Article(id=1259888466121376065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250888, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1764604800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1768838400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-20, onlineDate=1778310417918, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1777824000000, pubDateStr=2026-05-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778310417918, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778310417918, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778310417918, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259888457367806489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='5', pageStart='2031', pageEnd='2556', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778310415832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778320153326, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2246, endPage=2260, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259888466989597000, articleId=1259888466121376065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Diversity and community characteristics of endophytic fungi in the roots of tropical trees with different mycorrhizal types, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Trees can form mutualistic symbionts with mycorrhizal fungi. Different mycorrhizal types affect the community structure of endophytic fungi by regulating tree physiology and root microenvironment, thus becoming a key link driving the interaction network between soil and microorganisms in tropical forests. However, the mechanisms by which different mycorrhizal types regulate the diversity and community composition of endophytic fungi in tropical tree roots are still not fully understood. Objective To explore the effects of different mycorrhizal types on the diversity and community structure of root endophytic fungi in tropical trees, as well as their key driving factors, systematically clarifying how mycorrhizal types affect the composition and diversity of endophytic fungal communities by regulating root traits and rhizosphere environment, and identifying the key driving factors. Methods On the basis of 3 773 sets of soil and root data collected from three research sites of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) in Xishuangbanna tropical forest, China, we integrated and constructed a dataset at the tree species level. This dataset encompassed data of the root traits, soil physical and chemical properties, and the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) abundance of endophytic fungi in the roots of 119 trees (54 species) with arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) and 31 trees (12 species) with ectomycorrhizas (ECM), and it was then used for the research. Results The alpha diversity of endophytic fungi in the roots of AM trees was higher than that of ECM trees (P<0.05). Mycorrhizal types affected the dominant groups of root endophytic fungi. Ascomycota had the highest relative abundance (43.17%) in the roots of AM trees, and Basidiomycota had the highest relative abundance (65.17%) in the roots of ECM trees. The co-occurrence network analysis showed that the endophytic fungal network was denser in the roots of AM trees and more modular in roots of ECM trees. Soil properties were the dominant driving factors for the endophytic fungal communities in the roots of AM trees, while the endophytic fungal communities in the roots of ECM trees were regulated jointly by root traits and soil properties. Soil phosphorus was a key factor affecting the endophytic fungal communities in the roots of AM and ECM trees. Conclusion In tropical forest ecosystems, AM drives trees to form species-rich and closely interacting endophytic fungal communities in the roots, and the assembly process is mainly regulated by soil factors. ECM trees form a specialized symbiotic fungal system, whose construction is regulated by both root traits and soil factors. In addition, soil phosphorus is the core factor driving the formation of endophytic fungal communities in the roots of the two types of trees.

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树木可与菌根真菌形成互利共生体,不同菌根类型通过调控树木的生理和根系微环境对内生真菌群落结构产生影响,成为驱动热带森林土壤和微生物互作网络的关键环节。然而,目前关于不同菌根类型如何调控热带树木根系内生真菌的多样性及其群落组成尚未有清晰认识。 目的 探究不同菌根类型对热带树木根系内生真菌多样性、群落结构及其驱动因素的影响,系统解析菌根类型如何通过调控根系性状和根际环境来影响内生真菌群落的组成与多样性,并识别其中的关键驱动因子。 方法 以中国西双版纳热带森林中3个中国生态系统研究网络(China Ecosystem Research Network, CERN)研究站点的3 773组土壤及根系数据为基础,整合并构建了树种水平的分析数据集。该数据集包含119棵丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizas, AM)树下的54个AM树种、31棵外生菌根(ectomycorrhizas, ECM)树下的12个ECM树种的根系性状、土壤理化性质以及根系内生真菌操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)丰度,并以此为基础开展研究。 结果 AM树木根系内生真菌的α多样性显著高于ECM树木(P<0.05)。菌根类型影响根系内生真菌群落的优势类群,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)在AM树木根系中占比最高,相对丰度为43.17%;担子菌门(Basidiomycota)在ECM树木根系中占比最高,相对丰度为65.17%。共现网络分析表明,AM树木根系内生真菌网络较为密集,ECM树木根系内生真菌网络更为模块化。土壤是驱动AM树木根系内生真菌群落的主导因子,而ECM内生真菌群落则主要受根系性状与土壤因子的共同调控。土壤磷是影响AM与ECM树木根系内生真菌群落的关键因子。 结论 在热带森林生态系统中,AM驱动树木形成物种丰富、互作紧密的根系内生真菌群落,其构建过程主要受土壤因子调控;而ECM树木则形成专一化的共生真菌体系,其构建受宿主根系性状与土壤因子协同调控。此外,土壤磷是驱动2类树木根系内生真菌群落形成的关键因子。

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作者贡献声明

赵晓静:数据处理及分析,图表制作,论文撰写和修改;冀春花:论文选题,研究思路;马路平:数据处理,研究思路,稿件修改;杨爽:图表制作,稿件修改和校对;李琰:数据处理,图表制作;高佳凯:研究思路,数据分析;吴姗薇:论文选题,研究思路;张鑫:数据处理,稿件修改,图表制作;石兆勇:论文选题,研究思路,稿件修改;多勇昊:图表制作。

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3.Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang, Henan, China
4.Henan Rural Human Settlement Environment Engineering Center, Luoyang, Henan, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1259928462387720894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888466121376065, authorId=1259928456838656676, language=CN, stringName=马路平, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 3, 4, address=1.河南科技大学 农学院,河南 洛阳
3.洛阳市共生微生物与绿色发展重点实验室,河南 洛阳
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3.Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang, Henan, China
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不同菌根类型热带树木根系内生真菌多样性及其群落特征
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赵晓静 1 , 冀春花 2 , 马路平 1, 3, 4 , 杨爽 1, 3, 4 , 李琰 1, 3, 4 , 高佳凯 1, 3, 4 , 吴姗薇 1, 3, 4 , 张鑫 1, 3, 4 , 石兆勇 1, 3, 4 , 多勇昊 1, 3, 4
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(5): 2246-2260
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(5): 2246-2260
不同菌根类型热带树木根系内生真菌多样性及其群落特征
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赵晓静1, 冀春花2, 马路平1, 3, 4, 杨爽1, 3, 4, 李琰1, 3, 4, 高佳凯1, 3, 4, 吴姗薇1, 3, 4, 张鑫1, 3, 4, 石兆勇1, 3, 4 , 多勇昊1, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1.河南科技大学 农学院,河南 洛阳
  • 2.中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所,海南 海口
  • 3.洛阳市共生微生物与绿色发展重点实验室,河南 洛阳
  • 4.河南省乡村人居环境工程中心,河南 洛阳
Diversity and community characteristics of endophytic fungi in the roots of tropical trees with different mycorrhizal types
Xiaojing ZHAO1, Chunhua JI2, Luping MA1, 3, 4, Shuang YANG1, 3, 4, Yan LI1, 3, 4, Jiakai GAO1, 3, 4, Shanwei WU1, 3, 4, Xin ZHANG1, 3, 4, Zhaoyong SHI1, 3, 4 , Yonghao DUO1, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan, China
  • 2.Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, Hainan, China
  • 3.Luoyang Key Laboratory of Symbiotic Microorganism and Green Development, Luoyang, Henan, China
  • 4.Henan Rural Human Settlement Environment Engineering Center, Luoyang, Henan, China
出版时间: 2026-05-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250888
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树木可与菌根真菌形成互利共生体,不同菌根类型通过调控树木的生理和根系微环境对内生真菌群落结构产生影响,成为驱动热带森林土壤和微生物互作网络的关键环节。然而,目前关于不同菌根类型如何调控热带树木根系内生真菌的多样性及其群落组成尚未有清晰认识。 目的 探究不同菌根类型对热带树木根系内生真菌多样性、群落结构及其驱动因素的影响,系统解析菌根类型如何通过调控根系性状和根际环境来影响内生真菌群落的组成与多样性,并识别其中的关键驱动因子。 方法 以中国西双版纳热带森林中3个中国生态系统研究网络(China Ecosystem Research Network, CERN)研究站点的3 773组土壤及根系数据为基础,整合并构建了树种水平的分析数据集。该数据集包含119棵丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizas, AM)树下的54个AM树种、31棵外生菌根(ectomycorrhizas, ECM)树下的12个ECM树种的根系性状、土壤理化性质以及根系内生真菌操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)丰度,并以此为基础开展研究。 结果 AM树木根系内生真菌的α多样性显著高于ECM树木(P<0.05)。菌根类型影响根系内生真菌群落的优势类群,子囊菌门(Ascomycota)在AM树木根系中占比最高,相对丰度为43.17%;担子菌门(Basidiomycota)在ECM树木根系中占比最高,相对丰度为65.17%。共现网络分析表明,AM树木根系内生真菌网络较为密集,ECM树木根系内生真菌网络更为模块化。土壤是驱动AM树木根系内生真菌群落的主导因子,而ECM内生真菌群落则主要受根系性状与土壤因子的共同调控。土壤磷是影响AM与ECM树木根系内生真菌群落的关键因子。 结论 在热带森林生态系统中,AM驱动树木形成物种丰富、互作紧密的根系内生真菌群落,其构建过程主要受土壤因子调控;而ECM树木则形成专一化的共生真菌体系,其构建受宿主根系性状与土壤因子协同调控。此外,土壤磷是驱动2类树木根系内生真菌群落形成的关键因子。

热带树木  /  菌根类型  /  内生真菌  /  根系性状  /  土壤因子

Trees can form mutualistic symbionts with mycorrhizal fungi. Different mycorrhizal types affect the community structure of endophytic fungi by regulating tree physiology and root microenvironment, thus becoming a key link driving the interaction network between soil and microorganisms in tropical forests. However, the mechanisms by which different mycorrhizal types regulate the diversity and community composition of endophytic fungi in tropical tree roots are still not fully understood. Objective To explore the effects of different mycorrhizal types on the diversity and community structure of root endophytic fungi in tropical trees, as well as their key driving factors, systematically clarifying how mycorrhizal types affect the composition and diversity of endophytic fungal communities by regulating root traits and rhizosphere environment, and identifying the key driving factors. Methods On the basis of 3 773 sets of soil and root data collected from three research sites of Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) in Xishuangbanna tropical forest, China, we integrated and constructed a dataset at the tree species level. This dataset encompassed data of the root traits, soil physical and chemical properties, and the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) abundance of endophytic fungi in the roots of 119 trees (54 species) with arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM) and 31 trees (12 species) with ectomycorrhizas (ECM), and it was then used for the research. Results The alpha diversity of endophytic fungi in the roots of AM trees was higher than that of ECM trees (P<0.05). Mycorrhizal types affected the dominant groups of root endophytic fungi. Ascomycota had the highest relative abundance (43.17%) in the roots of AM trees, and Basidiomycota had the highest relative abundance (65.17%) in the roots of ECM trees. The co-occurrence network analysis showed that the endophytic fungal network was denser in the roots of AM trees and more modular in roots of ECM trees. Soil properties were the dominant driving factors for the endophytic fungal communities in the roots of AM trees, while the endophytic fungal communities in the roots of ECM trees were regulated jointly by root traits and soil properties. Soil phosphorus was a key factor affecting the endophytic fungal communities in the roots of AM and ECM trees. Conclusion In tropical forest ecosystems, AM drives trees to form species-rich and closely interacting endophytic fungal communities in the roots, and the assembly process is mainly regulated by soil factors. ECM trees form a specialized symbiotic fungal system, whose construction is regulated by both root traits and soil factors. In addition, soil phosphorus is the core factor driving the formation of endophytic fungal communities in the roots of the two types of trees.

tropical trees  /  mycorrhizal type  /  endophytic fungi  /  root traits  /  soil factors
赵晓静, 冀春花, 马路平, 杨爽, 李琰, 高佳凯, 吴姗薇, 张鑫, 石兆勇, 多勇昊. 不同菌根类型热带树木根系内生真菌多样性及其群落特征. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2246 -2260 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250888
Xiaojing ZHAO, Chunhua JI, Luping MA, Shuang YANG, Yan LI, Jiakai GAO, Shanwei WU, Xin ZHANG, Zhaoyong SHI, Yonghao DUO. Diversity and community characteristics of endophytic fungi in the roots of tropical trees with different mycorrhizal types[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2246 -2260 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250888
森林生态系统是维持全球生物多样性的重要基石,其中热带森林更是承载了超过一半的已知动植物物种[1]。热带森林作为全球碳循环的关键枢纽,凭借巨大的生物量和极高的初级生产力,储存了约占全球陆地植被碳库45%的碳,在调节区域及全球气候方面发挥着不可替代的作用[2]。树木作为热带森林的主体,其生存状态直接决定着森林的群落结构和生态功能[3]。然而,在养分普遍贫瘠的热带土壤中,树木的生存与繁茂在很大程度上依赖于其根系内生真菌,这些真菌通过与根系形成复杂的互作关系,为宿主树木高效输送水分和养分、增强抗逆性,成为维系热带森林高生产力与生物多样性的关键地下驱动力[4-6]
内生真菌是指在其生活史的某一阶段定殖于健康植物组织内部且不引起明显病害的真菌类群,包括专性寄生真菌、腐生真菌及菌根真菌等[7]。在热带森林中,根系内生真菌普遍与树木形成高度特化的共生关系,展现出丰富的功能多样性[8]。内生真菌可通过扩展菌丝网络,协助树木高效摄取土壤中流动性差的无机磷、有机氮等关键养分,缓解热带土壤的养分限制;一些内生真菌还能分泌特定酶类,直接参与木质素等复杂有机物的分解,影响凋落物分解和土壤碳氮循环;此外,内生真菌自身不仅能合成抗菌物质与植物激素,还可诱导树木合成酚类、萜类等抗逆性次生代谢产物,有效抑制根系病原菌、降低病害发生,促进热带树木生长发育,增强其对干旱、高温及土壤酸化等逆境的耐受能力[9]。这些多样化的功能协同作用,使得热带树木能够在复杂多变的自然环境中稳健生长,进而维持热带森林生态系统的稳定与平衡[10]
地球上95%以上的陆生植物能与土壤真菌形成菌根共生体[11]。根据真菌的定殖方法、形态和系统发育,菌根主要分为7种类型,其中,丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhizas, AM)和外生菌根(ectomycorrhizas, ECM)是热带森林中分布最为广泛的2种[12]。AM真菌通常与绝大多数热带树种共生,形成丛枝和根内菌丝体,能够高效吸收土壤中扩散缓慢的无机磷[13-14];ECM真菌则常与龙脑香科、壳斗科等特定热带乔木共生,在根系周围形成致密的菌套结构,并延伸出广泛的外延菌丝网络,通过分泌胞外酶获取有机质中的氮素[15-16]。这些结构和生态生理功能上的差异不仅影响树木个体的生长发育,还通过生理代谢调控与分子信号传导双重途径影响根系分泌物组成、根际理化环境及基因表达调控等过程,进而调控真菌的多样性及其群落组成[17]。Yang等[18]研究表明,AM和ECM真菌通过其菌丝网络结构和根系代谢物分泌的差异,塑造了不同的根际微环境,从而导致宿主根际的真菌群落结构和优势类群显著不同。Martin等[19]研究指出,不同菌根类型真菌具有特异的养分交换信号与免疫调节策略,这促使植物根系筛选并形成了截然不同的根内真菌群落。
虽然有关菌根影响真菌群落方面已有不少研究,但在热带森林中菌根类型如何影响根系内生真菌的多样性及其群落组成鲜见报道。因此,本研究通过探究不同菌根类型热带树木根系内生真菌群落的形成机制,旨在理解热带树木与真菌之间的共生关系,揭示树木-真菌互作对森林生态系统的影响,也为菌根生态功能在热带森林多样性维持中的驱动作用提供科学依据。
本研究数据来源于Hogan等[20]已发表的数据库。该数据库涵盖中国西双版纳热带森林中3个不同演替状态和土壤条件的中国生态系统研究网络(China Ecosystem Research Network, CERN)研究站点的数据,共包含3 773组土壤及根系数据。其中,土壤数据1 512组,涉及土壤有机质、总氮、总磷、总钾、有效磷、有效钾、pH等7项指标,每项指标均取自216个土壤采样点,每个站点72个采样点;根系相关数据2 261组,来源于地块内先前标记并识别的150棵已知菌根类型的树木,这些树木隶属于该森林19科39属66种代表性植物,具体包括1 796组根功能性状数据(根表面积、根平均直径、根组织密度、比根尖丰度各449组),450组根组织养分数据(根系碳含量、根系氮含量、根系磷含量各150组)及150组根系内生真菌操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)丰度数据。
为在树种水平上进行统一分析,对原始数据进行了整合:根功能性状数据通过计算同一树种所有观测个体的算术平均值获得;根组织养分数据按树种身份汇总;土壤环境数据依据每个树种在不同采样地的相对多度采用加权平均法计算各树种的土壤理化性质。最后,将上述数据按照既定菌根类型归类,构建整合数据集,该数据集包含119棵AM树下的54个树种、31棵ECM树下的12个树种的根功能性状、根组织养分、土壤理化性质及根系内生真菌OTU丰度数据。
基于OTU丰度表分析不同菌根类型热带树木根系内生真菌群落的多样性差异。利用R软件中的vegan包计算α多样性指数,包括反映物种丰富度的Species richness指数,以及综合丰富度与均匀度的Shannon指数。为评估群落的均匀程度,计算了Pielou指数。该指数定义为Shannon指数与物种丰富度对数值之比,能有效排除物种丰富度的影响,独立反映各物种丰度分布的均匀性。所有α多样性指数通过SPSS软件进行组间差异检验。随后基于Bray-Curtis距离矩阵进行非度量多维尺度分析(non-metric multidimensional scaling, NMDS)以可视化样本间的群落差异。该距离基于物种丰度数据进行计算,能同时反映物种组成和相对丰度两方面的信息,适合分析具有大量低丰度物种的微生物群落数据;同时,它对群落中物种的共现和共缺不敏感,专注于衡量实际存在的物种在丰度上的差异,因此能更稳定地反映由环境因子驱动的群落变化。通过adonis2函数检验群落结构差异显著性。分析根系真菌群落组成,利用tidyverse包计算不同菌根类型内生真菌门水平的相对丰度,将相对丰度<1%的门归类为“others”。在联川云生物平台上,采用线性判别分析效应大小(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)方法,以线性判别分析(linear discriminant analysis, LDA)得分阈值为4、Kruskal-Wallis与Wilcoxon检验阈值为0.05,筛选从门到属水平上LDA值排名前30的差异显著物种。为解析物种间相互作用关系,利用base包保留OTU丰度表中在所有样本中出现比例大于20%且总相对丰度大于0.01%的OTUs,之后通过Hmisc包计算Spearman相关系数r及其P值,经Benjamini-Hochberg校正后保留r的绝对值>0.7且P<0.001的相关关系,并利用igraph包计算相关的网络拓扑特征参数,最后在Gephi 0.10.1软件中进行网络可视化。采用方差分解分析(variance partitioning analysis, VPA)量化根系性状和土壤理化性质对群落变异的相对贡献,进一步通过曼特尔检验方法(Mantel test)揭示环境因子与群落结构的关联,并利用Origin软件中的Spearman相关热图分析关键真菌类群与环境因子的相关性。除α多样性分析在SPSS 27.0软件中进行外,其余分析和绘图均在R 4.43软件和OriginPro 2024软件中完成。
通过对AM与ECM热带树木根系内生真菌群落α多样性进行分析,发现在个体水平上AM树木的α多样性整体显著高于ECM树木(P<0.001;图1)。AM树木的物种丰富度为129.58,显著高于ECM树木的85.84,表明AM树木拥有更多的真菌物种(P<0.001;图1A)。同时,AM树木的Shannon指数为4.22,显著高于ECM树木的2.94,说明其真菌群落不仅物种数更多,物种组成也更具多样性(P<0.001;图1B)。此外,AM树木的Pielou指数为0.62,也显著高于ECM树木(0.46),表明其群落内物种的分布更加均衡(P<0.001;图1C)。
进一步分析AM与ECM树木在树种水平上的α多样性,发现在物种丰富度方面二者无显著差异(图2A)。AM树种的Shannon指数与Pielou指数分别为4.78和0.64,显著高于ECM树种的3.91和0.54 (P<0.01;图2B2C)。就总体α多样性而言,AM树的根系内生真菌群落多样性高于ECM树的根系内生真菌群落多样性。
为探究AM和ECM树木根系内生真菌群落的组成结构,基于Bray-Curtis距离进行了非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)。结果表明,AM与ECM树木根系内生真菌群落组成存在显著差异(图3P<0.001)。应力值(stress=0.179 8)表明NMDS分析结果具有较好的可靠性。AM树木根系内生真菌群落分布较为集中,群落组成具有较高的相似性。相比之下,ECM树木根系内生真菌群落分布较为分散,群落组成差异较大。此外,AM和ECM树木根系内生真菌群落分布呈现部分重叠但整体较为分散的特点,可能存在一些相同的真菌类型。
基于门水平的相对丰度分析结果表明,AM与ECM树木根系内生真菌群落组成不同(图4)。AM和ECM树木根系内生真菌群落的优势菌门均为子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota),但二者的相对丰度不同。在AM树木根系真菌群落中,子囊菌门占比最大,相对丰度为43.17%,其次为担子菌门、被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota)和球囊菌门(Glomeromycota),相对丰度分别为36.01%、12.33%和1.75%;而在ECM树木根系真菌群落中,担子菌门占比最大,相对丰度为65.71%,其次为子囊菌门、被孢霉门和球囊菌门,相对丰度分别为31.29%、1.34%和0.13%。
采用LEfSe分析以明确AM和ECM树木根系内生真菌群落间具有显著差异的真菌类群(图5)。结果显示,共有17个菌根真菌类群在AM树木根系中显著富集,13个真菌类群在ECM树木根系中显著富集。子囊菌门、被孢霉门、被孢霉纲(Mortierellomycetes)、被孢霉目(Mortierellales)、被孢霉科(Mortierellaceae)、被孢霉属(Mortierella)等在AM树种根系真菌群落中显著富集,而担子菌门、伞菌纲(Agaricomycetes)、红菇目(Russulales)、红菇科(Russulaceae)、乳菇属(Lactarius)等在ECM树木根系真菌群落中显著富集。
通过构建AM与ECM树木根系内生真菌的共现网络发现(图6),AM树木根系真菌网络比ECM具有更多的边数(170 vs. 167)和较高的平均度(4.928 vs. 4.175),但节点数(69 vs. 80)和平均路径长度(2.159 vs. 3.632)少于ECM树木,表明AM树木根系真菌间连接更为紧密,资源传递效率更高,相互作用更强。此外,与AM树木根系真菌网络相比,ECM树木根系真菌网络的平均聚类系数(0.636)和模块度(0.667)均高于AM树木(0.593, 0.372),反映出ECM根系真菌网络具有更明显的分组化和模块化特征。上述结果表明,在热带森林生态系统中,AM和ECM真菌对根系内生真菌群落的调控机制存在差异:AM真菌倾向于构建高密集互作的共现网络,而ECM真菌更易形成模块化的网络结构。
方差分解分析显示(图7),对于AM树木根系内生真菌群落,土壤因子的独立解释率为7.73%,而根系性状的独立解释率为2.16%,说明土壤因子是影响其群落变异的主要因素。相比之下,在ECM树木根系内生真菌群落中,根系性状总体解释率为26.04%,其中独立部分仅占6.52%,而与土壤因子的交互作用解释率达19.52%,表明ECM树木根系真菌群落的构建受特定宿主根系和土壤环境的共同影响。
Mantel试验结果表明(图8),土壤因子均与AM树木根系内生真菌群落显著相关,其中土壤速效磷与AM树木根系真菌群落相关性最高(R=0.429, P<0.001),其次是土壤总磷(R=0.323, P<0.001),而根系性状中只有根系磷与AM树木根系真菌群落显著相关(R=0.164, P=0.005)。对于ECM树木,Mantel检验显示其根系真菌群落与根表面积、根系磷、土壤有机质、总氮、总磷、速效磷显著相关,同样地,土壤速效磷也与ECM树木根系真菌群落相关性最高(R=0.654, P<0.001),其次是土壤总磷(R=0.606, P<0.001),但相较于AM树木根系真菌群落,土壤速效磷与总磷与ECM树木根系真菌群落表现出更强的相关性。因此,土壤磷是影响AM和ECM树木根系内生真菌群落形成的关键因子。
将优势菌门与根系性状、土壤因子作相关性热图分析(图9)。结果显示,在优势AM树木根系内生真菌门中,子囊菌门与比根尖丰度呈显著负相关(P<0.05);担子菌门与根平均直径、根系磷、土壤总磷、速效磷呈显著负相关(P<0.05);被孢霉门与根系磷、土壤总磷、速效磷呈显著正相关(P<0.05),而与土壤有机质、总钾呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。在优势ECM树木根系真菌门中,被孢霉门与根系磷、土壤速效磷呈显著正相关(P<0.05);球囊菌门与根系碳呈显著正相关(P<0.01),而与土壤总氮、总磷、速效磷呈显著负相关(P<0.05);未分类真菌与根系磷呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。
在热带森林中,AM树木根系真菌群落通常比ECM树木表现出更高的多样性,Singavarapu等[21]的研究也证实了这一点。这可能是因为AM和ECM树木采用了不同的资源获取和分配策略,改变了植物-土壤反馈过程,影响了不同菌根类型根系微生物群落的富集与定殖方式,最终导致根系真菌群落多样性的差异[22]。有研究表明,AM树木凋落物的质量和分解速率高于ECM树木,养分循环速率更快,从而塑造了更高丰度和多样性的腐生真菌群落。相比之下,ECM树木较低的凋落物质量和分解速率减缓了养分循环速率,加剧了ECM真菌与腐生真菌对凋落物中有机养分的竞争,并且ECM树木更依赖从与其形成的菌根中获取养分,从而降低了根系真菌群落中腐生真菌的生物量和多样性[23]。此外,AM与ECM真菌生理生态上的差异也是造成AM比ECM树木根系真菌具有更高多样性的重要原因[24]。由于AM真菌无法在根系周围形成菌根鞘,导致AM树木的根系更容易受到病原菌的攻击,使其周围不仅存在有益的AM真菌,还存在大量的病原菌和腐生菌。ECM真菌则能够形成菌根鞘,显著减少病原菌的侵袭。因此,ECM树木根系周围的微生物群落被高度过滤,主要以共生的ECM真菌为主,这导致了整体真菌群落多样性的降低[25]
子囊菌门和担子菌门均是AM与ECM树木根系真菌群落中的优势菌门,这与前人在热带森林中的研究结果一致[26-27]。AM树木根系真菌中子囊菌门的比例较高,这是因为AM真菌擅长吸收和运输无机养分,几乎不分泌分解有机物的酶,而子囊菌多为腐生真菌,是有机物的重要分解者,它们利用AM树木提供的碳源为能量,将植物无法直接吸收的有机氮、有机磷等快速矿化为无机形式供给植物宿主[28-29]。担子菌门则是ECM树木根系真菌的优势菌门,这主要与其能够分解木质素的特殊能力有关[30]。ECM树木主要是木本植物,含有大量木质素、纤维素等有机聚合物,担子菌能够分泌漆酶、过氧化物酶、纤维素酶等一系列胞外酶,高效降解木质素等有机物[31]
LEfSe分析结果显示,子囊菌门在AM树木根系真菌中的丰度较高,担子菌门在ECM树木根系真菌中的丰度较高,这与在群落组成中观察到的结果一致。AM树木根系中主要富集被孢霉等微生物类群,这类微生物具有强大的腐生能力,能够将有机物转化为植物可吸收的养分,恰好弥补了AM真菌分解有机质的能力不足的缺陷[32]。与之不同,在ECM树木根系中,红菇目、红菇科、乳菇属等典型的ECM真菌占据主导地位,Wang等[33]也发现了相似的研究结果。这类真菌不仅能与ECM植物形成共生结构,而且能够分泌多种胞外酶,直接参与土壤有机质的分解过程,这使得ECM树木能够有效利用有机养分,从而在磷普遍受限的热带土壤中获得竞争优势[34-35]
微生物共现网络是研究微生物之间相互作用的重要工具,共现网络中的拓扑属性,如节点数、边数、平均度等反映了网络的复杂性和物种间的相互作用强度[36]。本研究表明,AM树木比ECM树木根系真菌具有更强的相互作用,这与Pan等[37]在亚热带森林中的研究结果一致。由于AM真菌不能独立从土壤有机质中获取碳,完全依赖宿主植物提供碳源,使得所有AM真菌必须与宿主及其他微生物建立广泛、紧密的合作关系以确保碳流的稳定[38]。微生物共现网络中的模块度通常被用于反映微生物的生态位分化情况[39]。结果显示,相较于AM树木根系真菌共现网络,ECM根系真菌网络的模块化程度更高,表明ECM根系真菌具有更多的生态位和更强的生态位分化,符合ECM真菌宿主专一化的特性[40]
植物根系性状和土壤因子共同参与根系真菌群落的构建[41],但其主导因素因菌根类型而异。VPA分析显示,土壤因子是影响AM树木根系内生真菌群落组成的主要因素,这与Schappe等[42]的发现一致。有研究表明,AM真菌能够与多种宿主植物建立共生关系,因此宿主植物的种类不再能够有效筛选根系真菌群落的构成,土壤条件成为了群落组成的主要决定因素[43]。ECM真菌通常表现出较强的宿主选择性,其群落构建不仅受到土壤环境的调控,还与植物根系的形态和功能性状密切相关[44]。Velmala等[45]在磷贫瘠的森林中发现,植物通过增加根系直径、减少侧根密度来促进ECM真菌的定殖以提高对磷的获取效率,这一过程体现了土壤因子与根系性状在ECM共生关系中的协同作用。
本研究发现,土壤磷是塑造AM与ECM根系真菌群落的关键因子,刘珊珊等[46]的研究也表明,磷养分是影响亚热带森林土壤中树木根系真菌群落结构的关键因素。在热带森林中,土壤磷的有效性普遍较低,且易通过淋溶、固定等过程流失,是制约植物生长与群落演替的核心因子[47]。Schachtman等[48]研究指出,在低磷条件下,菌根真菌对植物的磷营养有重要贡献。尽管人们普遍认为菌根真菌可利用的土壤磷源与植物可直接利用的相似,但有证据表明,AM和ECM真菌的菌丝分泌物比根分泌物能溶解更多的磷,且它们利用有机磷、难溶性无机磷等磷源的能力有所增强[49]。这主要是基于发达菌丝体的存在,这些菌丝体不仅能从根际远端获取磷,克服了磷在土壤中缓慢扩散造成的限制,还能分泌磷酸酶促进有机磷的矿化和利用[50]。虽然AM和ECM真菌都能显著提高植物吸收磷的效率,但其对磷的获取策略不同,最终形成的真菌群落格局也不同[51]
AM真菌将从宿主植物获得的有限碳源用于基础菌丝生长和磷转运,无额外碳投入合成降解类胞外酶[52]。由于自身酶活性弱,无法直接分解有机磷,需通过子囊菌、被孢霉等具有腐生能力的微生物类群分泌氮磷矿化酶、纤维素酶等将有机磷转为无机形式,实现磷的间接获取[53]。这种碳成本低且分配稳定,依赖多类微生物协同的磷获取模式,使AM树木根系形成多样性高和稳定性强的群落特性[54]。相比之下,ECM真菌则将植物提供的大量碳源投入建造菌鞘和哈蒂氏网等复杂共生结构、合成多种分解有机物的胞外酶以及分泌抗菌化合物[52]。该策略碳成本高且分配受土壤磷浓度调控,磷匮乏时宿主增加碳分配,激活其漆酶、有机磷矿化酶等高活性降解酶的合成,无需依赖腐生菌,进而垄断根系生态位;磷充足时碳分配下调则酶活性受抑,通过抑制腐生菌定殖、结合菌根鞘阻挡病原菌,筛选出以担子菌门、红菇目等典型ECM类群为主的群落,呈现多样性低、对磷波动敏感的特征[55-56]。这2类菌根共生体系对磷限制环境的差异化适应策略不仅影响植物个体的养分利用效率,也通过调控真菌群落结构间接影响热带森林的养分循环、物种共存及生态系统稳定性。深入阐明土壤磷对不同菌根类型内生真菌群落的调控机制,对提升磷限制环境下森林生态系统的生产力具有重要实践价值。
本研究深入探究了菌根类型对热带树木根系内生真菌群落的影响机制,但仍存在一定局限性。例如,研究区域仅位于西双版纳,较为单一,且未纳入土壤细菌、古菌等的协同作用等。因此,要更全面地了解菌根对热带森林真菌群落的构建机制,还需相关领域的研究学者共同努力,推动菌根生态理论的发展和技术应用。
本研究通过比较不同菌根类型热带树木根系内生真菌的多样性、群落组成和驱动机制,发现AM树木根系真菌群落的α多样性高于ECM树木根系,菌根类型影响根系真菌群落的组成。AM根系真菌共现网络连接密集、模块度低,ECM根系真菌网络连接疏松、模块度高。AM树木形成物种丰富、互作广泛的根系真菌群落,主要受土壤因子的影响;而ECM树木则建立低多样性、高度专一化的真菌共生体系,由宿主根系性状与土壤因子协同调控。土壤磷是构建AM与ECM树木根系内生真菌群落形成的共同主导因子。本研究系统探讨了AM与ECM树木根系内生真菌群落的构建及其机制,为热带森林生态功能维持和菌根资源的利用与保护提供了重要参考。
  • 海南省重点研发项目(ZDYF2024XDNY172)
  • 中原科技创新领军人才项目(254200510006)
  • 河南省高校重点科研项目(26A210004)
  • 河南省高校重点科研项目(25A210009)
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2026年第66卷第5期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250888
  • 接收时间:2025-12-02
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-02
  • 录用日期:2026-01-20
基金
The Key Research and Development Program of Hainan Province(ZDYF2024XDNY172)
海南省重点研发项目(ZDYF2024XDNY172)
The Central Plains Science and Technology Innovation Leading Talents Program(254200510006)
中原科技创新领军人才项目(254200510006)
The Key Scientific Research Projects in Higher Education Institutions in Henan Province(26A210004)
河南省高校重点科研项目(26A210004)
The Key Scientific Research Projects in Higher Education Institutions in Henan Province(25A210009)
河南省高校重点科研项目(25A210009)
作者信息
    1.河南科技大学 农学院,河南 洛阳
    2.中国热带农业科学院橡胶研究所,海南 海口
    3.洛阳市共生微生物与绿色发展重点实验室,河南 洛阳
    4.河南省乡村人居环境工程中心,河南 洛阳
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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