Article(id=1250834201373786892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250607, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1754409600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1757347200000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-09, onlineDate=1776151712983, onlineDateStr=2026-04-14, pubDate=1775232000000, pubDateStr=2026-04-04, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776151712983, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776151712983, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776151712983, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1250834186500784538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, year='2026', volume='66', issue='4', pageStart='1471', pageEnd='2021', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776151709437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776152261216, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250836500921922256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250836500926116561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, issueId=1250834186500784538, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1858, endPage=1870, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1250834202942456670, articleId=1250834201373786892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1192105938417971205, language=EN, title=Microalgae-based fertilizer promotes foxtail millet growth and improves the microbial community and fertility of soil, columnId=1192149543992045670, journalTitle=Acta Microbiologica Sinica, columnName=Research Article, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Soil nutrient deficiency is a major limiting factor affecting crop yields. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers can lead to soil compaction, environmental pollution, and decreased crop yields and quality. Microalgae-based fertilizer, functioning as a novel green bio-fertilizer, not only effectively promotes crop growth but also enhances soil fertility under various adverse soil conditions. Objectives This study investigated the effects of different fertilizer treatments on the growth of foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) and the physicochemical properties, enzymes activities, and microbial communities of infertile soil, aiming to provide theoretical support for the application of microalgae-based fertilizer in chemical fertilizer reduction and green sustainable agricultural production. Methods The foxtail millet cultivar ‘Jingu 21’ was cultivated in this study under five fertilizer treatments: full chemical fertilizer (T1), chemical-microalgae integrated fertilizer (T2: 80% chemical fertilizer+20% microalgae-based fertilizer; T3: 60% chemical fertilizer+40% microalgae-based fertilizer; T4: 40% chemical fertilizer+60% microalgae-based fertilizer), and full microalgae-based fertilizer (T5). The growth indexes, biomass, and pigment content of foxtail millet in each treatment were determined, and the physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, and bacterial community characteristics of the infertile soil were measured, after 90 days of cultivation. Results Among the five fertilizer treatments, T4 had the most significant effect of promoting the seedling growth of foxtail millet in the infertile soil. Compared with T1, T4 increased the seedling height, the aboveground dry weight, and the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids by 26.41%, 126.47%, 17.1%, 24.5%, and 28.0%, respectively. In addition, T5, T2, T3, and T4 increased the content of total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and organic matter and the activities of sucrase, nitrate reductase, peroxidase, and phosphatase in the soil, compared with T1, and T4 had the most significant soil improvement effect. The 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing results showed that compared with T1 and T5, T4 increased the diversity of soil microorganisms, in which the relative abundance of Acidobacteriota and Chloroflexi was significantly increased. The correlation analysis showed that the composition of soil microbial diversity was significantly and positively correlated with urease, and the soil microbial community composition had significantly positive correlations with available phosphorus, sucrase, peroxidase, and urease. Redundancy analysis showed that urease and available phosphorus were the main environmental factors affecting the soil bacterial community structure. The relative abundance of Chloroflexi had significantly positive correlations with the urease activity and the available phosphorus content. Conclusion The combined application of microalgae-based fertilizer with reduced chemical fertilizer not only effectively improves the nutrient content and enzyme activities but also enhances the microbial diversity and community structure in the soil, thereby promoting the growth of foxtail millet seedlings in infertile soil.

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E-mail:
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土壤养分缺乏是影响作物产量的主要限制因素。化肥过量使用会导致土壤板结、环境污染以及农产品质量下降。微藻肥作为一种新型绿色生物肥料,在多种逆境土壤条件下均可有效促进作物生长并提升土壤肥力。 目的 探究不同类型肥料配施对贫瘠土壤下谷子生长、土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性及微生物群落特征的影响,为微藻肥在化肥减量及绿色可持续生产中的应用提供理论支撑。 方法 供试谷子品种为‘晋谷21’。采用土培试验,设置全化肥组(T1)、微藻肥耦合化肥减施组(T2:80%化肥+20%微藻肥;T3:60%化肥+40%微藻肥;T4:40%化肥+60%微藻肥)、全藻肥组(T5)共5种处理组。在谷子生长90 d后测定各处理组谷子的生长指标、生物量、色素含量,检测土壤的理化性质和土壤酶活性,以及土壤细菌群落特征指标。 结果 在5种肥料处理中,微藻耦合化肥处理(T4)对贫瘠土壤下谷子的促生效果最为明显。相较于全化肥处理(T1),在贫瘠土壤条件下T4处理组谷子幼苗株高提高了26.41%,地上部干重增加了126.47%,叶绿素a、叶绿素b与类胡萝卜素含量分别升高了17.1%、24.5%与28.0%。与全化肥(T1)相比,施用全藻肥(T5)和微藻肥耦合化肥减施(T2、T3、T4)增加了土壤全氮、有效磷、有机质的含量,提高了土壤蔗糖酶、硝酸还原酶、过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶的活性,且T4处理组对土壤的改良效果最显著。进一步对土壤微生物16S rRNA基因扩增子测序分析表明,与单一施肥处理(T1、T5)相比,T4处理提高了土壤微生物的多样性,酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)和绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexi)的相对丰度显著增高。同时,相关性分析显示土壤微生物多样性组成与脲酶呈显著正相关,土壤细菌群落组成与有效磷、蔗糖酶、过氧化物酶和脲酶呈显著正相关。冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)显示脲酶和有效磷是影响土壤细菌群落结构的主要环境因素。其中,绿屈挠菌门相对丰度与脲酶和有效磷呈显著正相关。 结论 藻肥耦合化肥减施处理可有效提高土壤养分含量及土壤酶活性,同时改善土壤微生物多样性及群落结构,进而促进贫瘠土壤下谷子幼苗的生长。

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作者贡献声明

吉婧芳:数据收集与监管、完成呈现、撰写文章;刘纹众:数据分析;马茜茜:部分实验操作;曹嘉敏:图表绘制;李慧敏:软件程序;李润植:实验方案设计;季春丽:稿件润色;张春辉:提出概念,编辑、撰写、审阅。

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微藻生物肥促进谷子生长和改善土壤菌群及肥力
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吉婧芳 , 刘纹众 , 马茜茜 , 曹嘉敏 , 李慧敏 , 李润植 , 季春丽 , 张春辉
微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026,66(4): 1858-1870
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微生物学报 | 研究报告 2026, 66(4): 1858-1870
微藻生物肥促进谷子生长和改善土壤菌群及肥力
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吉婧芳, 刘纹众, 马茜茜, 曹嘉敏, 李慧敏, 李润植, 季春丽, 张春辉
作者信息
  • 山西农业大学 农学院,山西省特用作物遗传和代谢工程研究中心,山西 晋中
Microalgae-based fertilizer promotes foxtail millet growth and improves the microbial community and fertility of soil
Jingfang JI, Wenzhong LIU, Xixi MA, Jiamin CAO, Huimin LI, Runzhi LI, Chunli JI, Chunhui ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Shanxi Engineering Research Center for Genetics and Metabolism of Special Crops, College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
出版时间: 2026-04-04 doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250607
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土壤养分缺乏是影响作物产量的主要限制因素。化肥过量使用会导致土壤板结、环境污染以及农产品质量下降。微藻肥作为一种新型绿色生物肥料,在多种逆境土壤条件下均可有效促进作物生长并提升土壤肥力。 目的 探究不同类型肥料配施对贫瘠土壤下谷子生长、土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性及微生物群落特征的影响,为微藻肥在化肥减量及绿色可持续生产中的应用提供理论支撑。 方法 供试谷子品种为‘晋谷21’。采用土培试验,设置全化肥组(T1)、微藻肥耦合化肥减施组(T2:80%化肥+20%微藻肥;T3:60%化肥+40%微藻肥;T4:40%化肥+60%微藻肥)、全藻肥组(T5)共5种处理组。在谷子生长90 d后测定各处理组谷子的生长指标、生物量、色素含量,检测土壤的理化性质和土壤酶活性,以及土壤细菌群落特征指标。 结果 在5种肥料处理中,微藻耦合化肥处理(T4)对贫瘠土壤下谷子的促生效果最为明显。相较于全化肥处理(T1),在贫瘠土壤条件下T4处理组谷子幼苗株高提高了26.41%,地上部干重增加了126.47%,叶绿素a、叶绿素b与类胡萝卜素含量分别升高了17.1%、24.5%与28.0%。与全化肥(T1)相比,施用全藻肥(T5)和微藻肥耦合化肥减施(T2、T3、T4)增加了土壤全氮、有效磷、有机质的含量,提高了土壤蔗糖酶、硝酸还原酶、过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶的活性,且T4处理组对土壤的改良效果最显著。进一步对土壤微生物16S rRNA基因扩增子测序分析表明,与单一施肥处理(T1、T5)相比,T4处理提高了土壤微生物的多样性,酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)和绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexi)的相对丰度显著增高。同时,相关性分析显示土壤微生物多样性组成与脲酶呈显著正相关,土壤细菌群落组成与有效磷、蔗糖酶、过氧化物酶和脲酶呈显著正相关。冗余分析(redundancy analysis, RDA)显示脲酶和有效磷是影响土壤细菌群落结构的主要环境因素。其中,绿屈挠菌门相对丰度与脲酶和有效磷呈显著正相关。 结论 藻肥耦合化肥减施处理可有效提高土壤养分含量及土壤酶活性,同时改善土壤微生物多样性及群落结构,进而促进贫瘠土壤下谷子幼苗的生长。

谷子(Setaria italica L.)  /  微藻肥  /  贫瘠土  /  微藻肥耦合化肥减施  /  土壤微生物群落

Soil nutrient deficiency is a major limiting factor affecting crop yields. Excessive use of chemical fertilizers can lead to soil compaction, environmental pollution, and decreased crop yields and quality. Microalgae-based fertilizer, functioning as a novel green bio-fertilizer, not only effectively promotes crop growth but also enhances soil fertility under various adverse soil conditions. Objectives This study investigated the effects of different fertilizer treatments on the growth of foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) and the physicochemical properties, enzymes activities, and microbial communities of infertile soil, aiming to provide theoretical support for the application of microalgae-based fertilizer in chemical fertilizer reduction and green sustainable agricultural production. Methods The foxtail millet cultivar ‘Jingu 21’ was cultivated in this study under five fertilizer treatments: full chemical fertilizer (T1), chemical-microalgae integrated fertilizer (T2: 80% chemical fertilizer+20% microalgae-based fertilizer; T3: 60% chemical fertilizer+40% microalgae-based fertilizer; T4: 40% chemical fertilizer+60% microalgae-based fertilizer), and full microalgae-based fertilizer (T5). The growth indexes, biomass, and pigment content of foxtail millet in each treatment were determined, and the physicochemical properties, enzyme activities, and bacterial community characteristics of the infertile soil were measured, after 90 days of cultivation. Results Among the five fertilizer treatments, T4 had the most significant effect of promoting the seedling growth of foxtail millet in the infertile soil. Compared with T1, T4 increased the seedling height, the aboveground dry weight, and the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids by 26.41%, 126.47%, 17.1%, 24.5%, and 28.0%, respectively. In addition, T5, T2, T3, and T4 increased the content of total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and organic matter and the activities of sucrase, nitrate reductase, peroxidase, and phosphatase in the soil, compared with T1, and T4 had the most significant soil improvement effect. The 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing results showed that compared with T1 and T5, T4 increased the diversity of soil microorganisms, in which the relative abundance of Acidobacteriota and Chloroflexi was significantly increased. The correlation analysis showed that the composition of soil microbial diversity was significantly and positively correlated with urease, and the soil microbial community composition had significantly positive correlations with available phosphorus, sucrase, peroxidase, and urease. Redundancy analysis showed that urease and available phosphorus were the main environmental factors affecting the soil bacterial community structure. The relative abundance of Chloroflexi had significantly positive correlations with the urease activity and the available phosphorus content. Conclusion The combined application of microalgae-based fertilizer with reduced chemical fertilizer not only effectively improves the nutrient content and enzyme activities but also enhances the microbial diversity and community structure in the soil, thereby promoting the growth of foxtail millet seedlings in infertile soil.

foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.)  /  microalgae-based fertilizer  /  infertile soil  /  chemical-microalgae integrated fertilizer  /  soil microbial community
吉婧芳, 刘纹众, 马茜茜, 曹嘉敏, 李慧敏, 李润植, 季春丽, 张春辉. 微藻生物肥促进谷子生长和改善土壤菌群及肥力. 微生物学报, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1858 -1870 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250607
Jingfang JI, Wenzhong LIU, Xixi MA, Jiamin CAO, Huimin LI, Runzhi LI, Chunli JI, Chunhui ZHANG. Microalgae-based fertilizer promotes foxtail millet growth and improves the microbial community and fertility of soil[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2026 , 66 (4) : 1858 -1870 . DOI: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250607
粟俗称谷子(Setaria italica L.),是世界上最古老的作物之一,由于其产量高、生命周期短,且抗旱性和抗贫瘠能力强[1],在亚洲被广泛种植用作粮食和饲料[2]。谷子多种植于我国北方干旱半干旱地区,常面临土壤养分不足的问题,而土壤养分不足是限制作物生长及产量的重要因素[3]。在当前农业生产中,为追求作物产量及增强土壤肥力通常会长期过量施用化肥[4]。然而,过量施用化肥不仅会对整体土壤肥力和生物多样性产生负面影响,还会引发一系列环境问题,包括温室气体排放、养分淋失、地表水和地下水污染、富营养化等[5]。选择合适的施肥方式对作物产量和土壤养分利用率有积极影响,有助于提高土壤质量[6]。因此,寻找环境友好型替代品并减少化肥施用量是应对实现粮食安全和确保农业可持续发展挑战最有希望的解决方案。
微藻是一类单细胞光合自养生物,种类繁多且具有广泛的环境适应性,在多个领域发挥重要作用[7]。在农业方面,微藻细胞内含有多种植物所需的营养元素,其中氮含量为6%-8%,磷含量为1%-3%,钾含量为0.3%-2%,可作为有机生物肥料[8]。与传统化学肥料不同,微藻肥通过缓慢释放营养元素来防止土壤养分流失,是一种有机缓释肥料[9]。微藻作为生物肥料在可持续农业生态系统发挥重要作用,为传统肥料提供了一种生态友好型替代品。微藻肥既可为作物提供所需的营养元素以促进作物生长,又可提高土壤肥力,具有双重功效[10]。微藻生物肥可通过浸种处理、叶面喷洒和土壤/根部浇灌等不同应用模式作用于作物[11]。除为植物提供所需的必要营养元素外,微藻还可产生大量次生代谢物,如类胡萝卜素、萜类化合物、氨基酸衍生物、多糖等,以及其他微量元素和植物激素,均能促进植物生长、增加植物营养、提高植物抗逆性[12]。此外,藻类还可通过同化二氧化碳提高土壤中有机碳含量[13]。综上,微藻肥在改善土壤健康、养分循环和整体农业可持续性方面发挥着关键作用。然而,由于有机肥料的养分含量较低,仅通过有机肥料难以满足作物的养分需求[14]。因此,本研究将微藻生物有机肥与传统化肥协同施用,以期最大限度地提高作物产量,同时增强土壤肥力。
土壤微生物多样性是维持土壤健康的关键因素[15]。微生物群落结构是土壤养分循环的核心驱动力,决定着土壤肥力、作物生产力和抗逆性[16]。由此可见,改变土壤微生物群落结构及增加生物多样性是提高土壤养分和作物产量的重要因素[17]。长期施用有机肥可增加土壤有益菌的丰度[18]。有机肥与化肥协同施加可提高作物产量和品质,改变土壤微生物群落结构,有效提高土壤肥力。因此,减少化肥施用量并同时施用生物有机肥是替代单独施用有机肥或化肥的最高效的农业可持续发展方案。然而,关于微藻肥耦合化肥减施在农业生产中的研究较少。本研究采用盆栽试验,在贫瘠土壤条件下设置全化肥组(T1)、微藻肥耦合化肥减施组(T2:80%化肥+20%微藻肥;T3:60%化肥+ 40%微藻肥;T4:40%化肥+60%微藻肥)、全藻肥组(T5)共5种处理组,研究不同处理对谷子的生长、生理生化特性、土壤的理化性质、土壤酶活以及土壤微生物的影响,以期筛选能有效促进谷子在贫瘠土壤下生长并提高土壤肥力的最优施肥措施,为化肥减施增效和推动绿色可持续农业生产提供理论依据。
土壤取样地点为山西省晋中市太谷区的农田。将土壤风干后,通过2 mm筛子去除杂质。经测定,土壤的理化性质如下:土壤全氮为0.22 g/kg,有效磷为3.72 mg/kg,有机质为4.46 g/kg,pH 8.17。依据《全国第二次土壤普查土壤养分分级标准》[19],该土壤属于贫瘠土。
试验共设置5组处理:全化肥处理(T1,使用史丹利复混肥料N-P2O5)、藻肥耦合化肥减施处理(T2:80%化肥+20%微藻肥;T3:60%化肥+40%微藻肥;T4:40%化肥+60%微藻肥)、全藻肥处理(T5,藻种为小球藻Chlorella sp. DT01[20])。在播种前分别将5种不同配比的肥料与土壤混合均匀。选取籽粒饱满且大小一致的‘晋谷21’种子,每盆播种15粒。播种后每3 d用蒸馏水浇灌,灌溉量为每盆50 mL,在贫瘠土中施用不同肥料处理90 d后,记录并分析谷子的生长状况和生理指标。每组处理设置3个重复。微藻肥的配制参照李慧敏等[20]的方法。
谷子生长90 d后,测定其植株的生理生化指标。用直尺测量谷子的株高,采用电子天平称重法测量谷子地上部和地下部的鲜重、干重。色素含量的测定参照李合生[21]的方法,采用95%乙醇提取,使用紫外分光光度计进行测定。
按照五点取样法,从每盆中收集5-7 cm土层(非根际)的土壤,并充分混合。将采集的土壤样品风干后,过100目筛,然后对土壤的pH、有效磷(available phosphorus, AP)、全氮(total nitrogen, TN)、有机质(soil organic matter, SOM)含量进行测定。土壤pH及养分含量的测定参考《土壤农化分析》[22]。具体操作如下:将风干的土壤与蒸馏水按1:5的比例混合30 min后,用pH计测定土壤pH。土壤有机质含量采用重铬酸钾氧化(油浴法)比色法测定,土壤全氮、有效磷含量分别采用半微量蒸馏法(凯氏法)、碳酸氢钠萃取-钼锑(化学浸提)比色法测定。
从5种不同处理组风干后的土壤样品中各取5 g,每组处理设置3个重复。土壤磷酸酶(soil acid phosphatase, S-ACP)、土壤脲酶(soil urease, S-UE)、土壤过氧化物酶(soil peroxidase, S-POD)、土壤蔗糖酶(soil saccharase, S-SC)、土壤硝酸还原酶(nitrate reductase, NR)的活性按照相应的试剂盒(北京索莱宝科技有限公司)说明书测定。
收集谷子种植90 d后T1组、T4组、T5组的土壤,分别命名为H、F、W,开展土壤微生物16S rRNA基因多样性分析。土壤样品基因组DNA提取及PCR反应由武汉迈维代谢生物科技股份有限公司完成。根据韦恩图反映不同样本组共有、特有的扩增子序列变异(amplicon sequence variant, ASV)。采用Shannon、Simpson、Chao1指数反映3种处理之间α多样性的差异。主坐标分析(principal coordinate analysis, PCoA)反映3种处理之间β多样性的差异。使用线性判别分析效应大小(linear discriminant analysis effect size, LEfSe)估计处理间生物标志物的差异,其中显著差异的对数LDA评分设为2。
计算3个重复生物样本的均值和标准差,每个样本的数据用均值±标准差表示。采用Origin 2025软件进行绘图,利用SPSS 27软件进行显著性分析。利用迈维云平台(cloud.metware.cn)对微生物多样性数据进行分析。
为探究不同施肥处理对贫瘠土壤中谷子生长的影响,对谷子生长90 d后的形态学性状进行了测定。与T1相比,T4 (40%化肥+60%微藻肥)处理显著提高了谷子的株高(P<0.05),株高增长了20.7% (图1A)。各施肥处理组间谷子茎粗无显著差异,其中T4组茎粗值最大(图1B)。与全化肥(T1)处理相比,微藻肥耦合化肥减施(T2、T3、T4)和全藻肥(T5)处理均能提高谷子地上部和地下部的生物量(图1C-1F),其中40%化肥+60%微藻肥(T4)处理效果最为显著,谷子地上部鲜重和干重比全化肥(T1)处理分别增加了83.16%和131.65%,谷子地下部根鲜重和干重比T1处理分别增加了48.9%与49.6% (图1E1F)。
不同施肥处理对谷子色素含量也有显著影响,含微藻的肥料均可显著促进叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素的积累(图2)。与全化肥(T1)处理相比,微藻肥耦合化肥减施(T2、T3、T4)和全藻肥(T5)处理的叶绿素a含量分别提高9.9%、13.4%、20.7%、15.4% (图2A),叶绿素b含量分别提高22.8%、25.6%、32.5%、20.4% (图2B),类胡萝卜素分别提高16.4%、31.7%、39.0%、24.5% (图2C)。
不同施肥处理对土壤理化性质有显著影响(图3)。与传统化肥(T1)处理相比,全藻肥(T5)处理和微藻肥耦合化肥减施(T2、T3、T4)处理显著提高了贫瘠土壤的有效磷、全氮、有机质含量(图3A-3C),降低了pH值(图3D)。在微藻肥耦合化肥减施(T2、T3、T4)处理中土壤的有效磷、全氮、有机质含量均随着微藻肥比例的增高而显著增加。其中T4 (40%化肥+60%微藻肥)处理改善贫瘠土理化性质的效果最佳,其有效磷、全氮、有机质含量分别是T1组的1.39倍、1.37倍、1.37倍。
相较于全化肥(T1)处理,微藻肥耦合化肥减施(T2、T3、T4)处理和全藻肥(T5)处理显著提高了土壤中功能酶的活性。其中,土壤磷酸酶活性提高了15.5%-90.1% (图4A),脲酶活性提高了3.1%-9.0% (图4B),硝酸还原酶活性提高了11.0%-47.7% (图4C),蔗糖酶活性提高了3.5%-11.9% (图4D),过氧化物酶活性提高了45.9%-135.3% (图4E)。其中,T4 (40%化肥+60%微藻肥)处理对土壤酶活的提高效果最为显著。
上述结果表明,在贫瘠土条件下不同肥料处理对谷子生长、土壤理化性质和土壤酶活性均有显著影响,其中T4处理效果最佳。因此对T1 (H)、T4 (F)、T5 (W) 3组的土壤细菌群落多样性开展进一步的16S rRNA基因测序分析。结果表明,3种处理共有的ASVs为2 308种,H、F、W组的独特种数分别为20、60、19 (图5A)。利用Chao1、Shannon和Simpson指数对不同施肥处理下土壤α多样性的丰富度和均匀度进行评价(图5B),发现微藻肥与化肥复合处理(F)不仅增加了土壤中细菌群落的丰度(Chao1指数),还提高了土壤中细菌群落的多样性和均匀度(Shannon指数、Simpson指数)。应用基于ASV的Weighted UniFrac距离进行PCoA分析,H、F、W组之间的土壤细菌群落差异较大,表明不同施肥处理会影响土壤细菌群落(图5C)。
进一步研究门水平下的土壤细菌群落组成,其中所占比例较高(相对丰度>10.0%)的3个菌门分别为出芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadota) (17.9%-21.7%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria) (16.1%-21.1%)和Acidobacteriota (10.7%-11.6%),它们是土壤中的优势菌门。与化肥处理(H)相比,微藻肥与化肥复合处理(F)和微藻肥处理(W)使Pseudomonadota的相对丰度分别提高了24.6%、31.0%,Acidobacteriota的相对丰度分别增加了3.2%、7.9%,而Gemmatimonadota的相对丰度分别降低了6.0%、17.4% (图5D)。
基于细菌物种相对丰度进行LEfSe分析(图5E)。与化肥处理(H)相比,微藻肥与化肥复合处理(F)和微藻肥处理(W)增加了土壤中差异化细菌的数量和丰度。在F中检测到的差异菌群有黄色克夫勒氏菌(Kofleria flava)、海无柄孢囊黏细菌属(Haliangium)、海无柄孢囊黏细菌科(Haliangiaceae)等。在H中检测到的差异菌群有MetagenomeKapabacteria等。在W中检测到的差异菌群有黄色杆菌科(Xanthobacteraceae)、根瘤菌科(Rhizobiaceae)、缢痕杆菌属(Constrictibacter)等。
为了研究环境变量与细菌多样性及细菌群落组成之间的相关性,对所有环境因素进行多样性和门级群落的Mantel检验(图6A)。Mantel图显示,土壤细菌多样性与脲酶活性呈显著正相关(P<0.05),土壤细菌群落组成与有效磷(AP)、蔗糖酶(SC)、过氧化氢酶(POD)活性呈显著正相关(P<0.05),与脲酶活性呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。
进一步利用RDA挖掘细菌群落组成与土壤酶活性、土壤理化性质之间的相关性(图6B),RDA1解释百分比为52.67%,RDA2解释百分比为21.55%,累计解释百分比为74.22%。结果表明,脲酶(UE) (R2=0.758 7,P=0.009)和有效磷(AP) (R2=0.711 7,P=0.007)是影响门水平下丰度前10土壤细菌的主要环境变量。其中,假单胞菌门(Pseudomonadota)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、绿屈挠菌门(Chloroflexi)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidota)的相对丰度与脲酶活性和有效磷含量呈显著正相关,与pH值呈负相关。
土壤养分含量是影响植物产量和品质的关键因素[23]。微藻肥中含有植物生长所必需的营养元素、植物生长激素和生物活性物质等,这些对于植物生长和产量至关重要[24]。Sido等[25]研究发现,与尿素处理相比,施用微藻肥可促进小麦生长,提高小麦色素含量。李慧敏等[20]研究发现,加入微藻肥可显著提高缺氮缺磷水培条件下谷子的生物量、色素含量和光合作用,增加谷子幼苗的全氮和全磷含量。本研究进一步探索了使用不同肥料处理后谷子在贫瘠土壤中的生长情况,发现与传统化肥相比,施加微藻肥或微藻肥与化肥配施均能促进贫瘠土壤条件下谷子的生长(图1图2)。此外,与单一化肥(T1)或纯微藻肥(T5)相比,60%微藻肥耦合40%化肥(T4)进一步提高了谷子的株高、地上部和根部的生物量以及色素含量(图1图2)。Álvarez-González等[26]研究表明,单一微藻肥会降低植株的氮、钾含量,而与化肥同时施用能消除这一问题并增加罗勒的生物量,这与本研究结果一致。
土壤性质是衡量土壤质量和作物生长的重要指标[27]。氮磷缺乏会造成土壤肥力下降,影响作物生长。化肥作为速效肥料能快速提供养分,而微藻肥作为缓释生物肥能最大化提高肥料养分利用率,适用于为后期植物生长提供养分,改善土壤肥力[28]。Abay等[29]研究发现,有机无机肥料结合施用提高了土壤有机质含量和速效养分含量,改善了土壤质量。在本研究中,施加微藻肥(T5)相较于化肥处理(T1)显著提高了土壤中全氮、有效磷和有机质含量,化肥与微藻肥配施(T4)进一步提高了土壤有机质、全氮、全磷含量(图3)。此外,土壤酶的活性与土壤有机质、全氮、全磷含量等密切相关[30]。Sharma等[31]研究发现,施用藻类肥料显著提高了甜玉米生长土壤中硝酸还原酶的活性。陈龙军等[32]研究发现,化肥减量20%加有机肥提高了土壤碱性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶的活性。本研究也有类似结果,化肥与微藻肥配施(T4)能显著提升蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶、过氧化物酶和硝酸还原酶的活性(图4)。上述结果表明,微藻肥与化肥配施不仅能够提升土壤肥力,提高土壤酶活性,还能促进谷子幼苗生长(图1图2)。
土壤微生物在维持土壤肥力和全球生物地球化学循环中扮演着关键角色[33],可以通过不同的施肥措施来调节土壤微生物群落结构进而促进作物的生长和产量[34]。Jin等[35]发现,化肥减施配施有机肥后土壤微生物多样性和均匀度均得到提高。本研究还发现微藻肥化肥复合处理组(F)土壤细菌的多样性指数Shannon、Simpson、Chao1均高于化肥组(H)和微藻肥组(W),说明微藻肥耦合化肥减施能提高谷子栽培下贫瘠土壤细菌群落的多样性(图5B)。此外,施加微藻肥(W)和微藻肥与化肥复合处理(F)降低了Gemmatimonadetes的相对丰度(图5D),Gemmatimonadetes通常在贫营养环境(如沙漠、深层土壤)中占比较高,具有降解复杂有机物的能力[36],而施用含微藻的肥料(W、F)提高了土壤有机质含量(图3C),推测微藻肥或微藻肥耦合化肥减施可以提高土壤中的可利用有机物,有效降低土壤中的顽固性有机物,从而使Gemmatimonadetes丰度下降。同时,W组和F组提高了酸杆菌门(Acidobacteriota)和假单胞菌门中Alphaproteobacteria的相对丰度。Acidobacteriota在土壤碳氮硫循环中发挥着重要作用,可作为根际促生菌促进植物生长[37]Alphaproteobacteria通常也与土壤碳氮含量呈正相关[38]。推测含微藻的肥料(W、F)通过提高土壤碳氮循环相关菌群的丰度,从而提高了土壤有机质和全氮含量,进而促进了贫瘠土壤下谷子的生长。
此外,土壤养分循环与土壤特定酶活性和土壤微生物群落结构密切相关[39],反之土壤微生物群落的结构和土壤酶活性也受到土壤养分有效性的强烈影响[40]。谢小雨等[41]研究发现,土壤pH、速效磷和有机质会影响真菌群落的网络复杂度和群落稳定性。本研究通过相关性分析也发现土壤有效磷、脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化物酶对土壤微生物群落结构组成有显著影响,土壤脲酶还对土壤细菌多样性产生显著影响(图6A)。综上所述,在贫瘠土壤中使用微藻耦合化肥处理后,对土壤性质、酶活性、微生物群落特性均有显著的正向调节作用,进而促进贫瘠土壤下谷子的生长,证明化肥减施耦合微藻肥是改良贫瘠土壤肥力、促进贫瘠土壤下谷子提质增产的有力措施。
与传统化肥相比,在贫瘠土壤下施用微藻肥或微藻肥耦合化肥配施提高了土壤有效磷、全氮、有机质含量,提升了土壤中性磷酸酶、脲酶、硝酸还原酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化物酶活性,增加了土壤细菌多样性及有益菌的相对丰度,进而显著提高了谷子的株高、生物量以及色素含量。其中,40%化肥+60%微藻肥处理效果最佳。采用微藻肥耦合化肥配施是实现农业可持续发展的有效策略,其通过改善土壤健康、优化土壤微生物群落和增加微生物多样性,进而促进作物提质增产。
  • 国家自然科学基金(32300326)
  • 山西省基础研究计划(20210302124005)
  • 山西省研究生创新实践项目(2024SJ124)
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2026年第66卷第4期
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doi: 10.13343/j.cnki.wsxb.20250607
  • 接收时间:2025-08-06
  • 首发时间:2026-04-14
  • 出版时间:2026-04-04
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-06
  • 录用日期:2025-09-09
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(32300326)
国家自然科学基金(32300326)
Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(20210302124005)
山西省基础研究计划(20210302124005)
Graduate Student Practice Innovation Project of Shanxi Province(2024SJ124)
山西省研究生创新实践项目(2024SJ124)
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    山西农业大学 农学院,山西省特用作物遗传和代谢工程研究中心,山西 晋中
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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