Article(id=1259888460962325020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250902, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1764864000000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1769184000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-24, onlineDate=1778310416689, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1777824000000, pubDateStr=2026-05-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778310416689, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778310416689, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778310416689, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259888457367806489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='5', pageStart='2031', pageEnd='2556', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778310415832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778320153326, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2481, endPage=2497, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259888461834740258, articleId=1259888460962325020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Development of a recombinant bacterial strain for the expression of bacteriophage lytic enzyme Lys162 and assessment of the antibacterial activity of the recombinant enzyme, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective To construct a recombinant Escherichia coli strain for the expression of the bacteriophage-derived lytic enzyme Lys162, an efficient and broad-spectrum recombinant enzyme, thus providing a technological foundation for developing novel antimicrobial agents. Methods On the basis of the whole-genome sequencing data of bacteriophage pEC.M2929.1AR.1, the protein structure was predicted via bioinformatics tools, and molecular docking analysis was performed to evaluate the substrate-binding affinity. The expression vector pET28a(+)-Lys162 and the engineered E. coli BL21(DE3) expression system were constructed. Lys162 was further assessed for its environmental stability, in vitro antibacterial activity, and lytic spectrum. Results Structural analysis predicted that Lys162 was an N-acetylmuramidase-type lytic enzyme containing a conserved catalytic domain. Molecular docking confirmed its high-affinity binding to peptidoglycan. The enzyme was expressed in a soluble form in E. coli BL21(DE3) and purified to reach a concentration of 1.89 mg/mL. In vitro assays demonstrated that Lys162 at 125 μg/mL exhibited significant lytic activity against E. coli M2929.1AR, along with potent lytic effects against multiple pathogenic bacteria including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter spp. The enzyme retained stable activity within a pH range of 4.0-11.0 and at temperatures between 4 ℃ and 60 ℃. Conclusion Lys162 transcends the host specificity of its parental phage, demonstrating broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and considerable environmental adaptability. Its synergistic effect with EDTA suggests a practical strategy for performance optimization. These results establish a foundation for developing novel enzymatic antimicrobials to address challenges associated with bacterial antibiotic resistance.

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E-mail: WANG Chengmin, ;
YUAN Lihong,
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目的 构建一株能够表达噬菌体裂解酶Lys162的重组大肠杆菌工程菌,以获得一种高效、广谱的重组裂解酶,为开发新型抗菌制剂提供技术支撑。 方法 基于噬菌体pEC.M2929.1AR.1的全基因组测序数据,利用生物信息学工具预测其蛋白结构,并通过分子对接分析评估其与底物的结合能力。构建pET28a(+)-Lys162表达载体及大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)工程菌表达体系。进一步对噬菌体来源的重组裂解酶Lys162进行环境稳定性、体外抗菌活性及裂解谱评估。 结果 预测结果显示,Lys162为具有N-乙酰胞壁质酶活性的裂解酶,含有保守的裂解酶结构域;分子对接证实其与肽聚糖结合紧密。该酶在BL21(DE3)中以可溶形式表达,纯化后浓度达1.89 mg/mL。体外实验表明,125 μg/mL的Lys162对大肠杆菌M2929.1AR具有显著裂解活性,对肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌属等多种病原菌也表现出良好的裂解能力。该酶在pH 4.0-11.0及4-60 ℃范围内均能保持稳定的活性。 结论 Lys162突破了原噬菌体的宿主范围限制,表现出广谱的抗菌活性与环境适应性。其与EDTA的协同作用为实际应用提供了策略优化方向。本研究结果为开发应对细菌耐药挑战的新型抗菌制剂奠定了基础。

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作者贡献声明

谭镇炜:数据分析、撰写文章;徐莉莉:提供资源、论文审阅;高敏:课题执行、撰写文章;张琳:方法论、软件程序分析;吕红珍:软件程序分析;王亚雯:软件程序分析、论文审阅;齐永华:方法论、论文审阅;原丽红:项目管理、论文审阅;王承民:提出概念,获取基金、项目管理和论文审阅。

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Genome map of phage pEC.M2929.1AR.1. Purple: All coding sequences (CDSs) of phage pEC.M2929.1AR.1; Red: Phage lytic enzyme protein Lys162; Brown: Hollin protein; Black: G+C content; G+C offset [dark blue indicates (G+C), light blue indicates (G-C)]; Genome size (Intervals of 10 kb)., figureFileSmall=egmDrhjA0QZI66W67R9l2Q==, figureFileBig=7mEJA6D5YDt/7LaAXiDXAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928501801595783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888460962325020, language=CN, label=图1, caption=噬菌体pEC.M2929.1AR.1全基因组, figureFileSmall=egmDrhjA0QZI66W67R9l2Q==, figureFileBig=7mEJA6D5YDt/7LaAXiDXAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928505878459293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888460962325020, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Phylogenetic tree and sequence alignment of Lys162 protease amino acids. A: The phylogenetic relationship between Lys162 and previously reported Gram-negative proteases (The asterisk marks the phage evolutionary cleavage site Lys162); B: Analysis of the conserved domains of Lys162 at the nucleic acid and protein levels; C: Multiple sequence alignment of Lys162 and seven other members of the Lyz-like family [This analysis was performed using MEGA 12 and ESPript 3.0 software. In the figure, asterisks mark conserved amino acid residues across all sequences. The accession numbers of P9ly, FelixO1, 7SJ6, SP21535, 6LZMA, vB_EluM_RZH, and RB49 represent the following phage lytic enzymes from Shigella dysenteriae phage PSD9 (GenBank ID: QXV72475.1), Salmonella phage FelixO1 lytic enzyme (GenBank ID: NP944846.1), Escherichia coli phage T4 lytic enzyme (GenBank ID: 2321481732), Shigella phage SP21535 (GenBank ID: XPN41046.1), E. coli phage T4 (GenBank ID: 157837110), E. coli phage vB_EluM_RZH tail lytic enzyme (GenBank ID: XFC52777.1), and tail lytic enzyme of Escherichia coli phage RB49 (GenBank ID: BAB90980.1)]., figureFileSmall=mquR41p7nHvqIMmRx0zl3Q==, figureFileBig=DgxalA3BLa1teb+EmVpDDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928507971417006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888460962325020, language=CN, label=图2, caption=裂解酶Lys162蛋白氨基酸系统发育树与序列比对, figureFileSmall=mquR41p7nHvqIMmRx0zl3Q==, figureFileBig=DgxalA3BLa1teb+EmVpDDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928510118900664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888460962325020, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Lys162 structure and molecular docking. A: Tertiary structure model of Lys162 in the cleavage enzyme; B: Module-based molecular docking of Lys162 with N-A-D-G; C: Molecular interaction forces between Lys162 and N-A-D-G., figureFileSmall=Jcm6C0+ojMw3feE5RH5JHQ==, figureFileBig=nhMD/V1EOhiPJNCp7K+9zA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928510525748154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888460962325020, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Lys162结构与分子对接, figureFileSmall=Jcm6C0+ojMw3feE5RH5JHQ==, figureFileBig=nhMD/V1EOhiPJNCp7K+9zA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928511385580486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888460962325020, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Lys162 PCR products and protein purification electrophoresis. A: The PCR amplification products of Lys162 (Lane M: DL2000 DNA marker; Lanes 1, 2: ORF162 PCR products); B: The Colony PCR amplification products of Lys162 [Lane M: DL2000 DNA marker; Lanes 1-2: 162-BL21-28a(+) colony PCR products]; C: SDS-PAGE analysis of recombinant lyase Lys162 before and after purification [Lane M: Protein molecular weight standard (100 kDa); Lane 1: pET28a(+)/BL21 empty vector uninduced whole cells; Lane 2: pET28a(+)/BL21 empty vector induced whole cells; Lane 3: pET28a(+)-Lys162/BL21 uninduced whole cells; Lane 4: pET28a(+)-Lys162/BL21 induced whole cells; Lane 5: pET28a(+)-Lys162/BL21 bacterial supernatant after IPTG induction; Lane 6: Purified Lys162]., figureFileSmall=cYDneorAM5y+KWIFnZpn3A==, figureFileBig=wSyKuKBoSqwdT//f4h0ANQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928512312521677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888460962325020, language=CN, label=图4, caption=Lys162 PCR产物及蛋白纯化电泳图, figureFileSmall=cYDneorAM5y+KWIFnZpn3A==, figureFileBig=wSyKuKBoSqwdT//f4h0ANQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928514254484441, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888460962325020, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Lys162 cleavage activity, stability, and cleavage spectrum. A: pH; B: Temperature; C: Concentration; D: Cleavage activity; E: Cleavage spectrum. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant; * indicates significant differences within the same group (P<0.05); ** indicates highly significant differences within the same group (P<0.01); *** indicates extremely significant differences between groups (P<0.001); ns indicates no significant differences between groups (P>0.05)., figureFileSmall=wF4yx9R5ctKlo2h/WnOjrA==, figureFileBig=C8nbIF+/z/4BUTilAbHj7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928514812326882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888460962325020, language=CN, label=图5, caption=Lys162裂解活性、稳定性及裂解谱, figureFileSmall=wF4yx9R5ctKlo2h/WnOjrA==, figureFileBig=C8nbIF+/z/4BUTilAbHj7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928515663770601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888460962325020, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Molecular docking of the other six members of the Lyz-like family. The small molecule is N-acetyl-D-glucosamine; Accession numbers P9ly, FelixO1, 7SJ6, SP21535, 6LZMA, and vB_EluM_RZH represent the lytic enzymes from Shigella dysenteriae cell body PSD9 (GenBank ID: QXV72475.1), the lytic enzyme from Salmonella phage FelixO1 (GenBank ID: NP944846.1), the lytic enzyme from Escherichia coli phage T4 (GenBank ID: 2321481732), the lytic enzyme from Shigella phage SP21535 (GenBank ID: XPN41046.1), the lytic enzyme from Escherichia coli phage T4 (GenBank ID: 157837110), and the tail lysinase from Escherichia coli phage vB_IM_RZH (GenBank ID: XFC52777.1); Vina score denotes molecular docking binding energy., figureFileSmall=jnBrSABdYd5UPZ5z/HKvLQ==, figureFileBig=WQaU9AgFwwj6sLtHWCArhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928516792038388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888460962325020, language=CN, label=图6, caption=Lyz样家族其他6个成员的分子对接, figureFileSmall=jnBrSABdYd5UPZ5z/HKvLQ==, figureFileBig=WQaU9AgFwwj6sLtHWCArhQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928518897579004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888460962325020, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Test strains

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain namesSpecieHostPhage lyticEndolysin lytic
Δ4M186-2Klebsiella pneumoniaeHuman feces-+
N3262-3ATKlebsiella pneumoniaeHuman feces-+
M2951-2AREscherichia coliGiant panda-+
3103-3ATPseudomonas aeruginosaSevere human sputum-+
N618-3TAcinetobacterElephant-+
N1094-1AtSalmonella entericaFarmland soil samples--
N3204-2AtEscherichia coliHuman feces--
N3229-3DT.1Escherichia coliHuman feces-+
N3236-2ATShigella flexneriHuman feces-+
N3680-1AtEnterococcus faecalisHuman feces--
S3687-2AbPseudomonas aeruginosaFeces-+
S3683-2ArEscherichia coliFeces-+
N1089-2ATSalmonella entericaCamel--
BM419-3Klebsiella pneumoniaeHuman-+
N3161-2dtStreptococcusHuman feces--
M2929.1AREscherichia coliGolden snub-nosed monkey++
), ArticleFig(id=1259928520642408455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888460962325020, language=CN, label=表 1, caption=

受试菌株

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Strain namesSpecieHostPhage lyticEndolysin lytic
Δ4M186-2Klebsiella pneumoniaeHuman feces-+
N3262-3ATKlebsiella pneumoniaeHuman feces-+
M2951-2AREscherichia coliGiant panda-+
3103-3ATPseudomonas aeruginosaSevere human sputum-+
N618-3TAcinetobacterElephant-+
N1094-1AtSalmonella entericaFarmland soil samples--
N3204-2AtEscherichia coliHuman feces--
N3229-3DT.1Escherichia coliHuman feces-+
N3236-2ATShigella flexneriHuman feces-+
N3680-1AtEnterococcus faecalisHuman feces--
S3687-2AbPseudomonas aeruginosaFeces-+
S3683-2ArEscherichia coliFeces-+
N1089-2ATSalmonella entericaCamel--
BM419-3Klebsiella pneumoniaeHuman-+
N3161-2dtStreptococcusHuman feces--
M2929.1AREscherichia coliGolden snub-nosed monkey++
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噬菌体裂解酶Lys162基因重组菌株的构建及重组酶抗菌活性评价
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谭镇炜 1, 2 , 徐莉莉 3, 4 , 高敏 2 , 张琳 2 , 吕红珍 2 , 王亚雯 2 , 齐永华 5 , 原丽红 6 , 王承民 2, 3, 4
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(5): 2481-2497
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(5): 2481-2497
噬菌体裂解酶Lys162基因重组菌株的构建及重组酶抗菌活性评价
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谭镇炜1, 2, 徐莉莉3, 4, 高敏2, 张琳2, 吕红珍2, 王亚雯2, 齐永华5, 原丽红6 , 王承民2, 3, 4
作者信息
  • 1.广东药科大学 医药化工学院,广东 广州
  • 2.广东省科学院动物研究所,广东省动物保护与资源利用重点实验室,广东省野生动物保护与利用公共 实验室,广东 广州
  • 3.优宜邦生物科技(上海)有限公司,上海
  • 4.南陵万泽微生物工程研究院有限公司,安徽 南陵
  • 5.新乡学院 药学院,河南 新乡
  • 6.广东药科大学 生命科学与生物制药学院,广东 广州
Development of a recombinant bacterial strain for the expression of bacteriophage lytic enzyme Lys162 and assessment of the antibacterial activity of the recombinant enzyme
Zhenwei TAN1, 2, Lili XU3, 4, Min GAO2, Lin ZHANG2, Hongzhen LYU2, Yawen WANG2, Yonghua QI5, Lihong YUAN6 , Chengmin WANG2, 3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
  • 2.Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
  • 3.Uibio Biotechnology (Shanghai) Co. , Ltd. , Shanghai, China
  • 4.Nanling Wanze Microbial Engineering Research Institute Co. , Ltd. Nanling, Anhui, China
  • 5.College of Pharmacy, Xinxiang University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
  • 6.School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
出版时间: 2026-05-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250902
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目的 构建一株能够表达噬菌体裂解酶Lys162的重组大肠杆菌工程菌,以获得一种高效、广谱的重组裂解酶,为开发新型抗菌制剂提供技术支撑。 方法 基于噬菌体pEC.M2929.1AR.1的全基因组测序数据,利用生物信息学工具预测其蛋白结构,并通过分子对接分析评估其与底物的结合能力。构建pET28a(+)-Lys162表达载体及大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)工程菌表达体系。进一步对噬菌体来源的重组裂解酶Lys162进行环境稳定性、体外抗菌活性及裂解谱评估。 结果 预测结果显示,Lys162为具有N-乙酰胞壁质酶活性的裂解酶,含有保守的裂解酶结构域;分子对接证实其与肽聚糖结合紧密。该酶在BL21(DE3)中以可溶形式表达,纯化后浓度达1.89 mg/mL。体外实验表明,125 μg/mL的Lys162对大肠杆菌M2929.1AR具有显著裂解活性,对肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌属等多种病原菌也表现出良好的裂解能力。该酶在pH 4.0-11.0及4-60 ℃范围内均能保持稳定的活性。 结论 Lys162突破了原噬菌体的宿主范围限制,表现出广谱的抗菌活性与环境适应性。其与EDTA的协同作用为实际应用提供了策略优化方向。本研究结果为开发应对细菌耐药挑战的新型抗菌制剂奠定了基础。

噬菌体  /  结构分析  /  裂解酶  /  重组表达  /  溶菌

Objective To construct a recombinant Escherichia coli strain for the expression of the bacteriophage-derived lytic enzyme Lys162, an efficient and broad-spectrum recombinant enzyme, thus providing a technological foundation for developing novel antimicrobial agents. Methods On the basis of the whole-genome sequencing data of bacteriophage pEC.M2929.1AR.1, the protein structure was predicted via bioinformatics tools, and molecular docking analysis was performed to evaluate the substrate-binding affinity. The expression vector pET28a(+)-Lys162 and the engineered E. coli BL21(DE3) expression system were constructed. Lys162 was further assessed for its environmental stability, in vitro antibacterial activity, and lytic spectrum. Results Structural analysis predicted that Lys162 was an N-acetylmuramidase-type lytic enzyme containing a conserved catalytic domain. Molecular docking confirmed its high-affinity binding to peptidoglycan. The enzyme was expressed in a soluble form in E. coli BL21(DE3) and purified to reach a concentration of 1.89 mg/mL. In vitro assays demonstrated that Lys162 at 125 μg/mL exhibited significant lytic activity against E. coli M2929.1AR, along with potent lytic effects against multiple pathogenic bacteria including Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter spp. The enzyme retained stable activity within a pH range of 4.0-11.0 and at temperatures between 4 ℃ and 60 ℃. Conclusion Lys162 transcends the host specificity of its parental phage, demonstrating broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and considerable environmental adaptability. Its synergistic effect with EDTA suggests a practical strategy for performance optimization. These results establish a foundation for developing novel enzymatic antimicrobials to address challenges associated with bacterial antibiotic resistance.

bacteriophage  /  structural analysis  /  lytic enzyme  /  recombinant expression  /  lysis
谭镇炜, 徐莉莉, 高敏, 张琳, 吕红珍, 王亚雯, 齐永华, 原丽红, 王承民. 噬菌体裂解酶Lys162基因重组菌株的构建及重组酶抗菌活性评价. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2481 -2497 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250902
Zhenwei TAN, Lili XU, Min GAO, Lin ZHANG, Hongzhen LYU, Yawen WANG, Yonghua QI, Lihong YUAN, Chengmin WANG. Development of a recombinant bacterial strain for the expression of bacteriophage lytic enzyme Lys162 and assessment of the antibacterial activity of the recombinant enzyme[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2481 -2497 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250902
细菌耐药性问题已成为全球公共卫生体系面临的严峻挑战,世界卫生组织已将抗菌药物耐药性列入21世纪人类健康十大威胁清单,随着耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA)、碳青霉烯耐药肠杆菌(carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae, CRE)和多重耐药鲍曼不动杆菌(multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii, MDR-AB)等多种多重耐药菌株的持续扩散,传统抗菌药物的治疗效果明显降低,甚至面临缺乏有效治疗手段的难题[1]。2019年全球范围内由细菌耐药性直接造成的死亡病例约127万例[2],超过艾滋病或疟疾导致的死亡数量,这一严峻现状促使科研人员加速探索新型抗菌方案。
噬菌体及其衍生物作为后抗生素时代的重要研究方向,因其独特的杀菌机制和不易诱发耐药性的特点而备受关注,天然噬菌体能够特异性侵染并裂解细菌宿主,早在百年前噬菌体治疗就已被应用于细菌感染处理,但随着抗生素时代的到来相关研究逐渐停滞[3]。当前,在耐药菌株激增与新型抗菌药物短缺的双重压力下,噬菌体治疗重新获得重视,多个国家已启动临床研究项目[4]。尽管噬菌体疗法已经证明了其在靶向多重耐药(multidrug-resistant, MDR)病原体和通过裂解活性和酶降解破坏生物膜方面的前景,但仍需面临噬菌体抗性、宿主特异性和监管限制等挑战[5],且天然噬菌体携带的耐药基因可能通过水平转移在细菌间传播进而助长耐药性蔓延[6]
相较之下噬菌体裂解酶展现出更佳的应用前景,这类肽聚糖水解酶通过特异性降解细胞壁发挥抗菌作用,鉴于其作用靶点的高度保守性,细菌难以通过简单突变产生耐药性[7],这类酶通常采用模块化架构,包含催化功能区和靶向结合区,使其能够通过基因改造进行功能优化[8]。研究报道显示,针对革兰氏阳性菌的裂解酶LysGH15及其催化结构域CHAPLysGH15[9]能有效抑制牛奶中的细菌生长,具有应用于乳制品生物防腐的潜力。Abdelkader等[10]通过将抗菌肽CecropinA融合到具有内在抗菌活性的溶菌素LysMK34的N端,构建了工程化溶菌素eLysMK34,该酶对鲍曼不动杆菌具有显著体外抗菌活性,且对人上皮细胞无细胞毒性。Golosova等[11]发现新型裂解酶LysSte134_1对多种葡萄球菌肽聚糖具有降解活性,现有研究已验证通过重组技术制备这些酶制剂用于外部治疗的可行性。然而,裂解酶的实际应用仍存在技术瓶颈,对于革兰氏阴性菌其外膜结构会阻隔酶制剂接触内层肽聚糖影响催化作用发挥。Lim等[12]通过融合穿膜肽来提升其穿透能力,尽管实验室研究取得积极进展,但裂解酶仍面临对革兰氏阴性菌穿透效率有限、在体内复杂环境中稳定性不足以及工业化生产质量管控等现实问题[13]。为推动其实际应用,未来需着力推进蛋白质工程技术革新、开发新型递送系统并探索联合治疗模式[14]
本研究以天然噬菌体pEC.M2929.1AR.1为材料,通过克隆与表达获得重组蛋白Lys162,并系统评估了该酶的理化特性及其对代表性革兰氏阳性菌与革兰氏阴性菌的抗菌活性。在当前抗生素耐药性不断增加的时代,Lys162展现出替代和补充传统抗生素的巨大潜力。本研究旨在探索噬菌体裂解酶在生物医学领域的应用潜力,阐明其在抗菌治疗中的作用机制,并为新型抗菌药物研发提供关键科学依据。
大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli) DH5α、BL21(DE3)感受态细胞、质粒提取试剂盒,北京索莱宝科技有限公司;大肠杆菌M2929.1AR.1及其噬菌体pEC.M2929.1AR.1,以及其他测试菌株均由本实验分离、鉴定和保藏(表1)。
限制性核酸内切酶EcoR Ⅰ、限制性核酸内切酶Xho Ⅰ、凝胶回收试剂盒、质粒pET-28a(+),北京全式金生物技术有限公司;十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳制备试剂盒,安徽白鲨生物科技有限公司;蛋白定量试剂盒(BCA法),北京索莱宝科技有限公司。
基因扩增仪,杭州柏恒科技有限公司;酶标分析仪,北京普朗新技术有限公司;全自动凝胶成像分析系统,上海嘉鹏科技有限公司;数显恒温水浴锅,上海捷昂仪器有限公司;紫外可见分光光度计,上海佑科仪器仪表有限公司。
通过NCBI数据库对Lys162氨基酸序列进行同源性比对;使用MEGA 12软件构建噬菌体裂解酶系统发育树;利用在线工具预测裂解酶氨基酸序列的理论分子量、理论等电点、带正负电荷的氨基酸数量等理化特性(https://www.expasy.org/);使用TMHMM (v2.0)在线工具(https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/TMHMM-2.0/)分析跨膜结构域;使用SignaIP-6.0 (https://services.healthtech.dtu.dk/services/SignalP-6.0/)预测信号肽序列;使用Protein-sol (https://protein-sol.manchester.ac.uk/)分析蛋白质溶解度。利用Phyre在线工具(http://www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/phyre2/html/)分析二级结构,通过AlphaFold 2 (https://colab.research.google.com/github/sokrypton/ColabFold/blob/main/AlphaFold2.ipynb)在线工具预测Lys162蛋白质三级结构,从UniProt上获取肽聚糖小分子结构,使用CB-Dock2分子对接在线工具(https://cadd.labshare.cn/cb-dock2/php/index.php)分析Lys162与肽聚糖小分子结合位点与结合能情况。
根据全基因组预测及功能分析结果初步判断噬菌体pEC.M2929.1AR.1的ORF162基因片段为表达裂解酶片段。使用SnapGene软件设计一对裂解酶引物M2929.1AR.1-F (5′-TAAGAATTCATGGCTAAAGTAGTTGATGTGTTTG-3′)和M2929.1AR.1-R (5′-TAACTCGAGGTTATAAGC GTCTAATGTTCCAGT-3′) (下划线的序列分别为EcoR Ⅰ和Xho Ⅰ酶切位点)和一对pET28a(+)载体T7启动子引物pET-28a(+)引物28a-T7-F (5′-TAATACGACTCACTATAGGG-3′)和28a-T7-R (5′-GCTAGTTATTGCTCAGCGG-3′),由北京睿博兴科生物技术有限公司广州分公司合成及测序。
以噬菌体pEC.M2929.1AR.1基因组为模板,通过PCR扩增Lys162基因。PCR反应体系(50 μL):2×Taq PCR Master Mix 25 µL,上、下游引物(6.5 nmol/L)各2 µL,DNA模板5 µL,ddH2O 16 µL。PCR扩增条件:94 ℃预变性5 min;94 ℃变性30 s,57.5 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸1 min,共30个循环;72 ℃终延伸5 min。使用胶回收试剂盒回收目的基因片段。EcoR Ⅰ和Xho Ⅰ双酶切的pET28a(+)载体片段,胶回收pET28a(+)载体片段。使用T4连接酶在25 ℃下连接目的基因片段与pET28a(+)载体片段,将重组质粒[pET28a(+)-Lys162]转化至大肠杆菌DH5α感受态细胞中,37 ℃培养过夜,用对应上、下游引物进行阳性克隆验证。将PCR验证为阳性的克隆进行测序验证。
将验证正确的重组质粒[pET28a(+)-Lys162]转化至大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞中,37 ℃培养过夜,将PCR验证为阳性的克隆再次送至北京睿博兴科生物技术有限公司测序。将验证正确的携带重组质粒的大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞接种至100 mL含有终浓度50 μg/mL卡那霉素的LB中,培养至OD600值约为0.6-0.8,加入异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(IPTG)至终浓度0.1 mmol/L,16 ℃诱导培养18 h。对诱导菌液4 ℃、8 000/min离心10 min收集菌体,用无菌PBS洗涤2次,然后将其重悬于50 mmol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液(pH 7.4,含300 mmol/L NaCl)中,用高压均质仪进行破碎,保留待测样本为携带重组质粒的大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态的细菌裂解液、沉淀和上清液。将待测样本与蛋白上样缓冲液进行SDS-PAGE,结束后对凝胶进行考马斯染色和脱色。同时检测纯化后的Lys162浓度,Lys162最终储存在含50 mmol/L Tris-HCl缓冲液(pH 7.4,含20 mmol/L NaCl)中(非特指皆采用此缓冲液)。
参考Sofy等[15]方法,取表1中的菌株重新复壮至对数生长期(OD600=0.6),将100 μL菌液与预热的半固体培养基混匀,倾倒于平板表面,待上层培养基凝固后,取10 μL噬菌体富集液滴于半固体培养基表面,于恒温培养箱37 ℃倒置培养12 h以确认宿主范围。
参考Nelson等[16]的方法,并做适当修改。取对数生长期的受试菌株(M2929.1AR)菌液于4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心5 min,弃去上清液。用Tris-HCl缓冲液洗涤沉淀2次并重悬。采用200 μL反应体系(含100 μL菌悬液、50 μL缓冲液、50 μL待测活性样品),在96孔板中依次加入100 μL菌悬液、50 μL缓冲液和50 μL Lys162于37 ℃静置培养2 h,用酶标仪检测波长600 nm处的OD值。设置3组重复平行实验,以不加裂解酶组作为对照,以不加菌液组为空白组。浊度降低率如公式(1)所示。
浊度降低率=[对照组OD600值-(试验组OD600值-空白组OD600值)]/对照组OD600值×100%
取不同浓度的裂解酶Lys162 (200、400、600、800 μg/mL)置于1.5 mL EP管中。每孔加入100 μL菌重悬液,再取50 μL裂解酶和50 μL缓冲液加入96孔板中(每孔裂解酶终浓度分别为50、100、150、200 μg/mL)。对照组为100 μL Tris-HCl缓冲液和100 μL菌悬液,空白组为100 μL裂解酶Lys162和100 μL Tris-HCl缓冲液。设置3组重复平行实验。
取200 μL裂解酶Lys162 (500 μg/mL)置于1.5 mL EP管中,分别置于4、20、37、50、60、70 ℃孵育30 min后,取50 μL孵育后的裂解酶和50 μL缓冲液加入96孔板中(每孔中裂解酶终浓度为125 μg/mL),每孔再加入100 μL菌悬液。对照组为100 μL Tris-HCl缓冲液和100 μL菌悬液,空白组为100 μL裂解酶Lys162和100 μL Tris-HCl缓冲液。设置3组重复平行实验。
取200 μL裂解酶Lys162 (500 μg/mL)置于1.5 mL EP管中,分别置于pH为4.0、5.0、6.0、7.0、8.0、9.0、10.0、11.0的Tris-HCl缓冲液中孵育30 min后,取50 μL孵育后的裂解酶和50 μL缓冲液加入96孔板中(每孔中裂解酶终浓度为125 μg/mL),每孔再加入100 μL菌悬液。对照组为100 μL Tris-HCl缓冲液和100 μL菌悬液,空白组为100 μL裂解酶Lys162和100 μL Tris-HCl缓冲液。设置3组重复平行实验。
参考Celia等[17]的方法,并做适当修改。取对数生长期的受试菌株(M2929.1AR)菌液于4 ℃、8 000 r/min离心5 min,弃去上清液。用Tris-HCl缓冲液洗涤沉淀2次并重悬。第1组(Lys162、EDTA组):在96孔板中分别加入50 μL (终浓度为125 μg/mL) Lys162、50 μL EDTA (终浓度为0.5 mmol/L)。第2组(EDTA对照组):分别加入50 μL Tris-HCl、50 μL EDTA (0.5 mmol/L)。第3组(Lys162组):分别加入50 μL (终浓度为125 μg/mL) Lys162、50 μL Tris-HCl;第4组(Tris-HCl对照组):加入100 μL Tris-HCl。每组各孔均加入100 μL菌悬液。上述各组均在37 ℃作用2 h后测定OD600值,设置3组重复平行实验。
处理测试菌液得到OD600=0.6的重悬液,取100 μL各菌悬液加入96孔板中,分别加入50 μL Tris-HCl和50 μL Lys162 (终浓度为125 μg/mL),对照组为100 μL Tris-HCl和100 μL菌悬液。将反应体系置于37 ℃恒温条件下孵育2 h后测定OD600值,通过浊度的变化分析Lys162的裂解谱。
试验数据采用SPSS 24.0软件进行t检验评估定量数据间的统计学差异。所有数据均以均值±标准差表示(n=3独立实验)。双尾检验中P<0.05为差异显著,P<0.01为差异极显著。
已测序噬菌体pEC.M2929.1AR.1的全基因组如图1所示,其大小为145 425 bp。通过观察16株细菌双层平板是否出现噬菌斑,测定pEC.M2929.1AR.1的宿主谱。结果显示,pEC.M2929.1AR.1仅能裂解大肠杆菌M2929.1AR (表1)。
生物信息学分析表明,该噬菌体基因组编码一个裂解酶(开放阅读框ORF162,核苷酸长度:498 bp),命名该裂解酶为Lys162。裂解酶Lys162由166个氨基酸组成,相对分子质量为18.9 kDa,等电点(pI)为9.67。其氨基酸组成包含17个带负电荷的残基(Asp+Glu)和25个带正电荷的残基(Arg+Lys)。该蛋白的不稳定系数为21.26 (instability index<40),表明其具有良好的稳定性。
基于氨基酸序列构建系统发育树。结果显示(图2A),Lys162的氨基酸序列与大肠杆菌噬菌体phi92的裂解酶(YP\_009012392.1)具有最高同源性。Lys162与噬菌体KP2025(XCO36231.1)和KP13-26 (UYL04718.1)亲缘关系密切,并与大肠杆菌噬菌体phi92(YP\_009012392.1)、JohannJBalmer(QXV81548.1)、muut(YP\_009985676.1)和arall(QHR67616.1)聚类在同一分支上。根据结构域分析,Lys162具有保守的T4样裂解酶结构域,该结构域属于溶菌酶样超家族(InterPro结构域架构ID:IPR052619;保守结构域数据库CDD ID:cd00735) (图2B)。根据InterPro数据库预测,该结构域属于糖苷水解酶家族24 (IPR002196)和溶菌酶超家族(IPR023347)。通过InterPro和BLASTp分析确定Lys162具备N-乙酰胞壁酰胺酶活性。该结构域具有溶菌酶活性,在细胞壁大分子降解和肽聚糖降解等生物过程中发挥关键作用。进一步序列分析表明,位于Lys162的N端(氨基酸残基12-20位)的糖基结合位点可能作为噬菌体裂解酶的细胞壁结合域(cell wall binding domain, CBD),负责识别并附着于肽聚糖。其C端存在多个T4溶菌酶特征性结构域,很可能构成负责协调肽聚糖水解活性的催化结构域[18] (catalytic domain, CD)。通过MEGA 12基于具有T4-like_lys保守结构域的裂解酶中的序列簇和亚家族等级选择代表性成员(CDD登录号为cd00735)。如图2C所示,发现Lys162蛋白包含13个完整保守残基(E15、G16、Y22、D24、G27、T30、G32、G34、T63、A102、G111、W142和V153)。综合上述分析,推断Lys162是一种具有N-乙酰胞壁酰胺酶活性的裂解酶。该酶可能通过水解细菌肽聚糖异聚糖中连接N-乙酰葡糖胺(N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, GlcNAc) C4位点与N-乙酰胞壁酸(N-acetylmuramic acid, MurNAc) C1位点的β-(1,4)糖苷键发挥作用。
为预测Lys162蛋白结构并分析其与肽聚糖小分子能否结合,首先通过AlphaFold 2对其三维结构进行了预测(图3A)。从UniProt数据库获取N-A-D-G (N-乙酰基-D-氨基葡萄糖)的三维结构,最后使用CB-Dock2进行了分子对接分析。分子对接结果显示(图3B),Lys162与N-A-D-G基于结构的分子对接结合能为-7.6 kcal/mol,并对其进行相互作用力分析。如图3C所示,结果显示Lys162与N-A-D-G之间通过多个极性氨基酸残基形成稳定氢键(2.80-3.36 Å),周围残基构建的三维口袋为结合提供空间与疏水性支撑。结合文献[19]和本研究结果,认为Lys162与该肽聚糖小分子具有较强的结合能力[19]。在模块对接所识别的29个关键氨基酸残基中有7个关键氨基酸残基(E15、Y22、D24、T30、G32、G34、W142)与上述多序列比对的完整保守残基相同。此外,E15氨基酸残基位于Lys162 N端的糖结合区内。据此推断,该蛋白N端的糖结合位点为其裂解活性的关键结合结构域,能够与肽聚糖小分子结合,进而发挥催化功能。
构建的质粒经PCR验证(图4A4B),结果显示Lys162成功连接到pET28a(+)质粒中。表达蛋白的SDS-PAGE分析显示,Lys162在BL21中作为可溶性蛋白良好表达(图4C)。表达并纯化裂解酶后,裂解酶的最终浓度为1.89 mg/mL。
通过稳定性实验评估Lys162 (非特指均采用终浓度为125 μg/mL)在不同条件下的酶活性。在pH稳定性实验中(图5A),Lys162在pH 4.0-11.0范围内均具有裂解活性,并且在pH 7.0时表现出最高活性;随着pH升高或降低,其活性逐渐下降。在温度稳定性试验中(图5B),Lys162具有较为良好的耐受性,在60 ℃时仍可检测到裂解活性。上述结果表明,Lys162在中性条件下能发挥较强的裂解活性,且表现出较强的耐受性。进一步通过不同浓度的酶液对宿主菌的活性测定发现,浓度梯度试验表明(图5C),裂解酶Lys162的裂解活性随酶浓度增加而增强,裂解率分别为21.92% (终浓度为50 μg/mL)、32.41% (终浓度为100 μg/mL)、31.06% (终浓度为150 μg/mL)、31.74% (终浓度为200 μg/mL),但随着浓度的增加,裂解率趋于平缓,提示酶浓度继续增加对裂解活性的提升有限。与EDTA联合作用体系中,将Lys162与EDTA (0.5 mmol/L)联用(图5D),数据显示Lys162与EDTA联用组的溶菌活性显著高于无EDTA组,较无EDTA组提高了1.6倍。
Lys162不仅对原宿主大肠杆菌M2929.1AR具有裂解作用,而且对其他大肠杆菌如M2951-2AR、N3229-3DT.1同样具有裂解活性。除此之外,Lys162还对肺炎克雷伯菌Δ4M186-2、N3262-3AT、BM419-3,铜绿假单胞菌3103-3aT、S3687-2Ab,不动杆菌N618-3T,福氏志贺氏菌N3236-2AT也显示出裂解活性(图5E)。
随着细菌抗药性逐渐增强及多药耐药性菌株扩散,特别是表现出多重耐药性的菌株,如鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠杆菌等,它们是医院内一些最严重感染的根源,常引发较高的患病率和死亡风险[20]。噬菌体作为一种能够治疗细菌性感染的替代疗法,已重新进入大众视野,成为抗生素替代研究领域的一大新兴热点[21]。将噬菌体作为后抗生素时代治疗细菌感染的新手段,不仅具有重要的实际应用价值,还具备显著优势[22]。目前,天然噬菌体在抑制细菌方面仍存在一定缺陷,如噬菌体由于自身特异性,抗菌范围较窄;作为病毒,噬菌体本身可能存在未知的毒力基因,直接应用于动植物可能会抑制体内正常益生菌的生长[23]。裂解酶作为噬菌体衍生出的水解酶,被认为具有作为有效对抗抗生素抗性细菌感染的新型治疗剂的显著潜力,尽管在革兰氏阴性菌中,因其脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide, LPS)涂层表面保护的肽聚糖层,裂解酶的抗菌效果受限于它们难以穿透革兰氏阴性菌的外膜层,但已有研究表明噬菌体裂解酶相较于噬菌体本身裂解谱更宽[24],且目前并无研究表明噬菌体裂解酶能产生耐受性。
本研究以北京动物园金丝猴源大肠杆菌噬菌体pEC.M2929.1AR.1为研究对象,完成了其全基因组测序与分析。在该噬菌体基因组中鉴定出裂解酶基因(ORF162,命名为Lys162)及holin基因。通常情况下,裂解酶基因在噬菌体基因组中与holin基因紧密相邻[25],但pEC.M2929.1AR.1中这2个基因相距较远,这一现象较为特殊。系统发育分析显示,Lys162与大肠杆菌噬菌体phi92的裂解酶基因具有高度相似性;然而phi92的裂解酶尚未有深入的表征研究[26-27],提示Lys162具备新颖的研究价值。InterPro与BLASTp数据比对表明Lys162是一种具有N-乙酰胞壁酰胺酶活性的裂解酶。鉴于该家族成员普遍以细菌肽聚糖为作用靶标,推测Lys162可能具备降解肽聚糖的能力并具有潜在的抗菌应用前景。为探究Lys162在lyz样超家族中的保守性与多样性,选取了7个来源多样且与Lys162同源性较低的同家族噬菌体裂解酶进行氨基酸序列比对。通过MEGA软件对Lys162与这7个同源蛋白进行分子结构比对,鉴定出其氨基酸序列中13个完全保守的残基,分别为E15、G16、Y22、D24、G27、T30、G32、G34、T63、A102、G111、W142和V153。
利用ExPASy工具预测显示,Lys162的等电点(pI)为9.67。Low等[28]的研究指出,细菌表面通常带有负电荷,主要归因于其高脂质含量以及与脂质双层和肽聚糖层密切相关的次级细胞壁聚合物的存在,同时噬菌体裂解酶催化结构域的净正电荷是影响其裂解活性与宿主范围的关键因素。基于Lys162所表现出的结构特征及其较高的等电点,推测其与细菌表面之间的静电相互作用可能有助于酶在细胞表面的定位,并通过静电导向作用促进其穿透细胞壁屏障。为了在分子层面验证该静电导向与穿透机制并探究Lys162与细菌细胞壁主要成分的相互作用。尽管不同细菌的肽聚糖来源存在差异,但所有细菌的肽聚糖均共享保守的基本骨架,因此选取N-乙酰基-D-氨基葡萄糖(N-A-D-G)作为肽聚糖的代表性底物进行分子对接。分子对接结果显示,Lys162的E15、Y22、D24、T30、G32、G34和W142残基作为结合位点与N-A-D-G相互作用;相互作用力分析进一步表明,Lys162与N-A-D-G之间通过多个极性氨基酸残基形成稳定的氢键。此外,将Lys162与痢疾志贺氏菌噬菌体裂解酶P9ly[29]进行对比,发现两者构建酶催化中心的关键残基(E15、D24、T30)完全重合。此外,包括Lys162在内的6个同家族噬菌体裂解酶进行分子对接并比较其与N-A-D-G的结合能(图6),结果表明Lys162的结合能显著强于其余5种裂解酶;除vB_EluM_RZH外,其余酶在对接过程中均有谷氨酸残基参与结合。由此推定分子对接所鉴定的7个关键氨基酸残基对Lys162的功能至关重要。尤其是谷氨酸残基不仅构成酶催化中心的关键组分,还作为重要的糖基结合位点,推测其兼具催化活性与肽聚糖结合功能,其双重作用机制有待通过定点诱变实验进一步验证。总体而言,氨基酸序列比对鉴定出的29个关键氨基酸残基同时参与Lys162的细胞裂解活性与肽聚糖结合过程,这与已有研究结论(93.9%感染革兰氏阴性菌的噬菌体,其裂解酶均为球状结构)一致[30]。未来可通过氨基酸定点突变实验,从分子层面更精准地阐明Lys162的作用机制。
本研究对噬菌体pEC.M2929.1AR.1基因组编码的Lys162进行克隆、表达及纯化,成功获得重组Lys162蛋白。该蛋白在较宽的温度和pH范围内保持稳定。研究表明,Lys162在不依赖holin蛋白的情况下仍可有效介导细菌裂解,提示其具备一定的穿透革兰氏阴性菌外膜的能力,从而能够抵达并作用于细胞壁肽聚糖层。然而,已有大量研究表明[31],外源表达的裂解酶作为抗菌剂使用时通常需借助外膜通透剂破坏细菌外膜屏障以协助裂解酶抵达肽聚糖靶点并实现高效降解。Oliveira等[32]发现,在柠檬酸和苹果酸存在条件下,裂解酶ABgp46可将鲍曼不动杆菌的菌量降至检测限以下,并使铜绿假单胞菌和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的菌量下降超过4个对数级,Walmagh等[33]鉴定的5种裂解酶(BcepC6gp22),在0.5 mmol/L EDTA辅助下可使铜绿假单胞菌PAO1的菌载量下降1.89-3.08个对数级。本研究中使用0.5 mmol/L EDTA与Lys162联用时(图5A),对大肠杆菌M2929.1AR的溶菌活性较单独使用Lys162提升了1.6倍。天然噬菌体通常具有严格的宿主特异性,其狭窄的宿主谱限制了抗菌应用范围。重组蛋白Lys162通过靶向细菌肽聚糖层的保守结构域,不仅可杀伤大肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌、肠沙门氏菌等革兰氏阴性菌,还能作用于链球菌等革兰氏阳性菌,突破了原始噬菌体的宿主受体限制,展现出跨物种溶菌活性及更广泛的抗菌潜力。
综上所述,本研究报告了噬菌体裂解酶Lys162的鉴定、生产与表征,该裂解酶Lys162来源于天然噬菌体pEC.M2929.1AR.1。Lys162不仅对大肠杆菌具备较为良好的抗菌活性,还对多种条件病原菌具备一定的抗菌活性,如肺炎克雷伯氏菌、铜绿假单胞菌等。这表明Lys162是一种广谱、高效的抗菌物质。此外,Lys162和EDTA联合使用表现出改善的抑菌效果,在当前抗生素耐药性不断增加的时代,Lys162展现出代替和补充传统抗生素的巨大潜力。
  • 河南省自然科学基金重点研究发展计划(252300420214)
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2026年第66卷第5期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250902
  • 接收时间:2025-12-05
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-05
  • 录用日期:2026-01-24
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The Key Research and Development Program of the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province(252300420214)
河南省自然科学基金重点研究发展计划(252300420214)
作者信息
    1.广东药科大学 医药化工学院,广东 广州
    2.广东省科学院动物研究所,广东省动物保护与资源利用重点实验室,广东省野生动物保护与利用公共 实验室,广东 广州
    3.优宜邦生物科技(上海)有限公司,上海
    4.南陵万泽微生物工程研究院有限公司,安徽 南陵
    5.新乡学院 药学院,河南 新乡
    6.广东药科大学 生命科学与生物制药学院,广东 广州
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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