Article(id=1259888460723306799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250887, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1764604800000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-02, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1767974400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-10, onlineDate=1778310416632, onlineDateStr=2026-05-09, pubDate=1777824000000, pubDateStr=2026-05-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1778310416632, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1778310416632, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778310416632, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1259888457367806489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='5', pageStart='2031', pageEnd='2556', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1778310415832, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1778320153326, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1259929299465921483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1259888457367806489, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=2306, endPage=2320, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1259888461167903025, articleId=1259888460723306799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Impact of reactive oxygen species on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in earthworm intestines, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Objective Earthworm intestines, rich in carbohydrates and organic acids, are considered potential hotspots for the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, direct evidence is lacking regarding whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced under anaerobic conditions in earthworm intestines and how ROS regulate plasmid conjugation. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of organic matter metabolism to ROS generation in earthworm intestines and how ROS affected the conjugative transfer of plasmids. Methods Pheretimaguillelmi was used as a model organism to establish the anaerobic microcosm systems simulating in-situ substrate concentrations of earthworm intestines. Four treatments with glucose, lactate, acetate, and amino acids as sole carbon sources were set up. The role of ROS was verified by adding ROS scavengers. Using the fluorescent probe technology, ion chromatography, and qPCR, we determined the production levels of •OH, O2•-, and H2O2, the consumption of organic substrates, and the abundance changes of the conjugation-related genes gfp, mCherry, trfA, and trbB, respectively. Results ROS was detected in all the treatments. The glucose group showed the highest •OH, O2•-, and H2O2 yields (0.684, 0.988, and 6.371 μmol/L, respectively) on day 2, which were significantly higher than those in other groups, while the acetate group showed the lowest yields. The substrate consumption rate followed the trend of glucose>lactate>amino acids>acetate, which was consistent with the ROS generation trend. Correspondingly, the glucose group exhibited the highest abundance of gfp, trfA, and trbB (3.47×106, 6.73×106, and 7.86×106 copies/μg DNA) and conjugation frequency (8.9×10-4), which were the lowest in the acetate group. After ROS scavenging, the conjugation frequencies in all the treatments significantly decreased by 73%‒92%. Mantel analysis revealed that hydroxyl radical showed the most significant correlation with conjugation frequency and abundance of trfA and trbB, indicating that •OH was the core ROS driving conjugative transfer. Unclassified Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridiumsensu stricto 10 were identified as the core microbial taxa coupling ROS generation and conjugation. Conclusion Organic matter metabolism in the anaerobic earthworm intestine can significantly promote ROS generation. ROS further regulates the conjugative transfer of ARGs among microbial strains by altering the abundance of conjugation-related genes.

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E-mail:
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蚯蚓肠道富含糖类与有机酸,被视为抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)水平转移的潜在热点。然而,在厌氧条件下蚯蚓肠道是否产生活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)以及活性氧如何调控质粒接合转移仍缺乏直接证据。 目的 探究蚯蚓肠道内有机物代谢对ROS生成的贡献以及活性氧如何影响质粒接合转移。 方法 以威廉环毛蚓(Pheretima guillelmi)为模式生物,构建模拟蚯蚓肠道原位底物浓度的厌氧微宇宙体系,设置葡萄糖、乳酸盐、乙酸盐和氨基酸4种唯一碳源处理;通过添加活性氧清除剂验证活性氧的作用。采用荧光探针技术、离子色谱和实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR)等方法,分别测定•OH、O2•-和H2O2的生成水平、有机底物消耗情况以及接合转移相关基因(gfpmCherrytrfAtrbB)的丰度变化。 结果 所有处理组均检测到活性氧,葡萄糖组在第2天•OH、O2•-和H2O2产量最高,分别为0.684、0.988、6.371 μmol/L,显著高于其他处理组,乙酸盐组最低。底物消耗速率与活性氧生成趋势一致:葡萄糖组>乳酸盐组>氨基酸组>乙酸盐组。葡萄糖组中gfptrfAtrbB基因丰度及接合频率均最高,分别为3.47×106、6.73×106、7.86×106 copies/μg DNA和8.9×10-4,乙酸盐组最低。清除活性氧后各处理组的接合频率均显著下降73%‒92%。Mantel分析显示,羟基自由基与接合频率、trfAtrbB的相关性最为显著,表明羟基自由基是驱动接合转移的核心活性氧物种;肠杆菌科未分类属(unclassified Enterobacteriaceae)与狭义梭菌属10 (Clostridiumsensu stricto 10)是活性氧耦合接合过程的核心菌群。 结论 蚯蚓厌氧肠道中有机物代谢过程可显著促进活性氧的生成,活性氧通过改变与接合相关基因的丰度,进一步调控抗生素抗性基因在微生物间的接合转移。

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作者贡献声明

高泽萍:实验操作、撰写文章、数据分析和图表制作;袁贵莹:样本采集;李顺顺:实验操作;黄尊伟:数据收集与监管;吴云:提供实验样地,协助理化分析;孙庆业:监督管理;郑刘根:提供资源;周国伟:获取基金、项目管理和文章审阅。

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A: Hydroxyl radical; B: Superoxide anion; C: Hydrogen peroxide. Data are presented as mean±SD (n=3)., figureFileSmall=WV81OXX4/zYKYD+w/HMVzw==, figureFileBig=4iQDinYYNAVIRozjzFdYOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928453227397348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888460723306799, language=CN, label=图1, caption=蚯蚓肠道厌氧过程中活性氧浓度变化, figureFileSmall=WV81OXX4/zYKYD+w/HMVzw==, figureFileBig=4iQDinYYNAVIRozjzFdYOw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928456004026607, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888460723306799, language=EN, label=Figure 2, caption=Concentration dynamics of organic substrates during anaerobic digestion in earthworm gut. A: Glucose treatment group; B: Lactate treatment group; C: Acetate treatment group; D: Amino acid treatment group. Data are presented as mean±SD (n=3)., figureFileSmall=j0/TFfqJ4F975hWYLzJM7w==, figureFileBig=VIzSUCTlHDHYrQrG22LFcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928456876441844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888460723306799, language=CN, label=图2, caption=蚯蚓肠道厌氧过程中有机底物浓度变化, figureFileSmall=j0/TFfqJ4F975hWYLzJM7w==, figureFileBig=VIzSUCTlHDHYrQrG22LFcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928457392341241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888460723306799, language=EN, label=Figure 3, caption=Abundances of 16S rRNA, gfp and mCherry genes and microbial community composition under different carbon source treatments during anaerobic process in earthworm gut. A: Total microbial 16S rRNA gene abundance; B: Abundance of gfp gene-containing community; C: Donor bacteria mCherry abundance; D: Relative abundance of microorganisms at the genus level. PY, Ac, Am, Glu, and La represent the in situ intestinal, acetate, amino acid, glucose, and lactate treatment groups, respectively; Data are presented as mean±SD (n=3); Bars with different lowercase letters indicate that the same index is significantly different (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=N/qQMpbPsBBY8HYRoJ1WIQ==, figureFileBig=hFuWEwGt5THMV9qsOu+BgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928458579329282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888460723306799, language=CN, label=图3, caption=蚯蚓肠道厌氧过程不同碳源处理下16S rRNAgfpmCherry 基因丰度及微生物组成情况, figureFileSmall=N/qQMpbPsBBY8HYRoJ1WIQ==, figureFileBig=hFuWEwGt5THMV9qsOu+BgQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928461104300302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888460723306799, language=EN, label=Figure 4, caption=Conjugation ratio under different carbon source treatments during anaerobic process in earthworm gut. -: Without scavenger; +: With ROS scavenger; Data are presented as mean±SD (n=3); Bars with different lowercase letters indicate significant differences among groups for the same index (P<0.05); * indicates significant difference between with and without scavenger in the same treatment (**P<0.01, ***P<0.001)., figureFileSmall=5vqO7sf88tjOUIefevUhCw==, figureFileBig=FFJxeGQRDwpj6Il1kXrhEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928461557285135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888460723306799, language=CN, label=图4, caption=蚯蚓肠道厌氧过程不同碳源处理下的接合频率, figureFileSmall=5vqO7sf88tjOUIefevUhCw==, figureFileBig=FFJxeGQRDwpj6Il1kXrhEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928462756856089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888460723306799, language=EN, label=Figure 5, caption=Abundance of conjugation-related genes under different carbon source treatments during anaerobic process in earthworm gut. A: trfA gene abundance; B: trbB gene abundance. Data are presented as mean±SD (n=3). Bars with different lowercase letters indicate that the same index is significantly different (P<0.05)., figureFileSmall=oprgdF18PZVKPZNYPYh2DQ==, figureFileBig=yl4b5gJEnKeSm5qxYU1Cog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928465650925864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888460723306799, language=CN, label=图5, caption=蚯蚓肠道厌氧过程中不同碳源处理下的接合相关基因丰度, figureFileSmall=oprgdF18PZVKPZNYPYh2DQ==, figureFileBig=yl4b5gJEnKeSm5qxYU1Cog==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1259928468574355759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, articleId=1259888460723306799, language=EN, label=Figure 6, caption=Mantel test correlation analysis of microbial taxa, reactive oxygen species and conjugation-related indicators. 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活性氧对蚯蚓肠道中抗生素抗性基因扩散的影响
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高泽萍 1, 2 , 袁贵莹 1, 2 , 李顺顺 1, 2 , 黄尊伟 1, 2 , 吴云 3 , 孙庆业 1, 2 , 郑刘根 1, 2, 4 , 周国伟 1, 2
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(5): 2306-2320
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(5): 2306-2320
活性氧对蚯蚓肠道中抗生素抗性基因扩散的影响
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高泽萍1, 2, 袁贵莹1, 2, 李顺顺1, 2, 黄尊伟1, 2, 吴云3, 孙庆业1, 2, 郑刘根1, 2, 4, 周国伟1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.安徽大学 资源与环境工程学院,安徽 合肥
  • 2.湿地生态保护与修复安徽省重点实验室,安徽 合肥
  • 3.淮北市采煤塌陷区综合治理中心,安徽 淮北
  • 4.安徽省矿山生态修复工程实验室,安徽 合肥
Impact of reactive oxygen species on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in earthworm intestines
Zeping GAO1, 2, Guiying YUAN1, 2, Shunshun LI1, 2, Zunwei HUANG1, 2, Yun WU3, Qingye SUN1, 2, Liugen ZHENG1, 2, 4, Guowei ZHOU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
  • 2.Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecosystem Protection and Restoration, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, China
  • 3.Huaibei Comprehensive Treatment Center for Coal Mining Subsidence Areas, Huaibei, Anhui, China
  • 4.Anhui Provincial Laboratory for Mine Ecological Restoration Engineering, Hefei, Anhui, China
出版时间: 2026-05-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250887
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蚯蚓肠道富含糖类与有机酸,被视为抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)水平转移的潜在热点。然而,在厌氧条件下蚯蚓肠道是否产生活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS)以及活性氧如何调控质粒接合转移仍缺乏直接证据。 目的 探究蚯蚓肠道内有机物代谢对ROS生成的贡献以及活性氧如何影响质粒接合转移。 方法 以威廉环毛蚓(Pheretima guillelmi)为模式生物,构建模拟蚯蚓肠道原位底物浓度的厌氧微宇宙体系,设置葡萄糖、乳酸盐、乙酸盐和氨基酸4种唯一碳源处理;通过添加活性氧清除剂验证活性氧的作用。采用荧光探针技术、离子色谱和实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应(quantitative real-time PCR, qPCR)等方法,分别测定•OH、O2•-和H2O2的生成水平、有机底物消耗情况以及接合转移相关基因(gfpmCherrytrfAtrbB)的丰度变化。 结果 所有处理组均检测到活性氧,葡萄糖组在第2天•OH、O2•-和H2O2产量最高,分别为0.684、0.988、6.371 μmol/L,显著高于其他处理组,乙酸盐组最低。底物消耗速率与活性氧生成趋势一致:葡萄糖组>乳酸盐组>氨基酸组>乙酸盐组。葡萄糖组中gfptrfAtrbB基因丰度及接合频率均最高,分别为3.47×106、6.73×106、7.86×106 copies/μg DNA和8.9×10-4,乙酸盐组最低。清除活性氧后各处理组的接合频率均显著下降73%‒92%。Mantel分析显示,羟基自由基与接合频率、trfAtrbB的相关性最为显著,表明羟基自由基是驱动接合转移的核心活性氧物种;肠杆菌科未分类属(unclassified Enterobacteriaceae)与狭义梭菌属10 (Clostridiumsensu stricto 10)是活性氧耦合接合过程的核心菌群。 结论 蚯蚓厌氧肠道中有机物代谢过程可显著促进活性氧的生成,活性氧通过改变与接合相关基因的丰度,进一步调控抗生素抗性基因在微生物间的接合转移。

活性氧  /  抗生素抗性基因  /  蚯蚓肠道微生物  /  厌氧环境  /  接合转移

Objective Earthworm intestines, rich in carbohydrates and organic acids, are considered potential hotspots for the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). However, direct evidence is lacking regarding whether reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced under anaerobic conditions in earthworm intestines and how ROS regulate plasmid conjugation. This study aimed to investigate the contribution of organic matter metabolism to ROS generation in earthworm intestines and how ROS affected the conjugative transfer of plasmids. Methods Pheretimaguillelmi was used as a model organism to establish the anaerobic microcosm systems simulating in-situ substrate concentrations of earthworm intestines. Four treatments with glucose, lactate, acetate, and amino acids as sole carbon sources were set up. The role of ROS was verified by adding ROS scavengers. Using the fluorescent probe technology, ion chromatography, and qPCR, we determined the production levels of •OH, O2•-, and H2O2, the consumption of organic substrates, and the abundance changes of the conjugation-related genes gfp, mCherry, trfA, and trbB, respectively. Results ROS was detected in all the treatments. The glucose group showed the highest •OH, O2•-, and H2O2 yields (0.684, 0.988, and 6.371 μmol/L, respectively) on day 2, which were significantly higher than those in other groups, while the acetate group showed the lowest yields. The substrate consumption rate followed the trend of glucose>lactate>amino acids>acetate, which was consistent with the ROS generation trend. Correspondingly, the glucose group exhibited the highest abundance of gfp, trfA, and trbB (3.47×106, 6.73×106, and 7.86×106 copies/μg DNA) and conjugation frequency (8.9×10-4), which were the lowest in the acetate group. After ROS scavenging, the conjugation frequencies in all the treatments significantly decreased by 73%‒92%. Mantel analysis revealed that hydroxyl radical showed the most significant correlation with conjugation frequency and abundance of trfA and trbB, indicating that •OH was the core ROS driving conjugative transfer. Unclassified Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridiumsensu stricto 10 were identified as the core microbial taxa coupling ROS generation and conjugation. Conclusion Organic matter metabolism in the anaerobic earthworm intestine can significantly promote ROS generation. ROS further regulates the conjugative transfer of ARGs among microbial strains by altering the abundance of conjugation-related genes.

reactive oxygen species  /  antibiotic resistance genes  /  microbiota in earthworm intestines  /  anaerobic environment  /  conjugative transfer
高泽萍, 袁贵莹, 李顺顺, 黄尊伟, 吴云, 孙庆业, 郑刘根, 周国伟. 活性氧对蚯蚓肠道中抗生素抗性基因扩散的影响. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2306 -2320 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250887
Zeping GAO, Guiying YUAN, Shunshun LI, Zunwei HUANG, Yun WU, Qingye SUN, Liugen ZHENG, Guowei ZHOU. Impact of reactive oxygen species on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes in earthworm intestines[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (5) : 2306 -2320 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250887
抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes, ARGs)作为一种新型环境污染物,在全球环境中的迁移与扩散已对公共卫生安全构成了严重威胁[1-2]。土壤是ARGs的重要储库,也是关键的传播媒介,由此引发的生态风险备受关注[3-4]。水平基因转移(horizontal gene transfer, HGT)是ARGs在不同微生物宿主间扩散的最主要途径,其中接合转移(conjugation)是HGT的关键形式[5-6]。因此,精准识别环境中的HGT热点区域并深入解析其驱动机制,是预测和阻控ARGs传播风险的核心。
土壤动物肠道被视为高效的天然“生物反应器”和水平基因转移热点,引发了环境微生物学领域的广泛研究[7-9]。蚯蚓是典型的“生态系统工程师”。蚯蚓肠道微环境具有厌氧、中性pH、营养丰富及微生物密度高等特点,为微生物间的接合转移创造了极佳条件[10-12]。我国学者朱永官、季荣等团队率先利用宏基因组学证据揭示,蚯蚓肠道是ARGs与可移动遗传元件(mobile genetic elements, MGEs)的显著富集热点[13-15]。然而,目前大多数研究仍停留在对富集现象的观察与描述层面。
接合转移是一个能量依赖的主动过程,受到供体菌、受体菌及环境条件的多重调控[16-17]。除传统环境因子(营养、温度、pH等)外,近期研究表明,细菌的生理状态是决定接合效率的核心因素。各种胁迫诱导产生的细胞内活性氧(reactive oxygen species, ROS),被证实是激活接合转移的强大上游信号[18-19]。活性氧的潜在机制如下:活性氧(如羟基自由基)可引起DNA氧化损伤,进而激活RecA重组酶(recombinase A, recA)-LexA阻遏蛋白(lexA repressor, LexA)介导的SOS反应;SOS反应解除对接合转移的抑制,并显著上调多种接合转移相关基因(如编码IV型分泌系统组件的trbB基因及调控质粒复制与接合的trfA基因)的表达,从而协同促进接合装置组装及DNA转移[20]。值得注意的是,该机制并非仅存在于有氧环境,近年在蚯蚓肠道模型中检测到毫摩尔级的活性氧[21]。营养型甜味剂可诱导供体大肠杆菌产生活性氧,促进质粒的接合转移率[22]。此外,部分微生物可在缺氧条件下通过有机物歧化产生微量O2[23],这些微量O2可通过酶催化进一步转化为细胞外O2•-和H2O2 (•OH形成的前体)[24-27]
蚯蚓在取食过程中摄入的多样化有机物料(植物残体、有机肥等)在肠道内被微生物群落分解为单糖、有机酸、氨基酸等小分子底物[28]。据此提出科学假说:这些化学性质与浓度迥异的“营养物”,可能被肠道微生物以不同的代谢途径和速率利用,诱发不同程度的代谢压力,最终导致活性氧水平的差异化积累;活性氧的积累进而可能通过上述SOS反应机制,差异性地调控质粒接合转移过程,从而成为驱动ARGs在该热点环境中传播差异的关键化学信号。
本研究以威廉环毛蚓(Pheretima guillelmi)为模式生物,构建体外模拟肠道厌氧培养体系,选取蚯蚓肠道内丰度最高的葡萄糖、乳酸、乙酸及氨基酸作为代表性底物,并整合活性氧清除实验、动态代谢监测及分子生物学技术,揭示厌氧条件下活性氧的生成途径与动力学特征;阐明活性氧水平对质粒接合转移效率的影响,并通过定量接合相关基因丰度,解析活性氧介导该过程的分子机制,以期为深入理解厌氧热点环境中ARGs传播的驱动机制提供新的实验证据与理论视角。
大肠埃希菌(Escherichiacoli) MG1655::lacIq-pLpp-mCherry-KmR作为四环素抗性基因的供体菌株,携带IncP-1ε型广宿主质粒pKJK5::gfpmut3b;该质粒系统中整合了来源于转座子的标记基因,其遗传结构包含受lacIq抑制型启动子调控的gfpmut3基因,该基因编码绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescence protein, GFP);此外,该供体菌株染色体上稳定整合了组成型表达lacIq阻遏蛋白的基因表达盒以及编码红色荧光蛋白的mCherry基因;基于该遗传设计,供体菌株中gfp的表达处于抑制状态,而当质粒成功接合转移至受体细胞后,lacIq的转录抑制被解除,gfp基因得以激活表达[29]。因此,可通过荧光显微镜检测呈现绿色荧光的细胞或菌落,以此作为质粒接合转移成功的表型证据。
将保存于-80 ℃冻存的供体菌活化后划线接种于含四环素(50 μg/mL)的LB平板上,37 ℃培养过夜。挑取单菌落接种于含相同浓度抗生素的LB液体培养基中,37 ℃、180 r/min培养过夜,随后取菌液于4 ℃、8 000×g离心5 min收集菌体,弃上清,用无菌厌氧PBS缓冲液洗涤菌体3次,重悬并调整OD600至1.0,备用。
经土壤驯化培养3 d的威廉环毛蚓(Pheretima guillelmi)作为生物样本,通过无菌解剖获取肠道内容物,按肠道内容物的质量分数为20%、无氧磷酸盐缓冲液的体积分数为80%的比例混匀后装入50 mL血清瓶内。采用体积比80:20的高纯氮气和二氧化碳混合气,经0.22 μm无菌滤器除菌后,对培养基持续曝气除氧,具体为顶空曝气20 min,液体曝气40 min,用丁基橡胶塞和铝盖密封瓶口,最后在恒温培养箱30 ℃条件下预培养3 d,获得接合实验所需受体菌悬液。实验所用威廉环毛蚓购自江苏润龙生态农业有限公司,均为健康成体,具明显生殖带,平均体长为(10.0±0.5) cm,体重(5.05±0.21) g。土壤中预培养3 d后,活体样本经无水乙醇麻醉,通过5轮无菌水冲洗彻底去除体表微生物。于超净工作台内采用灭菌器械解剖肠道组织[30],取内容物与厌氧处理的PBS混合,在30 ℃厌氧环境中预培养3 d以彻底消耗残留的有机底物。最终将预培养后的混合菌液作为接合实验的受体菌液源。
基础培养基的组成及配制参照参考文献[21]完成,本研究设置了4个处理组,每个组以不同有机物作为唯一碳源,具体如下:葡萄糖组为30 mmol/L葡萄糖;乳酸组为7 mmol/L乳酸钠;乙酸组为6 mmol/L乙酸钠;氨基酸组为1 mmol/L混合氨基酸。浓度设置参照原位土壤蚯蚓肠道有机物浓度设置[21],目的是模拟肠道营养环境,以上所有溶液均进行除菌处理。
将受体菌、供体菌分别调整至106 CFU/mL后,按1:1体积混匀即为工作菌液。分别接种于含不同碳源的基础培养基中(总体积40 mL),将培养基的pH值调至6.8-7.2后,采用体积比80:20的高纯氮气和二氧化碳混合气,经0.22 μm无菌滤器除菌后,对培养基持续曝气除氧,用丁基橡胶塞和铝盖密封瓶口,最后在恒温培养箱30 ℃条件下培养,并在培养的第0、2、4、6天进行动态采样;另外设置非生物对照组观察活性氧产生情况(未观察到活性氧的生成)。为系统评估活性氧在接合转移过程中的作用,在上述实验体系中添加活性氧清除剂进行干预实验。具体而言,接合反应起始前分别向体系中加入终浓度为10 mmol/L的硫脲(作为•OH清除剂)[31]、1 500 U/L超氧化物歧化酶(用于清除O2•-)及150 mg/L过氧化氢酶(用于降解H2O2)[32]。所有处理均设3个生物学重复。
乙酸、乳酸和丙酮酸的浓度用离子色谱仪[赛默飞世尔科技(中国)有限公司]测定,配置Dionex IonPac AS23分析柱(4 mm×250 mm)及AG23保护柱,流动相为碳酸钠和碳酸氢钠混合溶液,浓度分别为3.2 mmol/L和1.0 mmol/L,等度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,柱温为30 ℃。样品经离心后取1 mL上清液用去离子水稀释10倍,经0.22 μm水性滤膜过滤后进样,进样体积为5 mL。各目标有机酸通过与对应标准品保留时间比对进行定性,并根据外标法绘制的标准曲线进行定量。葡萄糖的测定采用改进的蒽酮法[33]:首先将葡萄糖在80 ℃下烘干6 h至恒重,配制标准溶液,然后称取50 mg蒽酮溶解于体积分数70%的浓硫酸中,陈化2 h以制备蒽酮溶液。最后,将培养过程中动态采集的样品离心得到的上清液稀释25倍后与蒽酮溶液按1:5的体积比混合,沸水水浴10 min,冷却后在625 nm波长下进行比色分析。氨基酸采用北京索莱宝科技有限公司试剂盒测定,具体方法按说明书操作。
羟基自由基的浓度测定采用探针分子香豆素进行荧光定量分析[21,34],具体方法为:取0.5 mL样品加入1.5 mmol/L香豆素0.5 mL,混匀后在避光条件下自然氧化5 h,然后加入0.25 mL甲醇终止反应,10 000 ×g离心15 min,在激发波长350 nm,发射波长460 nm测定7-羟基香豆素(7-hydroxycoumarin, 7-hCOU)的浓度,再通过折合系数换算到•OH的含量([7-hCOU]/14.5%);超氧阴离子和过氧化氢浓度分别采用超氧阴离子测定试剂盒和过氧化氢测定试剂盒(北京索莱宝科技有限公司)测定,所有操作均严格按试剂盒说明书进行。
用土壤基因组DNA提取试剂盒[天根生化科技(北京)有限公司]按照说明书分别提取收集的第2天全部微生物的DNA,-20 ℃保存。
用于qPCR定量的各目标基因的引物序列如下:mCherry基因(扩增片段202 bp),正向引物1F (5′-AGCAAGGGCGAGGAGGATAAC-3′),反向引物202R (5′-ACTGAGGGGACAGGATGTC C-3′);gfp基因(扩增片段623 bp),正向引物6F (5′-TAGCAGTAAAGGAGAAGAAC-3′),反向引物629R (5′-CGAAAGGGCAGATTGTG-3′)[35];16S rRNA基因引物参照文献[36-37]设计;IncP-1ε质粒trfA基因(扩增片段74 bp),正向引物trfA941F (5′-ACGAAGAAATGGTTGTCCTGTTC-3′),反向引物trfA1014R (5′-CGTCAGCTTGCGGTACTTC TC-3′);IncP-1ε质粒trbB基因(扩增片段137 bp),正向引物trbBF (5′-GCGCACAAAAACATCCTG GT-3′),反向引物trbBR (5′-CATTGGATTTCGC CGGTGTC-3′)[38]。qPCR反应体系(10 μL):2×SYBR预混试剂SGExcel FastSYBR Mixture (生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司) 10 μL,上、下游引物(10 μmol/L)各0.2 μL,DNA模板2 μL,无核酸酶水2.6 μL。mCherrygfptrfAtrbB基因的热循环程序一致,qPCR反应条件:95 ℃预变性5 min;95 ℃变性30 s,58 ℃退火30 s,72 ℃延伸30 s,共40个循环;72 ℃终延伸10 min。16S rRNA基因qPCR反应条件参照文献[36]完成。所有扩增反应均设置无DNA模板的阴性对照,以排除污染干扰。分别构建含有土壤微生物16S rRNA、gfpmCherrytrfAtrbB基因的标准质粒,使用小量质粒提取试剂盒[天根生化科技(北京)有限公司]提取质粒。使用10倍系列稀释的标准质粒制作标准曲线。在熔融温度下只检测到1个峰,反应效率在90%-110%之间。gfp基因拷贝数反映携带该基因的质粒数量,同时存在于质粒供体菌株和接合子中,而mCherry基因拷贝数代表质粒供体菌株携带的mCherry数量。因此,在假定所有供体菌株均携带质粒的前提下,Copies gfp-Copies mCherry即为接合子数量。接合率估算如公式(1)所示[29]
CR=(Copiesgfp-CopiesmCherry)/(Copies16S rRNA/4)
式中:CR为接合率,Copiesgfpgfp基因拷贝数,CopiesmCherrymCherry基因拷贝数;Copies16S rRNA为16S rRNA基因总拷贝数。
根据核糖体RNA数据库[39],单个细菌细胞约含4个16S rRNA编码基因,因此,Copies16S rRNA/4表示蚯蚓肠道细菌总数量。
每组培养结束后,用土壤基因组DNA提取试剂盒[天根生化科技(北京)有限公司]按照制造商提供的指南提取DNA。针对细菌16S rRNA基因的V4-V5区域进行扩增,具体引物序列和条件可参考文献[36-37]完成。PCR产物经1%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测后,采用琼脂糖凝胶回收试剂盒(Omega公司)进行切胶回收,操作步骤依照说明书进行,最终用无菌水进行洗脱。对回收产物进行DNA浓度定量,并将样品混合后送检。在Illumina Miseq PE 250平台(诺禾致源生物信息科技有限公司)上进行纯化、定量、合并和测序。使用QIIME 2处理序列[40]。删除低质量和模棱两可的序列,并使用UCLUST聚类将过滤后的序列聚类到具有97%相似度的操作分类单元(operational taxonomic unit, OTU),选择每个OTU最丰富的序列,并通过RDP分类器对肠道内微生物群落进行分类[41]
本研究所有实验数据均以3次生物学独立重复实验的平均值±标准差表示。采用GraphPad Prism 10.1.2软件进行高级统计分析及科学图表可视化。对于多组比较,首先通过Shapiro-Wilk检验验证数据正态性,再采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)结合Tukey’s post-hoc检验进行显著性分析,设定P<0.05为统计学显著水平。微生物和活性氧及结合相关指标关联分析使用R软件(v4.3.3)完成。活性氧及结合相关指标间Pearson相关性使用linkET::correlate()函数计算;Mantel test使用vegan::mantel()函数(method=“pearson”,permutations=999),基于微生物Bray- Curtis距离矩阵和上诉因子欧氏距离矩阵。可视化采用linkET::qcorrplot()和ggplot2包实现。
本研究所有涉及实验动物的饲养、实验操作和处置均严格遵循国际通行实验动物福利伦理准则及我国国家标准GB/T 35892—2018《实验动物福利伦理审查指南》。本研究方案已获得安徽大学实验动物伦理与管理委员会批准,编号为IACUC(AHU)- 2026-001。本研究将严格遵守批件要求,确保动物福利。
通过微宇宙实验,测定了微生物代谢过程中3种主要活性氧(•OH、O2•-和H2O2)的生成情况(图1)。结果表明,有机物代谢过程能够产生活性氧,葡萄糖组•OH在第2天浓度达到最高值0.684 μmol/L。其他组的•OH浓度依次为乳酸组0.394 μmol/L、氨基酸组0.390 μmol/L,乙酸组最低,为0.112 μmol/L (图1A)。葡萄糖组O2•-浓度在第2天为0.988 μmol/L,显著高于乳酸组0.604 μmol/L、氨基酸组0.515 μmol/L和乙酸组0.487 μmol/L (图1B)。葡萄糖组H2O2浓度在第2天为6.371 μmol/L,显著高于乳酸组3.215 μmol/L、氨基酸组2.998 μmol/L和乙酸组1.456 μmol/L (图1C)。
微宇宙实验体系中底物消耗及主要代谢产物的变化见图2,葡萄糖处理组的底物消耗最快,初始浓度为30.00 mmol/L的葡萄糖在第6天降至约0.85 mmol/L,几乎耗尽;伴随着葡萄糖的消耗,乙酸作为主导代谢产物持续积累,由第2天的9.06 mmol/L升至第6天的21.41 mmol/L。乳酸和丙酮酸也在第2天达到峰值(7.29 mmol/L和2.99 mmol/L),随后逐渐下降(图2A),表明葡萄糖经糖酵解途径主要流向丙酮酸、乳酸和乙酸。乳酸盐处理组的底物由7.00 mmol/L降至第6天的0.31 mmol/L;乙酸同步积累,由2.15 mmol/L增至3.89 mmol/L (图2B)。乙酸盐处理组底物消耗最缓,初始浓度为6.00 mmol/L的底物在6 d后仍维持约5.50 mmol/L (图2C)。氨基酸处理组的底物由1.00 mmol/L降至0.16 mmol/L (图2D)。
图3A3B3C所示,总细菌及功能菌群基因拷贝数在各碳源处理间差异显著(P<0.05)。16S rRNA与gfp基因拷贝数均以葡萄糖组最高(6.05×109、3.47×106 copies/μg DNA),显著高于氨基酸组(4.60×109、2.39×106 copies/μg DNA)、乳酸组(4.48×109、2.26×106 copies/μg DNA),乙酸组最低(2.68×109、1.92×106 copies/μg DNA);标记供体菌的mCherry基因丰度组间无显著差异(P>0.05)。
群落结构随有机物代谢显著分化(图3D)。初始菌群(PY)以假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)占绝对优势(95.54%)。培养结束后葡萄糖组优势菌为肠杆菌科未分类属(unclassified Enterobacteriaceae, 57.02%)、狭义梭菌属12组(Clostridiumsensu stricto 12, 15.23%)、狭义梭菌属1组(Clostridiumsensu stricto 1, 7.35%)、埃希氏志贺氏菌属群(EscherichiaShigella, 3.57%);乳酸组以溶杆菌属(Lysinibacillus, 29.78%)、鲸杆菌属(Cetobacterium, 11.19%)和狭义梭菌属12组(Clostridiumsensu stricto 12, 10.34%)为主;乙酸组优势菌为Lysinibacillus (27.15%)、Pseudomonas (12.03%)和Cetobacterium (6.58%);氨基酸组则为Lysinibacillus (24.06%)、Clostridiumsensu stricto 13 (16.34%)及unclassified Enterobacteriaceae (16.16%)。
图4所示,4种底物处理间接合频率差异显著(P<0.05)。葡萄糖组最高,达8.9×10-4,氨基酸组与乳酸组分别为4.3×10-4和5.2×10-4,三均显著高于乙酸盐组2.5×10-4。为进一步验证ROS在该过程中的作用,本研究设置了ROS清除对照。结果显示,活性氧清除效果最为明显的是乙酸盐组,接合频率下降了约92%,从2.5×10-4降至2.0×10-5。葡萄糖处理组虽然绝对下降值最大,但相对降幅约为73%,从8.9×10-4降至2.5×10-4。清除剂的添加使各处理组间的接合频率均维持在较低水平,表明活性氧是不同底物驱动接合频率差异的关键因素。
图5所示,接合转移相关基因trfAtrbB的丰度在不同碳源处理组间存在显著差异(P<0.05)。trfAtrbB基因丰度均以葡萄糖处理组居首,分别达6.73×106、7.86×106 copies/μg DNA,且显著高于其余各组。具体而言,trfA基因丰度在乳酸盐组、氨基酸组和乙酸盐组依次为4.25×106、4.38×106、2.19×106 copies/μg DNA;trbB基因呈相似分布趋势,上述3组丰度分别为4.52×106、4.83×106、3.70×106 copies/μg DNA。
Mantel分析表明(图6),H2O2与O2•-、•OH显著正相关(P<0.05),接合率与羟基自由基相关性最强(|r|=0.81, P<0.01),与过氧化氢也显著正相关(P<0.05);trfA与羟基自由基相关性最强(|r|=0.81, P<0.01);trfAtrbB与接合率均呈极显著正相关(P<0.001),同时trfAtrbB间也呈极显著正相关(r=0.95,P<0.001)。微生物层面,unclassified Enterobacteriaceae与•OH呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与接合率、trfAtrbB均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);Escherichia-Shigella与接合率、trfAtrbB呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);LysinibacillusCetobacteriumClostridiumsensu stricto 13、Clostridiumsensu stricto 10、AnaerostignumClostridiumsensu stricto 8及unclassified Lachnospiraceae均与接合率、trfAtrbB呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);其中Clostridium sensu stricto 10同时与O2•-、•OH显著正相关(P<0.05),是耦合活性氧信号与接合功能的关键类群;others类群仅与羟基自由基呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与接合相关指标无显著关联。综上所述,过氧化氢是活性氧体系中的核心偶联因子,羟基自由基是调控接合过程的关键效应因子;unclassified EnterobacteriaceaeClostridiumsensu stricto 10等类群为介导ROS与接合过程的核心微生物类群,碳源驱动下的微生物群落演替通过调控活性氧水平,进一步调控接合相关基因丰度与接合效率。
传统观点认为活性氧一般通过芬顿反应产生,但蚯蚓的肠道处于厌氧状态,因此经典的芬顿反应及相关铁介导反应过程(方程式:Fe(Ⅱ)+O2→Fe(Ⅲ)+O2•-; Fe(Ⅱ)+O2•-→Fe(Ⅲ)+H2O2; Fe(Ⅱ)+H2O2→Fe(Ⅲ)+OH-+•OH; 2Fe(Ⅲ)+H2O2→2Fe(Ⅱ)+O2+2H+)难以发生[42]。然而,本研究在不同处理物中仍检测到不同水平的•OH、O2•-、H2O2浓度(图1),这表明厌氧环境下存在重要的非典型活性氧生成途径。研究表明,部分微生物在缺氧环境中具备产生微量氧气的能力[23],例如某些亚硝酸盐还原过程可通过电子转移生成氧气(4NO2-+4e-→4NO+O2+2N2O)。本研究中可能存在类似的微生物驱动机制。Mantel分析显示,unclassified EnterobacteriaceaeClostridium sensu stricto 10等类群与活性氧水平显著正相关(图6),据此推测,这些微生物可能通过利用有机底物代谢过程中产生的电子,参与微量氧气的生成或促进活性氧前体物质的形成。随后,微量氧气通过酶催化进一步转化为细胞外O2•-和H2O2 (•OH形成的前体)[24-27]。O2•-可以通过Haber-Weiss反应[43]与H2O2反应生成•OH[44]或者在O2存在的情况下,微生物可以通过Fenton或Fenton样反应调控铁氧化还原转化,从而进一步产生•OH自由基[45-46]。本研究中活性氧的含量在培养第2天达到峰值后下降,这可能是由于初期营养物质丰富,微生物快速生长代谢,电子传递链活跃导致电子泄漏增加,从而生成大量超氧阴离子、过氧化氢等活性氧[25]。其中,葡萄糖组活性氧产量最高,这主要归因于两方面机制。(1) 葡萄糖作为最易利用的碳源,其消耗速率最快(图2A),表明微生物对其代谢最为活跃,快速的葡萄糖代谢可能增强了电子传递过程的活跃程度,为活性氧的生成提供了有利条件[21];(2) 微生物群落分析显示,葡萄糖处理显著富集了unclassified Enterobacteriaceae (57.02%)等类群(图3D),且其与•OH水平呈显著正相关(图6),提示其在活性氧生成中可能具有重要功能。因此,葡萄糖的高活性氧产量是其快速代谢特性与特定菌群共同作用的结果。值得注意的是,尽管乳酸的初始底物浓度显著高于氨基酸,但其•OH产量(0.394 μmol/L)却与氨基酸组(0.390 μmol/L)相当(图1A),这一微小的逆向差异无法仅用底物浓度和代谢量来解释。有研究指出,乳酸在生物体系中可扮演代谢底物与抗氧化剂的双重角色:一方面,乳酸作为代谢底物,通过微生物发酵等途径提供还原力,贡献于活性氧的生成;另一方面,乳酸分子本身是一种有效的内源性抗氧化剂,其α-羟基羧酸结构使其能够通过氢原子转移机制,有效淬灭•OH和O2•-[47],将其转化为活性较低的产物。我们推测,在本研究条件下,乳酸代谢产生活性氧的速率与其分子淬灭ROS的速率可能达到了一个特殊的平衡点,使得其净ROS积累量相对较低。乙酸组ROS水平低主要归因于微生物对乙酸的利用率比较低[48],导致其代谢速率较慢(图2C),从根本上限制了电子流和活性氧前体的生成潜力;同时其优势菌群(LysinibacillusPseudomonas)与活性氧无显著相关性(图6),即缺乏高效的产活性氧功能菌群。
活性氧浓度达到峰值后下降,可能与微生物抗氧化防御系统(如超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽)的激活有关,以应对氧化应激并维持细胞内稳态[49-50],此外,环境pH的变化也可能影响活性氧的稳定性[51]。在活性氧代谢网络中,H2O2处于中心地位,它既是O2•-歧化的主要产物,又是•OH生成的关键前体[43]。本研究的结果与此相符:H2O2的积累水平同时受到上游O2•-生成量和下游•OH转化效率的影响,这很好地解释了图1图6中观测到的H2O2与二者均呈显著正相关的结果。相反,由于•OH与O2•-之间缺乏直接转化途径,二者的关联需通过共同的中间体H2O2来实现,相关性分析结果也印证了这一点(图6)。综上所述,蚯蚓肠道厌氧环境中活性氧的生成是有机底物代谢与特定功能微生物群落协同作用的结果。
作为高活性分子,细胞内活性氧可引发氧化应激,并与大量生物分子直接反应,导致细胞结构损伤、细胞过程紊乱甚至细胞死亡[52-54]。已有研究证实,活性氧作为关键应激信号,可通过激活细菌应激响应通路促进质粒接合转移,成为抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)水平扩散的重要驱动因子[55]。与先前关于接合转移的研究一致,本研究不同碳源处理可诱导微生物产生活性氧(尤其是•OH)介导的氧化应激反应促进质粒pKJK5的接合转移(图4图6),且活性氧清除剂加入可显著降低接合率,进一步证实厌氧蚯蚓肠道中活性氧对抗生素抗性基因接合转移的促进作用。越来越多的证据表明,全局调控基因、配对形成(mating pair formation, Mpf)系统基因(trbB)以及DNA转移与复制(DNA transfer and replication, Dtr)系统基因(trfA)的调控对接合过程至关重要[56-57],全局调控基因负责在接合过程中调控质粒的转移、复制与维持,Mpf系统基因协助形成细胞膜蛋白及接合通道,负责单链DNA的转移,是质粒接合转移的分泌装置。此外,Dtr基因被认为参与启动复杂的转移复制过程。有报道表明,trfAtrbB基因的上调可促进ARG的接合转移及接合子的形成[58-60],本研究中不同碳源处理下trfAtrbB基因的丰度存在显著差异(图5),且与接合频率呈显著正相关(图6),这与上述机制相符。同时,活性氧水平(特别是•OH)与这些接合相关基因的丰度也显著相关(图6)。•OH因具有极强的氧化能力,可能通过损伤细胞膜增加通透性,或作为信号分子激活相关应激通路,从而上调trfAtrbB等接合相关基因的表达,为质粒接合提供有利的分子与生理条件[20,52-54]。此外,unclassified EnterobacteriaceaeLysinibacillusClostridiumsensu stricto 12等菌群与接合指标显著正相关(图6),表明肠道内ARGs的接合转移具有宿主特异性。这些优势菌群可能通过提高种群密度来增加供受体细胞间的接触概率,从而加剧接合过程,但其具体作用机制有待进一步探究。
综上所述,蚯蚓肠道微生物通过代谢不同有机底物,差异性地调控了活性氧的生成水平。活性氧作为核心信号分子,可能通过上调接合转移相关基因的表达,最终促进质粒接合转移频率。这一发现揭示了活性氧在厌氧环境中作为ARGs水平传播驱动因子的重要作用。
本研究揭示了厌氧条件下蚯蚓肠道内活性氧的生成途径及其对质粒接合转移的调控机制,主要结论如下。(1) 证实在严格厌氧的蚯蚓肠道模拟环境中,微生物代谢活动可持续产生活性氧。其中,葡萄糖代谢诱导产生的活性氧水平最高,•OH、O2•-和H2O2峰值分别达到0.684、0.988、6.371 μmol/L。(2) 不同有机底物驱动的接合转移效率存在显著差异,其中葡萄糖处理组的接合频率最高(8.9×10‒4)。Mantel分析证实,接合率与活性氧水平呈显著正相关,其中与羟基自由基相关性最强(|r|=0.81, P<0.05)。同时,接合相关基因trfAtrbB的丰度也与•OH水平及接合频率显著正相关。(3) 添加活性氧清除剂后,各处理组接合率均显著下降,直接证明活性氧的核心驱动作用。进一步分析提示,活性氧(特别是•OH)可能通过上调接合装置相关基因的丰度,为质粒接合转移提供分子基础。(4) 研究鉴定unclassified EnterobacteriaceaeClostridiumsensu stricto 10为关键功能菌群,其丰度同时与活性氧水平和接合转移指标显著正相关。这表明碳源类型通过驱动微生物群落演替,富集兼具产活性氧潜力与活跃接合宿主特性的菌群,共同塑造了抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)水平转移的微环境热点。
综上所述,本研究在土壤动物肠道这一典型厌氧微环境中确立了有机底物代谢诱导活性氧生成,进而影响接合相关基因,最终影响接合转移的级联调控新途径,为深入理解并阻控环境中抗生素抗性基因扩散提供了关键理论依据。
  • 安徽省自然科学基金优青项目(K120139042)
  • 安徽省教育厅科学研究重大项目(025AHGXZK20181)
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2026年第66卷第5期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250887
  • 接收时间:2025-12-02
  • 首发时间:2026-05-09
  • 出版时间:2026-05-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-02
  • 录用日期:2026-01-10
基金
The Excellent Young Scientists Fund of the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province(K120139042)
安徽省自然科学基金优青项目(K120139042)
The Major Scientific Research Project of the Department of Education of Anhui Province(025AHGXZK20181)
安徽省教育厅科学研究重大项目(025AHGXZK20181)
作者信息
    1.安徽大学 资源与环境工程学院,安徽 合肥
    2.湿地生态保护与修复安徽省重点实验室,安徽 合肥
    3.淮北市采煤塌陷区综合治理中心,安徽 淮北
    4.安徽省矿山生态修复工程实验室,安徽 合肥
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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