Article(id=1259888467245413238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250793, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1761235200000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1767715200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-07, onlineDate=1778310418187, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1777824000000, pubDateStr=2026-05-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778310418187, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778310418187, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778310418187, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259888457367806489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='5', pageStart='2031', pageEnd='2556', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778310415832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778320153326, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2261, endPage=2279, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259888469837493138, articleId=1259888467245413238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Differences and driving factors of rhizosphere microbial communities between healthy and Fusarium wilt-affected watermelon plants in Hunan Province, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective Fusarium wilt caused by Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. nivum is a typical soil-borne disease in watermelon production, posing significant threats. This study investigates the microbial community structures in the rhizosphere soil of healthy and Fusarium wilt-affected watermelon plants to clarify the regulatory effects of this disease on the physicochemical properties and microbial communities of rhizosphere soil. It aims to reveal the interactions between pathogen enrichment, beneficial microbial decline, and soil environmental factors, providing theoretical support for the green control of Fusarium wilt in watermelon plants by rhizosphere microbiome regulation. Methods Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from healthy plants (HT group) and Fusarium wilt-infected plants (FT group) of the watermelon variety ‘Xiaoyu No. 5’ in Shaoyang, Hunan. Physicochemical indicators including total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) were measured. Illumina high-throughput sequencing was employed to analyze the structures and diversity of microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil of healthy and disease-infected plants. Results The FT group had lower content of TP, AP, and AK in the rhizosphere soil than the HT group (P<0.05). The TN, organic matter (OM), and pH in the FT group were lower without significant differences than the HT group. The FT group had higher fungal ACE and Chao1 indices (P<0.05), higher bacterial ACE and Chao1 indices (P>0.05), and higher fungal and bacterial Simpson indices (evenness) (P<0.05) than the HT group. The abundance of Bacillota was significantly higher in the HT group than in the FT group, whereas that of Ascomycota was significantly higher in the FT group. At the genus level, the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Neobacillus and Bacillus decreased in the FT group, while that of the pathogenic genus Fusarium increased sharply from 0.06% to 2.40%. The redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that TN, TP, and OM were key drivers of bacterial community changes, whereas TN, OM, and AK were core regulators of fungal communities. Functional prediction suggested enhanced functions such as stress responses and energy metabolism of bacteria, alongside increased potential for functions such as plant cell wall degradation of fungi, in the diseased rhizosphere. Conclusion The occurrence of Fusarium wilt in watermelon plants leads to depletion of phosphorus and potassium in the rhizosphere soil and disrupts microbiome balance. This is manifested by the enrichment of Fusarium and the decline of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Neobacillus and Bacillus). Soil TN, OM, and AK are key environmental factors regulating this imbalance, with AK deficiency potentially serving as a pivotal link between soil environmental degradation and disease intensification. These findings provide crucial theoretical support for developing eco-friendly control strategies-potassium supplementation and stabilization alongside the targeted cultivation of beneficial microbial communities-targeting Fusarium wilt in watermelon plants.

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E-mail: HE Changzheng, ;
HE Xunyang,
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目的 由尖孢镰刀菌西瓜专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. nivum)引起的枯萎病是西瓜生产中的典型土传病害,危害极大。本研究旨在分析西瓜健康植株和枯萎病植株根际土壤的微生物群落结构,明确西瓜枯萎病发生对根际土壤理化性质及微生物群落的调控效应,揭示病原菌富集、有益菌群衰退与土壤环境因子的互作关系,为基于根际微生态调控的西瓜枯萎病绿色防控提供理论支撑。 方法 以湖南邵阳西瓜主产区的‘小玉五号’西瓜为研究对象,采集健康植株(HT组)与枯萎病发病植株(FT组)的根际土壤,测定总氮(total nitrogen, TN)、总磷(total phosphorus, TP)、速效磷(available phosphorus, AP)、速效钾(available potassium, AK)等理化指标;利用Illumina高通量测序技术分析健康植株和枯萎病植株根际微生物群落结构及多样性。 结果 FT组根际土壤的TP、AP、AK含量显著低于HT组(P<0.05),TN、有机质(organic matter, OM)及pH呈下降趋势,但差异不显著。α多样性分析显示,FT组真菌的ACE/Chao1指数显著高于HT组(P<0.05),FT组细菌的ACE/Chao1指数也高于HT组(P>0.05),且细菌与真菌的Simpson指数(均匀度)均为HT组显著更高(P<0.05)。HT组芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)的丰度显著高于FT组,而FT组子囊菌门(Ascomycota)的丰度显著升高。在属水平上,FT组新颖芽孢杆菌属(Neobacillus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)等有益菌的丰度下降,但病原菌镰刀菌属(Fusarium)的丰度从0.06%急增至2.40%。RDA分析表明,TN、TP、OM是驱动细菌群落变化的关键因子,TN、OM、AK是调控真菌群落的核心因子。功能预测提示,患病根际细菌群落的应激响应与能量代谢相关功能增强,真菌群落的植物细胞壁降解等功能潜力升高。 结论 西瓜枯萎病的发生会导致根际土壤磷钾养分耗竭及微生态失衡,具体表现为病原菌镰刀菌属(Fusarium)富集、有益菌(NeobacillusBacillus等)衰退。土壤TN、OM及AK是调控这一失衡过程的关键环境因子,其中AK的缺乏可能是连接土壤环境恶化与病害加剧的核心枢纽。研究结果为制定以“补钾稳钾、定向培育有益菌群”为核心的西瓜枯萎病绿色生态防控策略提供了重要的理论依据。

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作者贡献声明

向左芹:研究构思与设计,实验操作与数据分析,论文撰写与修改;黄丽芳:数据分析,论文撰写与修改;刘秋梅:论文撰写与修改;冯书珍:研究构思与设计;周燕:协助实验操作;何长征:研究构思与设计,指导文章撰写与修改;何寻阳:研究构思与设计,指导文章撰写与修改,基金获取。

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2.Guangxi Industrial Technology Research Institute on Karst Rocky Desertification Control Co. , Ltd. , Nanning, Guangxi, China
3.Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
4.Huanjiang Agriculture Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Guangxi, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Karst Ecological Processes and Services, Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang, Guangxi, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1259928416447488934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888467245413238, authorId=1259928408172127078, language=CN, stringName=向左芹, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, 4, address=1.湖南农业大学 园艺学院,湖南 长沙
2.广西石漠化治理产业技术研究院有限公司,广西 南宁
3.中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所,湖南 长沙
4.广西环江农业生态系统观测研究站,广西喀斯特生态过程与服务重点实验室,中国科学院环江喀斯特生态系统观测研究站,广西 环江, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1259928396486796007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888467245413238, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928396495184616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888467245413238, companyId=1259928396486796007, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928396713288425, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888467245413238, companyId=1259928396486796007, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.湖南农业大学 园艺学院,湖南 长沙)]), AuthorCompany(id=1259928400970507040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888467245413238, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928400987284257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888467245413238, companyId=1259928400970507040, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Guangxi Industrial Technology Research Institute on Karst Rocky Desertification Control Co. , Ltd. , Nanning, Guangxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928400995672866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888467245413238, companyId=1259928400970507040, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.广西石漠化治理产业技术研究院有限公司,广西 南宁)]), AuthorCompany(id=1259928403050881841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888467245413238, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928403080241973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888467245413238, companyId=1259928403050881841, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928403113796407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888467245413238, companyId=1259928403050881841, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所,湖南 长沙)]), AuthorCompany(id=1259928403935879995, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888467245413238, xref=4., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928403965240125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888467245413238, companyId=1259928403935879995, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.Huanjiang Agriculture Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Guangxi, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Karst Ecological Processes and Services, Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang, Guangxi, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928403973628734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888467245413238, companyId=1259928403935879995, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.广西环江农业生态系统观测研究站,广西喀斯特生态过程与服务重点实验室,中国科学院环江喀斯特生态系统观测研究站,广西 环江)])]), Author(id=1259928420318831556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888467245413238, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1259928422717973460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888467245413238, authorId=1259928420318831556, language=EN, stringName=Lifang HUANG, firstName=Lifang, middleName=null, lastName=HUANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, 3, 4, address=2.Guangxi Industrial Technology Research Institute on Karst Rocky Desertification Control Co. , Ltd. , Nanning, Guangxi, China
3.Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
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3.中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所,湖南 长沙
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3.Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
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TN: Total nitrogen; TP: Total phosphorus; AK: Available potassium; AP: Available phosphorus; OM: Organic matter; AN: Alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen; NH4⁺-N: Ammonium nitrogen; O3--N: Nitrate nitrogen. ∗ indicates a significant correlation (P<0.05); ∗∗ indicates a highly significant correlation (P<0.01); ∗∗∗ indicates an extremely significant correlation (P<0.001)., figureFileSmall=4P3jwQH7vf1BNU51Neuz0g==, figureFileBig=9i74/nOfFKBJ46HcRLLeWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928503827423702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888467245413238, language=CN, label=图7, caption=西瓜根际土壤在属水平上细菌(A)和真菌(B)群落相关性热图, figureFileSmall=4P3jwQH7vf1BNU51Neuz0g==, figureFileBig=9i74/nOfFKBJ46HcRLLeWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928504980857305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888467245413238, language=EN, label=Figure 8, caption=Heatmaps showing differences in predicted metabolic pathways for rhizosphere bacterial (A) and fungal (B) communities between healthy and diseased watermelon plants, based on KEGG functional prediction., figureFileSmall=3VzAQTgAAhokUNcpKRtFLw==, figureFileBig=xR97EDc7MYPpt3+qlRfBig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928505853272548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888467245413238, language=CN, label=图8, caption=基于KEGG功能预测的健康与患病西瓜根际细菌(A)和真菌(B)群落代谢通路差异热图, figureFileSmall=3VzAQTgAAhokUNcpKRtFLw==, figureFileBig=xR97EDc7MYPpt3+qlRfBig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928506725687792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888467245413238, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physicochemical properties of rhizosphere soil from diseased and healthy watermelon plants

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample ID

Total nitrogen

(g/kg)

Total phosphorus

(g/kg)

Available phosphorus

(g/kg)

Available potassium

(g/kg)

Alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (g/kg)

Ammonium nitrogen

(g/kg)

Nitrate nitrogen

(g/kg)

Organic matter

(g/kg)

pH
HT2.78±0.37a3.96±0.18a0.26±0.01a1.27±0.18a0.63±0.18a0.04±0.00a0.11±0.04a44.46±3.12a5.23±0.23a
FT2.28±0.23a2.77±0.15b0.19±0.00b0.69±0.09b0.42±0.06a0.04±0.01a0.09±0.01b38.22±3.23a5.07±0.17a
), ArticleFig(id=1259928507921064444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888467245413238, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

西瓜患病植株和健康植株根际土壤化学性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Sample ID

Total nitrogen

(g/kg)

Total phosphorus

(g/kg)

Available phosphorus

(g/kg)

Available potassium

(g/kg)

Alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (g/kg)

Ammonium nitrogen

(g/kg)

Nitrate nitrogen

(g/kg)

Organic matter

(g/kg)

pH
HT2.78±0.37a3.96±0.18a0.26±0.01a1.27±0.18a0.63±0.18a0.04±0.00a0.11±0.04a44.46±3.12a5.23±0.23a
FT2.28±0.23a2.77±0.15b0.19±0.00b0.69±0.09b0.42±0.06a0.04±0.01a0.09±0.01b38.22±3.23a5.07±0.17a
), ArticleFig(id=1259928510378926600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888467245413238, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Alpha diversity indices of bacterial and fungal communities in the rhizosphere soil of diseased and healthy watermelon plants

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MicrobiomeSample nameACE indexChao1 indexSimpson indexShannon indexCoverage ratio (%)
BacteriaHT1 700.80±8.98a1 680.11±17.64a0.016 1±0.012 0a5.54±0.11a99.65
FT1 885.59±93.26a1 879.47±80.23a0.010 9±0.001 0b5.84±0.17a99.65
FungiHT177.77±11.42a175.56±10.69a0.225 4±0.028 0a2.22±0.07a99.98
FT277.10±8.76b276.04±7.51b0.119 3±0.015 0b2.87±0.06b99.97
), ArticleFig(id=1259928510894826001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888467245413238, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

西瓜患病植株和健康植株根际土壤细菌和真菌α多样性指数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
MicrobiomeSample nameACE indexChao1 indexSimpson indexShannon indexCoverage ratio (%)
BacteriaHT1 700.80±8.98a1 680.11±17.64a0.016 1±0.012 0a5.54±0.11a99.65
FT1 885.59±93.26a1 879.47±80.23a0.010 9±0.001 0b5.84±0.17a99.65
FungiHT177.77±11.42a175.56±10.69a0.225 4±0.028 0a2.22±0.07a99.98
FT277.10±8.76b276.04±7.51b0.119 3±0.015 0b2.87±0.06b99.97
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湖南西瓜枯萎病根际微生物群落差异及其影响因子
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向左芹 1, 2, 3, 4 , 黄丽芳 2, 3, 4 , 刘秋梅 2, 3, 4 , 冯书珍 5 , 周燕 1 , 何长征 1 , 何寻阳 2, 3, 4
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(5): 2261-2279
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(5): 2261-2279
湖南西瓜枯萎病根际微生物群落差异及其影响因子
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向左芹1, 2, 3, 4, 黄丽芳2, 3, 4, 刘秋梅2, 3, 4, 冯书珍5, 周燕1, 何长征1 , 何寻阳2, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1.湖南农业大学 园艺学院,湖南 长沙
  • 2.广西石漠化治理产业技术研究院有限公司,广西 南宁
  • 3.中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所,湖南 长沙
  • 4.广西环江农业生态系统观测研究站,广西喀斯特生态过程与服务重点实验室,中国科学院环江喀斯特生态系统观测研究站,广西 环江
  • 5.广西科技大学 医学部,广西 柳州
Differences and driving factors of rhizosphere microbial communities between healthy and Fusarium wilt-affected watermelon plants in Hunan Province
Zuoqin XIANG1, 2, 3, 4, Lifang HUANG2, 3, 4, Qiumei LIU2, 3, 4, Shuzhen FENG5, Yan ZHOU1, Changzheng HE1 , Xunyang HE2, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, China
  • 2.Guangxi Industrial Technology Research Institute on Karst Rocky Desertification Control Co. , Ltd. , Nanning, Guangxi, China
  • 3.Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, Hunan, China
  • 4.Huanjiang Agriculture Ecosystem Observation and Research Station of Guangxi, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Karst Ecological Processes and Services, Huanjiang Observation and Research Station for Karst Ecosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huanjiang, Guangxi, China
  • 5.College of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi, China
出版时间: 2026-05-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250793
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目的 由尖孢镰刀菌西瓜专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. nivum)引起的枯萎病是西瓜生产中的典型土传病害,危害极大。本研究旨在分析西瓜健康植株和枯萎病植株根际土壤的微生物群落结构,明确西瓜枯萎病发生对根际土壤理化性质及微生物群落的调控效应,揭示病原菌富集、有益菌群衰退与土壤环境因子的互作关系,为基于根际微生态调控的西瓜枯萎病绿色防控提供理论支撑。 方法 以湖南邵阳西瓜主产区的‘小玉五号’西瓜为研究对象,采集健康植株(HT组)与枯萎病发病植株(FT组)的根际土壤,测定总氮(total nitrogen, TN)、总磷(total phosphorus, TP)、速效磷(available phosphorus, AP)、速效钾(available potassium, AK)等理化指标;利用Illumina高通量测序技术分析健康植株和枯萎病植株根际微生物群落结构及多样性。 结果 FT组根际土壤的TP、AP、AK含量显著低于HT组(P<0.05),TN、有机质(organic matter, OM)及pH呈下降趋势,但差异不显著。α多样性分析显示,FT组真菌的ACE/Chao1指数显著高于HT组(P<0.05),FT组细菌的ACE/Chao1指数也高于HT组(P>0.05),且细菌与真菌的Simpson指数(均匀度)均为HT组显著更高(P<0.05)。HT组芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)的丰度显著高于FT组,而FT组子囊菌门(Ascomycota)的丰度显著升高。在属水平上,FT组新颖芽孢杆菌属(Neobacillus)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)等有益菌的丰度下降,但病原菌镰刀菌属(Fusarium)的丰度从0.06%急增至2.40%。RDA分析表明,TN、TP、OM是驱动细菌群落变化的关键因子,TN、OM、AK是调控真菌群落的核心因子。功能预测提示,患病根际细菌群落的应激响应与能量代谢相关功能增强,真菌群落的植物细胞壁降解等功能潜力升高。 结论 西瓜枯萎病的发生会导致根际土壤磷钾养分耗竭及微生态失衡,具体表现为病原菌镰刀菌属(Fusarium)富集、有益菌(NeobacillusBacillus等)衰退。土壤TN、OM及AK是调控这一失衡过程的关键环境因子,其中AK的缺乏可能是连接土壤环境恶化与病害加剧的核心枢纽。研究结果为制定以“补钾稳钾、定向培育有益菌群”为核心的西瓜枯萎病绿色生态防控策略提供了重要的理论依据。

西瓜枯萎病  /  根际微生物  /  高通量测序  /  土壤理化性质  /  群落多样性

Objective Fusarium wilt caused by Fusariumoxysporum f. sp. nivum is a typical soil-borne disease in watermelon production, posing significant threats. This study investigates the microbial community structures in the rhizosphere soil of healthy and Fusarium wilt-affected watermelon plants to clarify the regulatory effects of this disease on the physicochemical properties and microbial communities of rhizosphere soil. It aims to reveal the interactions between pathogen enrichment, beneficial microbial decline, and soil environmental factors, providing theoretical support for the green control of Fusarium wilt in watermelon plants by rhizosphere microbiome regulation. Methods Rhizosphere soil samples were collected from healthy plants (HT group) and Fusarium wilt-infected plants (FT group) of the watermelon variety ‘Xiaoyu No. 5’ in Shaoyang, Hunan. Physicochemical indicators including total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) were measured. Illumina high-throughput sequencing was employed to analyze the structures and diversity of microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil of healthy and disease-infected plants. Results The FT group had lower content of TP, AP, and AK in the rhizosphere soil than the HT group (P<0.05). The TN, organic matter (OM), and pH in the FT group were lower without significant differences than the HT group. The FT group had higher fungal ACE and Chao1 indices (P<0.05), higher bacterial ACE and Chao1 indices (P>0.05), and higher fungal and bacterial Simpson indices (evenness) (P<0.05) than the HT group. The abundance of Bacillota was significantly higher in the HT group than in the FT group, whereas that of Ascomycota was significantly higher in the FT group. At the genus level, the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Neobacillus and Bacillus decreased in the FT group, while that of the pathogenic genus Fusarium increased sharply from 0.06% to 2.40%. The redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated that TN, TP, and OM were key drivers of bacterial community changes, whereas TN, OM, and AK were core regulators of fungal communities. Functional prediction suggested enhanced functions such as stress responses and energy metabolism of bacteria, alongside increased potential for functions such as plant cell wall degradation of fungi, in the diseased rhizosphere. Conclusion The occurrence of Fusarium wilt in watermelon plants leads to depletion of phosphorus and potassium in the rhizosphere soil and disrupts microbiome balance. This is manifested by the enrichment of Fusarium and the decline of beneficial bacteria (e.g., Neobacillus and Bacillus). Soil TN, OM, and AK are key environmental factors regulating this imbalance, with AK deficiency potentially serving as a pivotal link between soil environmental degradation and disease intensification. These findings provide crucial theoretical support for developing eco-friendly control strategies-potassium supplementation and stabilization alongside the targeted cultivation of beneficial microbial communities-targeting Fusarium wilt in watermelon plants.

Fusarium wilt in watermelon plants  /  rhizosphere microorganisms  /  high-throughput sequencing  /  soil physicochemical properties  /  community diversity
向左芹, 黄丽芳, 刘秋梅, 冯书珍, 周燕, 何长征, 何寻阳. 湖南西瓜枯萎病根际微生物群落差异及其影响因子. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2261 -2279 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250793
Zuoqin XIANG, Lifang HUANG, Qiumei LIU, Shuzhen FENG, Yan ZHOU, Changzheng HE, Xunyang HE. Differences and driving factors of rhizosphere microbial communities between healthy and Fusarium wilt-affected watermelon plants in Hunan Province[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2261 -2279 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250793
西瓜(Citrullus lanatus)作为全球重要的经济作物,其产业规模与效益直接关系到农产品供给安全及农民增收,在我国乡村振兴战略中具有不可替代的支柱地位。据农业农村部2023年统计数据,我国西瓜种植面积达156.2万hm2,联合国粮农组织2024年报告进一步显示,我国西瓜产量占全球总产量的67.5%,是名副其实的西瓜生产与消费大国[1]。然而,随着西瓜规模化、连作化种植模式的普及,土传病害已成为制约西瓜产业可持续发展的核心瓶颈,由尖孢镰刀菌西瓜专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum)引起的西瓜枯萎病危害最为突出[2]。该病原菌可通过侵染西瓜根系维管束,破坏养分与水分运输通道,导致根系腐烂、植株萎蔫枯死,在华北平原、长江流域等主产区可造成32.7%-78.3%的产量损失,严重威胁西瓜产业安全[3-6]。根际作为植物-土壤-微生物互作的关键界面,其微生物群落被视为抵御土传病原菌入侵的“第一道防线”[7-8]。在健康根际微生态系统中有益微生物(如芽孢杆菌属、类芽孢杆菌属)可通过资源竞争、分泌拮抗物质及诱导植物系统抗性等机制抑制病原菌增殖[9]。在连作条件下,根际微生态平衡被打破,具体表现为有益菌群数量减少、功能衰退,病原菌在根际土壤中持续富集并形成“优势生态位”,最终诱发“病害暴发-微生态失衡”的恶性循环[10]
当前,西瓜枯萎病防治仍以化学药剂施用与抗病品种选育为主要手段,但长期依赖化学药剂易导致病原菌抗药性增强、土壤微生物多样性降低及环境二次污染[11-12];抗病品种选育则受限于育种周期长(通常需5-8年)且难以应对病原菌快速变异引发的抗性失效问题[13],因此从根际微生态调控视角解析病害发生机制,成为研发绿色防控技术的核心方向。高通量测序技术的突破为深入解析根际微生物与土传病害的互作机制提供了有力工具。郑明子等[14]通过Illumina测序发现,西瓜遭受枯萎病侵染时可通过调控根系分泌物组成,主动诱集有益微生物(如鞘氨醇单胞菌属)在根际定殖,进而重构根际微生物群落结构以启动防御反应;侯嘉玮等[15]对比健康与患病西瓜根际微生物特征,指出健康植株根际微生物丰度与丰富度与患病植株有显著差异,且其细菌群落网络结构更稳定、抗干扰能力更强;谭嘉琦等[16]针对烟草根黑腐病根际土壤微生物群落分析发现,感病土壤中细菌ACE数量升高,Chao1指数增加;此外,孟怡心[17]研究表明,病害的侵染能够改变植物根际土壤微生物菌落的多样性,从而利于自身入侵并增强利用寄主营养的能力。这些研究为理解西瓜枯萎病与根际微生物的关联提供了重要参考。
湖南邵阳[18]作为我国南方典型的西瓜主产区,其红壤质地、中亚热带湿润季风气候(年均气温16.1-17.1 ℃,年均降水量1 200-1 500 mm)为西瓜种植提供了适宜条件,但长期连作导致的枯萎病问题已严重制约当地产业发展[19]。本研究以邵阳西瓜主产区‘小玉五号’西瓜为研究对象,明确西瓜枯萎病发生对根际土壤理化性质(尤其是氮、磷、钾养分及pH)的影响规律;解析健康与患病植株根际细菌、真菌群落在α/β多样性及物种组成上的差异特征,并深入探讨患病条件下多样性变化的特殊生态机制;揭示驱动根际微生物群落变化的关键土壤理化因子,及其与病原菌[镰刀菌属(Fusarium)]、有益菌的互作机制。本研究旨在为优化西瓜根际微生态调控策略和枯萎病绿色防控技术提供理论依据,助力西瓜产业高质量可持续发展。
邵阳市地处湖南省西南部,地形以丘陵、山地为主,属典型中亚热带湿润季风气候,土壤肥沃,适宜西瓜等农作物生长。本研究选取湖南雪峰种业邵阳市现代农业示范园中‘小玉五号’西瓜大棚土壤作为样本,该大棚位于湖南省邵阳市大祥区板桥乡李家山村(111°53′N,27°19′E)。此大棚采用西瓜连作种植模式,连作年限为4年,共分4个小区,每个小区宽1 m、长10 m,小区内单列种植,种植间距为0.45 m,采用常规水肥管理。每年种植前每个小区施入10 kg复合肥(mN:mP:mK=15:15:15)。于2024年10月26日西瓜开花期采集土壤样品。
随机选取自然发病植株及健康植株各12株,发病植株表现为叶片萎蔫、黄化,茎基部维管束呈褐色;健康植株则生长健壮,叶片舒展,维管束无褐变。采集根际土壤时先除去土壤表层的杂草、落叶等,用无菌铲挖出植株后,去除植株根部区域外围的土壤,采用“抖根法”取紧贴于植株根表的土样[20-22]。将收集到的新鲜植株样本置于装有冰袋的保温箱中,运送至实验室,获取根系2 mm范围内的土壤,即为根际土。去除杂质后过2 mm孔径网筛,并将过筛后的土壤分别编码为1-12。之后,随机将4份根际土壤合并,获得3组平行样品,分别标记为HT-1、HT-2、HT-3;患病西瓜的土壤同上处理,3组样品依次标记为FT-1、FT-2、FT-3。以上6组土壤样品各分为2份,一份暂存于-80 ℃低温冰箱,用于高通量测序;另一份置于阴凉处风干,经研磨后过0.425 mm孔径40目网筛,用于土壤理化性质测定。
参照鲁如坤[23]提出的标准土壤测试方法,测定土壤总氮(total nitrogen, TN)、总磷(total phosphorus, TP)、速效磷(available phosphorus, AP)、速效钾(available potassium, AK)、碱解氮(alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen, AN)、铵态氮(ammonium nitrogen, NH4⁺-N)、硝态氮(nitrate nitrogen, NO3--N)、有机质(organic matter, OM)和pH。采用连续流动分析仪法测定总氮;采用盐酸(HCl)-硫酸浸提酸性土壤速效磷法测定速效磷;采用乙酸铵溶液浸提法测定速效钾;采用碱解扩散法测定碱解氮;采用硫酸钾浸提法测定铵态氮、硝态氮;总磷、有机质和pH分别采用硝酸-氢氟酸-高氯酸消解法、重铬酸钾容量法和pH计测定。
根据E.Z.N.A.® Soil DNA Kit (Omega Bio-Tek公司)说明书进行微生物群落总DNA抽提,使用1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测DNA的提取质量,采用NanoDrop 2000 (ThermoFisher Scientific公司)测定DNA浓度和纯度。
以上述提取的DNA为模板,使用携带barcode序列的上游引物338F (5′-ACTCCTACG GGAGGCAGCAG-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTACH VGGGTWTCTAAT-3′)对16S rRNA基因V3-V4可变区进行PCR扩增;使用ITS1F (5′-CTTGG TCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3′)和ITS2R (5′-GC TGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3′)对ITS1区进行PCR扩增。PCR反应体系:5×TransStart FastPfu缓冲液4 μL,dNTPs (2.5 mmol/L) 2 μL,上、下游引物(5 µmol/L)各0.8 μL,TransStart FastPfu DNA聚合酶(2.5 U/μL) 0.4 μL,模板DNA 10 ng,补足至20 μL。PCR反应程序:95 ℃预变性3 min;95 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,共27个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min;4 ℃保存。使用2%琼脂糖凝胶回收PCR产物,利用DNA凝胶回收纯化试剂盒(PCR Clean-Up Kit,上海美吉逾华生物医药科技有限公司)进行回收产物纯化,并用Qubit 4.0 (ThermoFisher Scientific公司)对回收产物进行检测定量。
使用NEXTFLEX Rapid DNA-Seq Kit (Bioo Scientific公司)对纯化后的PCR产物进行建库:(1) 接头链接;(2) 使用磁珠筛选去除接头自连片段;(3) 利用PCR扩增进行文库模板的富集;(4) 磁珠回收PCR产物得到最终的文库。利用Illumina NextSeq2000平台进行测序(上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司)。原始数据存储在国家微生物科学数据中心(http://nmdc.cn),编号为NMDC40093162。
使用fastp[24] (https://github.com/OpenGene/fastp,version 0.19.6)软件对双端原始测序序列进行质控,使用FLASH[25] (http://www.cbcb.umd.edu/software/flash,version 1.2.11)软件进行拼接:(1) 过滤reads尾部质量值20以下的碱基,设置50 bp的窗口,如果窗口内的平均质量值低于20,从窗口开始截去后端碱基,过滤质控后长度小于50 bp的reads,去除含N碱基的reads;(2) 根据PE reads之间的overlap关系,将成对reads拼接(merge)成一条序列,最小overlap长度为10 bp;(3) 拼接序列的overlap区允许的最大错配比率为0.2,筛选不符合的序列;(4) 根据序列首尾两端的barcode和引物区分样品,并调整序列方向,barcode允许的错配数为0,最大引物错配数为2。使用UPARSE v7.1[26-27]软件(http://drive5.com/uparse/),根据97%的相似度对质控拼接后的序列进行操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)聚类并剔除嵌合体。为了尽量减少测序深度对后续α多样性和β多样性数据分析的影响,将所有样本序列数抽平至20 000,抽平后,每个样本的平均序列覆盖度(Good’s coverage)仍可达99.09%。利用RDP classifier[28] (http://rdp.cme.msu.edu/,version 2.11)比对Silva 16S rRNA基因数据库(v138)进行OTU物种分类学注释,置信度阈值为70%,并在不同物种分类水平下统计每个样本的群落组成。
测序获得的数据在美吉云平台(https://cloud.majorbio.com/)进行处理和分析。利用云平台工具进行α多样性指数(Coverage、ACE指数、Chao1指数、Shannon指数和Simpson指数)分析[29]、β多样性的主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis, PCoA)、非度量多维尺度分析(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)、物种组成分析、冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)、物种与环境因子相关性热图分析,使用PICRUSt2[29-30] (version 2.2.0)软件进行16S rRNA基因功能预测分析。
西瓜枯萎病的发生显著改变了根际土壤的理化性质(表1)。与健康植株(HT组)相比,患病植株(FT组)根际土壤的TP、AP、AK和NO3--N含量均显著降低(P<0.05),降幅分别为39.50%、26.90%、45.70%和18.20%。其中,AK的降幅最为显著。TN、AN、NH4⁺-N、OM含量及pH值在两组间虽未达到显著水平(P>0.05),但均呈现出HT组高于FT组的趋势,OM与pH分别降低了14.0%和0.16个单位。这些结果表明,枯萎病导致根际土壤磷钾养分严重耗竭,并可能加剧了土壤的贫瘠化与酸化倾向。
根据高通量测序结果对序列进行统计,土壤样品细菌16S rRNA基因测序得到448 520条有效序列,平均序列长度为419 bp。在97%的相似性水平上将OTU聚类后得到4 397个细菌OTUs。真菌ITS rDNA得到526 521条有效序列,平均序列长度为265 bp,在97%的相似水平下聚类分析得到737个真菌OTUs。根据稀释曲线(图1)可知,细菌(图1A)、真菌(图1B)的Sobs指数曲线均快速上升后趋于平缓,且HT组与FT组曲线基本重合于平台期,这表明测序数据已覆盖样本中绝大多数微生物物种,继续增加测序量不会产生新的OTU,当前数据能够真实反映根际土壤微生物群落的组成,测序量合理。
Venn图分析结果表明(图2),患病与健康西瓜间的根际土壤细菌和真菌群落均存在一定的差别。细菌群落(图2A)中,HT组含2 177个OTUs,其中特有OTUs 294个(占HT组总OTUs的11.70%);FT组含2 220个OTUs,其中特有OTUs 337个(占FT组总OTUs的13.41%);两组共有OTUs 1 883个(占总细菌OTUs的74.90%)。真菌群落(图2B)中,HT组含333个OTUs,其中特有OTUs 104个(占HT组总OTUs的20.47%);FT组含404个OTUs,其中特有OTUs 175个(占FT组总OTUs的34.45%);两组共有OTUs 229个(占总真菌OTUs的45.08%)。特有OTUs数量的差异表明,枯萎病显著改变了根际微生物的“特有物种库”构成,FT组细菌与真菌的特有OTUs数量均多于HT组,表明在患病植株根际中富集的特有OTUs可能包含与病害进程相关的菌群。
α多样性指数(表2)揭示了枯萎病对根际微生物群落丰富度、均匀度的调控效应。FT组细菌ACE指数(1 885.59±93.26)、Chao1指数(1 879.47±80.23)、Shannon指数(5.84±0.17)均高于HT组(1 700.80±8.98、1 680.11±17.64、5.54±0.11),但差异不显著(P>0.05),表明病害未显著改变细菌群落的整体丰富度与多样性;而HT组细菌Simpson指数(0.016 1±0.012 0)显著高于FT组(0.010 9±0.001 0) (P<0.05)。与细菌不同,FT组真菌的ACE指数(277.10±8.76)、Chao1指数(276.04±7.51)、Shannon指数(2.87±0.06)均显著高于HT组(177.77±11.42、175.56±10.69、2.22±0.07) (P<0.05),表明病害显著提升了真菌群落的丰富度与多样性;同时,HT组真菌Simpson指数(0.225 4±0.028 0)显著高于FT组(0.119 3±0.015 0) (P<0.05),说明患病后真菌群落均匀度下降,表明富集的病原菌竞争其他真菌的生态位,导致群落结构失衡。
β多样性分析(PCoA与NMDS)进一步量化了健康与患病植株根际微生物群落的结构分异程度。基于Weighted-UniFrac距离的PCoA结果显示(图3A3B),PC1轴解释率为30.38%,PC2轴解释率为29.19%,两轴总解释率为59.57% (>50.00%),表明坐标轴对细菌群落结构差异的解释能力良好;HT组与FT组样品在PCoA图中呈离散分布,无明显重叠,说明两组细菌群落结构存在显著分异。对于真菌,PC1轴解释率为36.19%,PC2轴解释率为29.53%,两轴总解释率为65.72% (>50.00%);与细菌类似,HT组与FT组样品空间分布离散,重叠率低,证实真菌群落结构也因病害发生产生显著变化。基于Bray-Curtis距离的NMDS结果显示(图3C3D),细菌分析的stress值为0.07 (<0.10),模型模拟效果可靠;HT组与FT组样品无聚集现象,群落空间分布均匀且完全分离,表明细菌群落对枯萎病的响应更敏感。真菌分析的stress值为0.00 (<0.10),模型可靠性极高;HT组与FT组样品虽部分靠近,但整体仍呈分离趋势,说明真菌群落结构存在差异,但相较于细菌群落结构差异更小。综上所述,枯萎病对根际微生物群落结构的影响具有“细菌敏感、真菌滞后”的特征,这可能与细菌在根际养分循环中的核心作用有关——病害导致的养分耗竭首先改变细菌群落结构。
HT组与FT组细菌群落的优势门一致,均为芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota)、假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)、绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexota),累积占比>80.00%,构成根际细菌群落的“核心门类”(图4A);但关键门类的相对丰度存在分异。HT组Bacillota (38.23%)、Pseudomonadota (24.17%)、Bacteroidota (6.49%)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota,6.56%)的丰度较高,这些门类多为有益菌门(如Bacillota可分泌抗菌肽抑制病原菌)。此外,HT组Chloroflexota (2.89%)与Acidobacteriota (4.41%)的相对丰度更高。
在属水平上(图4B),HT组新颖芽孢杆菌属(Neobacillus,8.19%)、嗜氨菌属(Ammoniphilus,3.84%)、芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus,2.61%)的相对丰度高于FT组(4.28%、2.77%、2.44%)。相反,FT组海洋芽胞杆菌(Oceanobacillus,2.85%)、苔藓杆菌属(Bryobacter,3.50%)及未分类的褚氏杆菌属(Chujaibacter,3.40%)的相对丰度高于HT组(1.28%、1.50%、2.52%)。
HT组与FT组真菌群落的优势门为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、壶菌门(Chytridiomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota),占比>90% (图5A),但相对丰度存在差异。FT组Ascomycota丰度(44.54%)较HT组(36.15%)有所提升,是病害发生后最显著富集的真菌门;已知尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium)属于Ascomycota,其丰度升高是Ascomycota占比激增的核心原因。HT组担子菌门(Basidiomycota)丰度为27.69%,FT组降至15.53%,降幅为12.16%,这类真菌多具有有机质降解或拮抗病原菌的功能,其衰退可能削弱根际“抑病能力”。
属水平分析明确了病原菌与有益真菌的变化规律(图5B5C),FT组镰刀菌属(Fusarium)丰度(2.40%)高于HT组(0.06%),增幅达40倍,证实Fusarium是西瓜枯萎病发生的“核心病原菌”。HT组圆酵母属(Torula,10.70%)、红酵母属(Rhodotorula,5.91%)、克努弗氏菌属(Knufia,5.21%)丰度高于FT组(9.51%、1.21%、0.72%),这些属可通过产生几丁质酶降解病原菌细胞壁,其衰退进一步降低根际抑病能力。
为量化土壤理化因子对根际微生物群落结构的调控效应,明确驱动群落分异的关键环境因子,对HT组与FT组西瓜根际微生物群落及土壤理化指标进行冗余分析(RDA)。对于细菌群落(图6A),RDA第一排序轴(RDA1)对群落变异的解释率为45.45%,第二排序轴(RDA2)解释率为27.38%,两轴累计解释率达72.83%。在图6A中HT组与FT组样本点沿RDA1轴呈现明显的分离趋势。环境因子向量分析显示,TN、TP和OM与RDA1呈强正相关,且其向量指向HT组样本聚集区域,表明这些养分含量的提升可能有利于以BacillotaActinomycetota为代表的有益细菌类群的富集。相反,AP和AK的向量指向RDA1负方向,并与FT组样本分布显著关联,说明这2种速效养分的相对缺乏可能与细菌群落结构向Chloroflexota等腐生营养型菌群主导的方向演变有关。
对于真菌群落(图6B),RDA前两轴累计解释了96.43%的群落变异,解释率略高于细菌群落,表明土壤理化因子对真菌群落组装可能具有更强的筛选作用。RDA1 (解释率64.52%)同样成为区分HT组与FT组的关键轴。其中,TN和OM与HT组样本呈正相关,显示丰富的氮源和有机碳有利于Rhodotorula等有益真菌的增殖。与之相反,AK的向量与FT组样本分布呈负相关,是驱动真菌群落分异的核心环境因子。
为进一步明确属水平优势微生物类群与土壤理化因子的具体关联方向及强度,基于Spearman相关性分析绘制热图(图7)。对于细菌群落(图7A),OM以及TN与Chujaibacter呈显著负相关(r=-0.83,P<0.05),表明Chujaibacter可能导致土壤退化;硝态氮(NO3--N)与普鲁兰杆菌属(Pullulanibacillus)呈极显著负相关(r=-0.94,P<0.01),因Pullulanibacillus能利用多种碳源,导致碳氮比失衡;NH4⁺-N与海洋芽孢杆菌属(Oceanobacillus)呈极显著负相关(r=-0.99,P<0.001),与肿胀芽胞杆菌属(Tumebacillus)呈显著正相关(r=0.84,P<0.05),因部分Oceanobacillus能利用氮源,可以通过代谢活动降低NH4⁺-N的含量;AK与新颖芽孢杆菌属(Neobacillus)呈显著正相关(r=0.89,P<0.05),表明Neobacillus在根际钾素活化中的功能角色,AK含量越高其丰度同步升高;对于真菌群落(图7B),NH4⁺-N与锥盖伞属(Conocybe)呈显著正相关(r=0.84,P<0.05),与病原菌镰刀菌属(Fusarium)呈显著负相关(r=-0.81,P<0.05),说明Conocybe作为腐生真菌,参与土壤中有机物的分解和循环,为Fusarium的菌丝生长和孢子繁殖提供了充足的碳氮源,而Fusarium的丰度增加显著降低了土壤中NH4⁺-N的含量;AP与螺旋鞭毛菌属(Spiromastigoides)呈极显著负相关(r=-1.00,P<0.001);AK与FusariumSpiromastigoides呈显著负相关(r=-0.83、r=-0.89,P<0.05),推测土壤养分失衡可能导致植物生长不良,从而降低植物的抗病能力,使镰刀菌更容易侵染,与2.1节中FT速效钾含量对比HT组大幅降低的结果一致;AN与Spiromastigoides呈显著负相关(r=-0.83,P<0.05),与根囊壶菌属(Rhizophlyctis)呈极显著负相关(r=-0.94,P<0.01)。
为揭示健康与患病西瓜根际微生物群在功能潜力上的差异,基于KEGG数据库在酶(EC)水平进行了功能丰度比较(图8)。热图结果显示,两组样本在多个核心代谢与调控相关酶的基因丰度上存在明显差异。在细菌群落中FT组在DNA指导的DNA聚合酶(DNA-directed DNA polymerase)、DNA解旋酶(DNA helicase)、组氨酸激酶(histidine kinase)、NADH-泛醌还原酶(NADH-ubiquinone reductase) (H⁺-translocating)等与DNA复制、修复、信号转导及能量代谢相关的酶基因上表现出更高的预测丰度(图8A)。尤其是细胞色素c氧化酶(cytochrome c oxidase)与非特异性丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶(non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase)在FT组中明显富集,提示患病根际环境中细菌群落的能量代谢与应激响应活动更为活跃,这可能与病原菌侵染导致的根系分泌物组成改变、养分竞争加剧等逆境条件相关。真菌群落中(图8B),FT组在葡聚糖1,4-α-葡萄糖苷酶(glucan 1,4-α- glucosidase)、腺苷三磷酸双磷酸酶(apyrase)、外切-1,4-β-D-葡糖胺酶(exo-1,4-β-D-glucosaminidase)等与细胞壁降解与碳水化合物代谢相关的酶基因上丰度显著升高,表明病原真菌(如镰刀菌属)及其伴随的腐生真菌在病害环境中可能增强了对植物源多糖与真菌细胞壁成分的利用能力。同时,组蛋白乙酰转移酶(histone acetyltransferase)与不饱和脂肪酸水解酶(unsaturated fatty acid hydrolase)等在FT组中的高表达,暗示真菌表观遗传调控与脂质代谢在病害进程中可能发挥重要作用。
本研究以湖南邵阳红壤区西瓜主产区为对象,系统解析了西瓜枯萎病发生对根际土壤理化性质、微生物群落结构的影响及关键驱动因子。
本研究发现,西瓜感染枯萎病后根际土壤TP、AP、AK含量显著下降,降幅分别达39.50%、26.90%、45.70% (P<0.05),这与陈杰等[31]在马铃薯连作病株根际观察到的全磷含量显著低于健康株结果一致,印证了土传病害发生与根际磷钾养分耗竭的关联性。从机制上看,尖孢镰刀菌西瓜专化型(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum)侵染导致西瓜根系维管束堵塞、根毛坏死,养分吸收能力显著削弱[3],未被吸收的磷钾可能通过根系分泌物(如有机酸)与病原菌代谢产物(如胞外多糖)的络合作用转化为无效态,进而表现为土壤有效养分库萎缩;其中AK降幅最大,可能与钾素在植物抗逆中的核心作用相关——钾通过调控植物细胞壁厚度、过氧化物酶活性增强抗病性[4],而病害发生后植株钾吸收受阻,进一步加剧“钾亏缺-抗性下降-病害加重”的恶性循环,这一发现为西瓜枯萎病防控中“补钾提质”提供了直接数据支撑。此外,患病组根际土壤pH值从5.23降至5.07,虽未达显著水平,但与涂祖新等[32]在赣南脐橙黄龙病根际观察到的酸性土壤利于病原菌富集规律一致,红壤本身的酸性特性(pH 5.0-5.5)与病害诱导的酸化叠加,可能通过抑制芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)等嗜中性有益菌繁殖、促进Fusarium等耐酸病原菌生长[33],进一步恶化根际微环境。
本研究中患病组细菌ACE/Chao1指数高于健康组,但Simpson指数显著降低(P<0.05),这与侯嘉玮等[15]健康西瓜根际细菌多样性更高的研究存在差异,核心原因在于取样区域的土壤类型与病害阶段的特殊性:本研究区域为酸性红壤,病害发生后根系腐烂释放的有机质(如纤维素、氨基酸)为Chloroflexota等腐生菌提供了充足碳源[8],导致细菌丰富度升高,但BacillotaActinomycetota等有益菌的衰退使得群落均匀度显著下降,形成了红壤酸化生境下丰富度升高但稳定性降低的独特特征。真菌群落表现为ACE/Chao1指数显著升高(P<0.05)、均匀度显著降低(P<0.05),与唐冬兰等[34]草莓枯萎病根际病原菌富集导致真菌多样性升高、均匀度下降的结果一致。Shen等[35]研究发现连作条件下真菌的丰富度显著增加,说明主要是群落结构的恶化导致病害的加剧,群落结构的变化对植物健康和病害抑制更为关键。由此推测,Fusarium的大量繁殖挤压了RhodotorulaKnufia等有益真菌的生态位,同时诱导其他病原菌增殖,最终导致真菌群落结构紊乱。β多样性分析显示,细菌群落在PCoA/NMDS图中完全分离,而真菌群落部分重叠,表明细菌对病害的响应更敏感,这与细菌在根际磷钾活化、有机质分解中的核心功能密切相关[36]。磷钾养分的剧烈变化直接影响磷钾循环相关细菌的定殖,而真菌对环境变化的适应性更强,因此分异程度较弱,这一发现为靶向调控细菌群落防控枯萎病提供了新思路。
门水平上,健康组BacillotaBacteroidota丰度高于患病组,其中Bacillota作为根际核心有益菌门,可通过分泌iturin、surfactin等抗菌肽抑制Fusarium菌丝生长[9],其丰度从38.23%降至35.52%,直接削弱了根际“生物屏障”功能;而患病组Ascomycota丰度升高,主要源于Fusarium的富集,该病原菌可通过分泌纤维素酶、果胶酶破坏根系细胞壁,同时竞争根际碳氮源形成优势生态位,这与Carrión等[7]提出的“病原菌富集-有益菌衰退”微生态失衡理论高度契合。属水平上,健康组NeobacillusBacillusPaenibacillus等有益菌属丰度更高,这些类群不仅能分泌拮抗物质,还可诱导植物系统抗性(induced systemic resistance, ISR)[9],其衰退进一步降低了植株对Fusarium的抵御能力;值得注意的是,患病组Burkholderia- Caballeronia-Paraburkholderia复合群丰度升高,该复合群部分成员具有促病性[37],可能通过与Fusarium协同竞争铁元素(如分泌铁载体),进一步加剧根际资源争夺,这一病原菌-杂菌协同促病现象此前在西瓜枯萎病研究中报道较少,为解析病害暴发的复杂性提供了新视角。综上所述,西瓜枯萎病的发生直接导致根际微生物群落组成发生变化:病原菌Fusarium特异性暴发式富集,而多个有益细菌和真菌类群则同步衰退。不仅是病害发生的结果,也极有可能是推动病情恶化的关键微生物学原因。对其中关键物种(如FusariumNeobacillusBacillus)及其互作关系的深入解析,是未来开发靶向微生物调控技术的核心。
冗余分析(RDA)与Spearman相关性分析清晰地揭示了驱动健康与患病西瓜根际微生物群落分异的关键土壤因子及其互作机制。这些结果为深入理解“土壤环境-微生物群落-病害发生”三者间的关联提供了量化依据。RDA结果显示,TN、TP、OM是驱动细菌群落结构差异的关键因子(总解释率达72.83%)。其中,TN和OM向量与HT组样本分布呈强正相关,与健康组根际BacillusNeobacillus等有益菌丰度较高的结果一致,表明充足的氮源和有机碳有利于构建有益菌主导的细菌群落[38]。对于真菌群落,TN、OM、AK是调控其分异的核心因子(总解释率达96.43%)。AK与FT组样本呈显著负相关,与患病组Fusarium丰度急剧升高、AK含量显著下降的结果一致,凸显了AK在抑制病原真菌富集中的关键作用。
Spearman相关性进一步揭示了具体互作机制:首先,AK与Neobacillus呈显著正相关,而与FusariumSpiromastigoides呈显著负相关,说明AK不仅是促进有益菌定殖的重要因子,同时也是抑制病原菌扩张的关键限制因子[39]。结合FT组AK含量大幅降低,Neobacillus丰度下降、Fusarium丰度升高,推测西瓜枯萎病形成了“AK缺乏-有益菌衰退-病原菌富集-AK进一步缺乏”的恶性闭环。这一过程凸显钾素在病害发生中的核心调控地位[40-41]。其次,氮素形态对细菌和真菌群落的影响差异显著。NH4⁺-N与Oceanobacillus呈极显著负相关,与Tumebacillus呈显著正相关,提示氮源类型能够选择性驱动特定细菌群落的定殖[42];同时,NH4⁺-N与Conocybe呈显著正相关,与Fusarium呈显著负相关,表明在铵态氮较高时病原菌丰度相对受限,但氮素降低则可能给病原菌提供竞争优势[43]。与之相对,NO3--N与Pullulanibacillus极显著负相关,可能反映出硝态氮过多时抑制部分有益细菌的定殖,从而间接削弱群落稳定性。OM与Chujaibacter显著负相关,提示其在有机碳源丰富时可能促进该属扩张,进而加剧土壤退化或养分失衡;真菌中,NH4⁺-N与Conocybe呈正相关,说明腐生真菌通过有机质分解可能为Fusarium等病原菌提供养分支撑。除钾、氮外,其他因子也扮演着重要角色,AP与Spiromastigoides极显著负相关,AN与SpiromastigoidesRhizophlyctis均呈显著负相关,表明磷、氮养分的匮乏可能为部分腐生或机会性真菌的扩张创造了条件[44]。综上所述,本研究揭示了土壤养分对微生物群落的调控优先级:AK是影响病害发生与有益菌/病原菌平衡的最核心限制因子;其次是氮素形态;再次是OM总量作为微生物代谢的基础;而AP和AN的含量则主要关联腐生真菌群落的动态。该排序不仅反映了养分驱动下“有益菌-病原菌-腐生菌”之间的竞争格局,也为制定补钾优先、调氮分形、增碳稳群、合理施磷的综合防控策略提供了量化依据。
基于PICRUSt2对KEGG功能的预测结果表明,西瓜枯萎病的发生不仅改变了根际微生物的物种组成,也深刻影响了其潜在的代谢功能,这可能为病原菌的侵染定殖和根际环境适应提供了功能基础。FT组根际细菌群落在多个与遗传信息处理及能量代谢相关的通路上表现出更高的基因丰度。例如,DNA指导的DNA聚合酶和DNA解旋酶的丰度增加,提示患病根际细菌群落的遗传物质复制与修复活动可能更为活跃,这可能是应对由病原菌侵染和根系分泌物改变引起的环境胁迫的一种响应[45]。同时,组氨酸激酶和非特异性丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶丰度的升高,反映了细菌感知和应答环境信号的潜力增强。在能量代谢方面,NADH-泛醌还原酶和细胞色素c氧化酶的富集,表明患病根际细菌群落的电子传递链与氧化磷酸化过程可能更为旺盛,满足在逆境条件下更高的能量需求[46]。这些功能变化表明枯萎病导致的根际环境压力,可能筛选并富集了具有更强环境适应力、应激响应能力和活跃能量代谢的细菌类群。对于真菌群落,功能预测揭示了与侵染和营养获取更为直接相关的功能变化。患病组中,多种与细胞壁降解相关的酶基因丰度显著升高,如葡聚糖1,4-α-葡萄糖苷酶和外切-1,4-β-D-葡糖胺酶。这些酶能够降解植物细胞壁成分,其丰度的增加与Fusarium的富集高度一致,为病原菌侵染寄主、破坏根系组织提供了直接的酶学功能证据[47-48]。此外,腺苷三磷酸双磷酸酶的富集可能与调控细胞外ATP信号有关,参与病原与寄主的互作识别[49]。更值得注意的是,组蛋白乙酰转移酶和不饱和脂肪酸水解酶在患病组中预测丰度更高,说明在病害进程中真菌群落可能通过表观遗传机制快速适应环境,并调整脂质代谢策略以利于其生存和致病[50]
本研究以湖南邵阳红壤区‘小玉五号’西瓜为对象,分析健康与枯萎病植株根际土壤理化性质及微生物群落特征,发现西瓜枯萎病显著导致根际土壤磷钾耗竭,总磷、速效磷、速效钾较健康组分别降39.50%、26.90%、45.70% (P<0.05),总氮、有机质及pH呈下降趋势但差异不显著。西瓜枯萎病对微生物多样性影响具有类群特异性,细菌群落均匀度显著降低,真菌丰富度显著升高、均匀度降低,且细菌对病害响应更敏感(群落完全离散)。群落组成上,患病组芽孢杆菌门等有益菌门及新颖芽孢杆菌属等有益菌属丰度显著下降,而子囊菌门(从36.15%升至44.54%)及病原菌镰刀菌属(从0.06%升至2.40%)丰度显著升高。本研究发现土壤总氮、总磷、有机质是驱动细菌群落的关键因子,总氮、有机质、速效钾是调控真菌群落,尤其是抑制病原菌Fusarium富集的核心因子,其中,速效钾被发现是连接土壤养分失衡、有益菌衰退与病原菌暴发的关键枢纽。最后基于KEGG的预测分析结果,患病根际的细菌群落可能在遗传信息处理、信号转导及能量代谢上更为活跃;而真菌群落则显著富集了与植物细胞壁降解、表观遗传调控等相关的功能基因,为其侵染定殖与生存适应提供了代谢基础。综上所述,西瓜枯萎病的发生是一个涉及土壤养分耗竭、微生物群落结构失衡与功能紊乱的复杂过程,这为制定以补钾稳钾、增施有机质以定向培育有益菌群为核心的西瓜枯萎病绿色生态防控策略提供了重要的理论依据与数据支撑。
  • 中国科学院乡村振兴项目(KFJ-XCZX-202303)
  • 广西产业技术研究院重大产业技术创新项目(CYY-HT2023-JSJJ-0038)
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2026年第66卷第5期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250793
  • 接收时间:2025-10-24
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-24
  • 录用日期:2026-01-07
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The Rural Revitalization Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences(KFJ-XCZX-202303)
中国科学院乡村振兴项目(KFJ-XCZX-202303)
The Project of Guangxi Institute of Industrial Technology Research(CYY-HT2023-JSJJ-0038)
广西产业技术研究院重大产业技术创新项目(CYY-HT2023-JSJJ-0038)
作者信息
    1.湖南农业大学 园艺学院,湖南 长沙
    2.广西石漠化治理产业技术研究院有限公司,广西 南宁
    3.中国科学院亚热带农业生态研究所,湖南 长沙
    4.广西环江农业生态系统观测研究站,广西喀斯特生态过程与服务重点实验室,中国科学院环江喀斯特生态系统观测研究站,广西 环江
    5.广西科技大学 医学部,广西 柳州
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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