Article(id=1259888463894143533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250818, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1761840000000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-31, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1766419200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineDate=1778310417388, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1777824000000, pubDateStr=2026-05-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778310417388, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778310417388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778310417388, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259888457367806489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='5', pageStart='2031', pageEnd='2556', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778310415832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778320153326, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2226, endPage=2245, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259888464984662585, articleId=1259888463894143533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Effects of different types of plastic film mulching on soil microbial diversity in farmland of Lhasa City, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective With the widespread use and promotion of plastic film mulching on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, a series of issues caused by its application have also emerged. Given the fragile eco-environment of the plateau, it is necessary to investigate the effects of different types of plastic film mulching on the soil microbial community structures in farmland ecosystems. Methods Three treatments—pre-planting soil (ZQ), soil covered with conventional polyethylene mulch (CMPs), and soil covered with biodegradable mulch (BMPs)—were established. Soil physicochemical properties were measured, and high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and ITS region was employed to analyze microbial diversity, community structure, and their associations with environmental factors, on the basis of which the impacts of mulch types on soil microorganisms were evaluated. Results Differences in soil physicochemical factors were observed among different treatments (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in alpha diversity indices for both bacteria and fungi among the treatments, indicating that short-term plastic film mulching did not significantly alter the richness and diversity of microbial communities. The dominant bacterial phyla were Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota, Acidobacteriota, and Chloroflexota, with most dominant genera being unclassified. The dominant fungal phyla were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mortierellomycota, with dominant genera including Mortierella and Solicoccozyma. Network analysis revealed that the main drivers of bacterial and fungal community structures were pH and microplastic (MP) content, respectively. This result reflected functional differences of fungi and bacteria. Fungi, as primary decomposers, were more sensitive to MP pollution, whereas bacterial community structure was more closely related to soil pH. Functional prediction showed that, in bacteria, only the metabolism pathway within the KEGG level 1 showed a positive correlation with the mulching treatment, and no significant differences in COG functions were observed between treatments. In fungi, saprotrophic functions predominated, and their relative abundance changed significantly among treatments. Conclusion Short-term plastic mulching does not significantly affect microbial alpha diversity, but alters the community structure. Compared with conventional PE mulch, biodegradable mulch shows greater potential in enhancing soil nitrogen and organic carbon pools. However, it leads to more severe short-term MP accumulation, accompanied by the risk of pathogenic fungal enrichment. Therefore, its long-term ecological effects require further assessment.

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目的 随着地膜在青藏高原的使用与推广,地膜应用所引发的一系列问题接踵而至。鉴于青藏高原生态环境脆弱,有必要探究不同类型地膜覆盖对青藏高原农田土壤微生物群落结构的影响。 方法 本研究设置了3个处理:种植前土壤(ZQ)、传统聚乙烯地膜覆盖土壤(CMPs)和可降解生物地膜覆盖土壤(BMPs)。通过测定土壤理化性质,并结合16S rRNA基因及ITS区高通量测序技术,解析不同处理下微生物群落的多样性、结构及其与环境因子的关联,以此评估地膜类型对土壤微生物的影响。 结果 不同处理组间的各理化因子存在显著差异(P<0.05)。各处理组间细菌与真菌的α多样性指数均无显著差异,表明短期地膜覆盖并未显著改变微生物群落的丰富度与多样性。细菌优势门为假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)和绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexota),优势属多为未分类类群;而真菌的优势菌门则是子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota),优势属有MortierellaSolicoccozyma等。网络分析表明,细菌与真菌群落结构的主要驱动因子分别为pH和微塑料(microplastics, MPs)含量,这可能反映了二者生态功能的差异:作为主要分解者的真菌对MPs污染更为敏感,而细菌群落结构则与土壤酸碱度关系更为密切。功能预测分析显示,细菌中仅KEGG level 1分类中的“代谢”通路与覆膜处理呈正相关,且COG功能在组间未发现显著差异;真菌中腐生营养型功能占主导,且其相对丰度在处理间变化显著。 结论 短期地膜覆盖虽未显著影响微生物α多样性,但改变了群落结构。相较于传统PE地膜,可降解地膜在提升土壤氮素及有机碳库方面更具潜力,但也导致更严重的短期微塑料富集,且存在病原真菌富集的风险。因此,其长期生态效应需进一步评估。

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作者贡献声明

骆思岑:实验设计、田间管理、数据处理、图表制作、论文撰写及修改;张俊泽:实验设计、样品采集、论文构思及修改;王艳莹:土壤理化性质测定、论文构思及修改;尹冶冰:采样、土壤理化性质测定;李玉:样品采集、微生物数据管理;赵文祥:样品采集、图表制作;杨作鹏:数据核查;郑世锐:文献查询;刘怡萱:提供研究经费、研究场地、研究构思、方案设计与论文修改。

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A: Bacterial LEfSe analysis cladogram; B: Bacterial LDA discriminant bar chart; C: Fungal LEfSe analysis cladogram; D: Fungal LDA discriminant bar chart., figureFileSmall=DDsPvIgiWt3wVISzFPpUwA==, figureFileBig=Uvy1WdHR2cRJDaqErGXjaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928460747784457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888463894143533, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同类型地膜覆盖下土壤细菌和真菌的LEfSe分析和LDA柱形判别图, figureFileSmall=DDsPvIgiWt3wVISzFPpUwA==, figureFileBig=Uvy1WdHR2cRJDaqErGXjaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928461871857937, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888463894143533, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Analysis of the relationship between farmland soil microbial communities and physicochemical properties. 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A: Heatmap of KEGG pathway abundance; B: Bar chart of COG functional category abundance; C: FUNGuild functional classification statistics bar chart., figureFileSmall=9yVx6Eu1zcJqKapzjllD8A==, figureFileBig=nS1cO/bLROA+TEtwGAmhSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928471158047038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888463894143533, language=CN, label=图7, caption=农田土壤微生物群落的功能预测分析, figureFileSmall=9yVx6Eu1zcJqKapzjllD8A==, figureFileBig=nS1cO/bLROA+TEtwGAmhSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928471548117315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888463894143533, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Soil physicochemical properties of different treatment groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemZQCMPsBMPs
pH8.32±0.02c8.44±0.01a8.36±0.01b
TN/%0.78±0.01b0.70±0.03c0.92±0.02a
TC/%0.95±0.03a0.82±0.02c0.94±0.03 b
MBC/(mg/kg)97.31±0.01b99.06±0.02a95.93±0.01c
DOC/(mg/kg)74.64±0.01c77.17±0.04b93.66±0.01a
TP/(g/kg)0.74±0.02c0.79±0.01b1.03±0.04a
TK/(g/kg)11.87±0.02a8.95±0.01c9.54±0.01b
ROC/(g/kg)1.32±0.01b1.19±0.01c1.64±0.05a
POC/(g/kg)1.78±0.04b1.74±0.04c2.59±0.04a
MAOC/(g/kg)5.01±0.02b4.53±0.01c5.30±0.02a
MPs/(items/kg)1 511±244c2 311±111b8 178±109a
), ArticleFig(id=1259928472349229387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888463894143533, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同处理组土壤理化性质

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ItemZQCMPsBMPs
pH8.32±0.02c8.44±0.01a8.36±0.01b
TN/%0.78±0.01b0.70±0.03c0.92±0.02a
TC/%0.95±0.03a0.82±0.02c0.94±0.03 b
MBC/(mg/kg)97.31±0.01b99.06±0.02a95.93±0.01c
DOC/(mg/kg)74.64±0.01c77.17±0.04b93.66±0.01a
TP/(g/kg)0.74±0.02c0.79±0.01b1.03±0.04a
TK/(g/kg)11.87±0.02a8.95±0.01c9.54±0.01b
ROC/(g/kg)1.32±0.01b1.19±0.01c1.64±0.05a
POC/(g/kg)1.78±0.04b1.74±0.04c2.59±0.04a
MAOC/(g/kg)5.01±0.02b4.53±0.01c5.30±0.02a
MPs/(items/kg)1 511±244c2 311±111b8 178±109a
), ArticleFig(id=1259928473649463630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888463894143533, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Analysis of soil microbial community structure diversity indices across different treatment groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentSobsChao1Shannon indexSimpson index
BacteriaZQ518.3±80.7524.0±90.45.06±0.070.015±0.002
CMPs519.0±90.0522.8±96.25.11±0.070.013±0.002
BMPs501.3±70.7504.3±76.65.07±0.120.014±0.004
FungiZQ188.0±43.0190.8±47.83.50±0.130.055±0.003
CMPs190.3±5.7190.6±6.23.59±0.130.057±0.011
BMPs214.3±30.7218.4±37.13.57±0.180.056±0.010
), ArticleFig(id=1259928474924532054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888463894143533, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同处理组土壤微生物群落结构多样性指数分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
TreatmentSobsChao1Shannon indexSimpson index
BacteriaZQ518.3±80.7524.0±90.45.06±0.070.015±0.002
CMPs519.0±90.0522.8±96.25.11±0.070.013±0.002
BMPs501.3±70.7504.3±76.65.07±0.120.014±0.004
FungiZQ188.0±43.0190.8±47.83.50±0.130.055±0.003
CMPs190.3±5.7190.6±6.23.59±0.130.057±0.011
BMPs214.3±30.7218.4±37.13.57±0.180.056±0.010
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不同类型地膜覆盖对拉萨市农田土壤微生物多样性的影响
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骆思岑 , 张俊泽 , 王艳莹 , 尹冶冰 , 李玉 , 赵文祥 , 杨作鹏 , 郑世锐 , 刘怡萱
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(5): 2226-2245
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(5): 2226-2245
不同类型地膜覆盖对拉萨市农田土壤微生物多样性的影响
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骆思岑, 张俊泽, 王艳莹, 尹冶冰, 李玉, 赵文祥, 杨作鹏, 郑世锐, 刘怡萱
作者信息
  • 西藏大学,青藏高原生物多样性与生态环境保护教育部重点实验室,西藏 拉萨
Effects of different types of plastic film mulching on soil microbial diversity in farmland of Lhasa City
Sicen LUO, Junze ZHANG, Yanying WANG, Yebing YIN, Yu LI, Wenxiang ZHAO, Zuopeng YANG, Shirui ZHENG, Yixuan LIU
Affiliations
  • Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Environment on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, Ministry of Education, Xizang University, Lhasa, Xizang, China
出版时间: 2026-05-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250818
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目的 随着地膜在青藏高原的使用与推广,地膜应用所引发的一系列问题接踵而至。鉴于青藏高原生态环境脆弱,有必要探究不同类型地膜覆盖对青藏高原农田土壤微生物群落结构的影响。 方法 本研究设置了3个处理:种植前土壤(ZQ)、传统聚乙烯地膜覆盖土壤(CMPs)和可降解生物地膜覆盖土壤(BMPs)。通过测定土壤理化性质,并结合16S rRNA基因及ITS区高通量测序技术,解析不同处理下微生物群落的多样性、结构及其与环境因子的关联,以此评估地膜类型对土壤微生物的影响。 结果 不同处理组间的各理化因子存在显著差异(P<0.05)。各处理组间细菌与真菌的α多样性指数均无显著差异,表明短期地膜覆盖并未显著改变微生物群落的丰富度与多样性。细菌优势门为假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)和绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexota),优势属多为未分类类群;而真菌的优势菌门则是子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)和被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota),优势属有MortierellaSolicoccozyma等。网络分析表明,细菌与真菌群落结构的主要驱动因子分别为pH和微塑料(microplastics, MPs)含量,这可能反映了二者生态功能的差异:作为主要分解者的真菌对MPs污染更为敏感,而细菌群落结构则与土壤酸碱度关系更为密切。功能预测分析显示,细菌中仅KEGG level 1分类中的“代谢”通路与覆膜处理呈正相关,且COG功能在组间未发现显著差异;真菌中腐生营养型功能占主导,且其相对丰度在处理间变化显著。 结论 短期地膜覆盖虽未显著影响微生物α多样性,但改变了群落结构。相较于传统PE地膜,可降解地膜在提升土壤氮素及有机碳库方面更具潜力,但也导致更严重的短期微塑料富集,且存在病原真菌富集的风险。因此,其长期生态效应需进一步评估。

地膜  /  高通量测序  /  土壤微生物  /  土壤微生物群落多样性  /  土壤理化性质

Objective With the widespread use and promotion of plastic film mulching on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, a series of issues caused by its application have also emerged. Given the fragile eco-environment of the plateau, it is necessary to investigate the effects of different types of plastic film mulching on the soil microbial community structures in farmland ecosystems. Methods Three treatments—pre-planting soil (ZQ), soil covered with conventional polyethylene mulch (CMPs), and soil covered with biodegradable mulch (BMPs)—were established. Soil physicochemical properties were measured, and high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and ITS region was employed to analyze microbial diversity, community structure, and their associations with environmental factors, on the basis of which the impacts of mulch types on soil microorganisms were evaluated. Results Differences in soil physicochemical factors were observed among different treatments (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in alpha diversity indices for both bacteria and fungi among the treatments, indicating that short-term plastic film mulching did not significantly alter the richness and diversity of microbial communities. The dominant bacterial phyla were Pseudomonadota, Actinomycetota, Acidobacteriota, and Chloroflexota, with most dominant genera being unclassified. The dominant fungal phyla were Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Mortierellomycota, with dominant genera including Mortierella and Solicoccozyma. Network analysis revealed that the main drivers of bacterial and fungal community structures were pH and microplastic (MP) content, respectively. This result reflected functional differences of fungi and bacteria. Fungi, as primary decomposers, were more sensitive to MP pollution, whereas bacterial community structure was more closely related to soil pH. Functional prediction showed that, in bacteria, only the metabolism pathway within the KEGG level 1 showed a positive correlation with the mulching treatment, and no significant differences in COG functions were observed between treatments. In fungi, saprotrophic functions predominated, and their relative abundance changed significantly among treatments. Conclusion Short-term plastic mulching does not significantly affect microbial alpha diversity, but alters the community structure. Compared with conventional PE mulch, biodegradable mulch shows greater potential in enhancing soil nitrogen and organic carbon pools. However, it leads to more severe short-term MP accumulation, accompanied by the risk of pathogenic fungal enrichment. Therefore, its long-term ecological effects require further assessment.

plastic film mulch  /  high-throughput sequencing  /  soil microorganisms  /  soil microbial community diversity  /  soil physicochemical properties
骆思岑, 张俊泽, 王艳莹, 尹冶冰, 李玉, 赵文祥, 杨作鹏, 郑世锐, 刘怡萱. 不同类型地膜覆盖对拉萨市农田土壤微生物多样性的影响. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2226 -2245 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250818
Sicen LUO, Junze ZHANG, Yanying WANG, Yebing YIN, Yu LI, Wenxiang ZHAO, Zuopeng YANG, Shirui ZHENG, Yixuan LIU. Effects of different types of plastic film mulching on soil microbial diversity in farmland of Lhasa City[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2226 -2245 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250818
农用塑料薄膜(简称农膜)主要是指农业生产中使用的地膜、棚膜和其他农用专业膜,因其具有显著的增产增效作用,在我国农业生产中得到广泛应用,截至2020年,我国农用塑料薄膜用量达239万t,我国已成为亚洲地区农用薄膜使用量最大的国家[1-2]。地膜作为农用塑料薄膜的应用类型之一,具有提高土壤温度[3]、保持土壤水分[4-5]、维持土壤结构[6]、促进作物生长[7]、抑制杂草生长[8-10]、改善光照条件[11]等优点。贠民政等[12]、赵贯锋等[13]研究发现,相较于正常种植,使用地膜不仅能显著增加青稞单位面积穗数,提高青稞产量,还可使部分喜温作物的栽培海拔向上提升500-1 000 m。
地膜破裂与低回收率导致大量残膜留存于土壤中,引发土壤结构破坏、肥力下降等一系列问题,威胁农业生产的可持续健康发展。同时,残膜降解会产生大量微塑料(microplastics, MPs)颗粒,形成新的污染源,对生态环境产生二次污染[14-15]。联合国环境规划署发布的最新研究报告显示,用于农业活动的塑料正以惊人的速度渗入世界各地的农业土壤中;农膜残留不仅会污染土壤,导致土壤生产力下降,还会影响生物多样性,威胁粮食安全,甚至危害人类健康[16]
可降解地膜被视为传统地膜的环境友好型替代方案,因其兼具增温保墒与可自然降解的特性而备受关注[17]。在我国各省市已有关于可降解地膜对棉花[18]、烟草[19]、辣椒[20]、马铃薯[21]、大蒜[22]、水稻[23]等作物影响的研究,但在生态环境独特且脆弱的青藏高原农田,可降解地膜的生态效应,尤其是对土壤微生态的影响,仍缺乏系统评估[24]
为更全面地了解覆盖不同类型地膜对土壤微生物群落结构及功能的影响,本研究选取不同类型地膜为研究对象,利用高通量测序技术对青藏高原农田土壤微生物的变化进行研究,以期了解地膜覆盖和微塑料残留对拉萨土壤理化性质及微生物群落结构的影响,为高海拔地区农业科学生产提供理论依据。
本研究在拉萨市西藏大学纳金校区(91.18°E, 29.64°N)开展,实验地位于雅鲁藏布江中游河谷地带,平均海拔的3 650 m,气候属于高原温带半干旱季风气候区。年日照时数达3 000 h以上,光能资源丰富,年平均降雨量为446 mm,无霜期为110-120 d。该区域土壤有机质含量低,pH值呈中性或微碱性,土质疏松,水分缺乏[25-26]
本研究共设置3个处理组,分别为:(1) 种前土壤(ZQ);(2) 传统地膜覆盖土壤(CMPs);(3) 可降解地膜覆盖土壤(BMPs)。其中,传统地膜为聚乙烯(PE)材质,厚度为0.008 mm;可降解地膜为可降解材质(LLDPE的质量分数为96%-99%,生态塑料母料EBP-1502的质量分数为1%-4%),厚度同样为0.008 mm。除地膜材质不同外,其余田间管理方式一致。种植一个季度的青稞,在种植青稞前与青稞收获后进行土壤采集,并对土壤理化性质、土壤微生物等相关指标进行检测。
每一块试验地面积均为16 m2,土地在前茬作物收获后进行深翻,种植青稞前再次翻地并归拢,翻地深度约20 cm。青稞种植时间为2024年6月17日,密度约15 g/m2,行距约为25 cm,以确保植株间有足够生长空间,光照充足。根据降水情况,每周浇水1-2次,以保持土壤湿度稳定。
分别在翻耕覆膜前与青稞成熟后,利用不锈钢土钻采集0-20 cm的耕层土壤。每个处理采用随机五点采样法进行采样,将每个样点土壤样品混合均匀,获得每个处理的复合土壤样品,并去除细根杂物。将土样分为2部分:一部分土样风干后用于测定土壤理化性质;另一部分新鲜土样装入无菌袋中带回实验室,置于-80 ℃的冰箱中恒温保存,用于后续土壤微生物的测序工作。
土壤理化指标分析参照《土壤农业化学分析方法》[27]。土壤pH采用电位测定法测定;土壤总氮(total nitrogen, TN)采用全自动凯氏定氮仪法测定;土壤总碳(total carbon, TC)采用重铬酸钾-外加热法测定;土壤微生物量碳(microbial biomass carbon, MBC)采用氯仿熏蒸提取-TOC测定;土壤溶解性有机碳(dissolved organic carbon, DOC)采用TOC仪测定;土壤全磷(total phosphorus, TP)采用钼锑抗比色法测定;土壤全钾(total potassium, TK)采用火焰光度计测定;土壤易氧化有机碳(readily oxidizable carbon, ROC)采用333 mmol/L KMnO4氧化-比色法测定;土壤颗粒有机碳(particulate organic carbon, POC)、矿物结合有机碳(mineral-associated organic carbon, MAOC)采用六偏磷酸钠+重铬酸钾外加热法测定;土壤微塑料(microplastics, MPs)采用激光红外LDIR仪进行检测分析[28]。所有土壤理化性质数据采用Excel 2021进行整理,并利用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析。
土样在超净工作台装入2 mL无菌EP管中,委托上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司对土壤样品进行测序。采用细菌16S rRNA基因的V3-V4区引物338F (5′-ACTCCTACGGGAG GCAGCAG-3′)和806R (5′-GGACTACHVGGGT WTCTAAT-3′),以及真菌ITS1引物ITS1F (5′-C TTGGTCATTTAGAGGAAGTAA-3′)和ITS2R (5′-GCTGCGTTCTTCATCGATGC-3′)进行PCR扩增,PCR反应由上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司完成。扩增产物经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测后切胶回收,并使用DNA凝胶提取试剂盒纯化。纯化后的PCR产物委托上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司在Illumina NextSeq 2000平台上进行测序。下机数据经质控后,采用DADA2算法去噪并提取扩增序列变异体(amplicon sequence variants, ASV)信息,再利用Silva和RDP数据库进行物种注释。采用mothur软件计算α多样性指数,并采用Wilcoxon秩和检验进行α多样性的组间差异分析;使用基于Bray-Curtis距离算法的主坐标分析(principal coordinates analysis, PCoA)检验样本间微生物群落结构的相似性,并结合PERMANOVA非参数检验分析样本组间微生物群落结构差异是否显著;用LEfSe分析(linear discriminant analysis effect size)确定不同组间从门到属水平丰度显著差异的土壤微生物类群。使用基于距离的冗余分析(distance-based redundancy analysis, db-RDA)。调查土壤理化性质对土壤微生物群落结构的影响。线性回归分析用于评估db-RDA分析中确定的主要土壤理化性质对微生物α多样性指数的影响。基于Spearman相关性挑选物种进行相关性网络图分析。
对不同处理组土壤理化性质进行单因素方差分析,结果表明(表1)不同地膜覆盖处理对pH、TN、TC、MBC、DOC、TP、TK、ROC、POC、MAOC和MPs均产生了显著影响(P<0.05)。
相较于种植前土壤,覆膜处理后土壤的pH、DOC和MPs均呈现不同幅度的上升趋势,而TK和TC含量均有所降低。值得注意的是,传统地膜覆盖与可降解地膜覆盖对部分理化性质产生了相反的效应:在CMPs处理组中TN、ROC、POC、MAOC含量降低,MBC含量增加;在BMPs处理组则刚好相反。
对土壤样品进行高通量测序后,各样本的Sobs群落多样性稀释曲线呈现出趋于平稳的趋势,这表明测序的数据量适宜,足以反映样品中大部分微生物多样性的信息。各处理间土壤微生物群落的α多样性指数无显著差异(P>0.05,表2),表明短期地膜覆盖未对其产生显著影响。
基于Bray-Curtis距离的主坐标分析(PCoA)显示(图1),不同处理组细菌与真菌群落的轴1和轴2累计贡献量之和分别为36.98%和67.38%。相似性分析结果表明,细菌(R=0.316 9, P=0.024)、真菌(R=0.201 6, P=0.038)组间差异并不明显,各处理之间组间差异大于组内差异。真菌和细菌的PCoA图均显示,覆膜处理后样品与种前土壤样品土壤群落明显分离,表明覆膜改变了土壤微生物的群落结构。
选择不同处理组中相对丰度大于1.00%的细菌群落进行比较,假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota, 27.46%-30.44%)、放线菌门(Actinomycetota, 15.41%-21.4%)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota, 13.51%-16.86%)和绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexota, 10.65%-11.8%)的相对丰度最高,是土壤样品中的优势菌门,而排名前10的菌门共占总序列数的93.47%-95.17%。
属水平上,不同处理组土壤样品细菌群落结构(相对丰度>1.00%)如图2所示,各处理属水平中相对丰度大于1.00%的细菌有27种。其中,norank_o__Vicinamibacterales的相对丰度占比最高(4.35%-5.43%),其次分别为norank_f__Gemmatimonadaceae (3.09%-4.13%)、norank_f__Vicinamibacteraceae (2.93%-4.58%)和unclassified_f__Micrococcaceae (2.36%-6.42%),为3个处理组共有的优势菌属。此外,在ZQ处理组中,鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)的相对丰度占比为3.50%,是该处理组中的优势菌种。
选择不同处理组中相对丰度大于1.00%的真菌群落进行比较,子囊菌门(Ascomycota, 57.63%-67.46%)占比最高,是真菌中的主要菌门,其次为担子菌门(Basidiomycota, 11.70%-16.41%)和被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota, 10.54%-14.08%),这3个菌门相对丰度占总体的88.03%-91.37%。
各处理真菌群落属水平中相对丰度大于1.00%的真菌有30种(图3),被孢霉属(Mortierella, 8.10%-12.39%)、Solicoccozyma (9.36%-11.07%)、unclassified_f__Nectriaceae (4.68%-10.81%)、镰孢菌属(Fusarium, 6.11%-10.06%)和链格孢霉菌属(Alternaria, 3.38%-9.26%)的相对丰度占比均大于3.00%,是所有处理组共有的优势菌属。短梗蠕孢属(Trichocladium, 3.40%-4.67%)在CMPs和BMPs处理组中占比超过3.00%,是这2个处理组共有的优势菌属。Unclassified_f__Didymellaceae (4.06%)、织球壳菌属 (Plectosphaerella, 4.07%)、小双腔菌属(Didymella, 4.06%)、GS11_gen_Incertae_sedis (3.91%)、枝胞属(Cladosporium, 5.24%)是ZQ处理组的优势菌属,Fungi_gen_Incertae_sedis (4.14%)、unclassified_k__Fungi (3.61%)和Tausonia (3.93%)是CMPs处理组的优势菌属;Botryotrichum (4.63%)是BMPs处理组的优势菌属。
通过LEfSe分析筛选不同处理组土壤中丰度差异显著的物种(LDA>2.0)。结果显示,不同处理组中均无细菌门富集,在ZQ处理组中有黏结杆菌属(Adhaeribacter)、大田菌属(Daejeonella)、薄层杆菌属(Hymenobacter)等14个细菌属富集,且有4个细菌属对土壤细菌群落结构具有显著影响;在CMPs处理组中有土生孢杆菌属(Terrisporobacter)、高温放线菌属(Thermoactinomyces)和norank_f__Simkaniaceae 3个细菌属富集,仅有Thermoactinomyces 1个菌属对土壤细菌群落结构具有显著影响;在BMPs处理组中有P3OB-42、norank_f__Rhodospirillaceae 2个细菌属富集,仅有P3OB-42 1个菌属对土壤细菌群落结构具有显著影响(图4A4B)。
在不同处理组中均无真菌门富集,在ZQ处理组中有链格孢霉菌属(Alternaria)、枝胞属(Cladosporium)、Modicella等5个真菌属富集,其中有2个真菌属在ZQ处理组中对土壤真菌群落结构具有显著影响;在CMPs处理组中有头束霉属(Cephalotrichum)、CurreyaKeratinophyton 3个真菌属富集,Keratinophyton和头束霉属(Cephalotrichum) 2个真菌属对土壤真菌群落结构具有显著影响;在BMPs处理组中有KostermansindaRhizophagus 2个真菌属富集且均对土壤真菌群落结构具有显著影响(图4C4D)。
通过冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)与典范对应分析(canonical correspondence analysis, CCA)探究土壤微生物群落与关键环境因子的关系(图5)。对于细菌群落,RDA排序轴1和轴2共解释了54.88%的变异。尽管所测环境因子对细菌群落的解释度未达显著水平,但pH是影响其结构变化的主要因子(R2=0.516 3, P=0.130)。对于真菌群落,CCA排序轴1和轴2共解释了44.15%的变异,且pH值对真菌群落结构具有显著影响(R2=0.682 5, P=0.029)。
对上述土壤理化因子与排名前20的主导菌属的相关分析表明,细菌群落中仅有单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)和微枝形杆菌属(Microvirga)与土壤pH呈现显著负相关;鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)与土壤TC呈极显著正相关,微枝形杆菌属(Microvirga)与土壤TC呈显著正相关,MND1则与土壤TC呈现显著负相关;unclassified_f__Micrococcaceae和norank_f__Roseiflexaceae与土壤TP呈现显著负相关;unclassified_f__Micrococcaceae与MPs呈现极显著负相关,MND1则与MPs呈现显著正相关。真菌群落中绝大多数主导菌属与土壤pH呈现显著相关性,其中链格孢霉菌属(Alternaria)和枝胞属(Cladosporium)与土壤pH呈现极显著负相关,小双腔菌属(Didymella)和unclassified_f__Didymellaceae与土壤pH呈现显著负相关,短梗蠕孢属(Trichocladium)与土壤pH呈现极显著正相关。Mortierella与土壤TP呈现极显著负相关,GS11_gen_Incertae_sedis与土壤TP呈现显著负相关;unclassified_f__Nectriaceae与土壤TP呈现极显著正相关,LinnemanniaMarquandomyces与土壤TP呈现显著正相关。Mortierella与土壤MPs呈现显著负相关,Linnemannia与土壤MPs呈现极显著正相关,unclassified_f__NectriaceaeExophiala与土壤MPs呈现显著正相关。
细菌双因素相关性网络图(图6A)分析表明,TK、TC和pH是度中心性最高的环境因子,分别与10、8、8个微生物类群显著相关。其中,TK与MND1、norank_f__Methyloligellaceae、norank_f__SC-I-84呈显著负相关,与MicrovirgaStreptomycesSkermanella、unclassified_f__Sphingomonadaceae、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)、MassiliaNocardioides呈显著正相关。TC与MND1、norank_f__Methyloligellaceae、norank_o__S085呈显著负相关,与Nocardioides、unclassified_f__SphingomonadaceaeSkermanellaMicrovirga、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)呈显著正相关。pH与MicrovirgaSkermanella、unclassified_f__SphingomonadaceaeMassiliaNocardioides、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)呈显著负相关,与norank_f__SC-I-84、norank_f__Methyloligellaceae呈显著正相关。NocardioidesSkermanella、unclassified_f__SphingomonadaceaeMicrovirga、鞘氨醇单胞菌属(Sphingomonas)这5个菌属构成了一个紧密的核心微生物群落,它们同时由TK和TC富集,又受pH调控。
真菌双因素相关性网络分析则显示(图6B),TP、MPs、TC和TK是关键的环境因子,分别与10、9、9、9个微生物类群显著相关。TP与Mortierella、GS11_gen_Incertae_sedisEpicoccum呈显著负相关,与Pseudopyrenochaeta、unclassified_f__Sporormiaceae、unclassified_f__NectriaceaeLinnemanniaMarquandomycesExophialaPapulaspora呈显著正相关。MPs与MortierellaLectera、小双腔菌属(Didymella)、Epicoccum呈显著负相关,与Pseudopyrenochaeta、unclassified_f__NectriaceaeLinnemanniaExophialaThelonectria呈显著正相关。TC与Emericellopsis、短梗蠕孢属(Trichocladium)、TausoniaHumicola呈显著负相关,与链格孢霉菌属(Alternaria)、Podospora、unclassified_f__Didymellaceae、小双腔菌属(Didymella)、枝胞属(Cladosporium)呈显著正相关。TK与Emericellopsis、短梗蠕孢属(Trichocladium)、Humicola呈显著负相关,与链格孢霉菌属(Alternaria)、LecteraPodospora、织球壳菌属(Plectosphaerella)、unclassified_f__Didymellaceae、枝胞属(Cladosporium)呈显著正相关。
通过细菌KEGG功能热图可知(图7A),KEGG通路1级(pathway level 1)共涉及6大类代谢通路,其中代谢与不同处理组土壤细菌呈正相关,而生物体系统、人类疾病、细胞过程、环境信息处理、遗传信息处理则呈现负相关。对照EggNOG数据库,得到了23个COG功能类别。对各环境下的根系土壤微生物的COG功能组成进行分析,在不同处理组中,排名前10的COG功能类别均相同。除此之外,在4个不同处理组中,各功能类别也均有表述。
FUNGuild分析表明,不同类型地膜覆盖处理组ZQ、CMPs、BMPs和BC中土壤真菌中未知部分(unknown)均占比最大(21.82%、26.02%、21.54%、26.65%)。除此之外,在处理组ZQ中,未知腐生营养型(undefined saprotroph, 13.48%)、内生-垃圾腐生-土壤腐生-未知腐生营养型(endophyte-litter saprotroph-soil saprotroph-undefined saprotroph, 2.80%)和动物病原-植物病原-未知腐生营养型(animal pathogen-plant pathogen-undefined saprotroph, 10.12%)的比重较大;在处理组CMPs中,未知腐生营养型(undefined saprotroph, 24.88%)和内生-垃圾腐生-土壤腐生-未知腐生营养型(endophyte-litter saprotroph-soil saprotroph-undefined saprotroph, 14.07%)的比重较大;在处理组BMPs中,未知腐生营养型(undefined saprotroph, 28.12%)、内生-垃圾腐生-土壤腐生-未知腐生营养型(endophyte-litter saprotroph-soil saprotroph-undefined saprotroph, 10.54%)和动物病原-内生-地衣寄生-植物病原-土壤腐生-木材腐生营养型(animal pathogen-endophyte-lichen parasite-plant pathogen-soil saprotroph-wood saprotroph, 10.06%)的比重较大。
拉萨市地处青藏高原腹地,其寒冷干燥的气候与贫瘠的土壤共同塑造了脆弱的农田生态系统[26]。农业生产活动会改变土壤的水热条件和理化性质,进而影响微生物群落。本研究表明,pH值是塑造该区域土壤微生物群落结构,尤其是真菌群落的主导环境因子,这一发现与陈丹阳等[29]、Feng等[30]的研究结果一致,即pH能够通过影响酶活性、养分有效性及细胞膜稳定性,调控土壤微生物的群落结构。尽管氮素通常是调控土壤微生物的关键因子,但本研究中细菌群落对总氮变化的响应不显著。这可能是因为在青藏高原强烈的昼夜温差和冻融循环等物理过程使得水分和温度等非生物因子的影响超过了氮素的作用[31-32]
本研究还揭示了覆膜措施对土壤碳循环的关键影响,研究发现无论何种覆膜处理,土壤总碳均出现降低,这与邹丽娜等的研究结果相似,覆膜能够改变农田土壤微域环境,促进了土壤的微生物活性,从而加速了土壤有机质的矿化过程,同时,由于缺乏新鲜有机质(如凋落物)的输入,最终导致土壤总碳的消耗[33-34]。为了更精确地分析不同类型地膜覆盖对有机碳库的影响,本研究进一步将土壤有机碳分为颗粒有机碳和矿物结合有机碳[35],结果表明,在BMPs处理组中这2种有机碳组分含量均显著增加,暗示可降解地膜可能通过促进土壤微生物活动,提高了土壤结构的稳定性,展现了其在土壤碳稳定性方面的独特潜力[36]
本研究还发现,无论哪种地膜覆盖处理均会导致土壤中微塑料(MPs)丰度急剧上升,且BMPs处理中的MPs含量显著高于CMPs处理。这一结果表明,无论是传统的聚乙烯地膜还是可降解地膜,均是农田土壤微塑料的重要来源[37]。BMPs处理中的MPs含量大幅增加,这可能源于其在降解过程中迅速破碎,在短期内形成大量微塑料碎片但并未及时降解,这与公众认知中的“可降解即环境友好”形成对比,警示我们必须重新审视评估可降解地膜的短期生态风险。
在细菌门水平上,各处理组间群落组成高度相似,由假单胞菌门、放线菌门、酸杆菌门和绿屈挠菌门组成的核心菌群占据优势(70.87%-76.12%),这与前人的研究结论[38]相似。这一现象表明,在青藏高原农田生态系统中,严酷的环境条件塑造了一个结构相对稳定的核心微生物群落。已有研究表明,上述四大优势菌门是土壤碳循环功能基因的主要携带者[39]。因此,推测本地的土壤核心菌群不仅承载了碳循环功能,更通过富集抗逆基因,构建了应对高原恶劣环境的生理与生态缓冲机制。覆膜管理作为一种人为干扰,虽然改变了土壤的物理微环境并对微生物群落进行二次筛选,但由于本地的土壤微生物群落存在很大的功能冗余性,其核心的生态功能能够在短期内维持稳定[40]。在属水平上,存在大量未分类菌属,这一现象则充分展示了青藏高原独特生境中还蕴藏着丰富且未被充分认知的微生物资源,具有巨大的研究潜力。
与细菌类似,真菌群落同样呈现出由少数关键菌门主导的格局,子囊菌门、担子菌门和被孢霉门三者合计占比高达88.03%-93.04%,这与其他农田土壤真菌研究的观测结果相似[41-42]。在属水平上,具有突出有机物降解能力的被孢霉属(Mortierella)成为最优势类群,其丰度的增加可能直接促进了土壤中复杂有机物(如半纤维素、纤维素)的分解,从而正向驱动了养分的矿化与循环过程[43]。此外,有益真菌Solicoccozyma因其植物促生功能及与病原菌的拮抗关系,被认为是土壤生态系统健康的一个积极指标[44-45]。本研究中其相对丰度在CMPs处理组中有些许增加,而在BMPs处理组中有些许下降;与之相反,作为全球最重要植物病原菌之一的镰孢菌属(Fusarium)[46]则在CMPs处理组中降低,在BMPs处理组中大幅增长,这证明传统地膜在抑制此类致病真菌方面可能优于可降解地膜。值得注意的是,unclassified_f__Nectriaceae在种植青稞后显著富集,可能与青稞的健康生长存在特定的互利共生关系,值得后续深入研究[47]
研究观察到短期地膜覆盖未显著改变土壤微生物的α多样性,但驱动了群落结构的重组。一些长期定位试验表明,连续多年的地膜覆盖会因土壤条件、微塑料丰度等因素的改变而改变细菌或真菌的多样性[48-49]。本研究仅涉及一个生长季的覆盖,其干扰强度和持续时间可能尚未超越高原土壤核心微生物群落的生态弹性阈值,这或是α多样性未出现显著变化的主要原因,此结果与陈月星等[50]的发现有相似之处,暗示在覆盖初期微生物多样性的响应可能相对滞后,还需要通过长期定位试验进一步评估覆膜对土壤微生物的影响。
通过对群落功能潜力的预测分析,本研究进一步揭示了微生物对覆膜环境的代谢响应。细菌的KEGG功能谱显示,代谢是唯一与所有覆膜处理均呈正相关的核心功能类别,凸显了微生物在环境扰动下维持基础能量代谢与物质转化的核心地位[51]。在COG功能分类中,氨基酸运输与代谢、能量产生与转换等功能类别的活跃,反映了微生物正积极调整其代谢策略,以适应覆膜引起的资源再分配过程并维持生命活动[52]
基于FUNGuild的功能预测表明,农田土壤真菌群落的功能模式以腐生营养型为主。这一发现与上述细菌群落以碳循环为核心的功能特征相呼应,共同勾勒出一个以有机质分解为主导功能的土壤微生物生态系统。值得注意的是,与传统地膜相比,可降解地膜处理中植物病原型真菌的相对丰度有所提高。我们推测,这可能是由于可降解地膜在作物生长后期的不均匀破裂,导致土壤微环境发生剧烈波动,从而为部分病原菌创造了更适宜的生态位[53]
本研究通过对短期不同类型地膜覆盖下青稞农田土壤的综合分析,发现短期地膜覆盖虽未显著改变土壤微生物群落的α多样性,但通过改变关键环境因子(如pH和微塑料含量)驱动了细菌与真菌群落结构的重组。相较于传统PE地膜,可降解生物地膜在提升土壤氮素及有机碳库方面展现出显著优势,表明其具有改善土壤肥力与固碳的潜力。然而,可降解地膜同时导致更严重的短期微塑料污染,并伴随着病原性镰孢菌属真菌富集的风险。尽管存在上述风险,可降解地膜覆盖下的土壤微生物群落形成了更为复杂的互作网络。综上所述,可降解生物地膜在提升土壤肥力方面展现潜力,但也带来了更严重的短期微塑料污染和病原真菌增殖风险。因此,必须对其长期生态效应,特别是微塑料的最终归趋及其对土传病害的长期影响进行持续监测与全面评估。
  • 西藏大学生态学高水平团队建设项目(00061347)
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2026年第66卷第5期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250818
  • 接收时间:2025-10-31
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-31
  • 录用日期:2025-12-23
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The High-caliber Ecological Research Team Development Project of Xizang University(00061347)
西藏大学生态学高水平团队建设项目(00061347)
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    西藏大学,青藏高原生物多样性与生态环境保护教育部重点实验室,西藏 拉萨
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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