结果与Yang等[53]的研究一致。差异显著性分析结果显示,有机无机肥配施处理下,担子菌门为显著富集类群(P<0.05)。有机肥和有机无机肥配施处理提高了被孢霉门的相对丰度,无机肥则降低了其相对丰度。这可能由于被孢霉门是土壤中重要的速效有机质分解者,其丰度对土壤环境中有机物含量高度敏感[54]。有机肥和配施均显著提高了大豆农田土壤的有机质含量,为被孢霉门的生长和繁殖提供了有利条件,从而导致其相对丰度有所增加[55]。球囊菌门在3种施肥处理下几乎消失,可能是由于其作为典型的丛枝菌根真菌,依赖特定碳源为宿主植物提供营养,代谢范围较窄,属于“窄食谱”类群[49],在强烈竞争下受到抑制,因而相对丰度降低。
不同施肥方式对土壤真菌群落属水平的选择压力呈现明显差异。本研究发现,3种施肥处理下土壤中均检测到了牛肝菌属,且在有机肥及有机无机肥配施处理土壤中其相对丰度高达41.48%-44.18%。LEfSe分析也确认了牛肝菌属为有机无机配施土壤中的优势类群。这一现象可能源于牛肝菌作为典型的外生菌根真菌,能够与植物根系形成高度互利的共生结构,而有机肥与无机肥的投入不仅改善了土壤速效养分供给,也提升了根际微环境的稳定性,从而赋予其更强的定殖能力与生态位竞争优势。已有研究表明,适宜的碳源与氮素形态可显著促进外生菌根真菌的群落建构与功能表达,增强其在促进植物矿质吸收方面的效能[56-58]。3种施肥措施降低了镰孢菌属的相对丰度。镰孢菌属是引发多种作物根腐病、穗腐病及枯萎病等土传病害的重要病原真菌,其相对丰度的减少可能是由于施肥措施改善了土壤理化性质,优化了微生态结构,进而抑制其生长和繁殖。已有研究指出,化学肥料与有机肥的合理配施能够通过提高土壤团聚体稳定性、增加有益微生物竞争力及提升土壤营养缓冲能力等途径,间接降低镰孢菌的生态适宜度[59]。此外,由于镰孢菌通常偏好贫养环境,其在富养土壤中的生长受到一定抑制[60-61],这与本研究的结果高度一致,并与其在诱发镰孢菌根腐病[62]和大豆猝死症[63]中的致病生态学特征相一致。被孢霉属的群落响应模式则呈现出另一特征,其相对丰度在有机肥和无机肥单独施用的土壤中相较于对照组明显增加,但在有机无机肥配施处理中反而有所下降。宁琪等[64]研究指出,被孢霉属可在长期施化肥条件下积累,并参与土壤磷素转化与有机物降解等关键过程,被孢霉属对低氮、低碳环境具有更高适应性。结合本研究的冗余分析结果,被孢霉属与土壤碱解氮呈显著负相关,表明其更适应相对贫营养的土壤生态位。因此,在富营养水平更高的有机-无机肥配施处理中,其生态竞争力可能受到限制,从而导致丰度下降。这一现象与玉米-大豆轮作体系以及长期施肥试验中相关研究[65]的结果相符。
通过α多样性衡量微生物群落物种的丰富度和均匀度,反映大豆农田土壤微生物的复杂程度和稳定性。丰富的α多样性可能意味着该环境更稳定、抗干扰能力更强,或者能够利用更多样的资源。细菌是土壤微生物群落的主体,其多样性对养分循环和土壤生态系统稳定性具有关键作用[66]。本研究表明,不同施肥处理对大豆农田土壤细菌群落的OTUs数量和α多样性指数影响有限。整体上,4个处理均检测到较多的独有OTUs,但共有OTUs数量较少,反映出不同施肥处理对细菌群落组成产生了一定差异。然而,从ACE、Chao1、Shannon与Simpson指数来看,4个处理之间差异不显著,说明施肥对细菌群落的丰富度和均匀度的影响并不明显,这与Bebber等[67]关于有机肥对细菌群落丰富度影响有限的研究相一致。这可能与细菌具有较强的代谢冗余性和环境适应性有关,即便养分结构发生变化,仍能通过类群间功能互补维持群落的稳定性。已有研究表明,细菌群落在应对养分扰动时更具韧性,因此其多样性指标在短期施肥处理中变化不大[68]
真菌作为土壤生态系统的重要组成部分,其数量与多样性直接关系到有机质的降解与养分循环过程[69]。本研究表明,有机肥施用降低了土壤真菌群落的OTUs数量、ACE指数和Chao1指数,说明有机肥抑制了土壤真菌群落的丰富度,这与马建华等[70]的研究类似。与此同时,有机肥施用增加了Shannon指数,降低了Simpson指数,表明有机肥提高了土壤真菌群落的均匀度。可能由于鸡粪分解的过程中富集了腐生真菌,且病原菌的相对丰度减少,从而提高了群落的均匀度。与之相反,无机肥处理中表现为物种丰富度较高而多样性较低,反映出群落结构更趋于均匀分布。这说明有机肥可能通过促进少数竞争优势类群占据主导地位来重塑真菌群落结构。这一结果与刘红梅等[71]关于有机肥显著提高Shannon指数的研究相符,其原因可能与有机肥施用年限较短、有机质腐解不完全等因素相关。也有研究发现,有机肥(鸡粪)中富含氮素提高了土壤氮素有效性,在缓解氮素限制的同时,可能加剧了微生物之间对其他有限资源的竞争,进而导致真菌的多样性下降[72-73]
有机-无机肥配施能够改善大豆农田土壤理化性质,调节土壤pH,从而缓解土壤酸化,并显著提高土壤有机质及氮、磷、钾等养分有效性,进而为作物生长提供更稳定的养分基础。本研究表明,施肥措施并未改变土壤微生物群落的基本组成,但通过选择性富集或抑制特定类群,显著重塑了微生物群落结构。相较于细菌群落,真菌群落对施肥措施表现出更高的敏感性,尤其在施用有机肥及有机-无机肥配施条件下,真菌群落的物种丰富度和多样性显著降低,表明外源有机物输入强化了优势功能类群的竞争并加速了群落重构过程。功能预测结果显示,有机肥的施用促进了腐生营养型和共生营养型真菌的富集,尤其有利于腐生真菌的增殖,加快了土壤中动植物残体的分解与转化过程,增强了养分的持续释放能力。有机-无机肥配施在提高土壤养分供给效率的同时,对病原营养型真菌具有一定的抑制作用,有助于维持土壤微生态系统的稳定性。综上所述,有机-无机肥配施在协调土壤养分供给与微生物群落结构、优化土壤微生物功能组成方面具有明显优势,可为大豆农田实现高效、绿色与可持续施肥管理提供理论依据与实践参考。
  • 河北省自然科学基金(C2020402022)
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2026年第66卷第5期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250588
  • 接收时间:2025-07-29
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-29
  • 录用日期:2026-01-26
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The Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province(C2020402022)
河北省自然科学基金(C2020402022)
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    1.河北工程大学 园林与生态工程学院,河北 邯郸
    2.河北华丰种业开发有限公司,河北 石家庄
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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