Article(id=1259888465706082885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250886, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1764518400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1769443200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-27, onlineDate=1778310417820, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1777824000000, pubDateStr=2026-05-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778310417820, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778310417820, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778310417820, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259888457367806489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='5', pageStart='2031', pageEnd='2556', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778310415832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778320153326, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2048, endPage=2060, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259888466704327247, articleId=1259888465706082885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research progress in the regulation of programmed cell death by gut microbiota in colorectal cancer, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Colorectal cancer (CRC), one of the most common malignancies of the digestive system, is characterized by complex pathogenic mechanisms and an overall poor prognosis. The gut microbiota and its metabolites play a dual role in CRC by modulating various forms of programmed cell death (PCD), either promoting or inhibiting tumorigenesis and influencing the tumor responses to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in understanding how the gut microbiota regulates CRC initiation, progression, and responses to therapies through the modulation of apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis. Furthermore, it discusses the potential clinical-translational implications of these findings, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for elucidating CRC pathogenesis and developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting the gut microbiota.

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结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC)是常见的消化道恶性肿瘤之一,其发病机制复杂,总体预后欠佳。肠道菌群及其代谢物可通过调控多种程序性细胞死亡(programmed cell death, PCD)方式,在CRC中发挥促癌或抑癌的双重作用,同时影响肿瘤对化疗和免疫治疗的敏感性。本文系统阐述了肠道菌群通过调控凋亡、自噬、铁死亡和焦亡等PCD方式影响CRC发生、发展及治疗反应的最新研究进展,并讨论了其潜在的临床转化价值,为深入理解CRC的发病机制及开发基于肠道菌群的新型治疗策略提供理论依据。

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作者贡献声明

任甜甜:撰写文章、研究构思及修订;刘敏:撰写文章,验证;田强强:撰写文章,修订;赵蜜:修订,资料检索;景嘉宁:资料整理和研究构思;陈兆峰:审阅、修订和获取基金。

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Summary of the mechanisms by which gut microbiota and their metabolites influence colorectal cancer through the regulation of programmed cell death

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CategoryMicrobial type/MetaboliteRegulated PCDMechanism of actionOverall impact on CRCReferences
Intestinal microbesFusobacterium nucleatumAutophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis(1) By activating the TLR4/MYD88 signaling pathway, it directly drives pro-survival autophagy in CRC. (2) By activating the E-cadherin/β-catenin/ transcription factor 4 (TCF4) signaling axis, it upregulates the expression of the key anti-ferroptosis protein GPX4, thereby inhibiting ferroptosis in cancer cells. (3) By suppressing the Hippo pathway, it upregulates BCL2 expression, which in turn inhibits Caspase-3/GSDME-mediated pyroptosis, leading to induced resistance to chemotherapeutic agentsPromotes tumor progression and therapy resistance[29-30,40]
Bifidobacterium bifidum H3-R2ApoptosisWorking synergistically with Lactococcus lactis, it upregulates Bax expression and downregulates BCL2 expression, thereby inducing apoptosis in CRC cells and alleviating symptoms of colitis-associated CRCInhibits CRC occurrence[17]
Lactococcus lactis KLDS4.0325ApoptosisWorking synergistically with Bifidobacterium bifidum, it upregulates Bax expression and downregulates BCL2 expression, thereby inducing apoptosis in CRC cells and alleviating symptoms of colitis-associated CRCInhibits CRC occurrence[17]
Lactobacillus reuteriApoptosisIndirectly promotes the production of butyrate, inducing apoptosis in CRCInhibits CRC occurrence[18]
Ligilactobacillus salivarius LZZAY01AutophagyInhibits CRC proliferation by enhancing autophagyInhibits CRC growth[26]
Clostridium butyricumApoptosisIncreases levels of butyrate, which has direct anti-cancer activity, promoting apoptosis in CRCInhibits CRC occurrence[18]
Intestinal microbial metabolitesButyrateApoptosis

Inhibits the key pro-proliferative Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and activates

G-protein coupled receptors (e.g., GPR43, GPR109A), collectively transmitting pro-apoptotic signals and effectively inducing CRC cell death

Inhibits CRC occurrence, chemosensitizer[20]
Conjugated linoleic acidApoptosisActivates the PPAR-γ receptor and inhibits the downstream NF-κB survival signaling pathway, thereby promoting CRC cell apoptosisInhibits CRC growth[19]
PropionateApoptosisUpregulates HECTD2, promoting the degradation of EHMT2, thereby reducing the repressive H3K9me mark on the promoter of the pro-apoptotic gene TNFAIP1, ultimately leading to its upregulation and induction of CRC cell apoptosisInhibits CRC growth[21]
4-ethylphenyl sulfateApoptosisDirectly upregulates the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and downregulates the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, thereby promoting CRC apoptosisInhibits CRC occurrence[22]
Urolithin AApoptosisEnhances Caspase-8/9-mediated apoptosis when combined with 5-FUInhibits CRC occurrence, chemosensitizer[51-52]
trans-3-indoleacrylic acidFerroptosisActivates the AHR pathway, upregulates ALDH1A3, and promotes the expression of FSP1, thereby inhibiting ferroptosis and accelerating tumor progressionAccelerates CRC progression[34]
γ-linolenic acidFerroptosisTriggers ferroptosis in CRC cells by inducing mitochondrial damageInhibits CRC growth[32]
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum OC01 metabolite(s)AutophagyInduces “protective autophagy” to selectively degrade the oncogenic protein β-catenin, thereby inhibiting CRC cell proliferationInhibits CRC growth[24]
ExopolysaccharideAutophagyPromoting autophagy in CRC cells by regulating the mTOR signaling pathwayInhibits CRC growth[25]
), ArticleFig(id=1259928453223203043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888465706082885, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

肠道菌群及其代谢物通过调控程序性细胞死亡影响结直肠癌的机制汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
CategoryMicrobial type/MetaboliteRegulated PCDMechanism of actionOverall impact on CRCReferences
Intestinal microbesFusobacterium nucleatumAutophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis(1) By activating the TLR4/MYD88 signaling pathway, it directly drives pro-survival autophagy in CRC. (2) By activating the E-cadherin/β-catenin/ transcription factor 4 (TCF4) signaling axis, it upregulates the expression of the key anti-ferroptosis protein GPX4, thereby inhibiting ferroptosis in cancer cells. (3) By suppressing the Hippo pathway, it upregulates BCL2 expression, which in turn inhibits Caspase-3/GSDME-mediated pyroptosis, leading to induced resistance to chemotherapeutic agentsPromotes tumor progression and therapy resistance[29-30,40]
Bifidobacterium bifidum H3-R2ApoptosisWorking synergistically with Lactococcus lactis, it upregulates Bax expression and downregulates BCL2 expression, thereby inducing apoptosis in CRC cells and alleviating symptoms of colitis-associated CRCInhibits CRC occurrence[17]
Lactococcus lactis KLDS4.0325ApoptosisWorking synergistically with Bifidobacterium bifidum, it upregulates Bax expression and downregulates BCL2 expression, thereby inducing apoptosis in CRC cells and alleviating symptoms of colitis-associated CRCInhibits CRC occurrence[17]
Lactobacillus reuteriApoptosisIndirectly promotes the production of butyrate, inducing apoptosis in CRCInhibits CRC occurrence[18]
Ligilactobacillus salivarius LZZAY01AutophagyInhibits CRC proliferation by enhancing autophagyInhibits CRC growth[26]
Clostridium butyricumApoptosisIncreases levels of butyrate, which has direct anti-cancer activity, promoting apoptosis in CRCInhibits CRC occurrence[18]
Intestinal microbial metabolitesButyrateApoptosis

Inhibits the key pro-proliferative Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and activates

G-protein coupled receptors (e.g., GPR43, GPR109A), collectively transmitting pro-apoptotic signals and effectively inducing CRC cell death

Inhibits CRC occurrence, chemosensitizer[20]
Conjugated linoleic acidApoptosisActivates the PPAR-γ receptor and inhibits the downstream NF-κB survival signaling pathway, thereby promoting CRC cell apoptosisInhibits CRC growth[19]
PropionateApoptosisUpregulates HECTD2, promoting the degradation of EHMT2, thereby reducing the repressive H3K9me mark on the promoter of the pro-apoptotic gene TNFAIP1, ultimately leading to its upregulation and induction of CRC cell apoptosisInhibits CRC growth[21]
4-ethylphenyl sulfateApoptosisDirectly upregulates the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and downregulates the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, thereby promoting CRC apoptosisInhibits CRC occurrence[22]
Urolithin AApoptosisEnhances Caspase-8/9-mediated apoptosis when combined with 5-FUInhibits CRC occurrence, chemosensitizer[51-52]
trans-3-indoleacrylic acidFerroptosisActivates the AHR pathway, upregulates ALDH1A3, and promotes the expression of FSP1, thereby inhibiting ferroptosis and accelerating tumor progressionAccelerates CRC progression[34]
γ-linolenic acidFerroptosisTriggers ferroptosis in CRC cells by inducing mitochondrial damageInhibits CRC growth[32]
Lactiplantibacillus plantarum OC01 metabolite(s)AutophagyInduces “protective autophagy” to selectively degrade the oncogenic protein β-catenin, thereby inhibiting CRC cell proliferationInhibits CRC growth[24]
ExopolysaccharideAutophagyPromoting autophagy in CRC cells by regulating the mTOR signaling pathwayInhibits CRC growth[25]
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肠道菌群调控程序性细胞死亡在结直肠癌中的研究进展
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任甜甜 1, 2, 3 , 刘敏 2, 3 , 田强强 1, 2, 3 , 赵蜜 1, 2, 3 , 景嘉宁 1, 2, 3 , 陈兆峰 2, 3
微生物学报 | 综述 2026,66(5): 2048-2060
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微生物学报 | 综述 2026, 66(5): 2048-2060
肠道菌群调控程序性细胞死亡在结直肠癌中的研究进展
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任甜甜1, 2, 3, 刘敏2, 3, 田强强1, 2, 3, 赵蜜1, 2, 3, 景嘉宁1, 2, 3, 陈兆峰2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.兰州大学 第一临床医学院,甘肃 兰州
  • 2.兰州大学第一医院消化科,甘肃 兰州
  • 3.兰州大学第一医院,甘肃省消化系疾病临床医学研究中心,甘肃 兰州
Research progress in the regulation of programmed cell death by gut microbiota in colorectal cancer
Tiantian REN1, 2, 3, Min LIU2, 3, Qiangqiang TIAN1, 2, 3, Mi ZHAO1, 2, 3, Jianing JING1, 2, 3, Zhaofeng CHEN2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
  • 2.Department of Gastroenterology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
  • 3.Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
出版时间: 2026-05-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250886
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结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC)是常见的消化道恶性肿瘤之一,其发病机制复杂,总体预后欠佳。肠道菌群及其代谢物可通过调控多种程序性细胞死亡(programmed cell death, PCD)方式,在CRC中发挥促癌或抑癌的双重作用,同时影响肿瘤对化疗和免疫治疗的敏感性。本文系统阐述了肠道菌群通过调控凋亡、自噬、铁死亡和焦亡等PCD方式影响CRC发生、发展及治疗反应的最新研究进展,并讨论了其潜在的临床转化价值,为深入理解CRC的发病机制及开发基于肠道菌群的新型治疗策略提供理论依据。

凋亡  /  自噬  /  结直肠癌  /  肠道菌群

Colorectal cancer (CRC), one of the most common malignancies of the digestive system, is characterized by complex pathogenic mechanisms and an overall poor prognosis. The gut microbiota and its metabolites play a dual role in CRC by modulating various forms of programmed cell death (PCD), either promoting or inhibiting tumorigenesis and influencing the tumor responses to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in understanding how the gut microbiota regulates CRC initiation, progression, and responses to therapies through the modulation of apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis. Furthermore, it discusses the potential clinical-translational implications of these findings, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for elucidating CRC pathogenesis and developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting the gut microbiota.

apoptosis  /  autophagy  /  colorectal cancer  /  gut microbiota
任甜甜, 刘敏, 田强强, 赵蜜, 景嘉宁, 陈兆峰. 肠道菌群调控程序性细胞死亡在结直肠癌中的研究进展. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2048 -2060 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250886
Tiantian REN, Min LIU, Qiangqiang TIAN, Mi ZHAO, Jianing JING, Zhaofeng CHEN. Research progress in the regulation of programmed cell death by gut microbiota in colorectal cancer[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2048 -2060 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250886
结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC)是指起源于结肠和直肠黏膜的恶性肿瘤,是全球高发的恶性肿瘤之一。在老龄化、肥胖及不良生活方式等因素的共同作用下,其防治已成为当前重大的公共卫生挑战[1-2]。根据全球癌症数据,2022年全球CRC新发病例约192.6万例,位居全球恶性肿瘤发病第3位;同期中国新发病例约51.7万例,发病负担尤为突出[3-4]。尽管随着医疗技术的发展,CRC的诊断与治疗手段不断进步,但患者5年生存率仍不理想,因此深入探索其发病机制对提升临床诊治水平具有重要意义[5]。CRC的发病机制复杂多样,除遗传及经典环境因素外,肠道菌群生态失调在CRC发生、发展及治疗反应中的关键作用日益受到关注。人体胃肠道是一个庞大的微生态系统,其中定殖着超过100万亿个微生物,涵盖细菌、真菌、病毒和古菌等,共同构成结构复杂、功能多样的肠道微生物群[6]。人体与肠道菌群之间是一种高度协同的互利共生关系:一方面,肠道为菌群提供了适宜的生存环境,例如肠道通过消耗结肠上皮细胞线粒体中的氧气,维持菌群生长所需的低氧分压和厌氧环境[6-7];另一方面,菌群则为宿主执行诸多关键生理功能,如协助高效提取营养物质、通过微生物衍生代谢物调控激素通路、代谢药物和外源性物质,以及启动宿主免疫应答等[8-9]。在生理状态下,各类微生物相互制衡、协同作用,维持肠道微生态的动态平衡,而一旦这种稳态被破坏,将导致微生态失衡,进而参与多种疾病的发生[10]。目前已有大量研究可以证明肠道菌群失调和程序性细胞死亡(programmed cell death, PCD)参与CRC的发病机制,但对于三者之间的相互影响尚缺乏系统性的梳理与深入阐述。本文将以此为切入点,重点围绕肠道菌群通过调控多种PCD方式(如凋亡、自噬、焦亡与铁死亡等)影响CRC进程的最新研究进展进行系统阐述,以期为揭示其在CRC中的作用机制及临床转化研究提供理论参考。
CRC的发生发展与肠道菌群的生态失调密切相关。与健康人群相比,CRC患者的肠道微生态系统呈现典型的失调特征:微生物多样性显著下降,具有保护作用的有益菌群普遍减少,而潜在的致病菌则异常富集;菌群失衡的严重程度与肿瘤进展呈正相关,即从I期到III期,菌群失调的程度持续加剧[11]。除了随病程演变而变化外,肠道菌群的组成在不同CRC亚型中展现出显著的异质性。首先,在发病年龄方面,早发性CRC比晚发性CRC (late-onset colorectal cancer, LOCRC)表现出更严重的微生态失调,菌群多样性更低,且菌落结构以梭杆菌属(Fusobacterium)为主导,而LOCRC则以拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)为主[12]。其次,在肿瘤位置方面,右半结肠癌常富集梭杆菌属和脆弱拟杆菌(Bacteroides fragilis),左半结肠癌则主要富集微小单胞菌属(Vescimonas)和孪生球菌属(Gemella)等口腔来源细菌,这种差异可能与左、右半结肠的胚胎起源、生理微环境及免疫功能有关[13]。然而,需要指出的是,上述诸多关联性发现仍主要源于相关性研究,其背后的因果关系及作用方向仍有待进一步验证。
除细菌外,肠道中的真菌与古菌在CRC的发生发展中同样发挥着不可或缺的作用。曲霉菌属(Aspergillus)等真菌在CRC中显著富集,并被证实可在体内外直接促进肿瘤生长;更为关键的是,这些富集真菌之间及其与促癌细菌具核梭杆菌(Fusobacterium nucleatum)之间在CRC中可形成增强的协同网络,共同加剧肿瘤恶性进展[14]。此外,甲烷杆菌属(Methanobacterium)等古菌从健康人群、腺瘤患者到CRC患者的进程中呈现渐进性耗竭趋势,其耗竭进一步导致与产丁酸盐细菌的有益互作网络受损,进而可能破坏肠道微环境稳态[15]。综上所述,CRC的发生伴随着一个由细菌、真菌和古菌共同参与的多界微生物生态失调。在临床转化方面,研究发现基于多界微生物的联合诊断模型显示出显著优势:整合古菌与细菌标志物的诊断模型效能优于单一菌界模型;而真菌与细菌联合标志物更将诊断准确率提升了10.60%[15]。因此,将多界微生物特征共同纳入未来的无创诊断体系,具有重要的临床价值与应用前景。
近年来,研究日益揭示,肠道微生物及其代谢产物积极地参与调控肿瘤细胞的凋亡程序,发挥着关键的抗癌或促癌作用。这种调控涉及多种分子机制,为CRC的预防和治疗提供了新的靶点。
完整且结构稳定的肠道微生物群落是维持肠道稳态、抵御CRC发生的重要基础,其抗肿瘤作用通常体现为群落水平的协同效应,而非单一菌株的孤立作用[6]。例如,在轻度结肠炎症背景下,完整的微生物群能通过抑制长链非编码RNA Snhg9,解除其对抑癌基因p53的抑制,从而恢复p53介导的促凋亡功能并抑制CRC发生[16]。同时,菌株间的协同作用也具有更强的凋亡诱导效应,如两歧双歧杆菌(Bifidobacterium bifidum) H3-R2与乳酸乳球菌(Lactococcus lactis) KLDS4.0325联合干预可在结肠炎相关CRC模型中显著增强CRC细胞凋亡,其抑癌效果明显优于单一菌株[17]。更深层次的协同性体现在菌群之间的代谢分工上。例如,罗伊特氏乳杆菌(Lactobacillus reuteri)本身并非主要的丁酸产生菌,但其可通过生成其他短链脂肪酸优化肠道微环境,从而间接促进丁酸梭菌(Clostridium butyricum)等产丁酸菌的增殖与定植,最终显著提高肠道内具有促进CRC凋亡特性的丁酸水平[18]。这一过程表明,肠道菌群的抗癌作用不仅取决于其组成结构的稳态,更依赖于其代谢网络的完整性和功能活性,为后续代谢物介导的抗癌效应奠定基础。
肠道菌群对CRC细胞凋亡的调控在很大程度上依赖于其产生的多种小分子代谢物,根据其核心作用靶点和机制,主要可分为3类。第1类代谢物通过干预关键细胞信号通路发挥作用,这类代谢物通常作用于肿瘤细胞内的核心信号转导节点,从而抑制促生存信号并激活凋亡程序。例如,源自特定植物乳植杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum) CCFM8661的共轭亚油酸,能够激活过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, PPAR-γ)并抑制下游的核因子κB (nuclear factor kappa-B, NF-κB)生存信号通路,从而促进CRC细胞凋亡[19]。由丁酸梭菌等产生的丁酸,则能通过双重信号机制发挥作用:一方面抑制Wnt/β-连环蛋白信号这一关键的促增殖通路,另一方面可以激活G蛋白偶联受体(G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR),如GPR43和GPR109A,从而协同传递促凋亡信号并诱导CRC细胞死亡[20]。第2类代谢物通过表观遗传重编程机制诱导凋亡,该类代谢物通过修饰表观遗传标志,直接改变基因表达谱,从而解锁凋亡程序。其典型代表是丙酸,它通过一种独特的机制:上调HECT结构域E3泛素蛋白连接酶2 (HECT domain E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 2, HECTD2),促进常染色质组蛋白赖氨酸甲基转移酶2 (euchromatic histone lysine methyltransferase 2, EHMT2)降解,进而降低促凋亡基因TNFAIP1启动子区的组蛋白H3第9位赖氨酸二甲基化(dimethylated histone H3 at lysine 9, H3K9me2)抑制性标记,最终导致肿瘤坏死因子α诱导蛋白1 (tumor necrosis factor α-induced protein 1, TNFAIP1)表达上调并诱导CRC细胞凋亡,这揭示了微生物代谢物可能直接改变宿主的表观遗传代码,强制CRC细胞凋亡[21]。第3类代谢物则可直接靶向并调控凋亡执行蛋白。例如,微生物代谢物4-乙基苯基硫酸盐能直接下调抗凋亡蛋白B细胞淋巴瘤2 (B-cell Lymphoma 2, BCL2)蛋白,以及上调BCL2相关x蛋白(BCL2 associated x protein, Bax),从而促进CRC凋亡[22]。综上所述,肠道菌群代谢物可通过干扰信号通路、重编程表观遗传与直接执行凋亡这三大主要机制,构成了一个多层次、多方位的精准打击网络,为CRC的防治提供了丰富的潜在靶点和策略。
综上所述,“肠道菌群-凋亡-CRC轴”并非由单一菌株或单一分子介导,而是体现为以整体菌群生态为基础、以微生物代谢物为执行者的复杂调控网络,为基于微生态的CRC干预策略提供了丰富的理论基础。
自噬是一种细胞内的降解过程,具体指细胞通过形成双层膜结构的自噬体,将部分胞质和细胞内需要降解的细胞器、蛋白质等成分包裹起来,与溶酶体融合形成自噬溶酶体从而降解内容物,以实现细胞本身的代谢需要以及促进某些细胞器的更新[23]。在CRC的发生与发展中,肠道菌群与宿主细胞自噬过程构成了一个精密的动态调控网络。值得注意的是,自噬在CRC中的作用并非固定不变,而是在菌群影响下根据肿瘤进展的阶段不同而呈现出不同的效应。
在生理条件下,肠上皮细胞通过维持基础水平的“保护性自噬”,清除受损细胞器与错误折叠蛋白以维持细胞内环境的稳定并发挥肿瘤抑制功能,特定的有益微生物正是通过增强保护性自噬通路来帮助机体维持稳态[24]。例如,植物乳植杆菌OC01释放的代谢物能够通过诱导保护性自噬,选择性促进致癌蛋白的降解,从而抑制CRC细胞增殖;植物乳植杆菌SMUM211204产生的胞外多糖则可通过调控哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin, mTOR)信号通路促使CRC细胞自噬;此外,唾液宿主关联乳杆菌(Ligilactobacillus salivarius) LZZAY01也被证实能够增强保护性自噬功能,并在维持肠道屏障完整性和抑制肿瘤进展中发挥协同作用[24-26]
在CRC癌前病变阶段,自噬的作用可能呈现出不同的生物学效应。具体来说,在特定的CRC癌前模型中缺失自噬关键基因Atg7可通过引发肠道菌群失调和屏障功能受损,激活一种强大的、CD8+ T细胞依赖的抗肿瘤免疫应答,从而在整体表型上抑制肿瘤发生[27-28]。这一现象揭示了,尽管自噬的生理性功能是直接预防癌变,但当处于CRC癌前病变期时自噬基因缺失所导致的抑癌效应,则是一种间接的、由免疫系统驱动的结果,这一发现为CRC的早期干预或者预防提供了新的思路[27]。随着CRC的形成和进展,自噬在肿瘤细胞中的功能可能进一步发生反转。在已形成的CRC中肿瘤细胞可能系统性地劫持自噬通路,将其由一种维持稳态的保护性机制转化为“促生存自噬”,以应对化疗、缺氧及营养匮乏等多种应激条件。作为CRC中高度富集的致病菌,具核梭杆菌在这一过程中发挥了关键调控作用。Yu等[29]发现具核梭杆菌可直接靶向并激活CRC细胞内的Toll样受体4 (Toll-like receptor 4, TLR4)/髓系分化初级反应蛋白质88 (myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88, MyD88)信号通路,直接激活自噬相关通路,从而显著增强CRC细胞对化疗药物的耐受性。此时被激活的自噬并非用于清除受损细胞器或抑制肿瘤发生,而是作为一种典型的促生存机制,帮助CRC细胞缓解化疗诱导的细胞损伤、维持能量代谢稳态,并导致化疗失败和疾病复发。
综上所述,自噬在CRC中扮演着阶段依赖性的多种角色。Lévy等[27]和Yu等[29]的研究揭示了新的干预思路:在癌前阶段,适度抑制自噬以激活免疫保护可能具有预防价值;而在已形成的CRC中则可能通过益生菌等手段抑制促生存自噬以克服耐药。然而,目前研究对自噬在分子层面的特异性靶点和转换机制仍未完全探明,如何在理解其分子机制的基础上,精确协调CRC不同阶段的治疗策略,将是未来临床转化面临的核心挑战之一。
铁死亡,一种铁依赖性、由脂质过氧化物累积触发的程序性细胞死亡方式,在CRC的演进中同样扮演着关键角色[30]。近年来,研究揭示肠道微生物群及其代谢产物是调控CRC细胞铁死亡状态的“关键开关”,深刻影响癌症进程与治疗反应[31]。一方面,特定的有益微生物及其代谢物是铁死亡的有效诱导者,从而发挥强大的抗肿瘤作用。Chen等[32]发现一种能调节肠道免疫微环境的新型益生菌——植物乳植杆菌MM89,其代谢物γ-亚麻酸能通过诱导CRC细胞线粒体损伤触发铁死亡,抑制肿瘤生长,凸显了其作为CRC治疗新型治疗剂的潜力。此外,天然化合物姜黄素被证实可通过重塑肠道菌群,增加乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)等有益菌的丰度,进而促进CD8+ T细胞肿瘤浸润并协同诱导CRC细胞铁死亡;这种抗肿瘤效果在使用抗生素清除肠道菌群后消失,进一步证实了其肠道菌群依赖性[33]。另一方面,某些致病菌则通过抑制铁死亡来促进CRC发展和化疗耐药,帮助肿瘤细胞逃避细胞死亡,构成了CRC生存的防御机制。其中,具核梭杆菌通过激活E-钙黏蛋白/β-连环蛋白/转录因子4信号轴,上调关键的抗铁死亡蛋白GPX4的表达,从而抑制癌细胞铁死亡,并最终诱导对奥沙利铂的化疗耐药[30]。另一种在CRC患者中富集的厌氧消化链球菌(Peptostreptococcus anaerobius),其代谢产物反式-3-吲哚丙烯酸可通过激活芳基烃受体(aryl hydrocarbon receptor, AHR)通路,上调醛脱氢酶1家族成员A3蛋白(aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A3, ALDH1A3),促进铁死亡抑制蛋白1 (ferroptosis suppressor protein 1, FSP1)的表达从而抑制铁死亡,加速肿瘤进展[34]。综上所述,肠道菌群通过精密调控铁死亡,可能成为影响CRC进程的核心节点,其调控网络具备促癌与抗癌的双重潜力,为肿瘤治疗提供了新的视角与靶点。
焦亡是一种由Gasdermin家族蛋白[如消皮素D (gasdermin D, GSDMD)、GSDME]介导的程序性细胞死亡,其典型特征是细胞膜穿孔、细胞肿胀破裂,并释放大量促炎因子,从而引发强烈的炎症反应[35]。在胃肠道肿瘤中,焦亡扮演着复杂而重要的角色,如在胃癌中,焦亡的关键分子与发生机制已被证实与肿瘤进展及治疗反应密切相关[36]。在CRC中细胞焦亡的激活状态与肠道菌群密切相关。现有研究表明,肠道菌群是驱动CRC相关焦亡反应的重要上游调控因素,其中“肠道菌群/核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域(nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain, NOD)样受体家族含pyrin结构域蛋白3 (NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3, NLRP3)炎性小体轴”被认为是激活焦亡执行蛋白GSDMD的关键通路[37]。在此基础上,Gao等[38]通过构建自发性肠癌模型并进行Gsdmd基因敲除,系统评估了GSDMD介导的焦亡在CRC发生过程中的功能作用。研究表明,GSDMD的持续激活可显著促进促炎因子白介素-1β (interleukin-1β, IL-1β)的释放,并导致肠道微生态结构进一步紊乱,表现为有益菌丰度下降及致癌代谢物犬尿氨酸的生成增加。上述变化共同塑造了一个持续性的促炎、促癌微环境,从而在整体水平上推动CRC的发生与发展。值得注意的是,CRC细胞中GSDMD被激活的同时也伴随着招募内体分选复合体(endosomal sorting complex required for transport, ESCRT)膜修复蛋白来修补大部分细胞膜孔洞,从而逃避焦亡导致的细胞快速死亡。然而,存活下来的细胞仍会持续泄漏促炎信号,并改变周围免疫微环境,从而促进肿瘤生长[37]。这为治疗提供了新思路:未来可能通过抑制GSDMD的促炎、促癌功能,或阻止ESCRT的修复来寻找CRC治疗的新靶点。在治疗背景下,致病菌可通过抑制焦亡来帮助诱导化疗耐药,具核梭杆菌在此过程中扮演了关键角色。Li等[39]通过生物信息学分析首先提出了具核梭杆菌可能影响焦亡关键基因CASP6的表达,而CASP6的表达水平与CRC中对5-氟尿嘧啶(5-fluorouracil, 5-FU)的化疗耐药性有关,这提示了具核梭杆菌可能通过干扰焦亡过程来介导化疗耐药。Wang等[40]的研究则进一步阐明了其机制,具核梭杆菌可通过抑制Hippo通路,上调BCL表达,进而抑制半胱天冬酶-3/GSDME介导的细胞焦亡,从而诱导对化疗药物的耐药性。这提示我们,精准调控焦亡并靶向相关致病菌,即在癌前阶段抑制焦亡产生的慢性炎症以阻止CRC发生,或在化疗中促进焦亡发生以杀伤CRC细胞,可能成为CRC防治的新方向。
除了上述已得到深入研究的经典PCD方式外,近年来一系列新型程序性细胞死亡方式,如铜死亡、坏死性凋亡等,其在肿瘤发生发展中的潜在作用正逐步显现,但其与肠道菌群之间的相互作用仍处于探索阶段。
铜代谢失衡可驱动一种新型细胞死亡——铜死亡。在结直肠癌中铜稳态失调与肿瘤恶性进展密切相关。例如,铜伴侣蛋白过表达可促进CRC细胞增殖;铜死亡相关基因KIF7参与调控CRC细胞的增殖与侵袭[41-42]。这些研究提示铜死亡通路在CRC中具有潜在的生物标志物和治疗靶点价值。值得关注的是,肠道菌群可能通过影响宿主铜代谢状态,参与“肠道菌群-铜代谢-铜死亡轴”的构建;在敲除铜代谢相关基因ATP7B的小鼠模型中,研究者观察到铜代谢失调的同时还伴随出现肠道微生物群多样性降低[43]。这一发现提示肠道局部的铜代谢状态与微生物组构成及宿主代谢网络紧密关联。然而,特定肠道菌群是否可直接调控CRC细胞铜死亡,目前仍缺乏直接的实验证据。
坏死性凋亡是一种呈现坏死样形态的程序性炎性细胞死亡。Xiao等[44]基于坏死性凋亡相关基因表达谱构建的模型能有效预测CRC患者的总生存期,并与其肿瘤免疫微环境、免疫治疗反应及化疗敏感性显著相关,提示其具有潜在的临床预测价值。肠道菌群与坏死性凋亡在CRC中的潜在联系主要体现在共同的炎症信号轴。菌群失调状态下,可能产生持续的炎症信号刺激,在特定条件下可触发免疫细胞发生坏死性凋亡与自噬的协同死亡程序[45]。然而,关于肠道菌群或其代谢物是否能够直接调控CRC细胞坏死性凋亡,仍有待进一步研究。
尽管目前尚缺乏直接实验证据证明肠道菌群可直接调控CRC细胞的新型PCD过程,但上述研究从多个层面揭示了肠道菌群、新型PCD与CRC进展之间的潜在联系,为后续探索“肠道菌群-新型PCD轴”提供了重要线索。未来需投入更多研究探讨菌群及其代谢物对上述新型PCD的直接调控作用,并评估其在CRC发生与发展中的意义。
肠道菌群通过精密调控多种PCD通路,深度参与CRC的发生发展。“肠道菌群-PCD-CRC轴”不仅深化了我们对CRC发病机制的理解,更开辟了全新的治疗视角。基于此,本节将系统探讨靶向该轴的潜在干预策略,并分析其面临的挑战与未来方向。
特定的益生菌株可通过分泌代谢物或直接与宿主细胞相互作用,调控PCD从而发挥抑癌作用。例如,多种乳杆菌可通过诱导自噬、铁死亡等PCD方式抑制CRC[24-26,32]。益生菌联合干预也显示出协同效应,如两歧双歧杆菌与乳酸乳球菌联用可更强地诱导细胞凋亡[17]。这些机制性发现正逐步走向临床转化。在辅助治疗方面,其核心应用在于与常规治疗联合,以减轻毒副作用、改善治疗环境并潜在增强疗效。一项随机对照试验表明,术后化疗的CRC患者服用复合益生菌后,化疗相关性腹泻等胃肠道毒性显著减轻,肠道菌群多样性得以维持,且具有抗癌活性的短链脂肪酸水平显著提升[46]。在转移性CRC治疗中,在免疫治疗和化疗的基础上加用益生菌可改善患者肠道屏障功能、优化菌群结构,并显著增强全身性抗肿瘤免疫应答,改善患者生存质量与预后[47]。在CRC预防方面,由3种双歧杆菌组成的益生菌配方已被证实可降低包括具核梭杆菌在内的多种CRC相关致病菌标志物水平,从而降低微生物组相关CRC风险[48]。上述临床研究的潜在机制,与第2节阐述的PCD调控网络密切相关。例如,益生菌提升的短链脂肪酸(如丁酸)本身即是诱导癌细胞凋亡的关键代谢物(见2.1.2节);而通过拮抗肠道致病菌(如具核梭杆菌),可能间接影响该菌对自噬、铁死亡等多种PCD的调控(见2.2、2.3节)[20,29-30]。因此,益生菌的临床效益,可能源于其对“肠道菌群-PCD轴”的多重调控。
代谢物补充剂策略旨在直接补充具有明确生物活性的菌群代谢产物,是实现精准干预的途径。该策略的优势在于剂量精确、作用直接,且不受菌株在宿主肠道内定殖能力的限制。目前,代谢物补充剂的临床转化研究多集中于联合治疗领域。丁酸盐(如丁酸钠)与5-FU或奥沙利铂联用,可协同抑制CRC细胞增殖并减轻化疗毒副作用[49-50]。鞣花酸的肠道代谢物尿石素A不仅能直接诱导CRC细胞凋亡,更能逆转CRC细胞对5-FU的耐药性,增强化疗药物的作用[51-52]。其他代谢物如共轭亚油酸、丙酸、γ-亚麻酸等也具有明确的诱导PCD作用,有潜力成为CRC治疗中的新型临床药物。这些研究清楚地表明,菌群代谢物与化疗药物的联合能够在触发肿瘤细胞PCD抑癌的同时,为克服耐药提供了新方案。
粪便菌群移植(fecal microbiota transplantation, FMT)通过整体重塑失调的肠道微生态,影响CRC的发生发展。研究显示,CRC患者来源的菌群可促进小鼠肿瘤发生,而在CRC模型中实施FMT可恢复菌群多样性、改善黏膜结构,并下调多种细胞周期调控因子和氧化应激相关因子[53-54]。尽管上述研究未直接涉及PCD,但其显著下调的致癌分子已知也是凋亡、铁死亡等PCD通路的关键调控因子[55]。因此,FMT可能通过多靶点重塑宿主细胞的PCD调控网络抑制肿瘤,这为利用FMT治疗CRC提供了新的理论依据。
尽管靶向“肠道菌群-PCD轴”在结直肠癌防治中展现出良好前景,但其临床转化仍面临多重挑战。目前相关研究多停留于相关性分析或临床前阶段,尚缺乏高质量的因果性证据;同时,个体间肠道菌群差异显著,以及活菌制剂在安全性、稳定性和标准化方面的限制,均增加了临床应用的复杂性。因此,未来亟需通过更为严谨的临床研究来明确其因果关系,并在此基础上进一步优化给药方式、剂量方案及联合治疗策略。总体而言,靶向“肠道菌群-PCD轴”为CRC的防治提供了新的理论基础。从菌群干预到代谢物治疗,再到与传统疗法的联合应用,该领域具有广阔的发展空间。推动基础研究成果向可实施的临床策略转化,将是未来研究的关键方向。
本文系统阐释了肠道菌群通过调控多种程序性细胞死亡在CRC中的核心作用。研究表明,肠道菌群及其代谢物构成了一个复杂的调控网络,而程序性细胞死亡作为该网络的“核心枢纽”,介导着抗癌或促癌的复杂作用,深刻影响着CRC的进展(表1)。这些发现不仅揭示了“菌群-PCD轴”在CRC中的重要性,也为开发新型防治策略奠定了坚实的理论基础。尽管相关研究展现出广阔前景,该领域仍存在若干亟需解决的核心问题:(1) 如何利用定量微生物组学与多组学整合分析,在严格校正混杂因素的基础上,确立特定菌株及其代谢物调控PCD通路的确切因果关系;(2) 现有研究多局限于细菌与单一PCD形式之间的关系,而多界微生物群落(细菌、真菌、病毒)如何形成协同网络,共同调控PCD交互网络,仍是未知领域;(3) 关于肠道菌群对坏死性凋亡、铜死亡等新型PCD方式的调控作用在CRC中的生物学意义,目前仍缺乏直接证据,未来有待研究。总之,肠道菌群调控程序性细胞死亡在CRC发生发展中扮演着关键角色,推动该机制从基础认知走向临床转化,有望成为未来研究面临的重大挑战与核心目标。
  • 甘肃省联合科研基金(24JRRA919)
  • 甘肃省中医药科研课题(GZKZ-2024-22)
  • 兰州大学第一医院院内基金(ldyyyn2021-6)
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2026年第66卷第5期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250886
  • 接收时间:2025-12-01
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-01
  • 录用日期:2026-01-27
基金
The Joint Scientific Research Fund of Gansu Province(24JRRA919)
甘肃省联合科研基金(24JRRA919)
The Gansu Province Research Program for Traditional Chinese Medicine(GZKZ-2024-22)
甘肃省中医药科研课题(GZKZ-2024-22)
The Foundation of the First Hospital of Lanzhou University(ldyyyn2021-6)
兰州大学第一医院院内基金(ldyyyn2021-6)
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    1.兰州大学 第一临床医学院,甘肃 兰州
    2.兰州大学第一医院消化科,甘肃 兰州
    3.兰州大学第一医院,甘肃省消化系疾病临床医学研究中心,甘肃 兰州
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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