Article(id=1259888462954619433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1767542400000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1770134400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-04, onlineDate=1778310417164, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1777824000000, pubDateStr=2026-05-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778310417164, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778310417164, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778310417164, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259888457367806489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='5', pageStart='2031', pageEnd='2556', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778310415832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778320153326, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2191, endPage=2207, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259888464783335990, articleId=1259888462954619433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Effects of rabbit gut microbiota transplantation on the physiological functions and gut microbiota of mice feeding on a high-fiber diet, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in promoting food digestion in animals. However, the impact of cross-species microbiota transplantation from donors with different dietary habits on the host food digestion capacity remains unclear. Objective To investigate the role of cross-species microbiota transplantation in regulating the digestive system adaptability, metabolic functions, reproduction, stress responses, and gut microbiota structure of the host. Methods We utilized New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), a herbivorous species, and C57BL/6J mice, an omnivorous species, as donors and recipients of gut microbiota, respectively. The mice were allocated into three groups: a control group on a normal diet (Con), a group on a high-fiber diet (TS), and a group on a high-fiber diet supplemented with rabbit fecal microbiota transplantation (OC). This study was designed to evaluate various physiological and biochemical parameters, including body weight, food intake, absolute and relative organ weights (both wet weight and organ-to-body weight ratio), morphometric indices (length and diameter) of the small intestine, sperm concentration, and serum corticosterone level, in mice. Additionally, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing targeting the V3-V4 hypervariable region to characterize the composition of fecal microbiota. Results A high-fiber diet significantly increased the food intake, small intestine length, and serum corticosterone level, while significantly reducing the body weight, liver and spleen wet weights, liver/body weight ratio, spleen/body weight ratio, and sperm concentration in mice. Moreover, it increased the alpha diversity of the gut microbiota, decreased the Bacillota-to-Bacteroidota ratio, and reduced the relative abundance of probiotics (such as Ligilactobacillus). Transplantation of the gut microbiota from rabbits increased the wet weight of the epididymis and the epididymis/body weight ratio, while significantly reducing the liver/body weight ratio and the serum corticosterone level in recipient mice. Furthermore, a high-fiber diet significantly increased the relative abundance of the fiber-degrading bacterial family (Oscillospiraceae) and the gut health-associated bacterial genus (Colidextribacter). After the transplantation of rabbit gut microbiota into mice, the relative abundance of Oscillospiraceae and Colidextribacter in mice increased significantly. Conclusion The high-fiber diet has adverse effects on omnivores. Although the microbiota transplantation from herbivores does not significantly improve the host ability to digest fiber, it changes the gut microbiota structure of omnivores, playing a positive role in improving their digestion, reproduction, metabolism, and stress responses. Future research needs to further determine the optimal levels of dietary fiber for omnivores and the dosage of microbiota transplantation from herbivores, as well as their synergistic effects and underlying mechanisms in improving animal health. This study provides a reference for exploring the role of gut microbiota in animal adaptation to dietary changes in natural environments and lays a foundation for future research on improving the utilization of high-fiber foods by omnivorous domestic animals.

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E-mail: ZHU Hanyi, ;
ZHANG Zhibin,
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These authors contributed equally to this work.

, authorsList=Wanxiang ZHANG, Siyang XUE, Xiaolong GAO, Hongjuan ZHAI, Hanyi ZHU, Zhibin ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1259888471204815484, articleId=1259888462954619433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=CN, title=兔肠道微生物移植对高纤维饮食小鼠生理功能和肠道微生物的影响, columnId=1192149544164012138, journalTitle=微生物学报, columnName=研究报告, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

肠道菌群在促进动物消化食物等方面发挥关键作用,然而不同食性跨物种微生物移植对动物食物消化能力的影响尚不明确。 目的 探讨跨物种微生物移植在调控宿主消化系统适应性、代谢功能、繁殖、应激反应及肠道菌群结构方面的作用。 方法 以草食性新西兰白兔(Oryctolagus cuniculus)和杂食性C57BL/6J小鼠分别作为肠道菌群供体与受体,设置正常饮食小鼠(Con)组、高纤维饮食小鼠(TS)组和高纤维+新西兰兔粪便菌群移植(OC)组,共3组。系统评估体重、摄食量、脏器湿重及脏器/体重比、小肠长度与直径、精子密度以及血清皮质酮浓度等指标变化,并对粪便微生物群16S rRNA基因的V3-V4区进行测序。 结果 高纤维饮食显著增加小鼠摄食量、小肠长度和血清皮质酮浓度,显著降低体重、肝脏和脾脏湿重、肝脏/体重、脾脏/体重和精子浓度,提高肠道菌群α多样性,降低芽孢杆菌门/拟杆菌门比值,减少益生菌[如宿主关联乳杆菌属(Ligilactobacillus)]的相对丰度;兔肠道菌群移植增加受体小鼠附睾湿重和附睾/体重,显著降低肝脏/体重和血清皮质酮水平。此外,高纤维饮食显著提高与纤维降解相关的颤螺菌科(Oscillospiraceae)和与肠道健康相关菌属(Colidextribacter)的相对丰度;兔肠道菌群移植后,小鼠OscillospiraceaeColidextribacter的相对丰度显著升高。 结论 过量高纤维饮食对杂食性动物会产生不利影响,而草食动物菌群移植虽未显著改善宿主消化纤维能力,但可改变杂食动物肠道菌群结构,在改善其消化、繁殖、代谢和应激方面可能发挥一定积极作用。未来研究需要进一步明确杂食动物适宜的膳食纤维摄入量和草食性微生物菌群移植的剂量,同时探究它们在改善动物健康方面的协同作用及其潜在机制。该研究为探索自然环境下肠道微生物在动物适应食性变化中的作用研究提供了借鉴,同时也为今后提高杂食性家养动物对高纤维食物的消化能力研究奠定基础。

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作者贡献声明

张万相:参与实验和原始数据收集(协助收集体重和摄食量数据、收集粪便、参与解剖、检测血清皮质酮水平、送测肠道微生物),整理并分析了所有原始数据,解释实验结果、绘制论文图片并撰写手稿;薛嗣阳:参与本实验和收集原始数据(收集体重、摄食量、脏器湿重、脏器/体重、精子密度原始数据,参与粪便收集和解剖);高霄龙:参与粪便收集和解剖、脏器相关数据收集以及指导灌胃操作;翟红娟:参与解剖和脏器相关数据收集;朱涵毅:设计、参与并指导本实验、修改手稿;张知彬:设计本实验、修改手稿。

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2.Hainan International One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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2.海南大学,海南全健康国际研究院,海南 海口
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Nutrients, 2024, 16(16): 2660., articleTitle=Exploration of the Muribaculaceae family in the gut microbiota: diversity, metabolism, and function, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1259928506306278303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888462954619433, awardId=325QN232, language=EN, fundingSource=The Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(325QN232), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1259928507551986603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888462954619433, awardId=325QN232, language=CN, fundingSource=海南省自然科学基金(325QN232), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1259928510085346230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888462954619433, awardId=RZ2300002832, language=EN, fundingSource=The Start-up Fund from Hainan University(RZ2300002832), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1259928510974538689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888462954619433, awardId=RZ2300002832, language=CN, fundingSource=海南大学启动基金(RZ2300002832), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1259928512220246988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888462954619433, awardId=XJ2600000278, language=EN, fundingSource=The Start-up Fund from Hainan University(XJ2600000278), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1259928513998631893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888462954619433, awardId=XJ2600000278, language=CN, fundingSource=海南大学启动基金(XJ2600000278), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1259928401121521977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888462954619433, xref=1., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928401524175162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888462954619433, companyId=1259928401121521977, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.School of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928401872302400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888462954619433, companyId=1259928401121521977, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.海南大学 生态学院,海南 海口)]), AuthorCompany(id=1259928403948482895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888462954619433, xref=2., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928403961065809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888462954619433, companyId=1259928403948482895, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.Hainan International One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928403998814547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888462954619433, companyId=1259928403948482895, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.海南大学,海南全健康国际研究院,海南 海口)]), AuthorCompany(id=1259928405731062107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888462954619433, xref=3., ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928405743645021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888462954619433, companyId=1259928405731062107, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.Hainan Province Key Laboratory of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1259928406116938080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888462954619433, companyId=1259928405731062107, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.海南大学,海南省全健康重点实验室,海南 海口)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1259928490351145791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888462954619433, language=EN, label=Figure 1, caption=Effects of a high-fiber diet and fecal microbiota transplantation on growth, reproduction, small intestinal length and small intestinal diameter, and stress response in mice. A: Comparisons of body weight; B: Comparisons of food intake; C: Comparisons of organ wet weight; D: Comparisons of organ wet weight-to-body weight ratio; E: Comparisons of small intestinal length; F: Comparisons of small intestinal diameter; G: Comparisons of serum corticosterone (CORT) levels; H: Comparisons of sperm concentration are shown. Con: mice with normal food; TS: Mice with high-fiber food; OC: Mice with high-fiber food+FMT from rabbit. Values are mean±SEM. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001; ns: Not significant difference., figureFileSmall=vww+1CzdQDlma9hkItca8w==, figureFileBig=cPYcmjerN8AGbvvMcvWdBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928492725121864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888462954619433, language=CN, label=图1, caption=高纤维饮食和粪菌移植对小鼠生长繁殖、小肠长度和直径以及应激反应的影响, figureFileSmall=vww+1CzdQDlma9hkItca8w==, figureFileBig=cPYcmjerN8AGbvvMcvWdBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928496386749272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888462954619433, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Differences in gut microbiota diversity and composition in mice after high-fiber diet and fecal microbiota transplantation. A: Rarefaction curves of species richness; B: Alpha diversity (Chao1 index); C: Beta diversity analyzed by principal coordinate analysis (PCoA); D: Relative abundance of the top 10 taxa at the phylum level; E: Relative abundance of the top 10 taxa at the family level; F: Relative abundance of the top 10 taxa at the genus level. Con: Mice with normal food; TS: Mice with high-fiber food; OC: Mice with high-fiber food+FMT from rabbit. **: P<0.01; ns: Not significant difference., figureFileSmall=BH46qMLrSyq91GZYx/yM6w==, figureFileBig=uSPVn+E4nv9op0W1h+7xnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928497003311971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888462954619433, language=CN, label=图2, caption=高纤维饮食和粪菌移植对小鼠肠道微生物多样性和物种组成差异影响, figureFileSmall=BH46qMLrSyq91GZYx/yM6w==, figureFileBig=uSPVn+E4nv9op0W1h+7xnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928497942836078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888462954619433, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Effects of a high-fiber diet and fecal microbiota transplantation on differences in the gut microbiota of mice. A: Comparison of the differences in the Bacillota and Bacteroidota phyla between mice on a normal diet and mice on a high-fiber diet; B: Comparison of the differences in the Bacillota and Bacteroidota phyla between mice on a high-fiber diet and mice on a high-fiber diet supplemented with fecal microbiota transplantation from New Zealand rabbits; C: Comparison of the top 10 differential bacterial families in total relative abundance between mice on a normal diet and mice on a high-fiber diet at the family level; D: Comparison of the top 10 differential bacterial genera in total relative abundance between mice on a normal diet and mice on a high-fiber diet at the genus level; E: Comparison of the top 10 differential bacterial families in total relative abundance between mice on a high-fiber diet and mice on a high-fiber diet supplemented with fecal microbiota transplantation from New Zealand rabbits at the family level; F: Comparison of the top 10 differential bacterial genera in total relative abundance between mice on a high-fiber diet and mice on a high-fiber diet supplemented with fecal microbiota transplantation from New Zealand rabbits at the genus level. Con: Mice with normal food; TS: Mice with high-fiber food; OC: Mice with high-fiber food+FMT from rabbit. *: P<0.05; **: P<0.01; ***: P<0.001; ns: Not significant difference., figureFileSmall=0SwlykSyDy5uxFC4R88NeA==, figureFileBig=6tXsNGkIqPOxsDdk6kuVGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928498748142456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888462954619433, language=CN, label=图3, caption=高纤维饮食和粪菌移植对小鼠肠道微生物差异的影响, figureFileSmall=0SwlykSyDy5uxFC4R88NeA==, figureFileBig=6tXsNGkIqPOxsDdk6kuVGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928500862071678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888462954619433, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Correlation analysis between differential gut microbiota and multi-organ physiological Indicators. A: Correlation analysis between the top 10 differential bacterial families in total relative abundance at the family level and multi-organ physiological indicators in mice fed a normal diet versus a high-fiber diet; B: Correlation analysis between the top 10 differential bacterial genera in total relative abundance at the genus level and multi-organ physiological indicators in mice fed a normal diet versus a high-fiber diet; C: Correlation analysis between the top 10 differential bacterial families in total relative abundance at the family level and multi-organ physiological indicators in mice fed a high-fiber diet versus a high-fiber diet supplemented with fecal microbiota transplantation from New Zealand rabbits; D: Correlation analysis between the top 10 differential bacterial genera in total relative abundance at the genus level and multi-organ physiological indicators in mice fed a high-fiber diet versus a high-fiber diet supplemented with fecal microbiota transplantation from New Zealand rabbits. Red blocks represent positive correlations, blue blocks represent negative correlations, and darker colors indicate stronger correlations. The color blocks represent Spearman correlation coefficients. 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兔肠道微生物移植对高纤维饮食小鼠生理功能和肠道微生物的影响
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张万相 1 , 薛嗣阳 1 , 高霄龙 1 , 翟红娟 1 , 朱涵毅 1, 2, 3 , 张知彬 1, 2, 3
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(5): 2191-2207
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(5): 2191-2207
兔肠道微生物移植对高纤维饮食小鼠生理功能和肠道微生物的影响
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张万相1, 薛嗣阳1, 高霄龙1, 翟红娟1, 朱涵毅1, 2, 3 , 张知彬1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.海南大学 生态学院,海南 海口
  • 2.海南大学,海南全健康国际研究院,海南 海口
  • 3.海南大学,海南省全健康重点实验室,海南 海口
Effects of rabbit gut microbiota transplantation on the physiological functions and gut microbiota of mice feeding on a high-fiber diet
Wanxiang ZHANG1, Siyang XUE1, Xiaolong GAO1, Hongjuan ZHAI1, Hanyi ZHU1, 2, 3 , Zhibin ZHANG1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
  • 2.Hainan International One Health Institute, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
  • 3.Hainan Province Key Laboratory of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
出版时间: 2026-05-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260012
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肠道菌群在促进动物消化食物等方面发挥关键作用,然而不同食性跨物种微生物移植对动物食物消化能力的影响尚不明确。 目的 探讨跨物种微生物移植在调控宿主消化系统适应性、代谢功能、繁殖、应激反应及肠道菌群结构方面的作用。 方法 以草食性新西兰白兔(Oryctolagus cuniculus)和杂食性C57BL/6J小鼠分别作为肠道菌群供体与受体,设置正常饮食小鼠(Con)组、高纤维饮食小鼠(TS)组和高纤维+新西兰兔粪便菌群移植(OC)组,共3组。系统评估体重、摄食量、脏器湿重及脏器/体重比、小肠长度与直径、精子密度以及血清皮质酮浓度等指标变化,并对粪便微生物群16S rRNA基因的V3-V4区进行测序。 结果 高纤维饮食显著增加小鼠摄食量、小肠长度和血清皮质酮浓度,显著降低体重、肝脏和脾脏湿重、肝脏/体重、脾脏/体重和精子浓度,提高肠道菌群α多样性,降低芽孢杆菌门/拟杆菌门比值,减少益生菌[如宿主关联乳杆菌属(Ligilactobacillus)]的相对丰度;兔肠道菌群移植增加受体小鼠附睾湿重和附睾/体重,显著降低肝脏/体重和血清皮质酮水平。此外,高纤维饮食显著提高与纤维降解相关的颤螺菌科(Oscillospiraceae)和与肠道健康相关菌属(Colidextribacter)的相对丰度;兔肠道菌群移植后,小鼠OscillospiraceaeColidextribacter的相对丰度显著升高。 结论 过量高纤维饮食对杂食性动物会产生不利影响,而草食动物菌群移植虽未显著改善宿主消化纤维能力,但可改变杂食动物肠道菌群结构,在改善其消化、繁殖、代谢和应激方面可能发挥一定积极作用。未来研究需要进一步明确杂食动物适宜的膳食纤维摄入量和草食性微生物菌群移植的剂量,同时探究它们在改善动物健康方面的协同作用及其潜在机制。该研究为探索自然环境下肠道微生物在动物适应食性变化中的作用研究提供了借鉴,同时也为今后提高杂食性家养动物对高纤维食物的消化能力研究奠定基础。

跨物种微生物移植  /  高纤维饮食  /  肠道菌群  /  脏器湿重  /  皮质酮  /  16S rRNA基因

The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in promoting food digestion in animals. However, the impact of cross-species microbiota transplantation from donors with different dietary habits on the host food digestion capacity remains unclear. Objective To investigate the role of cross-species microbiota transplantation in regulating the digestive system adaptability, metabolic functions, reproduction, stress responses, and gut microbiota structure of the host. Methods We utilized New Zealand white rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), a herbivorous species, and C57BL/6J mice, an omnivorous species, as donors and recipients of gut microbiota, respectively. The mice were allocated into three groups: a control group on a normal diet (Con), a group on a high-fiber diet (TS), and a group on a high-fiber diet supplemented with rabbit fecal microbiota transplantation (OC). This study was designed to evaluate various physiological and biochemical parameters, including body weight, food intake, absolute and relative organ weights (both wet weight and organ-to-body weight ratio), morphometric indices (length and diameter) of the small intestine, sperm concentration, and serum corticosterone level, in mice. Additionally, we performed 16S rRNA gene sequencing targeting the V3-V4 hypervariable region to characterize the composition of fecal microbiota. Results A high-fiber diet significantly increased the food intake, small intestine length, and serum corticosterone level, while significantly reducing the body weight, liver and spleen wet weights, liver/body weight ratio, spleen/body weight ratio, and sperm concentration in mice. Moreover, it increased the alpha diversity of the gut microbiota, decreased the Bacillota-to-Bacteroidota ratio, and reduced the relative abundance of probiotics (such as Ligilactobacillus). Transplantation of the gut microbiota from rabbits increased the wet weight of the epididymis and the epididymis/body weight ratio, while significantly reducing the liver/body weight ratio and the serum corticosterone level in recipient mice. Furthermore, a high-fiber diet significantly increased the relative abundance of the fiber-degrading bacterial family (Oscillospiraceae) and the gut health-associated bacterial genus (Colidextribacter). After the transplantation of rabbit gut microbiota into mice, the relative abundance of Oscillospiraceae and Colidextribacter in mice increased significantly. Conclusion The high-fiber diet has adverse effects on omnivores. Although the microbiota transplantation from herbivores does not significantly improve the host ability to digest fiber, it changes the gut microbiota structure of omnivores, playing a positive role in improving their digestion, reproduction, metabolism, and stress responses. Future research needs to further determine the optimal levels of dietary fiber for omnivores and the dosage of microbiota transplantation from herbivores, as well as their synergistic effects and underlying mechanisms in improving animal health. This study provides a reference for exploring the role of gut microbiota in animal adaptation to dietary changes in natural environments and lays a foundation for future research on improving the utilization of high-fiber foods by omnivorous domestic animals.

cross-species microbiota transplantation  /  high-fiber diet  /  gut microbiota  /  organ wet weight  /  corticosterone  /  16S rRNA gene
张万相, 薛嗣阳, 高霄龙, 翟红娟, 朱涵毅, 张知彬. 兔肠道微生物移植对高纤维饮食小鼠生理功能和肠道微生物的影响. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2191 -2207 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260012
Wanxiang ZHANG, Siyang XUE, Xiaolong GAO, Hongjuan ZHAI, Hanyi ZHU, Zhibin ZHANG. Effects of rabbit gut microbiota transplantation on the physiological functions and gut microbiota of mice feeding on a high-fiber diet[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2191 -2207 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260012
膳食纤维作为第七大营养素,在维持肠道健康和改善代谢平衡方面发挥关键作用[1]。研究表明,适量摄入膳食纤维有助于增加肠道菌群多样性,促进有益菌生长,并通过产生短链脂肪酸等机制调节宿主代谢[2]。然而,纤维摄入并非越多越好。已有研究发现,当膳食纤维摄入超出适宜范围时,可能干扰动物对营养物质的吸收,对动物生长性能产生不利影响[3]。例如,母猪饲喂高纤维日粮会显著降低其妊娠期体重、背膘增重和产仔数[4];当鸡日粮中纤维含量达到10%时,其增重显著低于纤维含量为3.5%的对照组[5]。尽管高纤维饮食的正面效应已被广泛报道[1-2,6],但其潜在的负面生理影响仍缺乏系统研究,尤其在非草食动物长期摄入高纤维日粮的情况下,长期高纤维饮食对宿主消化适应、代谢调控及应激反应的影响尚不明确。
肠道菌群是连接宿主与环境的重要桥梁,由众多微生物构成[7],广泛参与宿主的营养吸收[8]、能量代谢[9]、繁殖[10]和应激反应[11]等多种生理过程。研究表明,肠道菌群的结构和功能受多种因素影响,如饮食结构[12]、光周期[13]、温度[9]等。特别是在高纤维饮食条件下,菌群可能通过增强纤维素降解[14]、产能代谢[15]或减少炎症反应[16]等机制,协助宿主维持生理稳态。然而,目前关于肠道菌群是否在宿主应对高纤维摄入带来的潜在负面影响[17]中发挥缓冲与调节作用尚缺乏实验研究。
C57BL/6J小鼠作为杂食性动物[18],其消化系统不具备高效降解纤维的能力,纤维代谢主要依赖盲肠微生物发酵[19]。该小鼠缺乏专门的发酵结构与高效降解菌群,整体消化效率弱于草食性动物[20],常被用于膳食纤维代谢基础模型研究[21],且经常作为植食性动物粪菌移植的受体[22-23]。相比之下,草食动物具有更高的肠道菌群α多样性[24],其消化道内定殖的纤维发酵菌(共生微生物)可发酵纤维素[25],特定的肠道微生物能够高效分解植物细胞壁成分[26]。例如,新西兰白兔(Oryctolagus cuniculus)具有较强的纤维降解能力[27],是研究草食动物纤维代谢能力的理想模型。
近年来,跨物种粪菌移植(fecal microbiota transplantation, FMT)逐渐成为探究菌群功能的重要工具。已有研究表明,联合纤维饮食的跨物种菌群移植可使宿主富集益生菌[28];在高海拔冬季食物蛋白限制的情况下,动物通过食粪行为增强氮的回收利用,维持机体稳态[29]。这些均表明,草食动物来源的肠道微生物可能对非草食宿主的纤维消化能力具有促进作用。基于上述背景,本研究提出以下假设:(1) 长期高纤维饮食可能会对非草食动物的消化、繁殖、代谢与应激产生不利影响;(2) 通过草食动物肠道菌群移植可能增强其纤维适应能力,进而改善其生理功能和应激状态。本研究将草食性雄性新西兰白兔的粪便菌群移植至高纤维饮食的C57BL/6J杂食性雄性小鼠体内,系统评估其对小鼠小肠长度和直径、代谢表型、生殖能力及应激指标的影响,评估草食动物微生物对非草食动物消化适应及代谢调控的机制和潜能,以期为了解自然环境下肠道微生物在动物适应食性变化中的机制和作用奠定基础,也为促进杂食性家养动物消化纤维食物的能力研究提供参考。
本研究选用6只3-4月龄无特定病原体(specific pathogen free, SPF)雄性新西兰白兔(上海斯莱克实验动物有限责任公司)作为粪菌移植供体。实验开始前将雄性新西兰兔置于无菌容器中,5 min内采集新鲜结肠粪便,保存于-80 ℃备用。取6只兔的粪便样本共2.5 g,溶于50 mL无菌生理盐水(浓度0.05 g/mL),充分混匀至完全溶解。将混合液于4 ℃条件下以500×g离心1 min,收集上清制得雄性新西兰兔粪菌悬液,分装后于-80 ℃冻存,用于后续粪菌移植。选用33只7周龄体重在20-22 g的SPF级雄性C57BL/6J小鼠作为本研究的粪菌移植受体(河南斯克贝斯生物科技股份有限公司)。所有小鼠均在12 h光照/12 h黑暗、温度为(23±1) ℃、相对湿度为50%-60%的条件下适应1周。适应期间所有小鼠均自由摄食常规鼠粮(北京科澳协力饲料有限公司,粗纤维≤5%)和饮水。
适应结束后消除体重差异,将33只小鼠随机分为3组(n=11),其中正常饮食组小鼠(Con组)继续饲喂常规鼠粮,高纤维饮食组小鼠(TS组)与高纤维+新西兰兔粪便菌群移植组小鼠(OC组)改喂形状相同的高纤维兔粮(北京科澳协力饲料有限公司,粗纤维含量10%-15%)。随后Con组、TS组和OC组小鼠先接受7 d的抗生素灌胃处理,接着Con组和TS组每3 d灌胃1次0.9%生理盐水,OC组每3 d灌胃1次雄性新西兰兔粪菌悬液,3组小鼠均共计灌胃10次(0.2 mL/次)。本研究中所有动物实验均获得海南大学动物伦理委员会批准,编号为HNUAUCC-2025-00526。
实验期间,每3 d测定1次小鼠体重与摄食量。实验结束后,使用异氟烷麻醉并断头处死小鼠,于2 min内采集血液,并迅速取出肝脏、脾脏、肾脏、双侧睾丸及左侧附睾,称重后液氮速冻,用于后续脏器/体重计算,如公式(1)所示。接着用游标卡尺测量小肠的长度和直径,精度为0.02 mm。
脏器系数=脏器湿重体重×100%
将小鼠左侧附睾取出,剪碎附睾尾组织,置于含1 mL 0.9%无菌生理盐水的离心管中,于4 ℃静置使精子充分释放。取精子悬液稀释10倍,滴加至血球计数板,使用显微镜(深圳市奥斯微光学仪器有限公司)进行计数。根据公式(2)计算精子浓度。
精子浓度(个/mL)=N×5×104×稀释倍数
式中,N为血球计数板上中央大方格中5个小方格内所统计的精子总数。
采用酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)对血清皮质酮(corticosterone, CORT)浓度进行检测。将采集的全血样本于4 ℃静置3-4 h后,在4 ℃、3 000 r/min离心20 min,收集上清保存于-80 ℃。按小鼠皮质酮(CORT) ELISA试剂盒(南京信帆生物技术有限公司)说明书步骤操作:先在预包被CORT抗体的微孔酶标板中的标准品孔与样本孔中分别加入50 μL标准品或待测血清,再加入100 μL辣根过氧化物酶标记的CORT抗原,37 ℃孵育1 h,待样本中CORT与酶标抗原竞争结合成固相抗体。经洗涤5次去除未结合组分后每孔加入100 μL底物混合液(0.01%过氧化氢与0.1% TMB,1:1混合)进行显色反应,在37 ℃孵育15 min后加入50 μL终止液(2 mol/L稀硫酸)终止反应,溶液由蓝转黄。最后在450 nm波长下测定各孔吸光度(OD值),基于标准品浓度与对应OD值,经四参数Logistic曲线拟合建立标准曲线,计算样本中CORT的浓度。
实验最后一天上午采集小鼠新鲜结肠粪便,于-80 ℃保存备用。使用E.Z.N.A.® Soil DNA Kit (Omega公司)提取粪便微生物总基因组DNA,提取的DNA质量使用1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测,DNA浓度和纯度使用NanoDrop 2000 (ThermoFisher Scientific公司)测定。以338F和806R[30]分别作为上游引物和下游引物,扩增16S rRNA基因的V3-V4可变区,扩增子文库在Illumina NextSeq 2000平台进行测序。PCR反应由上海美吉医药科技有限公司完成。PCR反应体系(20 μL):5×TransStart FastPfu 4 μL,dNTPs (2.5 mmol/L) 2 μL,上、下游引物(5 μmol/L)各0.8 µL,DNA模板10 ng,TransStart FastPfu DNA聚合酶(2.5 U/µL) 0.4 μL。PCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性3 min;95 ℃变性30 s,55 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,共27个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。本研究相关测序原始数据存储在ScienceDB数据库(https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.32105),CSTR编号为31253.11.sciencedb.32105。使用fastp[31]进行质控,FLASH[32]进行序列拼接,使用UPARSE v7.1软件根据97%相似度进行操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU)聚类并去除嵌合体[33-34],基于Silva数据库(v138)使用RDP classifier[35]对OTU进行物种分类注释(置信度阈值70%)。
采用mothur[36]软件计算并使用Kruskal-Wallis检验比较肠道微生物α多样性指数差异,以Chao1指数评估肠道微生物的α多样性并建立稀释曲线。在OTU水平上,基于unweighted UniFrac距离算法进行主坐标分析,计算肠道微生物β多样性,并结合ANOSIM检验分析样本组间微生物群落结构差异显著性。此外,根据分类学分析结果得到门水平、科水平以及属水平不同优势物种在组间各自所占比例,并使用Wilcoxon秩和检验分别比较其肠道微生物差异。最后采用Spearman相关性分析评估差异肠道微生物群与多器官生理指标的相关性。
分别用Shapiro-Wilk检验和Levene检验评估数据的正态性和方差齐性。采用重复测量方差分析评估小鼠体重和摄食量;使用单因素方差分析评估小鼠肾、肝、睾丸、附睾湿重和附睾/体重、小肠长度组间差异;采用Kruskal-Wallis检验比较脾脏湿重和脾脏/体重、小肠直径、精子浓度、血清皮质酮水平组间差异。所有图形的绘制均在GraphPad Prism 9.5和Adobe Illustrator 2024中进行。实验结果均以平均值± SEM表示,P<0.05表示组别之间存在显著差异。
重复测量方差分析结果显示,TS组小鼠和Con组小鼠的体重[F(1,19)=9.57, P=0.006]和摄食量[F(1,15)=46.78, P<0.001]组间存在显著差异(图1B)。具体表现为:TS组体重在第3-30天均显著低于Con组(所有P<0.05),TS组摄食量在第6-30天均显著高于Con组(所有P<0.05)。OC组与TS组相比,体重[F(1,20)=0.02, P=0.880]和摄食量[F(1,12)=0.03, P=0.860]均无显著差异。所有P值统计结果已上传至ScienceDB数据库(https://doi.org/10.57760/sciencedb.j00231. 00055),CSTR编号为31253.11.sciencedb.j00231. 00055。
经单因素方差分析和Kruskal-Wallis检验结果显示,TS组小鼠肾脏湿重(t=-3.20, P<0.01)、肝脏湿重(t=-3.50, P<0.01)、脾脏湿重(z=-3.38, P<0.001)、肝脏/体重(t=-2.27, P=0.04)和脾脏/体重(z=-3.38, P<0.001)均显著低于Con组(图1C1D);OC组肝脏/体重显著低于TS组(t=-2.42, P=0.03);OC组附睾湿重(t=2.61, P=0.02)和附睾/体重(t=3.00, P<0.01)显著高于TS组;TS组和Con组睾丸湿重、附睾湿重、肾脏/体重、睾丸/体重和附睾/体重均无显著差异;OC组和TS组肾脏湿重、肝脏湿重、睾丸湿重、脾脏湿重、肾脏/体重、睾丸/体重以及脾脏/体重之间无显著差异。
使用游标卡尺测量小肠长度(图1E)及直径(图1F),结果显示TS组小肠长度显著高于Con组(t=0.25, P=0.02),而OC组小肠长度和直径与TS组小鼠相比无显著差异,TS组和Con组小鼠小肠直径相比也无显著差异。
对小鼠血清中CORT水平进行检测,结果如图1G所示,TS组小鼠血清中CORT含量显著高于Con组(z=3.48, P<0.001),OC组小鼠血清中CORT含量显著低于TS组(z=-2.47, P=0.01)。使用血球计数板统计小鼠精子密度,结果显示TS组附睾中精子浓度显著低于Con组(z=-3.46, P<0.001),而OC组和TS组附睾中精子密度无显著差异(图1H)。
本研究收集32份实验鼠的结肠粪便样本用于16S rRNA基因的V3-V4可变区扩增子测序,共获得1 536 906个高质量读数,序列长度集中范围在401-440 bp,平均序列长度为417 bp。随着样本读数的增加,观察到的Sobs指数的物种稀疏曲线(图2A)趋于稳定,表明本研究大部分结肠微生物多样性已被捕获。
对肠道微生物α多样性差异进行分析,结果显示TS组Chao1指数显著高于Con组(t=3.42, P<0.01),而OC组和TS组之间肠道微生物α多样性无显著差异(图2B)。在OTU水平上使用unweighted UniFrac距离算法完成主坐标分析(principal coordinate analysis, PCoA),检验样本间微生物群落结构β多样性差异(图2C),TS组与Con组肠道微生物β多样性存在显著差异(r=0.55, P<0.01),OC组与TS组之间肠道微生物β多样性也存在显著差异(r=0.18, P<0.01)。
门水平菌群组成如图2D所示,优势菌门以拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)和芽孢杆菌门(Bacillota,原厚壁菌门)为主。其中TS组Bacteroidota相对丰度显著高于Con组(P<0.01;图3A),而OC组与TS组相比无显著差异(图3B)。TS组Bacillota相对丰度显著低于Con组(P<0.01),而OC组与TS组相比无显著差异。
科水平菌群组成如图2E所示,优势菌科以毛螺菌科(Lachnospiraceae)、鼠杆状菌科(Muribaculaceae)和理化所菌科(Rikenellaceae)为主,其次是乳杆菌科(Lactobacillaceae)。对P<0.05且相对丰度总和前10的菌科进行统计分析,结果如图3C3E所示,TS组LachnospiraceaeLactobacillaceae、脱硫弧菌科(Desulfovibrionaceae)、消化球菌科(Peptococcaceae)相对丰度显著低于Con组(所有P<0.05),TS组Rikenellaceae、拟杆菌科(Bacteroidaceae)、颤螺菌科(Oscillospiraceae)、海生线状菌科(Marinifilaceae)、norank RF39和unclassified Bacteroidales显著高于Con组(所有P<0.05);OC组MuribaculaceaeBacteroidaceae、普雷沃氏菌科(Prevotellaceae)、unclassified Bacteroidales和萨特氏菌科(Sutterellaceae)相对丰度显著低于TS组(所有P<0.05),OC组Oscillospiraceae、norank Chloroplast和葡萄球菌科(Staphylococcaceae)相对丰度显著高于TS组(所有P<0.05)。以上所有P值统计结果见CSTR编号为31253.11.sciencedb.j00231.00055。
属水平菌群组成如图2F所示,主要优势菌属以norank Muribaculaceae和别样杆菌属(Alistipes)为主,其次是毛螺菌科NK4A136群(Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group)和宿主关联乳杆菌属(Ligilactobacillus)。对P<0.05且相对丰度总和前10的菌属进行统计分析,结果如图3D3F所示,TS组Alistipes、拟杆菌属(Bacteroides)、Colidextribacter、臭气杆菌属(Odoribacter)、理化所菌科RC9群(Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group)、理化所菌属(Rikenella)和unclassified Oscillospiraceae相对丰度显著高于Con组(所有P<0.05),TS组LigilactobacillusLachnospiraceae NK4A136 group和脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)相对丰度显著低于Con组(所有P<0.05);OC组norank MuribaculaceaeBacteroides、norank Prevotellaceae、Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group、鼠杆状菌属(Muribaculum)、unclassified Bacteroidales和图瑞卡单胞菌属(Turicimonas)相对丰度显著低于TS组(所有P<0.05),OC组Colidextribacter、norank Lachnospiraceae、unclassified Oscillospiraceae相对丰度显著高于TS组(所有P<0.05)。以上所有P值统计结果见CSTR编号为31253.11.sciencedb.j00231.00055。
为探究肠道微生物与多器官生理指标之间的关系,本研究基于科和属水平相对丰度总和前10的差异菌群(P<0.05),对小鼠睾丸湿重(TWw)、体重(BM)、肾脏湿重(KWw)、脾脏湿重(SWw)、脾脏/体重(SC)、精子浓度(SD)、肝脏湿重(LWw)、肝脏/体重(LC)、摄食量(FI)、肾脏/体重(KC)、血清中CORT含量(CORT)、睾丸/体重(TC)、小肠长度(Sil)、小肠直径(Sid)、左侧附睾湿重(LeWw)和左侧附睾/体重(LeC)进行Spearman相关性分析。
Con组和TS组差异菌科、菌属与多器官生理指标的相关性分析如图4A4B所示。在差异菌科水平,MarinifilaceaeRikenellaceaeBacteroidaceae与LC、SD、SWw、SC、KWw、BM和LWw呈显著负相关,与CORT呈显著正相关;unclassified Bacteroidales与SD、SWw、SC、KWw、BM和LWw呈显著负相关,与CORT呈显著正相关;Bacteroidaceae与Sil与呈显著正相关;Oscillospiraceae与LC、SWw、SC、KWw和LWw呈显著正相关;norank RF39与SD呈显著负相关,与FI呈显著正相关;PeptococcaceaeLachnospiraceae与SD、SWw和SC呈显著正相关,与Sil与呈显著负相关;Peptococcaceae还与TWw和BM呈显著正相关;Desulfovibrionaceae与SWw、SC、KWw、BM和LWw呈显著正相关,与Sil与呈显著负相关;Lactobacillaceae与LC、SD、KWw、BM、LWw呈显著正相关(所有P<0.05),所有P值统计见CSTR编号为31253.11.sciencedb.j00231.00055。在差异菌属水平,Desulfovibrio与SWw、SC、LWw、BM和KWw呈显著正相关,与Sil呈显著负相关;Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group与SD、SWw和SC呈显著正相关,与Sil呈显著负相关;Ligilactobacillus与LC、SD、SWw、SC、LWw、BM和KWw呈显著正相关,与CORT呈显著负相关;Rikenellaceae RC9 gut group与SD、SC、LWw和BM呈显著负相关;BacteroidesOdoribacterAlistipesColidextribacter与SD、SWw、SC、LWw、BM和KWw呈显著负相关,与CORT呈显著正相关;BacteroidesColidextribacter与LC呈显著负相关,与Sil呈显著正相关;Odoribacter与LC呈显著负相关;unclassified Oscillospiraceae与SD、LWw、BM呈显著负相关;Rikenella与TWw、BM、KWw呈显著负相关,与CORT呈显著正相关(所有P<0.05),所有P值统计见CSTR编号为31253.11.sciencedb.j00231.00055。
TS组和OC组差异菌科、菌属与多器官生理指标的相关性分析如图4C4D所示。在差异菌科水平,Oscillospiraceae与LC呈显著负相关;Bacteroidaceae与SD呈显著正相关;unclassified BacteroidalesMuribaculaceae与KC呈显著正相关;Sutterellaceae与LWw和Sil呈显著正相关(所有P<0.05),所有P值统计见CSTR编号为31253.11.sciencedb.j00231.00055。在差异菌属水平,norank Lachnospiraceae与KC呈显著负相关;Colidextribacter与TWw呈显著正相关;Bacteroides与SD呈显著正相关;unclassified BacteroidalesRikenellaceae RC9 gut group和norank Muribaculaceae与KC呈显著正相关;Turicimonas与Sil和LWw呈显著正相关(所有P<0.05),所有P值统计见CSTR编号为31253.11.sciencedb.j00231.00055。
本研究通过跨物种粪菌移植(FMT),将食草动物(新西兰兔)的粪便菌群移植至非食草动物(C57BL/6J小鼠)体内,对小鼠肠道内容物进行取样测序以分析细菌组成,探究肠道菌群对非食草宿主适应高纤维饮食的生理特征。本研究发现,长期高纤维饮食对杂食性小鼠产生诸多不利影响;虽然草食性新西兰兔肠道微生物移植未能显著提升小鼠对高纤维食物的消化能力,但却改变了其菌群结构,可能改善其部分生理功能。该研究对于研究草食性动物肠道微生物在野生杂食动物适应食性变化以及提升家养杂食动物消化高纤维食物能力方面具有借鉴意义。
在本研究中,与Con组相比,TS组小鼠摄食量显著上升(图1B),但体重增长持续偏低(图1A),说明过量膳食纤维饮食不利于小鼠消化吸收利用营养物质,可能导致体重降低[37]。肝脏在脂质代谢中起着关键作用[38],摄入高纤维饮食可有效改善脂肪肝患者的相关代谢指标[39]。结合本研究结果,TS组小鼠肝脏湿重及肝脏/体重显著降低(图1C1D),说明高纤维饮食可能有助于改善肝脏脂代谢功能[40]。肥胖常伴随免疫失调[41]及慢性炎症[42],膳食纤维摄入有助于调节免疫功能[43],脾脏作为关键免疫器官[44],在免疫调节中发挥重要作用。本研究中TS组小鼠的脾脏湿重与脾/体重均低于Con组,提示过量高纤维饮食可能降低脾脏重量,对机体免疫产生影响[45]
小肠作为主要营养吸收器官,多种啮齿类动物的肠道形态与其食性相适应[46-47],例如长爪沙鼠在摄取高纤维饲料时小肠延长[48]。本研究中TS组小鼠的小肠长度显著增加(图2E),类似于食草动物为适应高纤维饮食,增加消化道长度、摄食量和消化时间,以协助消化纤维[49]
尽管有研究表明膳食纤维经肠道微生物发酵可提高宿主能量利用率并改善繁殖表现[50],但本研究显示TS组小鼠在睾丸湿重、睾丸/体重、附睾湿重以及附睾/体重方面与Con组无显著差异,且精子浓度显著下降,提示长期高纤维饮食可能抑制精子发生,对繁殖功能产生负面影响。此外,还有研究表明孕期摄入的膳食纤维经肠道菌群发酵后可生成短链脂肪酸等代谢产物,通过迷走神经等通路,缓解下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺(hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal, HPA)轴功能失调,从而降低应激激素分泌[51]。然而,本研究结果与之相反,显示高纤维饮食引起血清CORT水平显著升高,这一现象提示过量纤维饮食摄入反而可能引起HPA轴过度激活,导致宿主应激反应增强[52]
总体来看,杂食性小鼠正常取食鼠料,改为长时间饲喂草食动物的饲料(兔料)之后,其生理和生长指标出现了不利的响应,这可能与消化不良、能量摄入不足等有关。这说明杂食动物长期过量摄入高纤维食物不利于健康,未来研究要确定最佳的纤维饮食强度和方式。
OC组小鼠的体重与摄食量变化趋势与TS组基本一致,尽管摄食量增加,但兔肠道菌群并未显著促进体重增长。值得注意的是,OC组小鼠的肝脏/体重比较TS组进一步下降,提示外源微生物移植可能协同增强高纤维饮食对肝脏代谢的改善作用[53],进一步调控机制可能需要对肝脏转录组进一步测序,挖掘代谢影响机制。在繁殖方面,OC组小鼠与TS组相比,睾丸湿重和精子浓度未显著提高,但睾丸/体重有高于TS组的趋势(图1C-1D),且附睾湿重与附睾/体重显著上升,说明肠道菌群移植可能通过参与调节附睾功能基因表达[54],从而在一定程度上补偿生殖系统的部分功能。同时,OC组血清CORT水平显著低于TS组(图1G),表明兔肠道菌群可能通过参与调节HPA轴活性,减少应激相关激素分泌,缓解宿主应激状态[55]
需要指出的是,OC组小肠直径有高于TS组的趋势(图1F),但无显著差异。在多数指标(如体重、摄食量、小肠长度、小肠直径及精子密度)方面,兔肠道菌群移植组并未显著优于TS组,这可能是由于摄入的高纤维饮食量超出维持菌群健康平衡的适宜范围所导致,提示高纤维饮食的作用可能存在剂量或时间依赖性的双效性。尽管如此,兔肠道菌群移植仍可能在一定程度上影响宿主的代谢器官、改善部分生殖表型并缓解应激反应。未来研究要评估不同纤维饮食方式下草食性肠道微生物对改进杂食性动物健康的影响和机制。
高纤维饮食(TS组)显著提高小鼠肠道菌群的α多样性(图2B),表明膳食纤维是促进菌群多样性的重要因素[14,56]。拟杆菌门和芽孢杆菌门是3组小鼠的优势菌门,二者比值与饮食类型密切相关[57]。本研究结果显示高纤维饮食显著降低芽孢杆菌门与拟杆菌门比值,与Ren等[58]研究结果一致[芽孢杆菌门(原厚壁菌门)/拟杆菌门:Con组为149.3%;TS组为55.9%;OC组为84.9%]。Ligilactobacillus作为有益菌在抗炎与维持肠道菌群健康方面具有重要作用[59],TS组小鼠肠道中Ligilactobacillus相对丰度较Con组显著降低,经相关性分析发现该菌相对丰度与血清皮质酮水平呈显著负相关,结合长期高纤维饮食引起小鼠应激水平增加这一结果,提示益生菌在调节高纤维饮食所引发的应激反应中可能具有一定抗皮质酮作用,后续可以进一步深入探究单一菌株在宿主应激反应中发挥的潜在功能。
已有研究表明,Oscillospiraceae参与纤维素降解[25]Alistipes与内脏脂肪含量呈负相关[60],而Colidextribacter在维持肠道健康中发挥积极作用[61]。宿主为适应高纤维饮食、建立纤维消化机制,也会促进部分有益菌及纤维降解相关菌群的富集。例如,与Con组相比,颤螺旋菌科(Oscillospiraceae)及其所属的Colidextribacter和unclassified Oscillospiraceae,以及理研菌科(Rikenellaceae)及其下属Alistipes,在TS组中均显著增加。进一步相关性分析显示,ColidextribacterAlistipes的相对丰度与宿主体重呈负相关。本研究结果还显示,TS组中条件致病菌Desulfovibrionaceae及其Desulfovibrio相对丰度显著低于Con组,这类菌群的过度增殖与多种肠道及肠外疾病相关[62],因此猜测若延长高纤维取食周期可能增加其致病菌相对丰度并可能进一步引发相关疾病。
综上所述,高纤维饮食在引起宿主应激增强的同时,也可驱动肠道菌群结构的适应性调整。其中,ColidextribacterAlistipes等有益菌的富集可能参与了体重调节,显示出肠道微生物在帮助宿主适应高纤维饮食过程中可能起关键作用。
本研究结果显示,高纤维饮食小鼠接受兔肠道菌群移植后显著改变小鼠肠道菌群β多样性,诱导群落结构重塑,然而α多样性无变化。已有研究表明,摄入丰富的膳食纤维通常能够提高Muribaculaceae相对丰度,并有助于改善肥胖状态[63]。在本研究中,TS组Muribaculaceae相对丰度显著高于OC组,而OC组中该菌科及norank Muribaculaceae的相对丰度则出现下降。我们推测,这可能是外源菌群介入后宿主对高纤维饮食小鼠体重恢复的一种调节性反应,但可能由于菌群移植周期较短(Zhu等[13]移植周期为8周),其效果尚未完全显现,或纤维饮食过量,掩盖了其调节作用。
研究指出,OscillospiraceaeRikenellaceae作为食草动物特异性菌群,与纤维降解密切相关[25]。值得关注的是,本研究OC组中纤维降解相关菌Oscillospiraceae和有益菌Colidextribacter的相对丰度均显著高于TS组(图3E-3F),这一结果说明兔肠道菌群移植显著提升了纤维降解菌和有益菌相对丰度。进一步相关性分析显示,Oscillospiraceae与肝脏/体重呈显著负相关,猜测该菌可能协同参与宿主代谢;Colidextribacter与睾丸湿重呈显著正相关,且结合OC组附睾湿重和附睾/体重均显著高于TS组,猜测肠道有益菌属Colidextribacter可能参与改善繁殖,但与TS组相比,OC组精子密度无显著上升,推测可能是该菌株丰度未达到发挥潜在作用的阈值,或者过量纤维饮食的副作用,导致其对宿主的繁殖功能改善尚未全面实现,提示延长菌群移植干预时间或者确定合理的纤维使用范围可能有助于更完整地发挥菌群潜在益处,具体潜在机制有待进一步验证。
本研究存在一定局限性。首先,与单纯高纤维饮食组相比,兔肠道菌群移植组小鼠在多数生理指标上未表现出显著优势。推测其原因可能在于菌群移植周期较短或纤维降解相关菌科及与肠道健康密切相关的菌属(如OscillospiraceaeColidextribacter)相对丰度提升不足,导致关键纤维降解菌群未能在宿主体内建立稳定生态位,从而限制受体小鼠对膳食纤维消化利用能力。此外,推测另一重要原因可能是小鼠高纤维饮食过量摄入,超出维持菌群健康平衡的范围,导致其负面效应未得到显著改善。未来研究需进一步确定适宜的纤维饮食和肠道微生物移植强度以寻找最适宜的改善杂食性动物生理和繁殖的方法。另外,需要分离和鉴定移植后相对丰度发生显著变化的关键菌属(如Colidextribacter),并通过定植实验在可控条件下直接验证其在宿主纤维降解与能量获取过程中的具体功能,以明确其与宿主表型改善之间的因果关系。此外,研究中未对纤维饮食相关代谢产物(如短链脂肪酸等[2])进行定量分析,限制了从代谢层面深入理解菌群功能机制的深度。
基于以上多方面的局限,本研究目前尚未完全阐明草食性动物肠道菌群对杂食性动物饮食高纤维食物的机制和潜力,未来研究需延长移植后观察周期或调整高纤维饮食摄入频率或剂量,结合HE染色与转录组、代谢组、微生物组等多组学分析,探究关键菌株(Colidextribacter)特定代谢产物或组间差异代谢物影响宿主代谢或应激反应的下游信号通路,为揭示跨物种菌群移植影响宿主代谢、应激和繁殖的分子机制,并提出其改善杂食性家养动物消化纤维食物能力的方法提供基础和借鉴。
本研究结果发现,过量高纤维饮食对非草食动物具有显著的生理抑制效应,主要表现为繁殖相关指标(精子密度)下降、应激水平(CORT)升高、益生菌(如Ligilactobacillus)相对丰度显著下降。同时,草食动物来源的肠道菌群移植虽未显著提高杂食动物对高纤维饲料的利用效率,但在缓解应激状态(CORT下降)和改善部分代谢指标(代谢器官肝脏/体重比下降)以及繁殖(附睾湿重和附睾/体重比上升)方面表现出潜在积极作用,同时还提高了纤维降解相关菌科(Oscillospiraceae)和肠道健康相关菌属(Colidextribacter)相对丰度。本研究结果提示,关于草食性动物肠道菌群对杂食性动物健康的改善潜力和机制的研究,要特别关注纤维饮食范围或肠道微生物移植的强度。
  • 海南省自然科学基金(325QN232)
  • 海南大学启动基金(RZ2300002832)
  • 海南大学启动基金(XJ2600000278)
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2026年第66卷第5期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20260012
  • 接收时间:2026-01-05
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-04
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-05
  • 录用日期:2026-02-04
基金
The Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(325QN232)
海南省自然科学基金(325QN232)
The Start-up Fund from Hainan University(RZ2300002832)
海南大学启动基金(RZ2300002832)
The Start-up Fund from Hainan University(XJ2600000278)
海南大学启动基金(XJ2600000278)
作者信息
    1.海南大学 生态学院,海南 海口
    2.海南大学,海南全健康国际研究院,海南 海口
    3.海南大学,海南省全健康重点实验室,海南 海口
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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