Article(id=1259888465706082885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250886, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1764518400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1769443200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-27, onlineDate=1778310417820, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1777824000000, pubDateStr=2026-05-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778310417820, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778310417820, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778310417820, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259888457367806489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='5', pageStart='2031', pageEnd='2556', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778310415832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778320153326, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2048, endPage=2060, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259888466704327247, articleId=1259888465706082885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Research progress in the regulation of programmed cell death by gut microbiota in colorectal cancer, columnId=1192149543727808575, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Colorectal cancer (CRC), one of the most common malignancies of the digestive system, is characterized by complex pathogenic mechanisms and an overall poor prognosis. The gut microbiota and its metabolites play a dual role in CRC by modulating various forms of programmed cell death (PCD), either promoting or inhibiting tumorigenesis and influencing the tumor responses to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in understanding how the gut microbiota regulates CRC initiation, progression, and responses to therapies through the modulation of apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis. Furthermore, it discusses the potential clinical-translational implications of these findings, aiming to provide a theoretical foundation for elucidating CRC pathogenesis and developing novel therapeutic strategies targeting the gut microbiota.
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结直肠癌(colorectal cancer, CRC)是常见的消化道恶性肿瘤之一,其发病机制复杂,总体预后欠佳。肠道菌群及其代谢物可通过调控多种程序性细胞死亡(programmed cell death, PCD)方式,在CRC中发挥促癌或抑癌的双重作用,同时影响肿瘤对化疗和免疫治疗的敏感性。本文系统阐述了肠道菌群通过调控凋亡、自噬、铁死亡和焦亡等PCD方式影响CRC发生、发展及治疗反应的最新研究进展,并讨论了其潜在的临床转化价值,为深入理解CRC的发病机制及开发基于肠道菌群的新型治疗策略提供理论依据。
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作者贡献声明
任甜甜:撰写文章、研究构思及修订;刘敏:撰写文章,验证;田强强:撰写文章,修订;赵蜜:修订,资料检索;景嘉宁:资料整理和研究构思;陈兆峰:审阅、修订和获取基金。
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1, 2, 3, address=
1.The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
2.Department of Gastroenterology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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1.兰州大学 第一临床医学院,甘肃 兰州
2.兰州大学第一医院消化科,甘肃 兰州
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2.Department of Gastroenterology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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2.兰州大学第一医院消化科,甘肃 兰州
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1, 2, 3, address=
1.The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
2.Department of Gastroenterology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
3.Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1259928420385997821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888465706082885, authorId=1259928416984417257, language=CN, stringName=田强强, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, 3, address=
1.兰州大学 第一临床医学院,甘肃 兰州
2.兰州大学第一医院消化科,甘肃 兰州
3.兰州大学第一医院,甘肃省消化系疾病临床医学研究中心,甘肃 兰州, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1259928400630825815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888465706082885, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928400697934682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888465706082885, companyId=1259928400630825815, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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1, 2, 3, address=
1.The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
2.Department of Gastroenterology, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
3.Gansu Province Clinical Research Center for Digestive Diseases, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1259928424219590694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888465706082885, authorId=1259928421682036746, language=CN, stringName=赵蜜, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=
1, 2, 3, address=
1.兰州大学 第一临床医学院,甘肃 兰州
2.兰州大学第一医院消化科,甘肃 兰州
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3.兰州大学第一医院,甘肃省消化系疾病临床医学研究中心,甘肃 兰州)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1259928451973300441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888465706082885, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Summary of the mechanisms by which gut microbiota and their metabolites influence colorectal cancer through the regulation of programmed cell death
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| Category | Microbial type/Metabolite | Regulated PCD | Mechanism of action | Overall impact on CRC | References |
|---|
| Intestinal microbes | Fusobacterium nucleatum | Autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis | (1) By activating the TLR4/MYD88 signaling pathway, it directly drives pro-survival autophagy in CRC. (2) By activating the E-cadherin/β-catenin/ transcription factor 4 (TCF4) signaling axis, it upregulates the expression of the key anti-ferroptosis protein GPX4, thereby inhibiting ferroptosis in cancer cells. (3) By suppressing the Hippo pathway, it upregulates BCL2 expression, which in turn inhibits Caspase-3/GSDME-mediated pyroptosis, leading to induced resistance to chemotherapeutic agents | Promotes tumor progression and therapy resistance | [29-30,40] |
| Bifidobacterium bifidum H3-R2 | Apoptosis | Working synergistically with Lactococcus lactis, it upregulates Bax expression and downregulates BCL2 expression, thereby inducing apoptosis in CRC cells and alleviating symptoms of colitis-associated CRC | Inhibits CRC occurrence | [17] |
| Lactococcus lactis KLDS4.0325 | Apoptosis | Working synergistically with Bifidobacterium bifidum, it upregulates Bax expression and downregulates BCL2 expression, thereby inducing apoptosis in CRC cells and alleviating symptoms of colitis-associated CRC | Inhibits CRC occurrence | [17] |
| Lactobacillus reuteri | Apoptosis | Indirectly promotes the production of butyrate, inducing apoptosis in CRC | Inhibits CRC occurrence | [18] |
| Ligilactobacillus salivarius LZZAY01 | Autophagy | Inhibits CRC proliferation by enhancing autophagy | Inhibits CRC growth | [26] |
| Clostridium butyricum | Apoptosis | Increases levels of butyrate, which has direct anti-cancer activity, promoting apoptosis in CRC | Inhibits CRC occurrence | [18] |
| Intestinal microbial metabolites | Butyrate | Apoptosis | Inhibits the key pro-proliferative Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and activates G-protein coupled receptors (e.g., GPR43, GPR109A), collectively transmitting pro-apoptotic signals and effectively inducing CRC cell death | Inhibits CRC occurrence, chemosensitizer | [20] |
| Conjugated linoleic acid | Apoptosis | Activates the PPAR-γ receptor and inhibits the downstream NF-κB survival signaling pathway, thereby promoting CRC cell apoptosis | Inhibits CRC growth | [19] |
| Propionate | Apoptosis | Upregulates HECTD2, promoting the degradation of EHMT2, thereby reducing the repressive H3K9me mark on the promoter of the pro-apoptotic gene TNFAIP1, ultimately leading to its upregulation and induction of CRC cell apoptosis | Inhibits CRC growth | [21] |
| 4-ethylphenyl sulfate | Apoptosis | Directly upregulates the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and downregulates the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, thereby promoting CRC apoptosis | Inhibits CRC occurrence | [22] |
| Urolithin A | Apoptosis | Enhances Caspase-8/9-mediated apoptosis when combined with 5-FU | Inhibits CRC occurrence, chemosensitizer | [51-52] |
| trans-3-indoleacrylic acid | Ferroptosis | Activates the AHR pathway, upregulates ALDH1A3, and promotes the expression of FSP1, thereby inhibiting ferroptosis and accelerating tumor progression | Accelerates CRC progression | [34] |
| γ-linolenic acid | Ferroptosis | Triggers ferroptosis in CRC cells by inducing mitochondrial damage | Inhibits CRC growth | [32] |
| Lactiplantibacillus plantarum OC01 metabolite(s) | Autophagy | Induces “protective autophagy” to selectively degrade the oncogenic protein β-catenin, thereby inhibiting CRC cell proliferation | Inhibits CRC growth | [24] |
| Exopolysaccharide | Autophagy | Promoting autophagy in CRC cells by regulating the mTOR signaling pathway | Inhibits CRC growth | [25] |
), ArticleFig(id=1259928453223203043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888465706082885, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
肠道菌群及其代谢物通过调控程序性细胞死亡影响结直肠癌的机制汇总
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| Category | Microbial type/Metabolite | Regulated PCD | Mechanism of action | Overall impact on CRC | References |
|---|
| Intestinal microbes | Fusobacterium nucleatum | Autophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis | (1) By activating the TLR4/MYD88 signaling pathway, it directly drives pro-survival autophagy in CRC. (2) By activating the E-cadherin/β-catenin/ transcription factor 4 (TCF4) signaling axis, it upregulates the expression of the key anti-ferroptosis protein GPX4, thereby inhibiting ferroptosis in cancer cells. (3) By suppressing the Hippo pathway, it upregulates BCL2 expression, which in turn inhibits Caspase-3/GSDME-mediated pyroptosis, leading to induced resistance to chemotherapeutic agents | Promotes tumor progression and therapy resistance | [29-30,40] |
| Bifidobacterium bifidum H3-R2 | Apoptosis | Working synergistically with Lactococcus lactis, it upregulates Bax expression and downregulates BCL2 expression, thereby inducing apoptosis in CRC cells and alleviating symptoms of colitis-associated CRC | Inhibits CRC occurrence | [17] |
| Lactococcus lactis KLDS4.0325 | Apoptosis | Working synergistically with Bifidobacterium bifidum, it upregulates Bax expression and downregulates BCL2 expression, thereby inducing apoptosis in CRC cells and alleviating symptoms of colitis-associated CRC | Inhibits CRC occurrence | [17] |
| Lactobacillus reuteri | Apoptosis | Indirectly promotes the production of butyrate, inducing apoptosis in CRC | Inhibits CRC occurrence | [18] |
| Ligilactobacillus salivarius LZZAY01 | Autophagy | Inhibits CRC proliferation by enhancing autophagy | Inhibits CRC growth | [26] |
| Clostridium butyricum | Apoptosis | Increases levels of butyrate, which has direct anti-cancer activity, promoting apoptosis in CRC | Inhibits CRC occurrence | [18] |
| Intestinal microbial metabolites | Butyrate | Apoptosis | Inhibits the key pro-proliferative Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and activates G-protein coupled receptors (e.g., GPR43, GPR109A), collectively transmitting pro-apoptotic signals and effectively inducing CRC cell death | Inhibits CRC occurrence, chemosensitizer | [20] |
| Conjugated linoleic acid | Apoptosis | Activates the PPAR-γ receptor and inhibits the downstream NF-κB survival signaling pathway, thereby promoting CRC cell apoptosis | Inhibits CRC growth | [19] |
| Propionate | Apoptosis | Upregulates HECTD2, promoting the degradation of EHMT2, thereby reducing the repressive H3K9me mark on the promoter of the pro-apoptotic gene TNFAIP1, ultimately leading to its upregulation and induction of CRC cell apoptosis | Inhibits CRC growth | [21] |
| 4-ethylphenyl sulfate | Apoptosis | Directly upregulates the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and downregulates the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, thereby promoting CRC apoptosis | Inhibits CRC occurrence | [22] |
| Urolithin A | Apoptosis | Enhances Caspase-8/9-mediated apoptosis when combined with 5-FU | Inhibits CRC occurrence, chemosensitizer | [51-52] |
| trans-3-indoleacrylic acid | Ferroptosis | Activates the AHR pathway, upregulates ALDH1A3, and promotes the expression of FSP1, thereby inhibiting ferroptosis and accelerating tumor progression | Accelerates CRC progression | [34] |
| γ-linolenic acid | Ferroptosis | Triggers ferroptosis in CRC cells by inducing mitochondrial damage | Inhibits CRC growth | [32] |
| Lactiplantibacillus plantarum OC01 metabolite(s) | Autophagy | Induces “protective autophagy” to selectively degrade the oncogenic protein β-catenin, thereby inhibiting CRC cell proliferation | Inhibits CRC growth | [24] |
| Exopolysaccharide | Autophagy | Promoting autophagy in CRC cells by regulating the mTOR signaling pathway | Inhibits CRC growth | [25] |
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